taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E687C9FFA3730AC392FB34FB97FEFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from other subgenera of Synagris by the following combination of characters: body size smaller, inner margin of mandible dentate, outer surface of mandible with ridges, labrum not apically narrowed, clypeus short pyriform and microstriate, apical margin of clypeus as wide as interantennal distance, labial palpi with second and third segments separated, frons with a M-shaped elevated area, pronotal carina regularly rounded dorsally, mesoscutum without a posteromedian raised area, metanotum with conical protuberances, mesepimeron evenly convex, posterior face of propodeum without depression or longitudinal carina, propodeum without transverse striae (except S. ornatissima), T 1 broadly pyriform or trapezoidal, S 1 without arched carina, S 1 with raised posterolateral corners, S 2 evenly convex in lateral view, tarsal claws without basal lobe, prestigma two times as long as pterostigma, F 11 of male long and curved and reaching half of F 8, male vertex not strongly enlarged and similar to that of female, male mid femur flattened and convex posteriorly, digitus subtriangular (Selis and Carpenter 2022).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 2, 7 a)	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: punctures on mesosoma deep and dense, scutellum and mesoscutum entirely punctate, inferior carinae of propodeum normally developed (Figure 1 e), carinae on S 2 absent, T 2 without or with a single pair of pale spots; male clypeus deeply emarginate, bifid (Figure 1 b), male mandible modified with flattened expansions (Figure 1 d); female clypeus apically with a longitudinal ridge (Figure 1 c).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined LECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS HUBERTI VAR. BIMACULATA: f #, labelled ′ Ukaika-Mawambi / 1911. Grauer // Type / S. huberti v. / bimaculata f # / det. Maidl // NHMW-HYM / # 0006865 // Synagris huberti var. bimaculata / Maidl, 1914 / LECTOTYPE / Des. Marco Selis 2022 [red label] ̍ (NHMW). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Ombella-Mpoko prov., 35 km S Bangui (Salanga), 350 m, 29 December 2008 - 1 January 2009, leg. A. Kudrna Jr., 1 f # (MSVI); 40 km S Nola, 600 m, 3.383 ° N, 16.167 ° E, 13 December 2012, leg. J. Halada, 1 f # (OLML); IVORY COAST: Abidjan, 5.326955 ° N, 7.343405 ° W, 9 February 1997, leg. R. Longair, 1 m # (MSVI); TOGO: Kloto, Foret de Missahoe, September 2020, leg. G. Adeti, 1 m # 2 f # (MSVI).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cameroon, Central African Republic *, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda (Mocsáry 1903; Maidl 1914 a, 1914 b; Giordani Soika 1989; Gusenleitner 1999) (Figure 8). Notes After Maidl ̍ s revision of the genus (Maidl 1914 a, 1914 b), three subspecies were recognised in S. huberti other than the nominotypical one: bimaculata Maidl, clypeata Mocsáry and nigricans Maidl. The subspecies clypeata and nigricans match the nominate subspecies in all morphological characters, including the peculiar morphology of male clypeus and mandible; therefore, they can be immediately recognised as mere colour variations and synonymised with the nominate subspecies. A more complex situation is observed in bimaculata. At the time of his revision, Maidl (1914 a, 1914 b) considered Synagris rufopicta a synonym of S. huberti, giving no diagnostic value to the carinate S 2 of the former, and described his ′ var. bimaculata ̍ based on three female specimens, two from Uganda having carinate S 2 and one from Congo without carinae on S 2. It is evident that the three syntypes belong in part to S. rufopicta and in part to S. huberti; therefore, it is necessary to select a lectotype. The syntype housed in NHMW was examined through photographs and chosen as lectotype of S. huberti var. bimaculata (Figure 2). The specimen shows no signs of carinae on S 2 (Figure 2 c) and differs from typical S. huberti in colour pattern alone; therefore, S. huberti bimaculata can be considered a synonym of the nominate subspecies. The two specimens from Uganda are to be referred to S. rufopicta. Synagris huberti and its colour variations form a wide mimicry ring with other species of Synagris and other genera, such as S. aestuans (Fabricius), S. cornuta (Linnaeus) S. fulva trispinosa Tullgren, S. ornatissima, S. rufopicta, Anterhynchium aestuans (de Saussure), A. bugandanum Giordani Soika, A. mephisto (Gribodo), A. osborni Bequaert, A. sulphureomaculatum (von Schulthess), and Pseudagris versicolor (von Schulthess). Genitalia are illustrated in Figure 7 a.	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.taxon	description	(Figure 3)	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Distinguished from the other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: punctures on mesosoma fine and very sparse, scutellum and most of mesoscutum largely impunctate, inferior carinae of propodeum normally developed, carinae on S 2 absent, T 2 with two pairs of pale spots; female clypeus flattened (Figure 3 c).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined HOLOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS ORNATISSIMA: f #, labelled ′ Urw. Mawambi / 1910. Grauer // Type / S. ornatissima / det. Maidl f # ̍ (NHMW).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.taxon	distribution	Distribution Democratic Republic of Congo (Maidl 1914 a, 1914 b) (Figure 8). Notes The specimen recorded by Gusenleitner (1999) as a female of S. ornatissima from Ivory Coast was examined based on photographs. Surprisingly, it turned out to be a male of S. aestuans aestuans (Fabricius).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.taxon	description	(Figures 4 – 6 and 7 b)	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Readily distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: inferior carina of propodeum strongly developed and lamellar (Figure 4 d), presence of two longitudinal carinae on the basal half of S 2 (Figures 4 e, 5 c); male clypeus short pyriform (Figure 4 b), similar to the female; female clypeus flattened (Figure 4 c).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined LECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS PARVULA: m #, labelled ′ Urw. Moera / Grauer, 1910 // S. parvula Sch / det. Schulthess 928 // Type // Synagris parvula / von Schulthess 1928 / LECTOTYPE / Des. Marco Selis 2022 [red label] ̍ (NHMW). PARALECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS PARVULA: f #, labelled ′ Urwald-Beni / Okt ̍. 10. Grauer // S. parvula Sch. / det. Schulthess 928 // Type ̍ (NHMW). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Lobaye prov., near Grima, 50 km NE Bambio, Ngoto Forest, 450 m, 13 - 14 June 2009, leg. A. Kudrna Jr., 1 f # (MSVI); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Stanleyville, 0.5 ̊ N, 25.1667 ° 1 E, April 1915, 1 m # (AMNH).	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cameroon, Central African Republic *, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Uganda (Tullgren 1904; du Buysson 1909; Maidl 1914 b; Bequaert 1918; von Schulthess 1928) (Figure 8). Notes Examination of the type series of Synagris parvula von Schulthess, 1928, comprising two specimens from north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, showed that this taxon is just a colour variation of S. rufopicta, as it completely matches specimens of the latter in both external morphology and male genitalia. This taxon is here synonymised and the male specimen is designated as the lectotype (Figure 5). It should be noted that von Schulthess (1928, p. 317) reports ′ Urwald Beni ̍ as locality for both specimens, but in reality this is the locality of the female (Figure 6), while the label of the male reports ′ Urwald Moera ̍. Synagris rufopicta mimetica Bequaert, 1918 is synonymised for the same reason, as its female holotype shows no morphological differences from the typical form and is differentiated only by the presence of a basal yellow band on T 2. Synagris rufopicta forms a mimetic ring with S. cornuta Linnaeus and its subspecies, with black and red specimens occurring in western parts of their distributional area, and entirely black and / or yellow-marked specimens occurring in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Eastern Africa. It is interesting to note how, in both species, the western populations are very constant in their red and black pattern, while the eastern populations show more variation, with both entirely black and yellow-marked forms. Interestingly, these latter populations seem to cohabitate in the north-eastern forests of Democratic Republic of Congo. Other species that can be included in this mimetic ring are S. fulva Mocsáry, which shows a black and red pattern in the western part of its distribution (S. fulva trispinosa Tullgren); S. similis Maidl, which is known from north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and is entirely black (nominotypical subspecies) or with large yellow spots on T 2 (S. similis maculata Maidl); and S. huberti, which shows both black and red (former subspecies clypeata) and yellow-marked (former subspecies bimaculata) specimens. Genitalia are illustrated in Figure 7 b.	en	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
