taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E687D14562FD0EFF19AB0864C643CD.taxon	description	Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) Friese: Pasteels 1984: 4 – 153.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14562FD0EFF19AB0864C643CD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Diagnostic features of Pachyanthidium are the lamellate omaulus; carinate to lamellate preoccipital margin; gently outcurved subantennal suture; short, stout multi-dentate mandible; closed scutal-scutellar suture; and lamellate scutellum that extends posteriorly beyond the metanotum. Subgenera can be recognized as follows: Ausanthidium has naked eyes and arolia present on all legs; it is monotypic and Afrotropical. Trichanthidium has hairy eyes, no arolia, lateral spines on T 3 – T 5 and a ventral, longitudinal carina on the mid femora. It comprises four Afrotropical species. Trichanthidiodes also has hairy eyes and no arolia, but does not have spines on T 3 – T 5 or a carina on the mid femora. It is monotypic and Afrotropical. Pachyanthidium s. str. has eyes that lack hairs and no arolia. There are ten Afrotropical species.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD08FF19AFF461234497.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all other subgenera by the combination of eyes naked, preoccipital carina absent laterally, and arolia present on all legs. In females the mandible is four-toothed. This monotypic subgenus is endemic to the Afrotropics.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD09FF19AEB9623D470D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The combination of naked eyes and presence of arolia distinguishes P. ausense from all other Pachyanthidium. Additional diagnostic characters include the distinctive body markings (Fig. 1) and the absence of preoccipital carinae laterally behind the eyes. Arolia and the four-toothed female mandible distinguish it from the speciose subgenus Pachyanthidium s. str.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD09FF19AEB9623D470D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.7 – 3.0 mm; scutum 1.6 – 2.0 mm; forewing 5.8 – 6.1 mm; body 6.7 – 7.0 mm. Head black with yellow to orange maculations on entire clypeus, small ventromedian spot on supraclypeus, most of lower paraocular area and outer upper paraocular area, frons below median ocellus, posterior preoccipital region (anterior to yellow translucent preoccipital lamella) and gena; antennal flagellum yellowish to black (Fig. 1 a). Mesosoma mostly black with dorsum largely circumscribed in yellow, pronotal lobe and mesepisternum along lateral margin of omaulus yellow (Fig. 1 b); legs mostly yellowish, except basal segments orangish-yellow; lamellae of omaulus and scutellum translucent yellow; metasomal terga and sterna mostly yellow, often in form of indistinct cross – bands, with areas anterior and posterior mostly orange, sometimes blackish; posterior terga yellow laterally, orange mesally (Fig. 1 b); S 6 blackish. Structure (Fig. 1 a, b). Preoccipital lamella distinct (longer than median ocellus diameter); eye naked; clypeus with ventral edge smooth, straight; mandible 4 – toothed; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus strongly lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.5 x foretibia, half its width; arolia present on all legs; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 carinate laterally, without spines, emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 2 a). MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colour as in female (Fig. 1 c), except S 6 orange. Structure. Preoccipital ridge distinctly lamellate; eye naked (Fig. 1 c); antennal flagellum 2.9 x eye length, 3.5 x scape length; clypeus with ventral edge smooth, straight; mandible tridentate; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, long posterior fringe; hind basitarsus wide, length twice width; arolia on all legs; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swellings; T 5 with small posterolateral spine; T 6 with dorsolateral subapical spine and ventrolateral apical spine (Fig. 2 b); T 7 with posterolateral and median spines of similar size (Fig. 2 c); S 6 – S 8 and genitalia as illustrated (Fig. 2 d – g).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD09FF19AEB9623D470D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species occurs in Namibia and the northwestern coastal area of South Africa (Fig. 3).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD09FF19AEB9623D470D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. It is recorded on flowers of: Hermbstaedtia glauca (Amaranthaceae), Indigofera longispina (Fabaceae), Kissenia capensis (Loasaceae), Trichodesma africanum (Boraginaceae), Zygophyllum simplex (Zygophyllaceae) and Zygophyllum sp. (Eardley and Urban 2010).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14564FD09FF19AEB9623D470D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Anthidiellum ausense: ‘ Type, B. M. TYPE HYM. 17 A 1911, Anthidiellum ausense ♂ m. sp. (illegible) G. Mavromoustakis det., Anthidiellum ausense ♂ m. sp. (illegible) G. Mavromoustakis det. 1933, Type, R. E. Turner. Brit. Mus. 1930 – 117, S. W. Africa. Aus. Jan 1930, British Museum’, NHML. Additional material. Namibia. Blinkoog, Warmbad, SE 2719 CA, 1971. x. 14 – 17, (1 ♂ SMWN H 4554); Churutabis 108 Bethanien, 1974. x. 4 – 12, (1 ♂ SMWN H 21014); Farm Namitib, (road D 707, 70 km N Aus), 1994. xii. 3, M. Kuhlmann (1 ♀ BBSL); Rosh Pinah Mountain behind 1974. x. 27, R. Watmough (2 ♀ 5 ♂, SANC); Annis River crossing Sendelingsdrif road, 1997. ix. 21, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 2562); Annis River, 24 km N, 4 km N crossing Sendelingsdrif road, 1997. ix. 21, F. W. Gess (3 ♂ AMGS 2563, 2564, 2565); E Oranjemund, 34 km from checkpoint Sendelingsdrif road, 1997. ix. 25 – 26, F. W. Gess (1 ♀ 2 ♂ AMGS 2566, 2567, 2568); Khorixas 120 km on Palm road, 1998. iv. 8, F. W. Gess (2 ♀ 2 ♂ AMGS 2569, 2570, 2571, 2572); Gaub Bridge, 7 km towards Kuiseb River, 1998. iv. 14, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 2573); Khorixas, 156 km between Uis and Henties Bay, 1998. iv. 9, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 2574); Keetmanshoop, 57 km W, 2000. iii. 4, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 2575); NW Aus, 2005. ix. 19, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 14536); Aus, 7.5 km Tirasberg Road, 2005. ix. 20, F. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 14537). South Africa. Richtersveld National Park, Sendelingsdrif, 32 km S, 2008. x. 10, T. L. Griswold (1 ♂ BBSL 751753); Richtersveld National Park, Akkadis Pass, 2008. x. 13, T. L. Griswold (1 ♂ BBSL 752296); Richtersveld National Park, near Hand of God, 2008. x. 11, C. Eardley (3 ♂ SANC); Potjiespram, near, 2008. x. 10, C. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Oena Mine, near, 2006. viii. 23 – 24, C. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Hellskloof Pass, 1974. x. 9, H. D. Brown (1 ♂ SANC); Koeroegabvlakte, Richtersveld National Park, 1995. ix. 24, F. W. Gess (1 ♀ 9 ♂ AMGS 2552, 2553, 2554, 2555, 2556, 2557, 2558, 2559, 2560, 2561).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14567FD0BFF19A92864734258.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other subgenera by the eyes hairy, preoccipital carina present laterally, ocelli of normal size, aroliae absent in both sexes, no spines on lateral margins of terga, and ventral margin of mid femur not carinate. This monotypic subgenus is endemic to east Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14568FD07FF19AFF464AF46B1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The combination of eyes hairy and T 3 – T 5 without lateral spines separates this species from all other Pachyanthidium. Additional diagnostic characters include distinctive body markings (Fig. 4 a-d), arolia absent and ocelli not reduced.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14568FD07FF19AFF464AF46B1.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.3 mm; scutum 1.3 mm; forewing 4.6 mm; body 5.5 mm. Head mostly yellow, frons black except for yellow mediolongitudinal stripe and anterior vertex (Fig. 4 a). Mesosoma black except for yellow anterolateral and lateral margins of scutum, most of axilla, posterior half of scutellum, pronotal lobe and mesepisternum posterior to omaulus (Fig. 4 b); legs yellow with basal regions (coxa, trochanter and basal femora) orangish-yellow. T 1 yellow laterally, black mesally, T 2 – T 4 with yellow cross-bands, black anteriorly and orange posteriorly; T 5 - T 6 yellow; T 1 – T 5 with translucent distal margins (Fig. 4 b); S 1 – S 6 blackish anteriorly, orange posteriorly. Structure (Fig. 4 a, b). Preoccipital dorsal lamella short; eye hairy; clypeus ventral edge smooth, straight; mandible with 5 small teeth; pronotal lobe lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length half foretibia, half width; arolia present; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines (Fig. 5 a); T 6 carinate laterally, without spines, emarginate posteriorly (Fig. 5 a). MALE. Lengths: head 2.4 mm; scutum 1.4 mm; forewing 4.8 mm; body 6.1 mm. Colour as in female except T 5 with yellow cross-band, black anterior and orange posterior margins, T 6 – T 7 yellow (Fig. 4 d). T 1 – T 6 with translucent distal margins. Structure. Preoccipital lamella short; eye hairy; antennal flagellum length 1.2 x eye length, 2.8 x scape length; clypeus ventral edge smooth, straight; mandible 3 – toothed; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, not distinctly fringed; hind basitarsus wide, length twice width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling, T 5 – T 7 with lateral swellings; T 6 extended posteromedially, lamellate dorsolaterally, lobate ventrolaterally (Fig. 5 b); T 7 with broad posterolateral, inward curved spine and narrow median spine (Fig. 5 b); S 8, genitalia as illustrated in Fig. 5 c, d.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14568FD07FF19AFF464AF46B1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Kenya, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia (Fig. 6). The type locality of P. semiluteum is Abou Arish, Saudi Arabia (Pasteels 1981), which is near the southwest coast of the Arabian Peninsula and part of the Afrotropical Region. Therefore, it is not surprising that P. semiluteum would also be found on adjacent parts of Africa including the type locality of P. minutulum from Somalia (Pasteels 1984).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14568FD07FF19AFF464AF46B1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male paratype of Pachyanthidium semiluteum: ‘ Afrika: Kenia Samburu 5. iv. 1979, PARATYPUS, Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) semiluteum N. SP. J. Pasteels det., 1982, COLL. MUS. TERVUREN Don J. Pasteels‘, RMCA. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium minutulum: ‘ Somaliland near Belet Uin 16 / ii / 63 Desert Locust Survey, Pseudoanthidium (Branthidium) minutulum Ckll J. Pasteels det., 1967, HOLOTYPE ♀ Pachyanthidium minutulum Pasteels 1984, 002595 ’, AMGS. Additional material. Kenya. Archer’s Post, Uaso Nyiro River, 2300 ’, 1969. xii. 12, M. E. Irwin, E. S. Ross (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CAS); Coast Province, Taita Hill Discovery Centre, 2002. xii. 13 – 14, M. A. Prentice (1 ♂ BBSL); Laisamis, 1969. x. 11, M. E. Irwin E. S. Ross (1 ♀ BBSL 827091); Archer’s Post, 1969. x. 12, M. E. Irwin E. S. Ross (1 ♀ BBSL 827092); Kitani Lodge, Tsavo National Park, 1969. x. 29, M. E. Irwin E. S. Ross (1 ♀ 1 ♂ BBSL 827087); Nyiro River, Archer’s Post Uaso, 1969. x. 12, M. E. Irwin E. S. Ross (1 ♀ BBSL 827089).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14568FD07FF19AFF464AF46B1.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The holotype of P. minutulum has hairy eyes and therefore does not belong to Pachyanthidium s. str. as indicated by Pasteels (1984). It is synonymous with P. semiluteum based on type study.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD07FF19AC816567400F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distinguished from other subgenera by the eyes hairy, preoccipital carina laterally complete, reaching the hypostomal area, ocelli reduced in size, aroliae present in males, spines present on lateral margins of T 3 – T 5, and ventral margin of mid femur carinate at least on basal portion. The complete preoccipital carina is unique in the genus. Trichanthidium has a disjunct distribution: Afrotropics and Asia from India to Yunnan Province, China.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	description	Trichanthidium benguelense (Vachal): Pasteels 1969: 69 – 70. Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) benguelense (Vachal): Pasteels 1984: 151.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The presence of a ventral carina on the mid femur will distinguish P. benguelense from all Pachyanthidium not in the subgenus Trichanthidium, as will the combination of hairy eyes, lateral spines on T 2 – T 5 and no arolia. From other Trichanthidium the female can be distinguished by T 1 having a large patch of long, stout setae; other Trichanthidium have short and / or slender setae. The male can be distinguished by the presence on T 6 of a dorsolateral angle in addition to the ventrolateral spine (Fig. 8 b) and T 7 trispinose spines slender and of similar lengths (Fig. 8 b, c). These in combination with the colour of the integument are diagnostic for this species.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.3 – 3.3 mm; scutum 1.2 – 2.1 mm; forewing 4.9 – 6.7 mm; body 4.4 – 6.4 mm. Integument mostly black with reddish-orange as follows (Fig. 7 a, b): entire clypeus, antenna (especially scape and pedicel), most of mandible, posterior margins of vertex and gena, most of pronotum including pronotal lobe, part of mesepisternum, lateral margin of axilla, lateral and sometimes posterior regions of scutellum, virtually entire legs, lateral marks on terga, most of T 6 and all sterna; yellow spots common dorsolaterally on T 3 – T 4 and sometimes T 5 (yellow on metasoma may be absent). Structure (Figs 7 – 8). Preoccipital margin distinctly lamellate (longer than median ocellus diameter); eye hairy; clypeus with ventral margin smooth, convex; mandible spatulate, with broad outer tooth, 2 very small inner teeth; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus strongly lamellate; forebasitarsus short and narrow, length 1.7 x width, 0.3 x foretibia length; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 with lateral spines; T 6 gently swollen laterally, without spines, truncate posteriorly. MALE. Lengths: head 2.3 – 2.7 mm; scutum 2.1 – 2.5 mm; forewing 5.5 – 6.0 mm; body 4.2 – 5.8 mm. Integument black except yellow clypeus and mandible (Fig. 7 c), T 1 with or without small lateral, comma-shaped, chevronshaped maculation laterally on T 2 – T 5 and irregular markings on posterolateral regions of T 6 – T 7. Structure. Preoccipital ridge distinctly lamellate; eye hairy; supraclypeus slightly raised; subantennal suture bowed gently outwards (inconspicuous); antennal flagellum length 1.33 x eye length, 5.3 x scape length; clypeus ventral edge straight, smooth; mandible 3 – toothed; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; arolia absent; hind basitarsus narrow, width one – third length; T 1 unmodified laterally; T 2 – T 6 each with small posterolateral spine; T 6 extended posteromedially with very small posteromedial spine; T 7 with posterolateral swelling; T 7 with posterolateral and median spines of similar size; terminalia as illustrated Fig. 8.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species appears to be widely distributed along the eastern region of Africa from southeastern Egypt and Somalia to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Fig. 9).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. It has been collected on flowers of Aspalathus spinescens (Fabaceae) and Senecio sp. (Asteraceae) (Eardley and Urban 2010) and Hypoestes forskaolii and Justicia sp. (Acanthaceae), Ocimum urticifolium (Lamiaceae), Stylosanthes guianensis (Fabaceae) and Asteraceae.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium occipitale: ‘ Lubumbashi Katanga BCgo 11.45 S 27.40 E 10. vi. 1920, Mich. Bequaert Coll., MUSEE DU CONGO Lubumbashi 10 – vi – 1920 (Dr M. Bequaert) Don Dr L. Bequaert) R. DET. S 1895, Pachyanthidium occipitale Ckll TYPE, TYPE’, RMAC. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium occipitale umtalicum: ‘ Umtali District S. Rhodesia 21.11.1931 P. A. Shepard, Type, COLLECTION TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) benguelense Vachal J. Pasteels det., 1981, SANC Pretoria Database No. HYTM 02962, TYPE Hym 2118 Pachyanthidium. (Trichanthidium) occipitale umtalicum Mavromoustakis ♀, ’ TMSA. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium occipitale natalicum: ‘ Hluhluwe 4.11.28 Marley, COLLECTION TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, Trichanthidium occipitale subsp. umtalicum m, G. Mavromoustakis det., TYPE Hym 2118 Pachyanthidium. (Trichanthidium) occipitale natalicum Mavromoustakis ♀, Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) occipitale subsp. umtalicum m. G. Mavromoustakis det., Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) benguelense Vachal J. Pasteels det., 1981, SANC Pretoria Database No. HYTM 02963, ’ TMSA. Additional material. Ethiopia. Mechara, 2010. xii. 6 – 25, on Stylosanthes guianensis (1 ♀ RBINS); Bako, 2011. i. 12, on Ocimum urticifolium (2 ♀ 1 ♂ RBINS); Mt. Haregoma, on Hypoestes forskaolii (2 ♀ RBINS); Paso Mile, 2010. xi. 17, on Hypoestes forskaolii (2 ♀ RBINS); Gibe, 2011. v. 20, (1 ♀ RBINS); Didessa River, near Dembi, 2011. vi. 16 – 17, (1 ♀ RBINS); Milkay, 2011. i. 1, on Asteraceae (1 ♀ RBINS); W Ilubabor pr. 1150 m, 60 km E Tepi, 2007. iv. 7, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA). Kenya. Lake Bogoria, 1982. xii. 8, T. & R. Griswold (1 ♀ BBSL); idem, 1005 m, 2011. ix. 10, L. Packer M. N. Mutiso D. Martins (1 ♀ YU); Marich Pass Field Studies Centre, 1999. vi. 14, W. J. Pulawski J. S. Schweikert (1 ♂ BBSL); Loruk, 2.2 km SSW, Lake Baringo, west side, 2012. x. 10, B. Danforth, T. Griswold, L. Packer, D. Martins, C. NjowMki, M. Nzisa Muliso, W. Tiren, on Justicia sp., (1 ♀ Cornell); Voi, 2000. v. 21 – 22, V. F. Lee W. J. Pulawski. Burundi. Mutambara, 829 m, 2010. xi. 8, C. Eardley (1 ♀ 1 ♂ SANC). Tanzania. Dodoma pr., 60 km N Kondoa, 157 m, 2006. xii. 19, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Dodoma, 25 km N, 2003. i. 4, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♀ BBSL); Iringa pr., 100 km N Iringa, 660 m, 2007. i. 9, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Ukerewe I, F. Conrads (1 ♀ SANC). Zanzibar, Unguja Ukua, 1985. iii. 10, A. Mochi (2 ♂ BBSL). Malawi. Fort Lister, Mt. Mulanje, 1100 m, 1983. xii. 2 – 4 (1 ♀ SANC); Rukuru River, 1989. iii. 29, J. Ranaivo (1 ♀ BBSL). Zambia. Petauke, 32 km E, 1995. iii. 24 – 26, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ BBSL); Wildlife Camp at Luangwa River, 7 km SW Mfuwe, 1998. iii. 7 – 9, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ BBSL). Zimbabwe. Victoria Falls, 1920. i. 4 (1 ♀ TMSA); idem, 1998. iii. 28 – 31, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ 2 ♀ BBSL); Matopas Hills, 40 km N Bulawayo, 1967. iii. 27, C. D. Michener (1 ♀ BBSL); Lake Kyle, 1985. iv. 16, J. Gustenleitner (3 ♀ 2 ♂ MSAA); Gweru, 70 km SW, Nalatale Ruins area, 2011. xii, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Sawmills, 1923. xii. 22 – 27, R. H. R. Stevenson (1 ♀ TMSA); Harare, A. Watsham (1 ♀ SANC); Witchwood Valley, Umtali district, 1959. i. 27, A. C. vanBruggen (1 ♀ SANC); Umtali district, 1931. i. 11, 1931. iii. 29, 1931. iv. 12, 1931. xi. 21, P. A. Sheppard (4 ♀ TMSA); Umtali Heights, 1420 m, 1958. iii. 13, E. S. Ross R. E. Leech (1 ♀ CAS); Bulawayo, 1923. ix. 28, 1924. iii. 20, R. H. R. Stevenson (1 ♀ 1 ♂ TMSA); Bulawayo, 1922. xii. 20, Swinburne, R. H. R. Stevenson (1 ♀ 1 ♂ TMSA). South Africa. Malta, 1928. i, G. vonSon (1 ♀ TMSA); Mogol Nature Reserve, Ellisras district, 1982. i. 25 – 26, C. Eardley (1 ♀ 1 ♂ SANC); idem, 1985. xii. 3, J. Donaldson (1 ♂ SANC); idem, 1979. xi. 19 - 23, S. J. van Tonder, C. Kok, G. L. Prinsloo, M. W. Mansell (1 ♂ BBSL); Nylsvley Nature Reserve, 1978. x, C. Eardley (1 ♀ SANC); Schoemanville, Dam Wall, 1975. xii. 12, H. Empey (1 ♂ SANC); Skukuza, 2010. xi. 29 – 30, C. Eardley (1 ♀ SANC); Skukuza, N’Watinwambu River-bank, 1998. iii. 25, M. Generani P. I. Scaramozzino (1 ♀ BBSL); Skukuza Camp, 1998. iii. 25, M. Generani P. I. Scaramozzino (1 ♀ BBSL); Kosi Bay, 1990. xi. 10 – 11, C. D. Eardley (1 ♂ BBSL); Hoedspruit, 35 km W, 2009. xii .. 19, 470 m, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Louis Trichardt, 12 km N, Ingwe Hotel, 1990. xi. 4, L. Stange R. Miller (1 ♂ FSCA); Soutpanbergs, 15 km N Louis Trichardt, 1988. ii. 8, Faukner (1 ♂ SDMC); Hartbeeshoek Radio Station, ca 45 km WSW Pretoria, 1996. i. 10, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ BBSL); Sutton Game Farm, 19 km N Hluhlwe, 1998. i. 3, L. Packer (1 ♂ YU); TK Reserve, near Loskop Dam, 1985. xii. 9 – 11, C. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Soutpan, 2005. iii. 2, C. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Silverton, Pretoria, 1962. i. 6, H. Empey (1 ♂ SANC); Swartkops, 1963. x. 19, H. Empey (1 ♀ SANC); Escourt, 1975. ii. 5, H. Empey (1 ♀ SANC); Port St. John, 1916. ix – x, H. H. Swinny (1 ♀ 1 ♂ TMSA); Coedmore, near Durban, 1955. x. 16, C. F. Jacot – Guillarmod (1 ♀ AMGS 2596); Widenham, 1984. iii. 25, A. J. Weaving (1 ♀ AMGS 2604); Stainbank Bush, Durban, 1966. ix. 25, F. Herbst (1 ♂ AMGS 14541); St Lucia, 1966. ix. 24, F. Herbst (1 ♀ AMGS 14542); Nagle Dam District, 1966. ix. 24, 1970. ii. 21, F. Herbst (2 ♀ AMGS 14543, 14544).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1456BFD1CFF19AA0F614744B8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Material from the northern part of the range of P. benguelense differs consistently in tergal markings, density of medioposterior punctation of T 1, and in the form of T 6 of females. It is possible that these differences are of specific value. If so, P. occipitale or one of the subspecies described by Mavromoustakis would probably apply. Pachyanthidium carinaticeps was incorrectly synonymised with P. benguelense by Pasteels (1984). Here it is synonymised with P. cucullatum. We were not able to study the types of Anthidium benguelense and A. denticulatum. The description of the former, a male, specifically mentions tergal maculations and a median spine on T 7, a combination that only matches the species concept here used. The latter best fits the known distribution of P. benguelense.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	description	Pachyanthidium cucullatum (Friese): Cockerell 1932 a: 365.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The presence of a ventral carina on the mid femur will distinguish P. cucullatum from all Pachyanthidium not in the subgenus Trichanthidium, as will the combination of hairy eyes, absence of arolia and lateral spines on T 2 – T 5. From other Trichanthidium it can be distinguished by the broadly convex scutum that curves ventrally laterad of the parapsidal lines. In contrast, all other species in the subgenus have the scutum nearly flat without increased curvature laterad of the parapsidal lines. It also differs in the presence of slender, microscopically plumose setae near the anterior margin of the scutum. Other species have stout, non-plumose setae.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.3 – 2.9 mm; scutum 1.2 – 1.8 mm; forewing 5.0 – 6.0 mm; body 4.5 – 6.5 mm. Colour (Fig. 10 a, b). Black, except reddish-orange as follows: entire clypeus and mandible, antenna (especially scape and pedicel), posterior margin of vertex (Fig. 10 a), pronotal lobe, most of pronotum, mesepisternum behind omaulus and legs; axilla yellowish-orange; scutellum with orange translucent posterior margin and subapical yellow cross-band; T 1 yellow laterally, T 2 – T 5 with yellow dorsolateral spots, T 1 – T 6 orange laterally and on posterior margins. Structure (Fig. 10). Preoccipital lamella distinct; eye hairy; clypeus with ventral edge convex, smooth; mandible spatulate with broad outer tooth, two very small inner teeth; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus strongly lamellate; forebasitarsus short and narrow, length 1.9 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 with lateral spines; T 6 gently swollen laterally, without spine, with pointed posterolateral tubercle, truncate posteriorly (Fig. 10 c). MALE. Lengths: head 2.0 – 2.4 mm; scutum 1.2 – 1.5 mm; forewing 4.3 – 5.6 mm; body 4.4 – 5.0 mm. Colour (Fig. 10 d-g). As in female except entire clypeus and mandible yellow, antenna sometimes yellow, T 2 – T 5 yellow dorsolateral spots wider than in female. Structure. Preoccipital ridge distinctly lamellate; eye hairy; subantennal suture bowed gently outwards (inconspicuous); antennal flagellum 11.2 x eye length, 3.4 x scape length; clypeus with ventral edge straight, smooth; mandible tridentate; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; arolia absent; hind basitarsus narrow, width one-third length; T 1 unmodified laterally; T 2 – T 6 with small posterolateral spine; T 6 extended posteromedially with very small posteromedial spine, apicolaterally with both dorsal and ventral spines (Fig. 10 g); T 7 with posterolateral swelling and median spine of similar size (Fig. 10 f); terminalia as in P. benguelense (cf. Fig. 8 d-g).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is endemic to South Africa (Fig. 11), occurring south of P. benguelense.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. It has been collected on Crassula tetragona robusta (Crassulaceae).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female lectotype of Anthidium cucullatum: ‘ Capland Krebs S., volvulum N, 899, Anth. cucullatum Fr. Lectotypus (auf Grund von Korrespondenz mit Mavromoustakis) Bischoff 1934, Anthidium cucullatum Fr. ♀ 1904 Friese det., Type, Zool. Mus. Berlin’, in ZMHB. Additional material. South Africa. Resolution, Albany district, 1928. iv. 12, A. Walton (1 ♀ TMSA); Sundays River, 1892. ii. 29, H. Brauns (1 ♀ TMSA); Algoa Bay, 1892. xii, 1896. x. 11, 1896. xii. 18, H. Brauns (2 ♀ 1 ♂ TMSA); Venstersklip, Baviaanskloof, 2010. ii. 27, C. Eardley (3 ♀ 2 ♂ SANC); Studispoort, Baviaanskloof, 2010. ii. 27, C. Eardley (2 ♀ 4 ♂ SANC); Willowmore, 1906. xii. 10, iv. 1923, H. Brauns (2 ♀ TMSA); Hounslow, Grahamstown, 1967. iii. 24, C. F. Jacot-Guillarmod (2 ♀ AMGS 2597, 2599); Fort Brown, 1930. iii. 7, A. Walton (1 ♀ AMGS 2598); Botha's Ridge, Grahamstown, 1971. xi. 24, R. Bayliss (1 ♀ AMGS 2600); Table Farm, Grahamstown, 1986. xii. 28, D. W. Gess (1 ♂ AMGS 2601); Mkuze Game Reserve, 1991. ii. 13 – 14, A. J. Weaving (1 ♂ AMGS 2602); Ratelfontein, Graafwater District, 1992. ix. 20 – 22, F. W. Gess (1 ♀ AMGS 2603); Hartebeespoort Dam, 1967. v. 7, F. Herbst (1 ♀ AMGS 14540); Stainbank Bush, Durban, 1966. ix. 24 – 25, F. Herbst (1 ♀ 1 ♂ AMGS 14545, 14546); Grahamstown, botanical garden, 1994. xi. 12, V. Mauss, on Crassula tetragona robusta (1 ♂ BBSL); Riverhuis Farm, 14 km N Robertson, 2004. ix. 29 – x. 22, M. E. Irwin F. D. Parker M. Hauser (1 ♀ FDP 735435, BBSL); Jansenville, 25 km N, 600 m, 2010. i. 4, J. Halada (1 ♂ MSAA).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14570FD1EFF19AD6C612E42CA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Pasteels (1984) synonymised P. benguelense, P. cucullatum and P. carinaticeps. However, P. cucullatum and its synonym P. carinaticeps are clearly not conspecific with P. benguelense, separated by both colour and structure.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14573FD19FF19AFF461254729.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The almost entirely black integument, including the dark lamella of the vertex, scutellum and terga distinguish P. nigrum from all other Afrotropical Pachyanthidium. Other diagnostic features include ventral longitudinal carina on the mid femur, nearly opaque lamellae, male T 6 dorsolaterally with only slight, non-angulate lobes, and male T 7 with broad, scarcely angled lateral projections.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14573FD19FF19AFF461254729.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.5 mm; scutum 2.1 mm; forewing 7.6 mm; body 7.0 mm. Body black with extensive orange maculations on vertex, clypeus, mandible (Fig. 12 a), mesepisternum, legs, axilla, scutellum (short subapical cross-band), lateral marks on T 1 – T 5, entire T 6, S 6 (Fig. 12 b). Structure. Preoccipital lamella distinct (longer than median ocellus diameter); eye hairy; clypeus ventral edge straight, weakly crenulate; mandible spatulate, 2 broad outer teeth, 2 very small inner teeth; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus strongly lamellate; forebasitarsus short and narrow, length 0.6 x foretibia, width 0.3 x lengths; arolia absent; T 2 – T 5 with lateral spines, T 6 gently swollen laterally, without spine, truncate posteriorly (Fig. 12 c). MALE. Lengths not available. Body black or blackish with clypeus and mandible yellow, tiny maculations sometimes present sublaterally on T 2 – T 5, T 6 apicolaterally (Fig. 12 d, e). Structure. Preoccipital ridge distinctly lamellate; eye hairy; supraclypeus slightly raise; subantennal suture bowed gently outward (inconspicuous); antennal flagellum length 1.3 x eye length, 4.5 x scape length; clypeus ventral edge straight, smooth; mandible 3 - toothed; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, not distinctly fringed, length 0.6 x foretibia length, 2.5 x its width, anterodistal extension not visible; hind basitarsus narrow, width one-third length; arolia absent; T 1 unmodified laterally; T 2 – T 6 each with small posterolateral spine; T 6 one plane, extended posteromedially, posterior edge entire; T 7 broad, with broad, rounded posterolateral projection, low, pointed posteromedian spine (Fig. 12 f); terminalia not studied.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14573FD19FF19AFF461254729.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pachyanthidium nigrum is known from Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa (Fig. 13).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14573FD19FF19AFF461254729.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Pachyanthidium nigrum: ‘ COTE D’IVOIRE Mt Tonkui, 1189 m 30. xii. 1979 A. Pauly réc, COLL. MUS. TERVUREN Don J. Pasteels, Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) nigrum n. sp. J. Pasteels det., 1982, HOLOTYPUS’, RMAC. Additional material. Gabon. Dyanga, 1986. i. 27, A. Pauly (1 ♀ RBINS); Ogooué-Ivindo Dist., Forêt des Abeilles, Makandé, 1995. x – xi, D. Roubik (3 ♂ BBSL). South Africa. Manzengwenya, 1980. xii. 7, D. H. Jacobs (1 ♀ SANC).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14575FD19FF19ADFC64AC4286.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The presence of a ventral carina on the mid femur will distinguish P. anoplos from all Pachyanthidium not in the subgenus Trichanthidium, as will the combination of hairy eyes, absence of arolia and lateral spines on T 2 – T 5. Males can be distinguished by T 6 not having lateral lobes, but is rather gently curved, T 6 with tiny dorsolateral lobes, a small posteromedian and ventrolateral spines. Males differ in T 7 with lateral projection stout and median spine short, not strongly acute.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14575FD19FF19ADFC64AC4286.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.3 mm; scutum 1.6 – 2.1 mm; forewing 6.8 – 7.8 mm; body 6.7 mm. Colour black with variable yellow to reddish-orange markings: clypeus with ventrolateral spots (Fig. 14 a) to extensively marked, mandible with maculations in middle to extensive, markings present or absent on posterior margin of vertex, gena, pronotum, lateral and ventral mesosoma, lateral axilla, lateral and posterolateral scutellum, legs, T 2 – T 5 with dorsolateral markings that range from spots (Fig. 14 b) to comma-shaped; markings present or absent on T 6 and all sterna. Structure. Preoccipital lamella distinct (longer than median ocellus diameter); eye hairy; clypeus ventral edge straight, weakly crenulate; mandible spatulate, 2 broad outer teeth, 2 very small inner teeth; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus strongly lamellate; forebasitarsus short and narrow, length 0.6 x foretibia, width 0.3 x lengths; arolia absent; T 2 – T 5 with lateral spines, T 6 gently curved laterally (Fig. 14 c). MALE. Lengths: head 2.5 mm; scutum 1.5 mm; forewing 6.8 mm; body 5.7 mm. Male mostly reddish with yellow clypeus, mandible, inner lower paraocular area, fleck adjacent to clypeus (Fig. 14 d), comma-shaped marks on T 2 – T 3 (Fig. 14 e), posterior T 6 and entire T 7. Structure (Fig. 14). Preoccipital ridge distinctly lamellate; eye hairy; supraclypeus slightly raised; subantennal suture bowed gently outwards (inconspicuous); antennal flagellum length 1.3 x eye length, 4.5 x scape length; clypeus with ventral edge straight, smooth; mandible 3 – toothed; lateral margin of scutum slightly lamellate; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, not distinctly fringed; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 2.5 x its width, anterodistal extension not visible; hind basitarsus narrow, width one-third length; arolia absent; T 1 unmodified laterally; T 2 – T 6 each with small posterolateral spine; T 6 with minute point posteromedially, small spike ventrolaterally, tiny lobe dorsolaterally (Fig. 14 f); T 7 with broad, rounded lateral projection, pointed median spine (Fig. 14 g); terminalia as in P. benguelense (cf. Fig. 8 d-g).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14575FD19FF19ADFC64AC4286.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pachyanthidium anoplos is known only from the Central African Republic and Cameroon (Fig. 13).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14575FD19FF19ADFC64AC4286.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Holotype male: Central African Republic. 40 km S Kaga Bandoro, 2009. v. 14, J. Halada (MSAA). Paratypes: Central African Republic. 1 ♀, same data as holotype (MSAA); 1 ♀, Mbaiki, 150 km NWW, 620 m, 2009. vi. 14, J. Halada (MSAA); 1 ♂, Sibut, 45 km N, 530 m, 2009. v. 11, J. Halada (BBSL); 1 ♀, Ndélé, 35 km E, 450 m, 2009. v. 17, J. Halada (BBSL). Cameroon. 1 ♀, Province du Nord, 15 km W Campement des Eléphants, 67 km S Garoua, 2003. vii. 13 - 19, W. Pulawski (BBSL).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14575FD19FF19ADFC64AC4286.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the absence of a dorsolateral spine on the male T 6.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD1BFF19AFF4641844B5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differs from all other subgenera by the combination of eyes naked, preoccipital carina absent laterally, and aroliae absent on all legs. In females the multidentate mandible with five to ten teeth (except four toothed only in P. micheneri Pasteels) is unique. This subgenus is endemic to the Afrotropics.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	description	Hypanthidium cordatum (Smith): Cockerell 1920: 300 – 301. Pachyanthidium cordatum (Smith): Cockerell 1930: 48.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The hairless eye and arolia absent separate it from the other subgenera, while the black and yellow tergal maculations separate it from the bicolor species-group. From other members of the cordatum species-group the female differs by a combination of legs mostly yellow, mandible partly spatulate, with two outer teeth and 4 – 5 small teeth on spatulate area and a large inner tooth separated by a distinct concavity (Fig. 15). The male is distinguished by a combination of 5 – 6 mandibular teeth that do not conform to any pattern (Fig. 15); the posterolateral angle of the scutum not thickened and not appearing triangular in lateral view, the mesepisternum with midventral depression shallow, the legs without dark markings and T 7 with a median spine that is longer than the narrow lateral spines, obtusely pointed distally and less than half as wide as the concavity between the median and lateral spines (Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.0 – 3.1 mm; scutum 2. 0 – 2.1 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.7 mm; body 6.4 – 7.4 mm. Head and mesosoma black except yellow maculations as follows (Fig. 15, 16): clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, frons with spot between median ocellus and clypeus, posterior margin of vertex, anterior margin of gena, basal half of mandible, lateral margins of scutum and axilla, posterolateral scutellum, tegula with spot, mesepisternum behind omaulus (remainder of mesepisternum, metepisternum and lateral propodeum sometimes orange), posterior femora, dorsal tibiae and tarsi (remainder of legs orangish – yellow), T 1 – T 6 laterally (distal margins translucent, except T 5 distal margin translucent yellowish), most of S 1 – S 6; scutellum, T 1 – T 6 with distal margins translucent. Structure (Figs 15, 16). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus with ventral edge straight, 2 mediolateral tubercles; mandible partly spatulate, 2 outer teeth, 4 – 5 small teeth on outer spatulate area and large inner tooth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; scutellum with posterior margin lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width of forebasitarsus; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colour as in female except: mandible almost entirely yellow, T 7 yellow. Structure (Figs 15 – 16). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus with ventral edge straight, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 0.9 x eye length, 3.3 x scape length; mandible 5 – 6 dissimilar, irregular, pointed teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, with moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly expanded distally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 with slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter emarginate posteromedially; T 7 with median spine longer than narrow lateral spines, obtusely pointed distally, half as wide as concavity between median and lateral spines; terminalia as in Fig. 16.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species appears to occur throughout much of the eastern part of South Africa (Fig. 17).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Pachyanthidium cordatum has been collected on flowers of Psoralea pinnata (Fabaceae) (Eardley and Urban 2010).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Anthidium cordatum: ‘ Type, B. M. TYPE HYM. 17 a 1886, Anthidium cordatum Smith TYPE, cordatum Sm. Type, Pt. Natal 55.96 ’, NHML. Additional material. South Africa. Soutpanbergs, 15 km N Louis Trichardt, 1988. ii. 8, Faulkner (1 ♂ BBSL); Lapalala Nature Reserve, 1987. i. 21 – 22, R. Oberprieler (1 ♀ SANC); Mahlasi, 18 km NE Burgersforet, 1981. xi. 24, G. L. Prinsloo (1 ♂ SANC); Pretoria, Leeuwfontein, R. Desmier de Chenon (1 ♀ RMNH); Mfongosi, W. E. Jones (2 ♂ SANC); Kuleni farm, Hluhluwe, 1990. ii. 14, C. D. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Pietermaritzburg, 1917. ii. 23, C. Akerman (1 ♀ SANC); Umtentwini, 1973. iv. 20, H. Empey (2 ♂ SANC); Scottbourgh, 1963. iii. 15, H. Empey (1 ♀ SANC); Port St. John, 1916. ix – xi, H. H. Swinny (4 ♀ 4 ♂ TMSA); Algoa Bay, 1892. i. 10, H. Brauns (1 ♀ SANC); Prince Alfred’s Hamlet, 7 km N, 1986. xi. 21, J. G. H. Londt (1 ♂ SANC); Port Alfred, 1 960. xii. 3, C. F. Jacot – Guillarmod (1 ♂ AMGS 2576); Belmont Valley, Grahamstown, 1971. ii. 7 – 14, 1971. xii. 8 – 28, 1972. i. 3 – 14, 1972. iii. 1 – 13, 1972. iv. 5 – 12, F. W. Gess (7 ♀ 8 ♂ AMGS 2577, 2578, 2579, 2580, 2581, 2582, 2583, 2584, 2585, 2586, 2588, 2589, 2590, 2591, 2593); Coldsprings, SW Grahamstown, 1975. ii. 9, C. F. Jacot – Guillarmod (1 ♀ AMGS 2592); Umhlanga, 1965. x. 16, F. W. Gess (1 ♀ AMGS 14539); Grahamstown, Botanical Gardens, 2005. i. 12, F. W. Gess (1 ♀ AMGS 14538).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14577FD17FF19AE986587449D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. According to Mavromoustakis (1963) the holotype of P. cordatum swelendamense was deposited in NHML. We were unable to locate the holotype, thus the synonymy of P. cordatum swellendamense with P. cordatum is based on the study of the holotype of P. cordatum and the original description of P. cordatum swellendamense.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	description	Anthidium bicolor var. bouyssoui Vachal: Strand 1911: 120. Pachyanthidium bouyssoui (Vachal): Cockerell 1930: 45 – 49. Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) bouyssoui (Vachal): Pasteels 1984: 144.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be separated from all other species in the genus except other species of the bicolor species-group by the combination of the naked eye, absent arolia, and metasomal terga mostly orange (Fig. 18). From other species of the bicolor species-group females can be distinguished by the combination of the partly spatulate mandible with two outer teeth, 2 – 3 small teeth on outer spatulate area and a large inner tooth, the forewing with cells as dark as the rest of the wings, face, mandible and femora with yellow maculations, mesepisternum all dark or with a little yellow maculation. Males can be distinguished by having 4 – 5 similar, pointed, evenly spaced mandibular teeth and T 7 with the median spine longer and broader than the narrow lateral spines; its width half that of the concavity between it and the lateral spines, and its apex broadly rounded.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.4 – 3.5 mm; scutum 2.2 – 2.4 mm; forewing 7.7 – 8.4 mm; body 8. 5 – 9.0 mm. Head and mesosoma black except yellow maculation as follows: clypeus with W-shaped cross-band of irregular width or marking absent, outer margin of paraocular area, posterior vertex with a very short cross-band, basal portion of mandible, pronotal lobe, mesepisternum narrowly behind omaulus, narrow lateral margins of scutum and axilla, narrow subapical cross-band on scutellum, fore and mid femora and tibiae anteriorly, hind femur on distal half of anterior face, usually entire hind tibia and most of tarsi; metasoma orange except indistinct yellowish-orange cross-bands generally on T 1 – T 5; T 6 laterally; translucent posterior margins on scutellum (yellowish) and T 1 – T 5 (orangish); forewing dark with cells as dark as rest of wing. Structure (Fig. 18). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, crenulate; mandible partly spatulate, 2 outer teeth, 2 – 3 small teeth on outer spatulate area, a large inner tooth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length, 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colour as in female except: clypeus completely to partly yellow (dorsolateral region black), mandible yellow except apically, T 7 yellowish-orange. Structure (Fig. 18). preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, 2 mediolateral tubercles; antennal flagellum 0.87 x eye, 3.2 x scape lengths; mandible with 4 – 5 similar, pointed, evenly spaced teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, with moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly expanded distally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane extended posteromedially, with small ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter slightly emarginate posteromedially; T 7 with narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), apically rounded median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines 1.5 x median spine width; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species appears to be widespread across the northern part of the Afrotropical Region (Fig. 19).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. It has been collected on flowers of Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae), Stachytarpheta augustifolia (Verbenaceae) and Stylosanthes erecta (Fabaceae) (Eardley and Urban 2010).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium bouyssoui var. tumbense: ‘ MUSEE DU CONGO Eala – Bokatola – Bikoro IX – X – 1930 Dr P. Staner, R. DET. K 2548, Pachyanthidium bouyssoui v tumbense det. Ckll TYPE., TYPE’, RMCA. Additional material. Ghana. Central Region, Stingless bee research station road, 2008. x. 28, J. Giggs (1 ♀ YU); Central Region, Kakum Conservation area, 2005. i. 18 (1 ♂ SANC); Aburi, 1991. ii. 10, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ CAS). Togo. Amaoude, 17 km N Sokode, 1991. ii. 18, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♀ CAS). Cameroon. Nanga Eboko, 1959 – 1960, R. Lenczy (1 ♀ BBSL). Central African Republic. Nola, 35 km N, 2008. xii. 12, J. Halada (1 ♂ MSAA); Kbaika, 55 km NWN, 2008. xii. 12 (1 ♂ MSAA); Bangai, 70 km NNE, 2010. xi. 4 – 28, J. Halada (2 ♀ 1 ♂ MSAA). Gabon. Malela, 1915. vii. 5, Lang Chapin (1 ♀ 2 ♂ AMNH, BBSL); Ogooue – Ivindo Dist., Foret des Abeilles, Makande, 1995. x – xi, D. Roubik (1 ♀ BBSL). Congo P. R. Lesio – Loun Fk 330 m, 2008. ix. 16 – 23 (1 ♂ BBSL). Uganda. Entebbe, 1913. vii. 30, C. C. Gowden (1 ♂ SANC); Bwamba, 1957. ii – iii, R. Carcasson (1 ♀ SANC); Kampala, 33 km W, 1952. v, E. Pinhey (1 ♀ SANC); Kampala, 1963. ix. 9, J. Owen (2 ♀ BBSL). Tanzania. Mkomazi, near summit of Maji Kunanua, 1995. xii. 7, G. N. Stone (1 ♂ SANC); Mikumi, 7 km S, Ruaha River bank, Morogoro region, 2001. vi. 19, M. H. Bourbin W. L. Pulawski (1 ♂ BBSL).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457BFD12FF19AEB063C1449D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The specimens from Tanzania (Morogoro region), Ghana (Stingless bee research station road), Gabon and Cameroon are unusual in that they have a wide pronotal lamella. The syntypes of Anthidium bouyssoui could not be located in the TMSA where they were originally deposited.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457EFD2CFF19AEB0629C4409.taxon	description	Anthidium paulinieri Guérin – Méneville, 1844: 145, female holotype (? MNHN) Senegal. Anthidium (Pachyanthidium) paulinieri Guérin: Friese 1905: 66 – 69. Pachyanthidium paulinieri (Guérin): Cockerell 1932 b: 520. Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) paulinieri (Guérin): Pasteels 1984: 139 – 147.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457EFD2CFF19AEB0629C4409.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other species in the genus (except species of the bicolor species-group) by the combination of naked eye, absent arolia and the orange dorsum of the metasoma (Fig. 20). From other members of the bicolor species-group females can be distinguished by the combination of mandible partly spatulate, two outer teeth, spatulate area gently undulated with an inner tooth, forewing with cells lighter than the rest of the wing and legs without black, face, mandible and femora with yellow maculations, mesepisternum with extensive yellow maculations. Males have four dissimilar teeth. The male T 7 has a median spine that is longer than the narrow lateral spines, obtusely pointed distally and half as wide as the concavity between the median and lateral spines.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457EFD2CFF19AEB0629C4409.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.0 mm; scutum 1.8 mm; forewing 6.2 – 7.0 mm; body 6.5 – 7.0 mm. Head and mesosoma black except with yellow maculation on clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, spot on medioventral supraclypeus, median spot on frons below mid ocellus, posterior margin of vertex, anterior gena, basal half of mandible, lateral margins of scutum and axilla, medially interrupted subapical cross-band on scutellum, spot on tegula, mesepisternum behind omaulus (remainder of mesepisternum, metepisternum and lateral propodeum sometimes orange), legs (part orangish – yellow); metasoma mostly orange with yellowish – orange anteriorly on T 1 (cross – band), dorsolaterally on T 2 – T 5 (oval), laterally on T 6; apical translucent margins on scutellum yellowish and T 1 – T 5 orange; forewing with cells lighter than rest of wing. Structure (Fig. 20). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus with ventral edge slightly convex, 2 mediolateral tubercles; mandible partly spatulate, 2 outer teeth, spatulate area gently undulated, with inner tooth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length, 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colour as in female except: mandible yellow except for apical margin, T 7 entirely yellow. Structure (Fig. 20). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge slightly convex, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 0.9 x eye length, 3.1 x scape length; mandible 4 dissimilar, pointed teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, with moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swellings; T 5 with slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane, extended posteromedially, with small ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter slightly emarginate medially; T 7 narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), median spine acutely pointed apically, concavity between median and lateral spines twice width of median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457EFD2CFF19AEB0629C4409.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is apparently widespread across the northern Afrotropical Region (Fig. 19).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1457EFD2CFF19AEB0629C4409.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium ogilviei: ‘ Type, Dilolo July 27 J. O., Pachyanthidium ogilviei Ckll TYPE, B. M. TYPE HYM. 17 a 2681 ’, in NHML. Additional material. Ivory Coast. Odienne Man, 1991. i. 14, A. Mochi (1 ♀ 2 ♂ BBSL). Nigeria. Gashaka Gumfi NP, 30 km SE Serti, 2011, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA). Central African Republic. 40 km S Kaga Bandoro, 2009. v. 14, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Bangai, 70 km NNE, 430 m, 2010. xi. 8 – 4, J. Halada (1 ♀ MSAA); Bpuar, 60 km SE, 800 m, 2010. iii. 30, J. Halada (2 ♀ MSAA).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14540FD2EFF19AE1C6268414D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The combination of eyes naked, absent arolia and black and yellow metasoma distinguishes P. salamens e from all Pachyanthidium except other members of the cordatum species-group. Males can be distinguished from others in its species group by the combination of dorsum of mesosoma rimmed laterally and posteriorly by a white band and five similar mandibular teeth. T 7 with broad, apically truncate posteromedian projection that is longer than the narrow lateral spines, truncate distally and two – thirds as wide as the concavity between it and the lateral spines (Fig. 21). No females were available for study.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14540FD2EFF19AE1C6268414D.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Material not seen. MALE. Lengths not recorded. Head and mesosoma black with yellow maculations on: clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, medioventral spot on supraclypeus, spot on frons below median ocellus, posterior margin of vertex, gena with stripe, mandible except teeth, lateral margin of scutum, entire axilla, medially interrupted subapical cross-band on scutellum, tegula spot, mesepisternum behind omaulus, legs except orange fore and mid femora dorsally, entire hind femur, metasoma except anterior half of mesal region of T 1 black; apical translucent margins on scutellum (colourless). Structure (Fig. 21). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus with ventral edge slightly convex, tuberculate; antennal flagellum 0.9 x eye length, 3.1 x scape length; mandible with 5 similar, pointed teeth; pronotal lobe with anterior margin slightly rounded, not transverse; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparsely pubescent, with moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 with slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter slightly emarginate; T 7 with narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), acutely pointed median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines twice width of median spine; terminalia not studied.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14540FD2EFF19AE1C6268414D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is only known from Tanzania and Kenya (Fig. 22).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14540FD2EFF19AE1C6268414D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Anthidium cordatum var. salamense: ‘ D. esSalaam O. - Africa, Anthidium cordatum v. salamense ♀ Fr. 1914 Friese det. ’, ‘ Type’ [red label], ‘ Pachyanthidium salamense Fr. J. Pasteels det., 1963 ’, ‘ Holo Typus’ [pink label], ZMHB. Additional material. Kenya. Rift Valley Province, ca. 5 km N Nananga, 1999. vi. 21, W. J. Pulawski J. S. Schweikert (1 ♂ BBSL); Rift Valley Province, 2.2 km E Margarit, Perkerra Irrigation Scheme, 2012. x. 10, T. Griswold W. Tiren, Crotalaria sp. (1 ♂ BBSL).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14540FD2EFF19AE1C6268414D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Pasteels (1984) does not include P. salamense Friese, 1915, in his revision, referring rather to the junior primary homonym P. salamense Friese, 1931. There is considerable confusion regarding the identity of type material for these two names. A specimen that was labelled as type material, but that is not a type, is known to exist in MHUB (Rasmussen & Ascher, 2008). Friese (1915) stated in the original description of Anthidium cordatum var. salamense that the holotype was a female. The specimen labelled as the holotype in ZMHB, however, is a male. This specimen, except for the gender, resembles Friese’s (1915) description of P. salamense, is from the type locality and has the red “ Type ” label frequently used by Friese for the true type (Rasmussen & Ascher, 2008). It seems likely that Friese (1915) made an error in recording the gender of the holotype. This specimen is therefore assumed to be the holotype of P. salamense. Pasteels examined this specimen, as indicated by a label attached to the specimen, and he (Pasteels, 1984) synonymised P. salamense with P. paulinieri. Pachyanthidium salamense has a five-toothed mandible, fairly extensive diffuse yellow maculation on the metasoma and a truncate posteromedian spine on the male T 7. Pachyanthidium paulinieri similarly has a five-toothed mandible, but the maculae on the male metasoma are orangish, T 1 lacks the quadrate black patch and the posteromedian spine on the male T 7 is obtusely pointed. Pachyanthidium salamense is therefore considered to be a distinct species. Anthidium cordatum var. salamense “ n. var. ” Friese, 1931: 39 (a primary junior homonym) from Zanzibar is here viewed as a synonym. We have been unable to locate the type but the description is clearly of a Pachyanthidium s. str. with the quadrate black mark on T 1 that appears to be distinctive to P. salamense and there is nothing otherwise in the description that is clearly contrary to this assignment.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14542FD28FF19ABCD630E4649.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pachyanthidium micheneri can be distinguished from all its congeners, except from those in the bicolor species-group, by the naked eye, absence of arolia and red metasoma. From the other species in the bicolor speciesgroup the female is distinguished by the absence of yellow maculations on head, mesosoma and femora, except sometimes a fleck of yellow on the paraocular area (Fig. 23). In addition the mandible is partly spatulate, with two outer teeth, two-three small teeth on outer spatulate area and a large inner tooth. Males are differentiated by the T 7 median spine being only a little narrower than the concavity between it and the lateral spines.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14542FD28FF19ABCD630E4649.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.9 mm; scutum 2.5 mm; forewing 9.4 mm; body 9.2 mm. Head and mesosoma (excluding legs) completely black or mostly black with yellow maculation limited to a very short crossband on posterior vertex and a fleck on upper paraocular area; legs partly black with orange maculations on hind tibia and tarsi; metasoma entirely orange. Structure (Fig. 23). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge slightly convex, crenulate; mandible partly spatulate, with 2 outer teeth, 2 – 3 small teeth on outer spatulate area and a large inner tooth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Body markings as in female except yellow on entire clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, medioventral spot on supraclypeus, most of mandible. Structure (Fig. 23). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge slightly convex, 2 mediolateral tubercles; antennal flagellum 0.9 x eye length; 3.3 x scape length; mandible partly spatulate, 2 outer teeth, 2 – 3 small teeth on outer spatulate area and a large inner tooth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles; T 7 narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), posteriorly rounded median spine longer than lateral spine, concavity between median and lateral spines 1.2 x width median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14542FD28FF19ABCD630E4649.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from Malawi, Zimbabwe and the east coast of South Africa (Fig. 22).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14542FD28FF19ABCD630E4649.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium micheneri Pasteels: ‘ MALAWI, Monkey Bay Lake Malawi 23 April 1967 C. D. Michener, Type, HOLOTYPUS, COLL. MUS. TERVUREN don C. D. Michener, Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) micheneri n. sp. J. Pasteels det., 1968 ’, RMCA. Male paratype of Pachyanthidium micheneri Pasteels: ‘ MALAWI, Monkey Bay Lake Malawi 23 April 1967 C. D. Michener, PARATYPUS, Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) micheneri n. sp. J. Pasteels det., 1968 ’, BBSL. Additional material. Malawi. Monkey Bay Lake Malawi, 1967. iv. 23, C. D. Michener (1 ♂ BBSL wide pronotal lamella). Zimbabwe. Chimanimani, 1050 m, Melsetter, 1985. iv. 25, J. Gusenleitner (1 ♂ MSAA). Tanzania. Morogoro Region Ruaha River bank, 7 km S Mikumi, 2001. vi. 19, M. H. Bourbin, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ BBSL). South Africa. St. Lucia, 10 km N, 1988. i. 8, R. Miller, L. Stange (1 ♀ FSCA); St. Lucia, 1958. iii. 9, H. Empey (1 ♀ SANC); Banga Neck, Kosi Bay, 1990. ii. 11, N. Verheijen (1 ♀ SANC); Blyderivierspoortdam Nat. Reserve, 1984. x. 25 – 26, C. D. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC); Kuleni Farm, Hluhluwe, 1990, xi. 14, N. Verheijen (1 ♂ SANC); Sodwana Bay, 1989. xi. 10, R. Oberprieler (1 ♂ SANC); Makana, 5 km E, near Ndumu Game Reserve, 3. xii. 1982, Londt, Stuckenber, Barraclough (1 ♂ BBSL).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14544FD2BFF19ACDC63F945C0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The naked eye, no arolia and extensive black on the metasomal dorsum (Fig. 24) excludes all other Pachyanthidium except other members of the cordatum species-group. From these, females can be distinguished by yellow tergal maculations, mesepisternal maculation, posterolateral angle of scutum thickened forming triangle in lateral view, terga densely punctate laterally and mandible spatulate, with one outer tooth, the second tooth part of the straight spatulate area. Males can be distinguished by the combination of yellow tergal maculations, posterolateral angle of scutum thickened appearing triangular in lateral view, median spine of T 7 slender and midventral depression of mesepisternum shallow.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14544FD2BFF19ACDC63F945C0.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.0 – 3.3 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.4 mm; forewing 6.5 – 7.5 mm; body 6.8 – 8.0 mm. Head and mesosoma black with yellow maculations on clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, spot on medioventral supraclypeus, usually with medial spot on frons, posterior margin of vertex, anterior margin of gena, basal half of mandible, lateral margins of scutum and axilla, medially interrupted subapical cross-band on scutellum (distal lamella translucent yellowish), tegular spot, mesepisternum posterior to omaulus, posterior femora and dorsal tibiae and tarsi (remainder of legs orangish-yellow); metasoma with T 1 – T 5 yellow laterally, black medially and distal margins translucent orange, T 6 and S 1 – S 6 mostly yellow. Structure (Fig. 24). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge about straight, 2 mediolateral tubercles; mandible distinctly spatulate, 1 distinct tooth, spatulate area straight; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Integument colouration as in female except mandible, T 7 and S 1 – S 6 entirely yellow. Structure (Fig. 24). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge about straight, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 0.85 x eye length; 3.1 x scape length; mandible 6 dissimilar, pointed teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter emarginated posteromedially; T 7 narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), obtusely pointed posterior median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines 1.7 x width of median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14544FD2BFF19ACDC63F945C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species occurs in southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe and eastern South Africa (Fig. 25).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14544FD2BFF19ACDC63F945C0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Pachyanthidium cordatum katangense: ‘ Lubumbashi Katanga BCgo 11.45 S 27.40 E 23. v. 1920, Mich. Bequaert Coll., R. DET. 0 1895, Pachyanthidium cordatum katangense Ckll TYPE., MUSÉE DU CONGO Lubumbashi 23. v. 1920, (Dr M. Bequaert) (Don Dr J. Bequaert), HOLOTYPUS’, in RMCA. Additional material. Ethiopia. Arba – Minch, Lake Chamo, 2012. ix. 21, J – L. Boeve (1 ♂ RBINS). Congo D. R. Park Upemba, 24 mi W Lusinga, 1958. i. 20 (1 ♀ CAS). Zambia. Chipata, 20 km SE, 1982. xi. 10, T. L. & R. T. Griswold (1 ♂ BBSL). Zimbabwe. Harare, A. Watsham (1 ♀ SANC); Chimanimani, 1050 m, Melsetter, 1985. iv. 25, J. Gusenleitner (1 ♀ MSAA). South Africa. Strijdom Tunnel, 1969. ii. 19, L. C. Starke (1 ♂ SANC); Assegaaihoutkloof, near Groblersdal, 1979. xi. 4, R. H. Watmough (1 ♀ SANC); Pretoria Kop, 1950. x. 27, H. K. Munro (1 ♂ SANC); Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 1974. ii. 8, R. H. Watmough (1 ♂ SANC); Tugela Ferry, 1971. xi. 13, H. Empey (1 ♂ SANC); Scottburgh, 1963. iii. 15, H. Empey (1 ♂ SANC); Port St. John, 1916. ix, H. H. Swinny (1 ♂ SANC); Algoa Bay, 1892. x, H. Brauns (1 ♂ TMSA).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14544FD2BFF19ACDC63F945C0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The male from Ethiopia may be incorrectly assigned; while it agrees in morphology it differs markedly in the metasoma is yellow and orange rather than black and yellow.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14547FD2BFF19AE4463A14209.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from subgenera other than Pachyanthidium s. str. by the combination of naked eyes and no arolia. From all other members of the subgenus Pachyanthidium it can be distinguished by the black maculations on the metasomal terga and a large, deep pit midventrally on the mesepisternum. In addition, the male can be distinguished by the combination of posterolateral angle of scutum thickened, triangular in lateral view, dorsum of metasoma with black restricted to anterior terga and T 7 with a narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length) and small, acutely pointed, posteromedian spine that scarcely exceeds the lateral spines.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14547FD2BFF19AE4463A14209.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths not recorded. Structure (Fig. 26). Head and mesosoma black with yellow maculation on clypeus, lower paraocular area, narrow outer margin of upper paraocular area, spot on medioventral supraclypeus, spot between median ocellus and clypeus, posterior margin of vertex, anterior margin of gena, base of mandible, lateral margins of scutum and axilla, subapical posterolateral fleck on scutellum, tegula spot, mesepisternum behind omaulus, posterior femur and dorsal tibiae and tarsi (remainder of legs orangish – yellow); metasoma generally black and reddish – orange (possibly originally yellow altered by post – mortem discolouration by cyanide), T 1 – T 5 reddish – orange laterally, black medially, distal margins translucent and about concolorous with anterior region of terga, except T 5 entire posterior margin translucent orange, T 6 reddish – orange. Structure (Fig. 26). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, 2 mediolateral tubercles; mandible not spatulate, with 6 teeth (not peg-like) and no distinct inner tooth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length, 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colour as in female except mandible entirely yellow, subapical posterolateral patch on scutellum, posterior lamella of scutellum translucent yellowish, metasoma yellowish-orange on anterior T 1 (cross-band), dorsolateral T 2 – T 5 (oval), lateral T 6, entire T 7, S 1 – S 6 distal margins translucent orange. Structure (Fig. 26). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 0.79 x eye length, 2.8 x scape length; mandible 5 dissimilar, pointed teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, with moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.3 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 2.5 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles, latter emarginated posteromedially; T 7 narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), acutely pointed, posteriorly median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines twice width of median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14547FD2BFF19AE4463A14209.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pachyanthidium arnoldi is only known from Zambia and Zimbabwe (Fig. 25).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D14547FD2BFF19AE4463A14209.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Pachyanthidium cordatum arnoldi: ‘ Bulawayo Rhodesia 7 Mar. 1912 G. Arnold, Type, Pachyanthidium cordatum (Smith) subsp. arnoldi, Mihi G. Mavromoustakis det., TYPE Hym 1158 Pachyanthidium cordatum arnoldi Mavromoustakis ♀ ’, in TMSA. Additional material. Zambia. Mfuwe, 6 – 18 km SW, 1995. iii. 20 – 22, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ CAS); Mfuwe, 7 km SW, camp at Luangwa River, 1998. iii. 7 – 9, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♀ CAS).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD26FF19AFF4616141F7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all congeners except other members of the cordatum speciesgroup by the combination of naked eyes, arolia absent and metasomal dorsum considerably black. The female can be distinguished from these by the mandible not being spatulate, with five or six irregular more or less pointed teeth, mesosoma with light maculations restricted to the pronotal lobes, and all terga including T 6 black centrally (Fig. 27). The male is unknown but is expected to have similarly restricted mesosomal and metasomal maculations.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD26FF19AFF4616141F7.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 3.2 mm; scutum 2.4 mm; forewing 8.3 mm; body 8.4 mm. Integument largely black, without any red maculations, yellow maculations limited to small marks on clypeus, inner eye margin, preoccipital margin, pronotal lobes, medially, broadly interrupted lateral bands on T 1 – T 5, T 6 with or without small yellowish spot (Fig. 27). Abundant erect pubescence about two ocellar diameters in length on face and mesosomal dorsum. Preoccipital ridge lamellate; eye naked; supraclypeus and clypeus distinctly bulging above paraocular area; clypeus with ventral edge straight, 2 pairs of submedial tubercles; mandible not spatulate, with 5 - 6 teeth, dorsal tooth small, acute; punctation of vertex and frons contiguous or nearly so, finer than punctures of scutum; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; punctation of scutum and scutellum dense but not contiguous, more widely spaced posteromedially on scutum and medially on scutellum; omaulus lamellate; midventer of mesepisternum with anterior pit shallow; metepisternum without distinct spike overhanging posterior pit; forebasitarsus short and broad, length about 0.6 x foretibia length, 3.3 x its width; outer face of hind tibia not contiguously punctate; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rather narrowly rounded posteriorly, laterally slightly lobate, without spine, sting emargination broadly V-shaped; scopa white. MALE. Unknown.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD26FF19AFF4616141F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pachyanthidium obscurum is only known from Uganda (Fig. 28).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD26FF19AFF4616141F7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Female holotype Pachyanthidium obscurum: ‘ HOLOTYPE, UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range. xii. 1934 – i. 1935. B. E. Afr. Exp. B. M. 1935 – 203, Namwamba Valley 6,500 ft. F. W. Edwards, Type, B. M. TYPE HYM. 17 a 3124, Pachyanthidium obscurum n. sp. J. Pasteels det., 1965 ’, NHML. Female paratype Pachyanthidium obscurum: ‘ UGANDA: Ruwenzori Range. xii. 1934 – i. 1935. B. E. Afr. Exp. B. M. 1935 – 203, Nyamgasani Valley 8 – 9,000 ft. C. R. Buxton, Paratype, Paratypus, COLL. MUS. TERVUREN don Dr J. Pasteels’, RMCA.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The combination of eyes naked, arolia absent and metasoma mostly red distinguishes P. bicolor from all Pachyanthidium except other members of the bicolor species-group. Females can be distinguished from these by the numerous (seven or more) peg-like teeth of the mandible and the broadly rounded apical margin of T 6. Males can be separated by two features of the mandible: the presence of six or more teeth, and teeth all narrow and acute.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.7 – 3.5 mm; scutum 1.7 – 2.3 mm; forewing 6.4 – 7.6 mm; body 6.3 – 7.8 mm. Head and mesosoma black with yellow maculations on entire clypeus, lower paraocular area, outer margin of upper paraocular area (sometimes ventromedian supraclypeus and mediolongitudinal frons), vertex except preoccipital lamella, anterior gena, basal mandible, mesosomal dorsum usually black with fleck of yellow posterolaterally on scutum (sometimes yellow on lateral margin of scutum, lateral axilla, posterior scutellum anterior to posterior lamella, medially interrupted); distal pronotal lobe; mesepisternum usually black, sometimes reddish or with fleck of yellow posterior to omaulus; legs yellow on posterior surfaces of femora and outer surfaces of tibiae and tarsi, remainder of legs yellowish – orange. Metasoma orange, generally T 1 – T 5 with obscure yellowish-orange cross-bands and translucent orange distal margins, T 6 yellowish-orange laterally and orange mediolongitudinally. Structure (Fig. 29). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, crenulate; mandible with 7 – 8 similar, rounded teeth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.5 x foretibia length, 2.5 x its width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm (12.5 mm in africanum type); body 6.8 – 7.7 mm (15 mm in africanum type). body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Colouration as in female except supraclypeal area partly to entirely yellow. Structure (Fig. 29). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; supraclypeus slightly raise; clypeus with ventral edge straight, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 0.85 x eye length, 3.3 x scape length; mandible 7 – 8 dissimilar teeth; pronotal lobe sometimes slightly broader apically, as in africanum; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.5 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus narrow, length 4 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 with slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 in one plane, extended posteromedially, with ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles; T 7 with narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), truncate median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines 1.5 x width median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species appears to be widespread across the northern Afrotropical Region (Fig. 28).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. It has been collected on flowers of Indigofera sp. (Fabaceae) and Plectranthus (Lamiaceae).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male holotype of Anthidium africanum: ‘ Type, B. M. TYPE HYM. 17 a 2568, Anthidium africanum Type. Smith, africanum Type Sm., Euaspis abdominalis Fabr., Presented by the Rev. D. F. Morgan’, NHML. Additional material. Mali. San, 100 km NE, 1991. viii. 21, M. Schwarz (1 ♀ MSAA). Gambia. Bakau, Tropic Bungalow, 1977. xi. 16 – 18 (1 ♂ MZLU); Bangui, 1985. xii, Saner (1 ♀ MSAA). Ghana. Aburi, 1991. i. 26, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♂ CAS). Nigeria. Gwoza, 400 m, 1966. ix. 27, E. S. Ross K. Lorenzen (2 ♂ CAS wide pronotal lamella). Cameroon. Mayo Zadra, 3 km N, NW Garoua, 820 m, 1966. ix. 28, K. Lorenzen (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CAS). Ethiopia. 1300 m, Arba Minch, 05.60 N 37.33 E, M. Strohle (1 ♂ MSAA). Uganda. Kampala, 1963. ix. 9, J. Owen (1 ♂ BBSL narrow pronotal lamella). Congo P. R. Voka P. Boko 1978. vi, Onore (1 ♂ BBSL). Kenya. Rift Valley Province, Marigat, 2.2 km E, Perkerra Irrigation Scheme, 2012. x. 10, T. L. Griswold (1 ♂ BBSL 851754); Taita Hill, Discovery Centre, 2002. xii. 13, M. A. Prentice (1 ♂ BBSL 761311); Namanga, 5 km N, Rift Valley Province, 1999. vi. 21, W. J. Pulawski J. S. Schweikert (1 ♂ BBSL wide pronotal lamella); Rift Valley Province, Marigat, 5.7 km Loboi road, 2012. x. 13, on Plectranthus sp. (1 ♀ BBSL); Magadi road, 46 km SW Nairobi, Rift Valley Province, 1999. vi. 29, W. J. Pulawski J. S. Schweikert (2 ♀ CAS); Mombasa, 1982. xii. 12, T. & R. Griswold (1 ♀ BBSL); Coast Province, Gede Junction, 2012. x. 21, L. Packer D. Martins, on Indigofera (1 ♂ YU); Tiwi Beach, S Mombasa, 1994. xi. 21, T. Pieschel (1 ♂ MSAA). Tanzania. Kunduchi, 1973. viii, P. J. J. H. Kuijen F. Bouricius (1 ♂ RMNH); Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, 1983. x. 30, Mochi (1 ♂ BBSL); Pemba, Chate Chake, 1984. xii. 6, Mochi (1 ♀ BBSL); Gede Junction, Coastal Province, 2201. x. 21, L. Packer D. Martins (1 ♂ PC). South Africa. Banga Neck, Kosi Bay, 1990. ii. 11, N. Verheijen (1 ♂ SANC); Lake Sibaya, E Shore, 1984. xi. 10, R. Oberprieler (1 ♂ SANC); Fanies Island, St Lucia, 1984. iii. 28 – 29, A. J. Weaving (1 ♂ 2594 AMGS); Blyderivierspoortdam Nature Reserve, 1984. x. 25 – 26, C. D. Eardley (1 ♂ SANC wide pronotal lamella); Sodwana Bay, 1 989. ii. 10, R. Oberprieler (1 ♂ SANC wide pronotal lamella); Kuleni Farm, Hluhluwe, 1990. ii. 14, N. Verheijen (1 ♂ SANC wide pronotal lamella).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454AFD21FF19AA59646C4025.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Pachyanthidium bicolor was described from a female specimen of unknown provenance. A search of the MNHN, a major repository of Lepeletier material, resulted in a single specimen of P. bicolor. However, it is a male from Sierra Leone and therefore not the holotype, which is presumed lost. Pasteels (1984) recognized P. bicolor and P. africanum as distinct species based on slight differences in the scutal punctation, microsculpture, mandibular dentition and form of the male gonostylus. These differences appear to vary independently. In East African material the forewing the cells are not stained like the distal part of the wing and there is a strong tendency toward light marginal markings on the scutum. Material from West Africa has the entire forewing evenly stained and largely lacks lateral scutal markings. Material from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo appears intermediate. The limited number of specimens available for study precludes determination of whether this variability represents a species complex or just variation in a widely distributed species.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454DFD3CFF19AAE863434471.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The naked eye, absent arolia and dorsum of metasoma black centrally and yellow laterally distinguishes P. rufescens from all Pachyanthidium except the cordatum species-group (Fig. 30). From these, the female can be distinguished by the mandibles with seven or eight rounded, peg-like teeth of similar size and shape. Males can be distinguished by the combination of posterolateral angle of scutum thickened, appearing triangular in lateral view, midventral depression of mesepisternum shallow, T 7 with median spine longer than the narrow lateral spines, truncate and a little narrower than the concavity between the median and lateral spines, and tergal maculations ivory.	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454DFD3CFF19AAE863434471.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.0 mm; scutum 1.8 – 1.9 mm; forewing 5.8 – 5.9 mm; body 6.3 – 6.5 mm. Head and mesosoma black with yellow maculation on entire clypeus, lower paraocular area, outer margin of upper paraocular area, ventromedian supraclypeus, mediolongitudinal supra-antennal area, vertex (anterior to preoccipital lamella), anterior gena, basal mandible, distal pronotal lobe, lateral margin of scutum, mesepisternum posterior to omaulus, lateral axilla, posterior scutellum (anterior to posterior lamella sometimes medially interrupted with black); legs yellow on posterior surfaces of femora and outer surfaces of tibiae and tarsi, otherwise they are yellowish-orange; metasoma mostly yellow laterally, orange posterolaterally and black mesally, T 3 – T 5 orangish-black mesally and T 6 yellow. Structure (Fig. 30). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, crenulate; mandible about 7 – 8 similar, rounded, peg-like teeth; pronotal lobe strongly lamellate; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus short and broad, length 0.5 x foretibia length, 3.3 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 5 without lateral spines; T 6 rounded laterally, slightly lobate, without spine, extended posteriorly, distinctly cleft posteromedially. MALE. Lengths: head 2.8 – 3.2 mm; scutum 1.8 – 2.0 mm; forewing 6.3 – 6.8 mm; body 6.8 – 7.7 mm. Similar to female except basal segments of legs blackish, T 4 – T 5 orangish-black mesally and T 6 – T 7 yellow. Structure (Fig. 30). Preoccipital ridge weakly lamellate; eye naked; clypeus ventral edge straight, mediolateral tubercle; antennal flagellum 1.0 x eye length; 3.3 x scape length; mandible 6 – 7 dissimilar teeth; omaulus lamellate; forebasitarsus sparely pubescent, moderately long posterior fringe; forebasitarsus length 0.6 x foretibia length, 0.5 x its width, not distinctly extended anterodistally; hind basitarsus wide, length 3 x width; arolia absent; T 1 – T 4 without lateral spines or swelling; T 5 slight posterolateral swelling; T 6 one plane, extended posteromedially, ventrolateral spine, posterolateral and posteromedian tubercles; T 7 narrow posterolateral spine (narrower than length), truncate median spine, concavity between median and lateral spines 1. 5 x width median spine; terminalia as in P. cordatum (cf. Fig. 16).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454DFD3CFF19AAE863434471.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species was described from Ethiopia, and is also known from Zambia and Zimbabwe (Fig. 31).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
03E687D1454DFD3CFF19AAE863434471.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Male lectotype Anthidium cordatum var. rufescens: ‘ NO. – Africa Abessinien Harrar 11 Kristenses, Anthidium cordatum v. rufescens Fr. ♂ 1914 Friese det, Type, Typus, Pachyanthidium rufescens Fr. J. Pasteels det., 1963 ’, ZMHB. Female paralectotype Anthidium cordatum var. rufescens: ‘ NO. – Africa Abessinien Harrar 11 Kristenses, Anthidium cordatum v. rufescens Fr. ♀ 1914 Friese det, Type, AlloTypus, Pachyanthidium rufescens Fr. J. Pasteels det., 1963 ’, ZMHB. Additional material. Zambia. Upper Luangwa River, 1910. vii – 27 – viii. 13. S. A. Neave (1 ♀ NHML); Mfuwe, 7 km SW, Luangwa River Wildlife Camp, 1998. iii. 7 – 9, W. Pulawski (1 ♀ CAS); 20 km SE Chipata, 10. xi. 1982, T. & R. Griswold (1 ♂ BBSL). Zambia Upper Luangwa River, 27. vii. – 13. viii. 1910, S. A. Neave (1 ♀ NHML). Zimbabwe. Lonely Mine, 1914. i. 28, H. Swale (1 ♀ NHML).	en	Eardley, Connal, Griswold, Terry (2017): Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237 (3): 401-453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4237.3.1
