taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E687FCFFBAFFD7BDFBEA43FEC4F888.taxon	description	The type species Trigonidium cicindeloides is very similar to Metioche Stål, 1877 in that the tympana on fore tibia is generally absent (but not always in Metioche), the tegmen is not pubescent but differs by exhibiting a range of yellow and black colouration among the congeners (instead of mostly black). The absence of metanotal glands in males, and tegmen rounded in lateral view (not always) (instead of flat) are also characters. Trigonidium also differs from Metioche in the male genitalia (Fig. 1). Until a molecular phylogeny can reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Trigonidium and Metioche, we consider these taxa as separate genera, despite the similarities mentioned above, owing to Metioche lacking in the diagnostic characters of Trigonidium: i. e., distal epiphallic lobes small and immovable in relation to the rest of the epiphallus, rachis with apical spine-like lobule. There are currently 41 species: 1 from Atlantic Oceanic Islands, 7 Australia and New Guinea, 1 Bolivia, 1 Borneo, 1 China, 2 India, 4 Indian Oceanic Islands, 2 Japan, 2 Java, 4 Madagascar, 1 Malay Peninsula, 3 Pacific Oceanic Islands, 1 Peru, 1 Philippines, 1 Taiwan, 3 central Africa, 3 eastern Africa, and 4 western Africa. It is likely that most species need closer examination to verify their generic statuses and it is likely that Metioche is currently not monophyletic. Metioche (Metioche) pallipes (Stål, 1861) is synoptic with Trigonidium cicindeloides in the former’s type locality, Singapore (Tan, 2012) (Fig. 1). Specifically, the two species co-occur in the grassy areas of Bidadari which is currently cleared for housing development.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBAFFD7BDFBED4DF8F5FC0F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species of Balamara. Males and females with outer tympana and males with stridulatory apparatus (Otte & Alexander, 1983). Drawings of the male genitalia (Otte & Alexander, 1983) were too simplified for any inference.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBBFFD1BDFBE97EFCF1FE3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Paratrigonidium nitidum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 There are currently 15 species: 4 described from Java, 4 from Indochina, 2 from India / Nepal, 1 from southern China, 3 from Taiwan, and 1 from western Africa. Paratrigonidium is considered a distinct genus in most literature, except Gorochov (1987) and Storozhenko & Paik (2007). Gorochov (1987) argued Paratrigonidium and Trigonidium s. str. should be under the same genus owing to the similarities in male genitalia. The stridulatory apparatus is fully developed in this genus, and for the ability to sing, He et al. (2017) considered them as a separate genus from the non-singing Trigonidium. Lu et al. (2018) reconstructed a gene tree of Paratrigonidium and related genera. However, they used Trigonidium cicindeloides as the outgroup, which did not allow the testing of the relatedness of Paratrigonidium and Trigonidium s. str. To do so, we reran the analyses using data available in GenBank (see Part II).	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD1BDFBEC1EFE11F9EE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Trigonidium cicindeloides Rambur, 1838 Currently, the subgenus consists of 20 species:	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD1BDFBEC1EFE11F9EE.taxon	description	3 T. brevipenne Saussure, 1899 from Madagascar (images available on OSF)	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD1BDFBEC1EFE11F9EE.taxon	description	8 T. erythrocephalum (Walker, 1869) from South Africa (images available on OSF)	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD1BDFBEC1EFE11F9EE.taxon	description	11 T. humbertianum (Saussure, 1878) from Sri Lanka 12 T. infuscata (Chopard, 1925) from Australia 13 T. inopinum Otte & Cowper, 2007 from Fiji Islands	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD1BDFBEC1EFE11F9EE.taxon	description	18 T. novarae (Saussure, 1878) from Java (tegminal dorsal field occupied by about 8 longitudinal veins elevated, making field seem “ coarsely streaked ”; and wings surpassing tegmen suggest that this species may belong to Rhicnogryllus. Male genitalia and type specimens need to be examined to confirm this.) 19 T. parinervis (Chopard, 1925) from Australia	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBCFFD0BDFBE82FFFBEFEDA.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Trigonidomorpha sjostedti Chopard, 1925 The stridulatory apparatus is partly reduced in this genus: with stridulatory file but without distinct mirror. There are currently 11 species: 2 described from Australia, 6 from Africa, 2 India / Sri Lanka, and 1 from Indian Oceanic islands. Originally described as a subgenus of Trigonidium s. l. (Chopard, 1925), Chopard (1968) raised it to a generic status before Otte (1994) restored it as a subgenus again. More recently, Desutter-Grandcolas et al. (2016) restored Trigonidomorpha as a separate genus based on the phylogenetic analyses by Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016). However, Gorochov et al. (2018) only considered convergence in the male genitalia and resurrected Trigonidomorpha as a subgenus of Trigonidium s. l.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	description	(Figs. 3 – 7)	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype (male, Siargao 18 _ 36): Philippines, Surigao del Norte, Siargao Island, Maayahay, Del Carmen, N 9.86107 E 126.03321, 56.1 ± 6.8 m. a. s. l., 9 April 2018, 0 0 0 6 hours, coll. M. K. Tan, H. Yeo, J. B. Baroga-Barbecho, S. A. Yap (UPLBMNH). Paratypes (2 males and 2 females): Philippines, same locality as holotype, coll. M. K. Tan, H. Yeo, J. B. Baroga-Barbecho, S. A. Yap: 1 female (Siargao 18 _ 33), N 9.86077 E 126.03311, 61.4 ± 5.7 m. a. s. l., 8 April 2018, 2357 hours (UPLBMNH); 1 female (Siargao 18 _ 61), same locality as holotype, Barangay Esperanza, Del Carmen, N 9.86804 E 126.02708, 65.2 ± 7.2 m. a. s. l., 16 October 2018, 0 830 hours, coll. M. K. Tan & J. B. Baroga-Barbecho; 1 male (Siargao 18 _ 64), same locality as holotype, Barangay Esperanza, Del Carmen, N 9.86968 E 126.02913, 82.1 ± 5.9 m. a. s. l, 16 October 2018, 1152 hours, coll. M. K. Tan & J. B. Baroga-Barbecho; 1 male (Siargao 18 _ 70), same locality as holotype, Maayahay, Del Carmen, N 9.86092 E 126.03316, 56.6 ± 6.0 m. a. s. l, 16 October 2018, 1949 hours, coll. M. K. Tan & J. B. Baroga-Barbecho (all ZRC). Generic status. We propose that our species belongs to Trigonidium s. l. based on the distal epiphallic lobes are rather simple, short and immovable in relation to the rest of epiphallic part; and their ectoparameres, rachis (with apical spine-like lobule [virga]) and formula and very similar in the shape to congeners. The species shares some resembles with species from Rhicnogryllus by habitus, tegmen not pubescent and abdomen distinctly humped dorsally but differs by the longitudinal veins not crenulated (= elevated), male genitalia with apical spine-like lobule (virga) (vs. without such lobule). This species also resembles species from Metioche but differs by the absence of metanotal gland, tegmen rounded in lateral view (instead of flat), and general morphology of genitalia. Subgeneric status. We propose that our species belongs Trigonidium s. str. (sensu Gorochov, 1987) based on tympana on fore tibia absent; tegmen rounded in lateral view, not pubescent and without stridulatory apparatus; metanotal gland in males absent; and male genitalia of our species resembles that of the type species T. (Trigonidium) cicindeloides.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species differs from congeners by yellow colouration and black spot on tegmen; and male genitalia with posterior apex of pseudepiphallus forming thin, sclerotized lophi with margins smooth (without setae and spines) and obtuse apex. Comparison with congeners. Whenever possible, we compared the new species with congeners using male genitalia. Otherwise (or when genitalia information is not available), colour may be useful since we did not observe distinct intra-specific colour variations among the new species and among some of the examined congeners. From Australian Trigonidium s. str., the new species shares the yellow to orange head and pronotum (without black colouration) with T. amarina, T. bundilla, T. canara, T. goobita, T. killawarra, T. meekappa, T. parinervis; but differs from T. canara by tergites not black, from T. killawarra by tegmen without two pale lateral stripes, and from T. parinervis by tegmen not black. The new species is similar to T. amarina, T. bundilla, T. goobita, T. meekappa by also mostly yellow tegmen; but all the above species from Australia differs by lophus of posterior apex of pseudepiphallus with apex obtuse (instead of acute) and without setae or spines and posterior margin of pseudepiphallic parameres [= ectoparameres] with small lobule and without setae or spines. From Southeast Asian Trigonidium s. str., the new species differs from T. novarae from Java by tegmen dorsal field not “ coarsely streaked ” with elevated longitudinal veins; from T. rubellonigrum from Vietnam by female tegmen not completely black and longitudinal veins not elevated. The new species also differs from other remaining black Trigonidium s. str. (i. e., T. inopinum from Fiji Islands; T. australiana, T. canberrae, T. infuscata and T. lalwinya from Australia; T. cicindeloides; T. erythrocephalum from South Africa; T. nigritum from Madagascar; T. humbertianum from Sri Lanka) by its yellow colouration (instead of black or dark brown). We rule out that our species is another yellow Trigonidium s. l., specifically Trigonidium (Parametioche) rectinervis (Chopard, 1951) (see comments in Part I), as it differs by tegmen with the longitudinal veins not crenulated (= elevated) and by colouration.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	description	Description. General appearance typical of type species T. cicindeloides: tympana on fore tibia absent, tegmen in lateral view rounded and not pubescent, metanotal glands in males absent. Male and female live habitus as in Fig. 3; male dorsal and lateral habitus as in Fig. 4; female dorsal habitus as in Fig. 7 A. Head, together with eyes, clearly wider than pronotum (Fig. 4). Frontal rostrum flattened, wider than scapus (Fig. 5 A); with a few long setae (Fig. 4 A). Vertex flattened dorsally (Figs. 4 B, 5 A). Antennal segments, including scapus, pubescent. Eyes very large, protruding laterally, from dorsal view slightly elongated (Fig. 4 A); in lateral view slightly hemispheric (Fig. 4 B). Genae swollen, not pubescent (Fig. 4 B). Maxillary palpi elongated; last three segments of about equal length (apical and third segments slightly longer than second segment); apical segment triangular, longer than wide, with apex truncated. Labial palpi with apical segment long and slightly swollen at the apex. Pronotum wider than long; with a few long setae but more pubescent along margins (Fig. 3); sulci indistinct (when alive [Fig. 3]); anterior and posterior margins straight; dorsal disc flattened (Fig. 4 A). Lateral lobes of pronotum longer than high, ventral margin sinuous, anterior and posterior angles obtuse (Fig. 4 B). Metanotal gland absent (Fig. 5 B). Tegmina same in males and females, in lateral view appears rounded (Figs. 4, 7 A), not pubescent; reaching abdominal apex, but not covering epiproct; with longitudinal veins not elevated; without stridulatory apparatus in males. Hind wing absent (Fig. 5 B). Legs generally pubescent and with long setae. Tarsal middle segments with prominent adhesive pads. Hind tibiae with three inner and three outer subapical spurs; two inner and two to three outer apical spurs, inner ones distinctly longer than outer ones. Male: Anal plate tongue-shaped and elongated, longer than wide; basal half (tenth abdominal apex) tapers posteriorly; apical half (epiproct) with lateral margin straight and apex broadly rounded (Fig. 5 C). Subgenital plate broader at the base than long, with apex wide-roundly excised and a lobe in the middle (Fig. 5 D). Cerci simple, tapering and long surpassing hind femora. Male genitalia as in Fig. 6. Pseudepiphallus [= epiphallus] separated into two lateral parts joined by an anterior sclerotized bridge situated somewhere along the middle of the length of rami; sclerotized bridge curved. Posterior edges of pseudepiphallic sclerite with a stout lobule in the middle (ps lb). Posterior apex of pseudepiphallus forming thin, sclerotized lophi (ps lo); lophus feebly curved inwards, with margins smooth (without setae and spines), with apex obtuse, narrowly emarginated (indented) at the inner margin at the base (ps ind). Pseudepiphallic parameres (ps p) [= ectoparameres] transverse, with posterior margin with a small and stout lobule in the middle (ps p lb). Ectophallic fold [= rachis] (ra) large forming a broad sclerotized virga (v) with somewhat acute apex. Ectophallic apodeme (ec ap) [= endoparamere apodeme] weakly sclerotized, appearing flat and broad. Ramus (r) slender, reaching anterior of ectophallic apodeme. Endophallic sclerite (en s) [= formula] elongated along dorsal cavity, with a median crest (en ap c), with lamella of apodemes (en ap l) appearing flat and broad. Female (Fig. 7): Habitus similar to males (Fig. 3). Supra-anal plate with apex emarginated in the middle. Subgenital plate broader than wide, with anterior margin straight, curved and tapering into an emarginated apex (Fig. 7 C). Ovipositor not surpassing cerci; basal third with margins smooth, curved feebly; apical third with dorsal margin distinctly denticulated, ventral margin also denticulated but less dense and only towards the apex (Fig. 7 D). Ventral valves longer than dorsal valves (Fig. 7 D). Colouration: Males and females similarly coloured, generally yellow (Fig. 3). In fresh specimens, head (including scapus) yellow, with setae on dorsum brown. First antennal segment yellow brown, subsequently becoming black (Fig. 3). Face pale yellow, without any markings (Fig. 5 A). Palpi with segments light yellow, sometimes slightly dark at anterior and posterior margins. Pronotum yellow, with brown setae, with posterior margin brown. Tegmina nearly transparent, shiny yellow, with apical area on both dorsal and lateral field black (Fig. 3, 4). Thoracic sternites pale yellow. Abdominal tergites and sternites pale yellow; apex with a tint of green, cerci with pale green basally, dark apically. In female, dorsum of tergites at the apical half black, extending more towards the apical segments (Figs. 3 C, 3 D, 7 A). In males, posterior margin of tenth abdominal tergite black or brown (Fig. 5 C), subgenital plate with a large black squarish spot in the middle (Fig. 5 D). Legs yellow, without patterns, knees and tibiae generally darker. Inner surface of hind femora with a relatively large black spot at the basal third. Hind tibiae with spurs dark. Middle and apical segments of hind tarsi black. Ovipositor pale basally, red brown thereafter (Fig. 7 D). Measurements. See Table 2.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name refers to the resemblance of the cricket to the Sun (= solis, in Latin) owing to the rounded body and yellow colouration.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
03E687FCFFBFFFD8BDFBED0AF9CBFCE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species represents the first species of the genus described from the Philippines. However, it is likely an artefact of poor sampling effort in this region and cryptic nature of these small crickets. We can expect more species to be discovered with more concerted sampling effort in Southeast Asia.	en	Tan, Ming Kai, Baroga-Barbecho, Jessica B., Yap, Sheryl A. (2019): Taxonomic notes on Trigonidium and related groups with one new species from the Philippines (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae). Zootaxa 4564 (2): 573-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.13
