taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E78795E724FFBF7DE8FADDFDA6EE0E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MLP. S 2626 (Figure 3), an adult male from Provincial Road 37, 22.8 km SW junction National Road 3, Escalante department, Chubut province, Argentina (45 ° 41 ’ 10,6 ” S; 67 ° 53 ’ 49,9 ” W, 693 m) (Figures 4, 5); L. J. Avila, M. Kozykariski, M. F. Breitman and R. Martinez collectors, 12 th March 2010. Paratypes. LJAMM-CNP 13020, adult female and LJAMM-CNP 13021, juvenile; same locality as holotype. LJAM-CNP 9677 - 9679, adult females and LJAMM-CNP 9680, juvenile; from Holdich station, Escalante department, Chubut province, Argentina (45 º 58 ’ 00.1 ” S; 68 º 11 ’ 58.8 ” W, 761 m); L. J. Avila, C. H. F. Pérez, M. F. Breitman and N. Feltrin collectors, 2 nd February 2008. LJAMM-CNP 10201, adult male and LJAM-CNP 10202, juvenile; from Provincial Road 37, 2.5 km W junction National Road 3, Escalante department, Chubut province, Argentina (45 º 37 ’ 43.4 ” S; 67 º 41 ’ 03.6 ” W, 637 m); L. J. Avila, C. H. F. Pérez, M. F. Breitman and N. Feltrin collectors, 2 nd February 2008.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E724FFBF7DE8FADDFDA6EE0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. is a member of the L. lineomaculatus section, included in the lineomaculatus group, and is characterized by the absence of precloacal pores in both sexes, and presence of dorsal trifid scales (Etheridge 1995). Molecular evidence includes this species in the lineomaculatus group, closely related to the clade (L. sp. 2 + L. lineomaculatus) Figure 1. All the following differences are summarized in Tables 1 to 4 and in Figure 6. Relative to L. lineomaculatus, L. morandae sp. nov. has fewer dorsal scales (47 – 57, X = 51.67 vs. 52 – 68, X = 58.41; p <0.0001), fewer third finger lamellae (13 – 16, X = 15.33 vs. 14 – 19, X = 16,18; p <0.0001), shorter fourth toe length (13.4 – 16.8, X = 14.9 vs. 12.6 – 16.1, X = 14.09; p <0.0001) and a larger eye (eye height: 1.7 – 2.27, X = 1.99 vs. 1.5 – 2.21, X = 1.84, eye length: 2.91 – 3.42, X = 3.15 vs. 2.35 – 3.3, X = 2.83; p <0.0001 in both cases). Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. has more dorsal blotches than L. lineomaculatus, and the blotches in L. morandae sp. nov. have (in 50 % of the cases) a yellow-orange coloration while L. lineomaculatus blotches have dark gray color. In general, dorsal scales of L. morandae sp. nov. are more mucronated than those of L. lineomaculatus, and dorsal leg scales of L. morandae sp. nov. are less carinated with respect to L. lineomaculatus. Compared to L. hatcheri, L. morandae sp. nov. has higher number of midbody scales (55 – 63, X = 59.83 vs. 43 – 57, X = 48.65 p <0.0001), larger number of scales from occiput to rump (47 – 57, X = 51.67 vs. 43 – 55, X = 48.75; p <0.0001), more ventral scales (79 – 85, X = 81.33 vs. 62 – 74, X = 67.8; p <0.0001), more fourth toe lamellae (18 – 23, X = 21.17 vs. 18 – 22, X = 19.45; p <0.0001), smaller body size (snout-vent length: 50 – 61, X = 55.67 vs. 55 – 69, X = 61.89, axilla-groin distance: 19.7 – 30.8, X = 25.9 vs. 19.5 – 35.5, X = 28.95; p <0.0001 in both cases), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.69 – 5.56, X = 5.32 vs. 5.67 – 7.33, X = 6.44, third finger length: 6.69 – 9.14, X = 7.83 vs. 8.5 – 10.57, X = 9.15; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller head (head width: 9.08 – 10.58, X = 9.84 vs. 9.7 – 13.05, X = 11.22, head length: 10.96 – 13.06, X = 11.96 vs. 11.43 – 14.65, X = 12.97; p <0.0001 in both cases), and smaller auditory meatus (auditory meatus height: 1.6 – 2.44, X = 1.95 vs. 1.85 – 2.61, X = 2.15; auditory meatus length: 0.86 – 1.81, X = 1.27 vs. 1.38 – 2.16, X = 1.77; p <0.0001 in both cases). Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. has more dorsal blotches and better defined vertebral and paravertebral lines than L. hatcheri; ventral melanism is more pronounced in L. hatcheri, while L. morandae sp. nov. has fewer melanophores. Dorsal scales of L. morandae sp. nov. are less “ bristly ” than those of L. hatcheri. Dorsal and ventral limb scales are non-mucronate and carinate in L. morandae sp. nov. while in L. hatcheri they are mucronate and non-carinate. Belly scales are round-shaped in L. morandae sp. nov. and rhomboidal in L. hatcheri. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. differs from L. kolengh in the following traits: larger number of midbody scales (55 – 63, X = 59.83 vs. 44 – 55, X = 50.55; p <0.0001), larger number of scales from occiput to rump (47 – 57, X = 51.67 vs. 44 – 54, X = 49.35; p <0.0001), more ventral scales (79 – 85, X = 81.33 vs. 61 – 76, X = 68.58; p <0.0001), larger number of fourth toe lamellae (18 – 23, X = 21.17 vs. 16 – 22, X = 18.74; p <0.0001), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.69 – 5.56, X = 5.32 vs. 4.6 – 7.03, X = 6.16, third finger length: 6.69 – 9.14, X = 7.83 vs. 8.31 – 11.12, X = 9.65; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller auditory meatus (auditory meatus height: 1.6 – 2.44, X = 1.95 vs. 1.63 – 2.95, X = 2.22, auditory meatus length: 0.86 – 1.81, X = 1.27 vs. 1.22 – 2.24, X = 1.67; p <0.0001 in both cases) and longer tail (61 – 79, X = 70.33 vs. 47 – 70, X = 60.52; p = 0.0019). Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. has more dorsal blotches and better defined vertebral and paravertebral lines than L. kolengh; ventral melanism is stronger in L. kolengh than in L. morandae sp. nov.; the general background coloration of L. kolengh is dark gray or black, though in almost 50 % of our samples the dorsal pattern cannot be recognized. In general, the dorsal scales of L. morandae sp. nov. are less “ bristly ” than those of L. kolengh. Dorsal and ventral limbs scales are non-mucronate and non-bristly in L. morandae sp. nov., but mucronate and “ bristly ” in L. kolengh. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. differs from L. silvanae in several characters, including: a smaller number of scales from occiput to rump (47 – 57, X = 51.67 vs. 52 – 64, X = 56; p <0.0001), higher number of ventral scales (79 – 85, X = 81.33 vs. 70 – 85, X = 74,59; p <0.0001), fewer third finger lamellae (13 – 16, X = 15.33 vs. 14 – 18, X = 16.24; p <0.0001), smaller body size (snout-vent length: 50 – 61, X = 55.67 vs. 65 – 78, X = 73, axilla-groin distance: 19.7 – 30.8, X = 25.9 vs. 25.1 – 39.7, X = 32.38; p <0.0001 in both cases), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.69 – 5.56, X = 5.32 vs. 6.83 – 8.82, X = 7.71, third finger length: 6.69 – 9.14, X = 7.83 vs. 10.65 – 13.76 X = 12.23; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller head (head height: 6.52 – 8.21, X = 7.23 vs. 6.84 – 9.06, X = 8.18, head width: 9.08 – 10.58, X = 9.84 vs. 11.31 – 14.71, X = 13.14, head length: 10.96 – 13.06, X = 11.96 vs. 12.47 – 15.9, X = 14.42; p <0.0001 in all cases), smaller eye (eye height: 1.7 – 2.27, X = 1.99 vs. 2.09 – 2.9, X = 2.46, eye length: 2.91 – 3.42, X = 3.15 vs. 3.59 – 4.18, X = 3.86; p <0.0001 in both cases), and smaller auditory meatus (auditory meatus height: 1.6 – 2.44, X = 1.95 vs. 1.95 – 2.95, X = 2.54; auditory meatus length: 0.86 – 1.81, X = 1.27 vs. 1.49 – 2.57, X = 2.04; p <0.0001 in both cases). The general background coloration of L. silvanae is black; there is no recognizable dorsal pattern, and the venter is also strongly melanistic, whereas the venter is weakly melanistic in L. morandae sp. nov. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. possesses well-defined vertebral and paravertebral lines that are not present in L. silvanae. In general, L. silvanae possesses a “ bristly ” appearance that is not present in L. morandae sp. nov. Limb scales are less mucronated in L. morandae sp. nov. than in L. silvanae.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E724FFBF7DE8FADDFDA6EE0E.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult male. Snout-vent length 56.0 mm. Tail length (complete, not regenerated) 79.0 mm. Axilla-groin distance 22.8 mm. Auditory meatus-eye distance 4.8 mm. External auditory meatus conspicuous, higher (2.1 mm) than wide (1.2 mm). Head length 13.0 mm (from anterior border of tympanum to tip of snout), 10.5 mm wide (at anterior border of tympanum), 7.8 mm high (at anterior border of tympanum). Snout length 4.0 mm (orbit-tip of snout distance). Interorbital distance 4.2 mm. Eye-nostril distance 3.1 mm. Forelimb length 16.7 mm. Tibial length 10.3 mm. Foot length 16.8 mm (ankle to tip of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales bulged, smooth, 15 between occiput, at the level of anterior border of tympanum, to rostral, pitted with numerous scale organs in the anterior region, and reducing to a single organ, or lack, in the posterior half of the head. Rostral scale wider (2.4 mm) than high (0.9 mm). Two postrostrals, together with anterior lorilabial, separate nasal scales from rostral, surrounded by six scales. Nasal scales longer than wide, irregularly hexagonal; nostril one-half length of nasal, posterior in position. Scales surrounding nasals 7 on the left side and 8 on the right side. Four internasals. Frontonasals six, irregular in size and position. Prefrontals 6, a small rhomboidal scale in the center (0.9 mm). Three dorso-lateral larger scales, one for the fragmentation of the right scale, and a pair lateral medium-sized scales (1.3 mm), approximately quadrangular. Two frontal scales. Frontoparietals in two rows, one anterior and one posterior scale, unfragmented. Interparietal pentagonal, surrounded by six scales; four smaller and irregular in front and sides, two larger in back. Parietal eye evident. Parietals slightly bulged, irregularly shaped, equal in size to interparietal (1.5 vs. 1.5 mm). Circumorbitals: 13 – 10. Transversally expanded supraoculars 4 – 3. Smaller lateral supraoculars: 16 – 17. One canthal higher than wide, separated from nasal by one postnasal. Loreal scales bulged, two on the left side (by fusion of the posterior loreal scale with preocular scale) and three on the rigth side. Lorilabials longer than wide (8 – 6), approximately equal to labials. Superciliaries 7 – 7, flattened and elongated, anterior five broadly overlapping dorsally. Orbit with 15 – 17 upper and 12 – 13 lower ciliaries on each side. Orbit diameter 4.5 x 1.9 mm. Preocular small, unfragmented, longer than wide. Subocular scale elongated, approximately nine times longer than wide (3.7 x 0.6 mm). A well marked longitudinal ridge along upper margin of preocular and subocular scales. Postocular small, slightly bulged, quarter superimposed to subocular, with a marked longitudinal ridge. Palpebral scales small granular and bulged. Supralabials 9 – 10, convex. Temporals smooth, convex, juxtaposed with one scale organ in the tip. Anterior auriculars smaller than adjacent posterior temporals, slightly projecting outward (3 – 2). Posterior auriculars small and granular. External auditory meatus conspicuous, higher (2.1 mm) than wide (1.2 mm). Lateral scales of neck granular with inflated skin. Mental scale wider (2.9 mm) than high (1.4 mm), in contact with four scales. Mental posterior followed by two postmentals, and two rows of three chinshields on each side. Six infralabials on each side, first on each side quadrangular two times wider than supralabials, all others elongated, slightly smaller than supralabials. Gular scales smooth, flat, imbricate, with rounded posterior margins, with melanophores. Scales of throat between chinshields slightly juxtaposed, becoming slightly imbricate toward auditory meatus. Thirty gulars between tympanum openings. Infralabials separated from chinshields by one to two rows of scales. Antehumeral, longitudinal and postauricular neck folds well developed; gular, rictal, dorsolateral and oblique not conspicuous. Scales of dorsal neck region rhomboidal, imbricate and strongly keeled. Fifty dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly keeled, mucronate, very few trifid scales. Dorsal scales grade laterally into slightly smaller, slightly keeled scales at midbody. Scales immediately anterior and posterior to forelimb and hindlimb insertion small, smooth, granular, and non-overlapping. Body lateral scales grading smaller to larger at midbody. Ventral body scales rhomboidal, smooth, flat, imbricate, larger than dorsal scales. Sixty-one midbody scales; scales between mental and precloacal pores 85. Scales of cloacal region about equal in size to ventral body scales; without precloacal pores. Anterior suprabrachials rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, slightly larger in size to dorsal body scales. Postabrachials smaller, smooth, becoming granular near axilla. Supra-antebrachials similar to suprabrachial. Infra-antebrachials rhomboidals, imbricate, smooth, toward the hand slightly mucronate. Supracarpals imbricated, rhomboidal, smooth. Infracarpals strongly imbricate, rhomboidal, slightly keeled, 3 - mucronate. Subdigital lamellae with 2 – 5 keels, each terminating in a short mucron, 2 – 5 mucronate, numbering: I: 8, II: 12, III: 16, IV: 17, V: 11. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Suprafemorals as large as dorsal body scales, rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth near the body, toward to the knee slightly keeled. Postfemorals small, granular shape. Supratibials rhomboidal, imbricated, keeled, some mucronate, smaller and smooth toward to the foot. Infrafemoral scales small, granular and smooth. Supratarsals rhomboidal, imbricated and smooth. Infratarsals small, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, mucronate, slightly keeled near the digit. Subdigital scales 1 – 3 keeled, 1 – 5 mucronate, numbering: I: 9, II: 14, III: 20, IV: 21, V: 14. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Tail complete, non-regenerated. Dorsal and lateral caudal scales, rhomboidal in the first half of the tail, becoming quadrangular toward the tip, strongly keeled. Ventrals subtriangular and smooth, toward posterior half moderate keeled. Color of holotype in life. Dark grey dorsal background (Figure 3) that becomes lighter on the lateral region, between axilla and groin. Dorsal pattern presents twelve paravertebral, quadrangular, black blotches, extending from the nuchal to the postcloacal region, those series fuse into a dark line that is present to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral region, in between the occipital and the tip of the tail, formed by black and white-bordered blotches. Lateral region, between axilla and groin, is characterized by a black and white reticulate pattern. In between the series of blotches, one white vertebral line and two light orange paravertebral longitudinal lines appear, one and one and a half scale wide, respectively. Vertebral line extends from the nuchal region, while the paravertebral lines extend from the temporal region; all of them continue to the tip of the tail. Dorsal region of the limbs are dark gray with a black reticulation. Dark gray head background. Lateral white line along the longitudinal folds is present from the top of the auditory meatus to the antehumeral fold. White subocular scale with black longitudinal ridge. Dorsal surface with black blotches, one longitudinal blotch is present in the anterior part of the head, crossing through internasals, postnasals and prefrontals; two transverse blotches are crossing through postfrontals and first circumorbitals, and extend back to the last circumorbitals, forming a cross with the longitudinal blotch. The interparietal scale is surrounded by three small dark-brown blotches and the occipitals show a white longitudinal band of the same color. White ventral color with a black reticulate pattern over the entire body, most strongly marked in the pectoral region and throat, and extending to the adjacent malar and maxilla region. Ventral scales with melanophores. Ventral area of chest, belly, cloacal region and limbs tinged with a light yellowish color. Cloacal and postcloacal region with few black blotches. Gray tail. Color of holotype in preservative. After one year in preservative, the dorsal coloration of the head, dorsum, body flanks and tail becomes darker while maintaining the contrast, but the two yellowish paravertebral lines turned gray. Ventral scales of throat, neck, chest, belly and forelimbs retain the same coloration as in life, and the distinctive light ventral yellowish tinge of chest, belly, cloacal region and limbs turns gray (Figure 6). Variation. Morphological and meristic character variation between males and females of Liolaemus morandae sp. nov., are shown in Table 6. Females in life present basically the same dorsal and lateral pattern as present in males, but females generally have a lighter brown background coloration; vertebral and paravertebral lines are strongly defined, and in both sexes paravertebral lines vary from white to yellow. Ventrally, one male shows a light orange color on the belly, while in other males and all females the ventral region ranged from white to gray due to different degrees of melanism. All distinctive ventral light orange coloration changed to gray in preservative.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E724FFBF7DE8FADDFDA6EE0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of this species “ morandae ” refers to our colleague and the first author’s PhD advisor Dr. Mariana Morando, to honor her after more than ten years of research and teaching on the Patagonian herpetofauna.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E724FFBF7DE8FADDFDA6EE0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. is known only from the type locality and a few localities on the Pampa del Castillo Plateau; and from three localities from southern Chubut and northern Santa Cruz provinces. The holotype and some paratypes are from Provincial Road 37, 22.8 km SW junction National Road 3, Escalante department, Chubut province, Argentina (Figures 4, 5). The other paratypes are from Provincial Road 37, 2.5 km W junction National Road 3 in Holdich Station, Escalante department, Chubut province, Argentina (Figures 4, 5). The distance from the type locality to the first locality is more than 17.8 km airline, and more than 38.8 km airline to the second locality. Natural history. Liolaemus morandae sp. nov. occurs in Patagónica province, Golfo de San Jorge District, in environments characterized as grasslands and steppe highlands (Roig 1998), with vegetation dominated by the shrubs Stipa spp., Senecio filaginoides, Mulinum spinosum, Nassauvia spp., among others. This species was found in open substrates, sharing the habitat with Liolaemus kingii, L. bibronii, Diplolaemus bibronii and D. darwinii (Figure 4). Based on the natural history of its close relative L. lineomaculatus, we hypothesize that L. morandae sp. nov. is herbivorous and likely to also be viviparous, perhaps giving birth to between three and six neonates per clutch (Cei 1986; Espinoza et al. 2004).	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E72DFFA77DE8FF51FD57ED9E.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MLP. S 2627 (Figure 7), an adult male from Lago Buenos Aires plateau, 18.7 SW Puesto Lebrun, Lago Buenos Aires department, Santa Cruz province, Argentina (47 º 05 ’ 29.0 ” S, 71 º 01 ’ 12.9 ” W, 1154 m) (Figures 5, 8), L. J. Avila, C. H. F. Pérez, M. F. Breitman and N. Feltrin collectors, 9 th January 2008. Paratypes. LJAMM-CNP 9250, 9253, 9274, adult males, LJAMM-CNP 9276 - 9277, 9399, adult females and LJAMM-CNP 9251, 9252, juveniles; from same locality as holotype, L. J. Avila, C. H. F. Pérez, M. F. Breitman and N. Feltrin collectors, 9 January 2008. LJAMM-CNP 9243, an adult male from Puesto Lebrun, 27.3 km W Estancia La Vizcaina, Lago Buenos Aires Plateau, Lago Buenos Aires department, Santa Cruz province, Argentina (46 º 57 ’ 51.8 ” S, 71 º 06 ’ 27.2 ” W, 1353 m), L. J. Avila, C. H. F. Pérez, M. F. Breitman and N. Feltrin collectors, 8 th January 2008.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E72DFFA77DE8FF51FD57ED9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Liolaemus avilae sp. nov., a member of the L. lineomaculatus section and specifically the lineomaculatus group, has dorsal trifid scales but lacks of precloacal pores in either sex (Etheridge 1995); molecular evidence places this species in the lineomaculatus group, as the sister species to L. lineomaculatus (Breitman et al. 2011; see Tables 1 to 4 and Figure 6). Relative to L. morandae sp. nov., L. avilae sp. nov. has more scales in contact with the interparietal scale (7 – 10, X = 8,13 vs. 6 – 7, X = 6.33; p = 0.0027), fewer supralabial scales (5 – 6, X = 5.25 vs. 5 – 10, X = 7.17; p = 0.0008), fewer midbody scales (53 – 59, X = 55.5 vs. 55 – 63, X = 59.83; p <0.0001), more third finger lamellae (15 – 18, X = 16.25 vs. 13 – 16, X = 15.33; p <0.0001), a longer elbow-wrist distance (4.89 – 6.81, X = 5.76 vs. 4.69 – 5.56, X = 5.32; p <0.0001), and a shorter rostral-nasal distance (1.69 – 2.25, X = 1.95 vs. 2.02 – 2.42, X = 2.15; p <0.0001). Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. has fewer dorsal blotches than L. morandae sp. nov., and the blotches in L. morandae sp. nov. have (50 % of cases) brownish coloration, while L. avilae sp. nov. blotches have dark gray color. Ventral hand and foot surfaces of L. morandae sp. nov. present mucronated and “ bristly ” scales that are less obvious in L. avilae sp. nov. Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. differs from L. lineomaculatus in the following traits: more scales in contact with the interparietal (7 – 10, X = 8,13 vs. 6 – 10, X = 7.18; p = 0.0027), fewer supralabial scales (5 – 6, X = 5.25 vs. 5 – 8, X = 6.71; p = 0.0008), fewer midbody scales (53 – 59, X = 55.5 vs. 54 – 65, X = 60; p <0.0001), fewer scales from occiput to rump (51 – 58, X = 53.75 vs. 52 – 68, X = 58.41; p <0.0001), fewer ventral scales (72 – 91, X = 83 vs. 80 – 95, X = 85.29; p <0.0001), larger eyes (eye height: 2 – 2.62, X = 2.2 vs. 1.5 – 2.21, X = 1.84, eye length: 2.63 – 3.32, X = 3.07 vs. 2.35 – 3.3, X = 2.83; p <0.0001 in both cases), and longer auditory meatus lengths (1.11 – 2.1, X = 1.51 vs. 0.87 – 1.39, X = 1.15; p <0.0001). Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. has fewer dorsal blotches than L. lineomaculatus. The vertebral line is less well defined in L. avilae sp. nov. than in L. lineomaculatus. In general, dorsal scales of L. avilae sp. nov. are more mucronated than in L. lineomaculatus. Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. possesses scales in the dorsal surface of the forelimbs that are less carinated than those of L. lineomaculatus. Compared with L. hatcheri, L. avilae sp. nov. has more scales in contact with the interparietal (7 – 10, X = 8,13 vs. 5 – 10, X = 6.85; p = 0.0027), fewer supralabial scales (5 – 6, X = 5.25 vs. 6 – 8, X = 6.85; p = 0.0008), more midbody scales (53 – 59, X = 55.5 vs. 43 – 57, X = 48.65; p <0.0001), more scales from occiput to rump (51 – 58, X = 53.75 vs. 43 – 55, X = 48.75; p <0.0001), more ventral scales (72 – 91, X = 83 vs. 62 – 74, X = 67.8; p <0.0001), more third finger lamellae (15 – 18, X = 16.25 vs. 13 – 18, X = 14.85; p <0.0001), more fourth toe lamellae (20 – 23, X = 21.29 vs. 18 – 22, X = 19.45; p <0.0001), smaller body size (snout-vent length: 48 – 59, X = 55.38 vs. 55 – 69, X = 61.89, axilla-groin distance: 19.4 – 29.5, X = 25.5 vs. 19.5 – 35.5, X = 28.95; p <0.0001 in both cases), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.89 – 6.81, X = 5.76 vs. 5.67 – 7.33, X = 6.44, third finger length: 7.27 – 9.52, X = 8.02 vs. 8.5 – 10.57, X = 9.15; p <0.0001 in both cases), and smaller head width (9.02 – 10.19, X = 9.59 vs. 9.7 – 13.05, X = 11.22; p <0.0001). Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. possesses fewer dorsal blotches and a more defined vertebral line relative to L. hatcheri. Ventral melanism is more pronounced in L. hatcheri than in L. avilae sp. nov. (fewer melanophores). Dorsal scales of L. avilae sp. nov. are less “ bristly ” than those of L. hatcheri. In the new species, limb surface scales (fore-hind and dorsal-ventral) are non-mucronate and carinated (in L. hatcheri the majority are mucronated and non-carinate). Ventral scales are round-shaped in L. avilae sp. nov. and rhomboidal in L. hatcheri. Compared with L. kolengh, L. avilae sp. nov. has fewer scales in contact with the interparietal (7 – 10, X = 8,13 vs. 4 – 8, X = 6.26; p = 0.0027), fewer supralabial scales (5 – 6, X = 5.25 vs. 5 – 8, X = 6.65; p = 0.0008), more midbody scales (53 – 59, X = 55.5 vs. 44 – 55, X = 50.55; p <0.0001), more scales from occiput to rump (51 – 58, X = 53.75 vs. 44 – 54, X = 49.35; p <0.0001), more ventral scales (72 – 91, X = 83 vs. 61 – 76, X = 68.58; p <0.0001), more third finger lamellae (15 – 18, X = 16.25 vs. 13 – 16, X = 14.6; p <0.0001), more fourth toe lamellae (20 – 23, X = 21.29 vs. 16 – 22, X = 18.74; p <0.0001), longer tails (64 – 77, X = 68.88 vs. 47 – 70, X = 60.52, p = 0.0019), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.89 – 6.81, X = 5.76 vs. 4.6 – 7.03, X = 6.16, third finger length: 7.27 – 9.52, X = 8.02 vs. 8.31 – 11.12, X = 9.65; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller head width (9.02 – 10.19, X = 9.59 vs. 8.95 – 11.71, X = 10.73; p <0.0001), and smaller rostral scale (rostral height: 0.55 – 1.09, X = 0.85 vs. 0.87 – 1.2, X = 1.03, rostral length 2.31 – 2.69, X = 2.51 vs. 2.46 – 3.12, X = 2.77; p <0.0001 in both cases). Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. exhibits a light background coloration, while the general background coloration of L. kolengh is dark gray or black; however, the dorsal pattern could not be recognized in around 50 % of our samples. Liolaemus kolengh exhibits more dorsal blotches than L. avilae sp. nov. Ventral melanism is stronger in L. kolengh than in L. avilae sp. nov. In general, the dorsal scales of L. avilae sp. nov. are less “ bristly ” than scales of L. kolengh. Limb scales (fore-hind and dorsal-ventral) are non-mucronate and non- “ bristly ” in L. avilae sp. nov. (mucronated and “ bristly ” in L. kolengh). Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. differs from L. silvanae in several characters, including: a smaller number of scales in contact with the interparietal (7 – 10, X = 8,13 vs. 5 – 8, X = 6.94; p = 0.0027), fewer supralabial scales (5 – 6, X = 5.25 vs. 5 – 7, X = 6.18; p = 0.0008), fewer midbody scales (53 – 59, X = 55.5 vs. 55 – 65, X = 59.65; p <0.0001), fewer scales from occiput to rump (51 – 58, X = 53.75 vs. 52 – 64, X = 56; p <0.0001), more ventral scales (72 – 91, X = 83 vs. 70 – 80, X = 74.59; p <0.0001), smaller body size (snout-vent length: 48 – 59, X = 55.38 vs. 65 – 78, X = 73, axilla-groin distance: 19.4 – 29.5, X = 25.3 vs. 25.1 – 39.7, X = 32.38; p <0.0001 in both cases), shorter fourth toe length (13.82 – 15.98, X = 14.91 vs. 16.5 – 20.1, X = 18.46), shorter forelimbs (elbow-wrist length: 4.89 – 6.81, X = 5.76 vs. 6.83 – 8.82, X = 7.71, third finger length: 7.27 – 9.52, X = 8.02 vs. 10.65 – 13.76, X = 12.23; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller head (head height: 6.43 – 7.67, X = 7.07 vs. 6.84 – 9.06, X = 8.18, head width: 9.02 – 10.19, X = 9.59 vs. 11.31 – 14.71, X = 13.14, head length: 10.94 – 12.9, X = 11.78 vs. 12.47 – 15.9, X = 14.42; p <0.0001 in all cases), smaller eyes (eye height: 2 – 2.62, X = 2.2 vs. 2.09 – 2.9, X = 2.46, eye length: 2.63 – 3.32, X = 3.07 vs. 3.59 – 4.18, X = 3.86; p <0.0001 in both cases), smaller rostral scale (rostral height: 0.55 – 1.09, X = 0.85 vs. 1.01 – 1.35, X = 1.19, rostral length: 2.31 – 2.69, X = 2.51 vs. 2.61 – 3.47, X = 3.13; p <0.0001 in both cases), and smaller auditory meatus (auditory meatus height: 1.95 – 2.56, X = 1.95 vs. 1.95 – 2.95, X = 2.54, auditory meatus length: 1.11 – 2.01, X = 1.51 vs. 1.49 – 2.57, X = 2.04; p <0.0001 in both cases). Background coloration in L. silvanae is black, there is a no recognizable dorsal pattern, and ventral area is strongly melanistic, whereas the ventral area is weakly melanistic in L. avilae sp. nov. Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. has a defined vertebral and paravertebral lines that are not present in L. silvanae. In general, L. silvanae possesses a “ bristly ” appearance that is absent in L. avilae sp. nov. Scales of limbs (fore-hind and dorsal-ventral) are less mucronated in L. avilae sp. nov. than in L. silvanae.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E72DFFA77DE8FF51FD57ED9E.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Adult male. Snout-vent length 59.0 mm. Tail length (complete, not regenerated) 77.0 mm. Axilla-groin distance 26.9 mm. Head length 12.3 mm (from anterior border of tympanum to tip of snout), 10.1 mm wide (at anterior border of tympanum), 7.6 mm high (at anterior border of tympanum). Snout length 4.2 mm (orbit-tip of snout distance). Interorbital distance 4.5 mm. Eye-nostril distance 3.5 mm. Auditory meatus-eye distance 4.9 mm. Forelimb length 16.3 mm. Tibial length 11.0 mm. Foot length 15.9 mm (ankle to tip of claw on fourth toe). Dorsal head scales bulged, smooth, 15 between occiput at level of anterior border of tympanum to rostral, pitted with numerous scale organs in the anterior region, and reducing to a single organ, or absence at the posterior half of the head. Rostral scale wider (2.8 mm) than high (0.8 mm). Two postrostrals, together with anterior lorilabial, separate nasal scales from rostral, surrounded by six scales. Nasal scales longer than wide, irregularly hexagonal, nostril one-half length of nasal, in a posterior position. Scales surrounding nasals 7 on the left side and 6 on the right side. Four internasals. Frontonasals four, irregular in size and position. Prefrontals 5, a small quadrangular scale in the center (1.1 mm), two dorso-lateral larger scales roughly hexagonal (1.7 mm), and a pair of lateral medium-sized scales (1.2 mm), approximately triangular. Three frontal scales. Frontoparietals in two rows, one anterior and two posterior scales. Interparietal pentagonal (1.3 mm), surrounded by seven scales; five in front and sides, irregular in shape and size, and two larger posterior scales. Parietal eye evident. Parietals slightly bulged, irregularly shaped, similar in size to interparietal. Circumorbitals: 12 – 10. Transversally expanded supraoculars 5 – 4. Smaller lateral supraoculars: 16 – 19. One canthal higher than wide, separate from nasal by one postnasals. Loreal scales bulged, four on each side. Lorilabials longer than wide (7 – 6), approximately equal to labials. Superciliaries 7 – 8, flattened and elongated, anterior four broadly overlapping dorsally. Orbit with 12 – 15 upper and 13 – 11 lower ciliaries on each side. Orbit diameter 4.3 x 2.0 mm. Preocular small, unfragmented, square. Subocular scale elongated, approximately nine times longer than wide (3.8 x 0.6 mm). A well marked longitudinal ridge along upper margin of preocular and subocular scales. Postocular small, slightly bulged, ~ 25 % superimposed onto subocular, with a marked longitudinal ridge. Palpebral scales small granular and bulged. Supralabials 6 – 5, convex. Temporals smooth, convex, juxtaposed with one scale organ in the tip. Anterior auriculars smaller than adjacent posterior temporals, projecting slightly outward (3 – 2). Posterior auricular scales small and granular. External auditory meatus conspicuous, higher (1.7 mm) than wide (1.2 mm). Lateral scales of neck granular with inflated skin. Mental scale wider (3.0 mm) than high (1.0 mm), in contact with four scales. Mental followed posteriorly by two postmentals, and two rows of three chinshields on each side. Infralabials 5 - 4 on each side, first on each side quadrangular two times wider than supralabials, all others elongated, slightly smaller than supralabials. Gular scales smooth, flat, imbricate, with rounded posterior margins, with melanophores. Scales of throat between chinshields slightly juxtaposed, becoming slightly imbricate toward auditory meatus. Thirty-seven gulars between tympanum openings. Infralabials separated from chinshields by one to two rows of scales. Antehumeral and longitudinal neck folds well developed; postauricular, rictal, dorsolateral, oblique and gular not conspicuous. Scales of dorsal neck region rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly keeled. Very few trifids scales. Fifty-five dorsal scales between occiput and anterior surface of thighs. Dorsal body scales rhomboidal, imbricate, strongly keeled. Dorsal scales grade laterally into slightly smaller and keeled scales at midbody. Scales immediately anterior and posterior to forelimb and hindlimb insertion small, smooth, granular, and non-overlapping. Body lateral scales grading smaller to larger at midbody. Ventral body scales rhomboidals, smooth, flat, imbricate, larger than dorsal scales. Fifty-eight midbody scales; scales between mental and precloacal pores 90. Scales of cloacal region similar in size to ventral body scales; without precloacal pores. Anterior suprabrachials rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, slightly larger in size to dorsal body scales. Postabrachials smaller, smooth, becoming granular near axilla. Supra-antebrachials similar to suprabrachial. Infra-antebrachials rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth. Supracarpals imbricated, rhomboidal, smooth. Infracarpals imbricate, rhomboidal, very slightly keeled. Subdigital lamellae with 2 – 3 keels, each terminating in a short mucron, 2 – 3 mucronate, numbering: I: 8, II: 14, III: 17, IV: 19, V: 12. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Suprafemorals larger as dorsal body scales, rhomboidal, imbricated, smooth upper thigh, toward to the lateral thigh keeled. Postfemorals small, granular shape. Supratibials rhomboidal, imbricated, moderately keeled, smaller and smooth toward to the foot. Infrafemoral scale small, granular and smooth. Supratarsals rhomboidal, imbricated and smooth. Infratarsals small, rhomboidal, imbricate, smooth, some keeled and mucronate near the digit. Subdigital scales have 3 keels, 3 – 4 mucronate, numbering: I: 9, II: 14, III: 19, IV: 22, V: 16. Claws robust, curved and sharp, opaque brown. Tail complete, non-regenerated. Dorsal and lateral caudal scales, rhombic in the first half of the tail, quadrangulars toward the tip, strongly keeled. Ventral subtriangular and smooth, toward posterior half moderatly keeled. Color of holotype in life. Dark gray dorsal background (Figure 7) that becomes lighter on the lateral region between axilla and groin. Dorsal pattern presents nine paravertebral, quadrangulars, dark brown blotches, extending from the nuchal to the pelvic region, these series or blotches are combined at the beginning of the pelvic region into a pattern of transversal bands, which is present to the tip of the tail. Dorsolateral region between the occipital and the pelvic region is characterized by eight irregular, black and white-bordered blotches that are combined with the transversal bands of the tail. Lateral region, between axilla and groin, is characterized by a black and white reticulate pattern. In between the series of blotches a white vertebral and two yellowish paravertebral lines, onescale wide, are present. Vertebral line extends from the nuchal region, while the paravertebral lines extend from the temporal region; all are present to the pelvic region. Dark gray head background. Two lateral white lines along the longitudinal fold are present from the top of the auditory meatus to the antehumeral fold. White subocular scale with a black longitudinal ridge. One longitudinal band is present in the anterior part of the head, crossing though internasals, postnasals, prefrontals, frontals, postfrontals and interparietal scales, ending in the interparietal scale that is surrounded by small brown spots; however, a lighter central region is observable in the frontal, postfrontal and interparietal scales. Anterior circumorbitals present a transverse dark brown band. Nasals scales dark brown. Small dark brown blotches on postocular, temporal and occipital region. Dorsal region of the limbs are dark gray with a dark brown reticulation. Gray ventral color with a dark reticulate pattern over the entire body, it is strongly marked in throat, chest, tail and body laterals, and extend to the adjacent malar and maxilla region. Ventral scales with melanophores. Ventral area of chest, belly, cloacal region and limbs tinged with a light orange color. Gray tail. Color of holotype in preservative. After three years in preservative, the dorsal coloration of the head, dorsum, body flanks and tail become darker while maintaining the contrast, but the two yellowish paravertebral lines turned gray. Ventral scales of throat, neck, chest, belly and forelimbs retain the same coloration as in life, and the distinctive light ventral orange color of the chest, belly, cloacal region and limbs turns gray (Figure 6). Variation. Morphological and meristic character variation between male and female Liolaemus avilae sp. nov., is shown in Table 6. Females in life present basically the same dorsal and lateral patterns as present in males, but females generally have a lighter brown background coloration; vertebral and paravertebral lines are variable, in some individuals they are strongly defined while in others they are less conspicuous; lines vary from white to yellow in females and from light orange to pink in males. Ventrally dark reticulate pattern in the entire body is present and is strongly marked in the throat, tail and lateral body scales. Ventral, ventro-lateral, limb, cloacal and postcloacal regions vary from males to females, in the former a ventral light orange coloration is present, while in one female (out of three) a light pink ventral coloration is present. All distinctive ventral and dorsal coloration changed from yellow, orange or pink to gray or white in preservative.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E72DFFA77DE8FF51FD57ED9E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet of this species “ avilae ” refers to our colleague and the first author’s PhD advisor Dr. Luciano Javier Avila, to honor him after more than fifteen years of research and teaching on the Patagonian herpetofauna.	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
03E78795E72DFFA77DE8FF51FD57ED9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Liolaemus avilae sp. nov. is known only from the type locality and surroundings, from Lago Buenos Aires Plateau in Puesto Lebrun and 18.7 SW from there, Santa Cruz province, Lago Buenos Aires department, Argentina (Figures 5, 8). Natural history. Out of three females, only one presents a ventral pinkish coloration and a different one was pregnant; thus we infer that the pinkish coloration in females is not related to pregnancy. The species occurs in the Altoandina Phytogeographic province, Altoandino Austral district, in environments characterized as sparse grasslands and chamaephytes such as Empetrum rubrum, Nassauvia pygmaea and Azorrella ameghinoi, among others (Roig 1998); some Festuca spp. and Senecio spp. were also observed. This new species was found in open volcanic-sand substrates between patches of basaltic rocks, sharing the habitat with Liolaemus archeforus and Liolaemus silvanae (Figure 8). Based on the natural history of its sister species L. lineomaculatus, we hypothesize that L. avilae sp. nov. is herbivorous and likely to also be viviparous, perhaps giving birth to between three and six individuals per clutch (Cei 1986; Espinoza et al. 2004).	en	Breitman, Maria Florencia, Parra, Micaela, Pérez, Cristian Hernán Fulvio, Sites, Jack Walter (2011): Two new species of lizards from the Liolaemus lineomaculatus section (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from southern Patagonia. Zootaxa 3120: 1-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208130
