identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E787EEFFAD930E934C9D95D97FFE68.text	03E787EEFFAD930E934C9D95D97FFE68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus murinus Linnaeus 1766	<div><p>Suncus murinus Linnaeus, 1766</p><p>(Fig. 6)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFAD930E934C9D95D97FFE68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFAD930F92ED9E4EDA24FB6B.text	03E787EEFFAD930F92ED9E4EDA24FB6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suncus Ehrenberg 1832	<div><p>Genus Suncus Ehrenberg, 1832</p><p>Material examined: A right mandible with I 1, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2802); a left M 2 (MPM-Fo 2803).</p><p>Locality: Sabichi Fissure, Ishigaki Island.</p><p>Measurements: M 1 (MPM-Fo 2802): L, 2.17 mm; Wa, 1.35 mm; Wp, 1.64 mm. M 2 (MPM-Fo 2802): L, 2.01 mm; Wa, 1.39 mm; Wp, 1.50 mm. M 2 (MPM-Fo 2803): L, 1.97 mm; Wa, 1.32 mm; Wp, 1.60 mm. M 3 (MPM-Fo 2802): L, 1.47 mm; Wa, 0.85 mm.</p><p>Description: The mandible, MPM-Fo 2802, is an anterior part without posterior processes, and preserves I 1, M 1, M 2, and M 3. The buccal surface of the mandible is dissolved, exposing incisor and molar roots. The mandibular body is slender but robust dorso-ventrally. The alveolus has root sockets for I 1, lower C, P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3. The crowns of lower C and P 4 are absent. I 1 has two distinct roots.</p><p>Molars show a typical tribosphenic pattern (W-shaped pattern) that is composed of the trigonid and talonid basins. The paraconid is prominent, and is smaller than the protoconid and the metaconid. The main cusps on the molars are connected to each other by sharp crests (e.g., paracristid and protocristid), and surround the isosceles triangle occlusal outline of the trigonid or talonid. The hypoconid connects to the postero-buccal wall of the trigonid by an oblique crest. The postcristid, extending from the hypoconid, joins with a cingulum (or the entocingulid) at the base of the entoconid. The postcristid runs in parallel with the protocristid in occlusal view. The cingulums surround both lingual and buccal bases of the crown. The hypoconulid is absent. Each molar has two roots.</p><p>M 2 is same basically as M 1 in terms of occlusal pattern. M 2 is smaller than M 1, but the anterior width of the former is slightly larger than that of the latter. The M 3 talonid is much reduced, and lacks the basal cingulum on the posterior side.</p><p>Remarks: Suncus murinus is characterized by lower dental formula, 1.1.1.3, non-reddish tooth, large-size, and much reduced talonid of M 3, and is distinguished from any other species of the Soricidae and Talpidae by these features (Abe 2000). Suncus murinus is similar in basic dental morphology with two Taiwanese soricids, Soriculus caudatus and Anourosorex squamipes (Hanamura et al. 1979, 1980). According to them, the dental size of Suncus murinus is intermediate between that of Soriculus caudatus (with smaller teeth) and Anourosorex squamipes (with larger teeth). M 3 of Suncus murinus is more reduced than that of Soriculus caudatus, but larger than that of Anourosorex squamipes . The M 1 cingulum of Anourosorex squamipes extends on the anterior base, whereas that of Suncus murinus surrounds the base from the anterior to the posterior. Suncus murinus from Sabichi Fissure is included in a size variation of extant species ( Suncus murinus riukiuanus from Okinawa Island; Hanamura et al. 1979) and of those collected from Yonaguni Island in this study.</p><p>Distribution (natural): South Asia, Southeast Asia, South China, Taiwan, and Ryukyu Islands (Motokawa 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFAD930F92ED9E4EDA24FB6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFAC930F91C99934DFF9FACB.text	03E787EEFFAC930F91C99934DFF9FACB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros turpis Bangs 1901	<div><p>Hipposideros turpis Bangs, 1901</p><p>(Fig. 8)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFAC930F91C99934DFF9FACB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFAC930F92CB9984DE11FB6B.text	03E787EEFFAC930F92CB9984DE11FB6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pteropus Erxleben 1777	<div><p>Genus Pteropus Erxleben, 1777</p><p>Material examined: A left M 1 (MPM-Fo 2804).</p><p>Locality: Sabichi Fissure, Ishigaki Island.</p><p>Measurements: M 1 (MPM-Fo 2804): L, 5.64 mm; W, 2.92 mm.</p><p>D e scri p ti o n: Th e to o th i s si mp l e l i ke a unicuspid tooth of carnivorans. The occlusal surface shows an ellipse outline, and is composed of the prominent protoconid and the small metaconid. There is a crest along the occlusal outline. The talonid basin is broad and slightly concaved. The tooth is anchored by two robust roots.</p><p>Remarks: A lower molar of flying fox, or Pteropus, lacks the original tribosphenic pattern (the W-shaped pattern), which is represented by microchiropteran species. Three species of Pteropus are known in Japan: P. pselaphon on Ogasawara Islands (1000 km south of Honshu), extinct P. loochoensis on Okinawa Island, and P. dasymallus in the Ryukyu Islands (Kinjo 2009; Kinjo and Izawa 2009; Kinjo and Nakamoto 2009). Fossils of Pteropus dasymallus were reported from Ishigaki Island, although it has not been compared with other species (Hasegawa and Nohara 1978). Moreover, the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on Miyako and Ishigaki Islands recently yielded Pteropus remains, but these were not identified at a species level due to a deficiency of comparisons with P. loochoensis and P. pselaphon (Nakagawa et al. 2012; Kawamura and Kawamura 2013). The lower molar from Sabichi Fissure is not different from that of living P. dasymallus, based on the specimens collected from the Ishigaki Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFAC930F92CB9984DE11FB6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFAC9302916E99BBD953F8AB.text	03E787EEFFAC9302916E99BBD953F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hipposideros Grey 1831	<div><p>Genus Hipposideros Grey, 1831</p><p>Material examined: A right maxilla with C,</p><p>P 3, P 4, M 1,M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2805); two left P 4 (MPM-Fo 2812-2813); a right P 4 (MPM-Fo 2814); two left M 1 (MPM-Fo 2815-2816); three right M 1 (MPM-Fo 2817-2819); three left M 2 (MPM-Fo 2820-2822); four right M 2 (MPM-Fo 2823-2826); a right M 1 or M 2 (MPM-Fo 2827); three left M 3 (MPM- Fo 2828-2830); a right M 3 (MPM-Fo 2831); a left mandible with P 2, P 4, M 1, and M 2 (MPM-Fo 2832); a left mandible with M 2 and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2833); two left mandibles with M 2 (MPM-Fo 2834-2835); a left mandible with M 1 and M 2 (MPM-Fo 2836); a right mandible with P 4, M 1, and M 2 (MPM-Fo 2837); a right mandible with M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM- Fo 3838); a right mandible with M 2 and M 3 (MPM- Fo2839); a left P 4 (MPM-Fo 2845); five left M 1 or M 2 (MPM-Fo 2846-2850); three right M 1 or M 2 (MPM-Fo 2851-2853); two left M 3 (MPM-Fo 2854- 2855); two right M 3 (MPM-Fo 2856-2857).</p><p>(A)</p><p>(B)</p><p>(C)</p><p>Locality: Sabichi Fissure and Sabichi-do Cave, Ishigaki Island.</p><p>Measurements: See Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description: The maxilla (MPM-Fo 2805) preserves a canine, two premolars, and three molars (Fig. 8A). The root socket of the canine concaves dorso-ventrally. The canine is large, robust, and with a weak ridge on the buccal side and sharp keels on the anterior and posterior sides. The base of the canine is elongated antero-posteriorly, and has a distinct cingulum. The cingulum at the buccal side shows a chevron line bending almost at a right angle.</p><p>There are two upper premolars. The smaller one (usually called as P 3) is situated on the buccal side behind the canine. The larger one, or P 4, is composed of a single cusp (paracone) and has a triangular occlusal outline. The buccal surface of P 4 also shows an equilateral triangle due to the crown height almost as long as the crown length. The basal cingulum is strong. P 4 is in contact with the canine at the antero-lingual side.</p><p>Upper molars have a W-shaped pattern with a trapezoidal occlusal outline. The crown of M 1 is composed of four main cusps (paracone, metacone, protocone, and hypocone) and three styles (parastyle, mesostyle, and metastyle). The parastyle is as large as the mesostyle in the buccal view, and the metastyle is slightly weaker than the other styles. The cristas connect main cusps and styles on the buccal side, comprising a W-shaped line. The ectocingulum is smaller than the precingulum and the postcingulum. The metacone is slightly larger than the paracone. The metaconule is absent or indistinct. The hypocone is vestigially present at the postero-lingual corner. The entocingulum and the distocrista are strong, connecting with the precingulum and the postcingulum, respectively.</p><p>The occlusal pattern of M 2 is basically the same as that of M 1, although the posterior wall of M1 bends inward strongly. The crown size of M 2 is slightly smaller than that of M 1. M 3 is much reduced in the posterior part composed of the metacone and the hypocone. Thus, the occlusal surface of M 3 shows a triangular shape. The parastyle of M 3 projects more buccally than the other styles.</p><p>The mandibles (MPM-Fo 2832 and 3838) preserve cheek teeth, P 4 to M 2 and M 1 to M 3, respectively (Figs. 8 B-C). The mandibular body is robust, with a large mental foramen below the anterior of P 2, and curves downward at the mental protuberance between the canine and P 2.</p><p>P 2 is relatively large, and has a diamond occlusal outline. The basal cingulum is prominent on both lingual and buccal sides, and shows a sharp V-letter in the buccal view. P 2 has a single root. P 3 is absent (no alveolus). P 4 develops sharply as a canine, and has a triangular occlusal outline. The basal cingulum of P 4 bends at a right angle along the cervical line. P 4 has two roots.</p><p>The lower molars have the W-shaped occlusal pattern: each trigonid and talonid basin shows an isosceles triangle outline. The trigonid is almost as wide as the talonid. The entoconid is isolated from the hypoconulid by a gap between the postcristid and the entocristid. The oblique cristid, extending from the hypoconid, runs onto the half point between the protoconid and the metaconid. The hypoflexid is very deep. The basal cingulums are strong on the anterior, posterior and buccal sides, and it is unbroken by the hypoflexid. A lingual cingulum (or entocingulid) is indistinct or absent. There are two roots on each molar.</p><p>The tooth pattern of M 2 is basically the same as that of M 1. M 2 has an interfacet at the anterior of the pricingulid for connecting with the hypoconulid of M 1. The crown size of M 2 is larger than that of M 1. M 3 reduces its posterior part, or lacks its postero-lingual region. The hypoconid of M 3 is considerably smaller than that of M 1 or M 2.</p><p>Remarks: Hipposideros turpis is a relatively large microchiropteran species with the dental formula, 1.1.2.3/2.1.2.3. This species is characterized by the upper canine overhanging anteriorly, tiny P 3, strongly reduced M 3 and M 3, no P 3, and large P 4 with two roots (Abe 2000). Hirasawa et al. (2008) described a Hipposideros remain found from Miyako Island, with a detailed comparison with the other chiropterans. They mentioned some minor differences in lower cheek teeth between the Miyako form ( Hipposideros sp.) and H. turpis living on Ishigaki Island: e.g., P 2 of the former expands more buccally than that of the latter. This difference supports the finding that the specimen, MPM-Fo 2832 (Fig. 8B), from Sabichi-do Cave is similar to H. turpis living on Ishigaki Island rather than the Miyako form described by Hirasawa et al. (2008).</p><p>Distribution: Ishigaki, Iriomote, Hateruma, and Yonaguni Islands (Sano 2009a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFAC9302916E99BBD953F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFA1930291CC9CD4DF8EFEAA.text	03E787EEFFA1930291CC9CD4DF8EFEAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus perditus Andersen 1918	<div><p>Rhinolophus perditus Andersen, 1918</p><p>(Figs. 9 and 10 A-C)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFA1930291CC9CD4DF8EFEAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFA1930491119D5BD9B6F80B.text	03E787EEFFA1930491119D5BD9B6F80B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinolophus Lacepede 1799	<div><p>Genus Rhinolophus Lacepede, 1799</p><p>Material examined: A skull with C, P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2858); a left maxilla with P 4 and M 1 (MPM-Fo 2859); a left P 4 (MPM-Fo 2867); a left M 1 (MPM-Fo 2868); four right M 1 (MPM-Fo 2869-2872); two left M 2 (MPM-Fo 2873-2874); two right M 2 (MPM-Fo 2875-2876); a right M 3 (MPM- Fo 2877); a left mandible with P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2879); a left mandible with P 4 (MPM-Fo 2878); a left mandible with M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM- Fo 2880); a left mandible with M 1 and M 2 (MPM- Fo 2881); a left mandible with M 2 (MPM-Fo 2882); a right mandible with C, P 2, P 3, P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2883); a right mandible with P 3, P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2884); a right mandible with P 4, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2885); a left P 4 (MPM- Fo 2888); two right P 4 (MPM-Fo 2889-2890); six left M 1 or M 2 (MPM-Fo 2891-2896); a right M 1 or M 2 (MPM-Fo 2897).</p><p>Locality: Sabichi-do Cave, Ishigaki Island.</p><p>Measurements: See Tables 2 and 3.</p><p>Description: MPM-Fo 2858 is an anterior part of skull, and preserves the nasal bone, orbitals, frontal bone, and maxilla with teeth (Fig. 9). The skull is slender: the brain-case is antero-posteriorly long. The nasal bone at the nose-leaf region projects strongly upward, like a rhino-horn. The interval between left and right canines is broad. The frontal bone is narrow laterally and becomes depressed deeply (frontal depression) due to large and converging orbitals. The brain-case has a sharp sagittal crest, extending from the frontal depression to the posterior end. The zygomatic arches are thick dorso-ventrally, and curve as an S-letter in the lateral view. The infraorbital foramen is large, whereas a bridge over this foramen is very slender. The choana is broad laterally. The anterior end of the choana is situated as far as the metacone of M 2. There is a small notch at the center of the palatine. The premaxilla and incisors are broken.</p><p>The maxilla has a canine, two premolars (a small alveolus and a large tooth), and three molars in each side. The premolar alveolus behind the canine is small but distinct. The other premolar (P 4) forms a quadrate occlusal outline. The paracone of P 4 is sharp, and has a crista extending to the lingual side. The upper molars are similar basically with those of Hipposideros turpis described in this study in terms of occlusal patterns. M 1 has a trapezoidal occlusal outline with a cingulum on the postero-lingual side, while M 2 has a triangular one because the postero-lingual cingulum is very weak. The posterior of M 3 is reduced but somewhat prominent relative to that of H. turpis . M 3 almost lacks the postero-lingual cingulum.</p><p>The mandibles, MPM-Fo 2880, 2883, and 2884, are well preserved (Fig. 10 A-C). The mandibular body is slender and straight. The mental protuberance, with a straight symphysis, is prominently developed below the canine. The mental foramen is situated directly below P 2. The ramus is dorso-ventrally low: the coronoid process reaches as high as the protoconid of M 1. The tip of the coronoid process is rounded, approaching to M 3. The angular process is robust and short.</p><p>The lower canine is very sharp and straight, and has a triangular occlusal outline. The crown is surrounded by the basal cingulum on the anterior and lateral surfaces. There are six postcanine teeth (three premolars and three molars). P 2 is unicuspidated, low-crowned, and with the basal cingulum. The occlusal outline shows an equilateral triangle shape. Very small P 3 is present on the buccal side. P 4 is pointed as a canine. The protoconid extends two sharp cristids to the posterior. The basal cingulum of P 4 bends as a V-letter line in the buccal view. The anterior point of P 4 is adjacent to the posterior of P 2. Each P 2 and P 3 has a single root, and P 4 has two roots.</p><p>The occlusal structures of lower molars are similar to those of Hipposideros turpis represented by a W-shaped occlusal pattern. M 1 or M 2 has the trigonid bucco-lingually narrower than the talonid. M 3 trigonid and talonid are almost the same in width. The basal cingulums are strong, except on the lingual side. M 1 is almost as large as M 2, but the protoconid of the former is slightly higher than that of the latter. M 3 is smaller than M 1 or M 2, but relatively less reduced than M 3 of H. turpis . Each molar has two roots.</p><p>Remarks: Rhinolophus, belonging to Rhinolophidae, is characterized by horseshoeshaped nose (or nose-leaf), and this feature reflects to their nasal bones: Rhinolophus has a horn-like ridge on the nasal bone, as the skull (MPM-Fo 2858) referred in this study. The dental formula of Rhinolophus (1.1.2.3/2.1.3.3) is unique in having P 3. The mandible of Rhinolophus is relatively slender and flat, with small processes on the ramus. These features distinguish Rhinolophus from the other genera of microchiropterans (Abe 2000).</p><p>There are three species of Rhinolophus ( R. cornutus, R. pumilus, and R. perditus) in the Ryukyu area (or the south of Tokara Gap), and only R. perditus is distributed on Ishigaki Island at the present time. Morphological difference among these species have been discussed in previous studies (e.g., Yoshiyuki 1989; Abe 2000; Hirasawa et al. 2006), but their dental features are similar to one another. Rhinolophus perditus is usually larger than the other species in the maximum length of the skull, and has a relatively large upper premolar (P 3) behind the canine. The tooth row (from upper canine to M 3) of R. perditus is also larger than that of R. cornutus or R. pumilus (Yoshiyuki 1989) . Based on these differences, all remains of Rhinolophus from Sabichi-do Cave are similar to R. perditus rather than R. cornutus and R. pumilus .</p><p>A possible extinct species of Rhinolophus was reported from Miyako Island. This species was originally described as R. cornutus miyakonis (Kuroda 1924), and later classified into a subspecies of R. pumilus (Yoshiyuki 1989) or an independent species on Miyako Island (Maeda 2001). Hirasawa et al. (2006) preliminarily discussed, based on paleontological analysis, that lower teeth of the Rhinolophus species on Miyako Island could not be distinguished from those of the other species. However, the dental morphology of the fossil specimens from Sabichi-do Cave fit exactly to that of living R. perditus, comparing with the recent remains collected from Ishigaki Island.</p><p>Distribution: Ishigaki, Iriomote, Kohama, and Taketomi Islands (Sano and Armstrong 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFA1930491119D5BD9B6F80B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFA79304913C9CD4DFC0FEAB.text	03E787EEFFA79304913C9CD4DFC0FEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus abramus Temminck 1840	<div><p>Pipistrellus cf. abramus Temminck, 1840</p><p>(Fig. 10D)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFA79304913C9CD4DFC0FEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFA7930591119D5BDE16FD4B.text	03E787EEFFA7930591119D5BDE16FD4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus Kaup 1829	<div><p>Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829</p><p>Material examined: A right mandible with C, M 1, M 2, and M 3 (MPM-Fo 2910).</p><p>Locality: Indeterminate layer, Umabana-zaki Fissure, Yonaguni Island.</p><p>Measurements: See Table 3.</p><p>Description: The mandible (MPM-Fo 2910) is smaller and deeper than that of Rhinolophus . The body is dorso-ventrally deep at the anterior relative to the posterior. The mental protuberance projects strongly toward the ventral side. A large mental foramen is situated below the canine. The ramus is deep dorso-ventrally, and has a large triangularshaped fossa with distinct masseteric crests.</p><p>The mandible preserves a canine and three molars. There are three small root sockets for incisors at the anterior of the canine. Although all premolars are broken, three alveoli are present between the canine and M 1. The first (anterior) alveolus forms a large socket, and is separated from the second alveolus. The second and third alveoli belong to a single premolar (P 4) because they are adjacent to each other. A tiny premolar represented by Rhinolophus species is absent. As a result, the mandible has a dental formula 3.1.2.3.</p><p>The lower canine forms as a claw and has an additional small cusp (a stylid) on the posterior side. The protoconid is moderately worn. The posterior stylid connects with the protoconid by a sharp cristid. The basal cingulum is sharp, as a V-letter line, in the buccal view. The tooth is anchored by a robust root.</p><p>The molars have the W-shaped occlusal pattern similar to those of Hipposideros turpis or of Rhinolophus perditus . The talonid basin is slightly larger than the trigonid basin. The hypoconid is prominent and approaches the buccal side. The entoconid is isolated from the hypoconulid by a gap. The hypoflexid is deep, forming a V-letter gap on the buccal side. The basal cingulum is strong on the anterior, buccal and posterior sides. The cingulum (entocingulid) on the lingual side is indistinct or absent. The crown size of M 2 is slightly larger than that of M 1. M 3 is reduced relative to M 1 and M 2. M 3 is characterized by the relatively small paraconid and wide hypoflexid. Each molar has two roots.</p><p>Remarks: Pipistrellus abramus has the lower dental formula, 3.1.2.3, without P 3, but shares many dental characteristics with the other genera of the Vespertilionidae (Yoshiyuki 1989) . This family is one of great diversified bats in Japan, including 10 genera: Myotis, Pipistrellus, Eptesicus, Nyctalus, Vespertilio, Barbastella, Plecotus, M i n i o p t e r u s, M u r i n a, a n d Ta d a r i d a. A m o n g these, Myotis, Nyctalus, Vespertilio, Plecotus, and Miniopterus are different from Pipistrellus, in having two or three premolars single-rooted (Abe 2000). The mandibular symphysis of Pipistrellus is short and straight (not drawing an arc). This feature distinguishes Pipistrellus from Eptesicus, Barbastella, Murina, and Tadarida, based on the illustrations of vespertilionid mandibles (Abe 2000). The mental foramen below the canine is also diagnostic for Pipistrellus abramus, which is different from many other chiropterans (Abe 2000).</p><p>Pipistrellus abramus is currently distributed in East Asia, including Yonaguni Island (Kawai 2009). MPM-Fo 2910 is not different basically from P. abramus living in Japan, but the canine paraconid of the former is somewhat stronger than that of the latter. Some researchers consider that P. abramus in Japan is isolated from the continental species, P. javanicus (e.g., Yoshiyuki 1989; Volleth et al. 2001), but the difference between them is probably not clear at least in dental morphology.</p><p>Distribution: Southeast Asia, South Russia, Korea, China, Taiwan, and Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands) (Kawai 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFA7930591119D5BDE16FD4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFA5931992ED9DA4DF41F90B.text	03E787EEFFA5931992ED9DA4DF41F90B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niviventer Marshall 1976	<div><p>Genus Niviventer Marshall, 1976</p><p>Material examined: A left maxilla (MPM-Fo 2913); three left M 1 (MPM-Fo 2915-2917); two left M 2 (MPM-Fo 2918-2919); a right M 2 (MPM-Fo 2920); a left M 3 (MPM-Fo 2921); a right mandible with M 1 and M 2 (MPM-Fo 2922); six left M 1 (MPM- Fo 2902, 2923-2927); four right M 1 (MPM-Fo 2928- 2931); a left M 2 (MPM-Fo 2911); a right M 2 (MPM- Fo 2912); two left M 3 (MPM-Fo 2932-2933); a right M 3 (MPM-Fo 2934).</p><p>Locality: Sabichi Fissure, Ishigaki Island; Layers 5-6 and indeterminate layer of Umabana-zaki Fissure, Yonaguni Island.</p><p>Measurements: See Tables 4 and 5.</p><p>Description: The crown of M 1 is higher than the radical part, in MPM-Fo 2915 and 2916. MPM-Fo 2917 preserves only a crown part due to being young or broken, but is as high as the other specimens of M 1. The occlusal surface has a slender, oval-shaped outline, and comprises three transverse laminae. The anterior lamina forms an asymmetric chevron, because the labial anterocone is more reduced than the anterostyle. The anterostyle shows a circle without a posterior spur. The labial anterocone also lacks a posterior spur. The middle lamina is similar to the anterior lamina, but is symmetrical. The occlusal outline is slender (bucco-lingually narrow) because the middle lamina bends at a right or acute angle. There is no spur on the enterostyle and paracone of the middle lamina. The posterior lamina is simple, comprising large hypocone and small metacone. Either posterostyle or posterior cingulum is absent. The hypocone expands antero-posteriorly, as a rounded diamond shape. The metacone is very small, and separated from the paracone by a gap. The number of roots is five: large anterior root, large posterior root, small buccal root, and two small lingual roots.</p><p>The crown of M 2 (MPM-Fo 2920) is as high as the longest root of the tooth. It has a rounded triangular outline in the occlusal view. The occlusal pattern is simple, without any additional spurs or cusps. The labial anterocone is always absent. The anterostyle is well-developed, with a circular or semi-circular outline. The anterostyle is isolated from the first lamina, even at a strong wear stage. The first lamina of M 2 is similar to the middle lamina of M 1. The joint between the enterostyle and the protocone is clearly constricted. Each enterostyle and paracone of MPM-Fo 2919 connects with the posterior lamina, or the hypocone, due to wear. The hypocone forms a circular shape, without either posterostyle or posterior cingulum. The number of roots is basically four.</p><p>The occlusal surface of M 3 (MPM-Fo 2921) is strongly worn, showing an inverted triangular outline. There is a weak sinus between the anterostyle and the enterostyle. The enterostyle, paracone, and hypocone are fused to one another, and form an isolated fold on the postero-buccal part. There are three roots.</p><p>The crown of M 1 is comparatively high even at a strong wear point. The occlusal surface, with a rounded rectangular outline, comprises three laminae and a posterior cingulum. The anterior lamina is composed of two cusps, i.e. the labial anteroconid and the lingual anteroconid. The anterior lamina shows a semicircular shape in the occlusal view, owing to strong wear. The lingual anteroconid is slightly larger than the labial anteroconid. The middle lamina forms a chevron shape by the protoconid and the metaconid, and connects to the anterior lamina at the center. The protoconid is as large as the metaconid. The posterior lamina is also chevron-shaped, comprising the hypoconid and the entoconid. This lamina has a mesial mure between the cusps. MPM-Fo 2902 has a cingulum at the buccal corner of the hypoconid, instead of the accessory cusps. MPM-Fo 2928 has neither accessory cusp nor cingulum on the occlusal surface. The posterior cingulum is large, isolated, and elongated bucco-lingually. There are four roots: the anterior and posterior roots are large, and the buccal and lingual roots are small.</p><p>The crown of M 2 is considerably higher, relative to its radical part. The occlusal surface shows a rounded quadrilateral outline, and comprises two chevron-shaped laminae and a posterior cingulum. The labial anteroconid is vestigial or absent at an early wear stage. The anterior chevron comprises the protoconid and the metaconid: the former is larger than the latter. The protoconid almost connects to the labial anteroconid. The posterior chevron is isolated from the first chevron and the posterior cingulum by deep gaps. The hypoconid is slightly larger than the entoconid. There is a weak cingulum on the buccal side of the hypoconid of MPM-Fo 2911, but any accessory cusps are absent in all specimens. The posterior cingulum shows a diamond shape in the occlusal view. There are two large roots.</p><p>The occlusal surface of M 3 shows an inverted triangular shape, elongated antero-posteriorly. The enamel pattern is composed of two transverse laminae. The labial anteroconid and any accessory cusps are absent. There are two roots: the anterior root is elongated transversely, drawing an arc, and the posterior root is well-developed antero-posteriorly.</p><p>Remarks: Rodents on Ishigaki and Yonaguni Islands are currently composed only of cosmopolitan (domestic) species, such as Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, and Mus musculus (Motokawa 2000) . The referred specimens belong to a medium-sized rat, and are characterized by slender outline, chevron-shaped laminae without spurs, small labial anterocone on M 2, five roots on M 1, and four roots on M 1. These characteristics are usually represented by common rats, such as R. rattus and R. norvegicus (Musser 1981) . However, most of the molars are higher than those of Rattus, therefore, the form from Sabichi-do Cave and Umabana-zaki Fissure is different from both R. rattus and R. norvegicus occurring on Ishigaki and Yonaguni Islands. The Late Pleistocene sediments on Miyako Island recovered extinct murids, Rattus miyakoensis (Kawaguchi et al. 2009) or Diplothrix sp. (Nakagawa et al. 2012). This species resembles Diplothrix legata currently occurring on Amami, Tokunoshima, and Okinawa Islands (Hasegawa 1985; Iwasa 2009b), but they are clearly larger than the specimens examined in this study.</p><p>More than 30 species of rats and mice live in the Indomalayan Region (Corbet and Hill 1992), and some of them share tooth characters with Rattus . Chaimanee (1998) indicated that Rattus was phylogenetically close to Maxomys, Berylmys, Bandicota, Niviventer, and Leopoldamys, based on molar morphology. Furthermore, Zheng (1993) reported some extinct genera of rats from the Pleistocene of Central China, such as Qianomys and Wushanomys . Among these murids, the pattern of M 2 is the best similar to white-bellied rats, Niviventer, rather than the other genera in having no labial anteroconid, no buccal accessory cusp, and a single anterior root (Musser 1981; Zheng 1993).</p><p>Musser (1981) listed tooth diagnosis of Niviventer as follow: (1) four roots beneath M 1 in all species; (2) lamina shaped like a chevron on M 2; (3) lower molars simple; (4) anterolabial cusp (labial anteroconid in this paper) on M 2 usually absent; (5) anterior lamina on M 1 composed of two small cusps, usually connecting to each other and forming an oblong or triangular lamina that is much narrower than the middle lamina. All of these features are observed in the specimens described in this study. Moreover, his comparisons indicated that the combination of slender outline and asymmetrical first lamina of M 1 always distinguish between Niviventer and Rattus .</p><p>Niviventer is one well-diversified genus in Asia, and includes 18 extant species and one extinct species: N. andersoni, N. brahma, N. cameroni, N. confucianus, N. coning, N. cremoriventer, N. culturatus, N. eha, N. excelsior, N. fratemus, N. fulvescens, N. hinpoon, N. langbinis, N. lepturus, N. lotipes, N. niviventer, N. precofucianus, N. rapit, and N. tenaster (Musser 1981; Zheng 1993; Musser and Carleton 2005). According to these studies, all Niviventer species have small differences on upper molars, comparing with the fossil form from Umabana-zaki Fissure: N. andersoni and N. brahma have a distinct labial anterocone; N. eha has a posterior spur with the hypocone; N. excelsior and N. fulvescens have a prominent lingual anterocone; N. confucianus and N. hinpoon have the enterostyle extending posteriorly; N. coninga and N. culturatus have the protocone extending anteriorly and the enterostyle and paracone extending posteriorly; N. preconfucianus, which was found from the Pleistocene of China (Zheng 1993), is similar in shape but smaller.</p><p>Niviventer is not currently distributed in Japan, including the Ryukyu Islands, but the referred specimens share many molar characteristics with Niviventer rather than with Rattus . In recent years, the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on Ishigaki Island (Shiraho-Saonetabaru cave site) yielded a great deal of rodent remains, and most of these were also classified into a species of Niviventer (Kawamura and Kawamura 2013) . This form is conspecific basically with the specimens described in this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFA5931992ED9DA4DF41F90B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFBA931991DA9A94DFE9F96B.text	03E787EEFFBA931991DA9A94DFE9F96B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mus musculus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>(Fig. 11B)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFBA931991DA9A94DFE9F96B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
03E787EEFFBA931A916E9B3ED9A0FBEB.text	03E787EEFFBA931A916E9B3ED9A0FBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Genus Mus Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Material examined: A left maxilla with M 1 and M 2 (MPM-Fo 2935).</p><p>Locality: Indeterminate layer, Umabana-zaki Fissure, Yonaguni Island.</p><p>Measurement: See Tables 4 and 5.</p><p>Description: The maxilla (MPM-Fo 2935) preserves M 1 and M 2. The teeth are strongly worn. The size is very small, like of a mouse. The posterior end of the incisive foramen reaches as far as the center of M 1 in the occlusal view. There is a small masseteric knob under the zygomatic plate. Enamel structures of the teeth almost disappear due to wearing. The anterostyle on the anterior lamina of M 1 shifts posteriorly, and approaches the enterostyle on the middle lamina. The posterostyle or posterior cingulum is absent on M 1. M 1 has three roots, and M 2 has at least two roots.</p><p>Remarks: Mus musculus is a small-sized murid, with three roots on M 1, and this character distinguishes the species from other extant Ryukyu murids all representing distinctly larger-bodied genera, such as Rattus, Tokudaia, and Diplothrix . Apodemus and Micromys are common in mainland Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), but they are different from MPM-Fo 2935 in having well-developed posterostyle on M 1. Another species of Mus, M. caroli, is known in the Ryukyu area (Motokawa 2000), but this species usually lacks the masseteric knob that is occurred in living M. musculus and MPM-Fo 2935.</p><p>Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Iwasa 2009a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787EEFFBA931A916E9B3ED9A0FBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nishioka, Yuichiro;Nakagawa, Ryohei;Nunami, Shin;Hirasawa, Satoshi	Nishioka, Yuichiro, Nakagawa, Ryohei, Nunami, Shin, Hirasawa, Satoshi (2016): Table 2 in Fig. 5 in Acanthonyx petiverii " H. Milne Edwards 1834. Zoological Studies 55 (5): 1-21, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2016.55-05, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15155651
