taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E4E904CE6BEC417EEEFCADC31BCEA7.taxon	description	Molecular studies (Wade et al. 2001, 2006; Kokshoorn 2008: 21 – 40) have shown that there exists a deep phylogenetic split within the Chondrinidae (fig. 1). There is a clade containing Granaria, Granopupa and Solatopupa, next to a clade containing the genera Chondrina, Abida and Rupestrella. Whereas Granaria, Granopupa and Abida are genera with ground-dwelling snails, Solatopupa, Chondrina and Rupestrella species occur on vertical, exposed rock faces. Thus in both clades species with contrasting habitat preferences occur. The clades might have evolved because of, or in conjunction with, a shift in habitat choice. If so, then we have to accept a reversal and parallelism in ecological requirements in both clades. Because of these results, we restrict the subfamily Chondrininae to the clade with Chondrina, Abida and Rupestrella, and introduce the Granariinae for the sister-clade with Granaria, Granopupa and Solatopupa. It is hypothesized that the plesiomorphic bauplan of the apertural teeth in the shells, with the palatalis inferior as the most prominent palatal tooth, is still present in both the Granaria species and Granopupa granum (see Gittenberger 1973: 26). In Abida there is a modification, implying that the two main palatals are equally prominent. In Solatopupa, Chondrina and Rupestrella species with reduced apertural teeth occur. This parallel reduction is restricted to species occurring on large limestone cliffs. It is likely that in this habitat there is an absence of selection in favour of a complete set of apertural teeth.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE6BEC407EEEF945C624C9E7.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Granaria F. Held, 1837. Additional genera: Granopupa O. Boettger, 1889, and Solatopupa H. A. Pilsbry, 1917. Diagnosis and differentiation. — In shells with prominent apertural folds, a single, clearly most prominent, palatal fold is diagnostic for taxa of the Granariinae, whereas two main palatal folds characterize taxa of Chondrininae. In both subfamilies however, these folds may be partially or completely reduced in certain taxa, most noticeably in species occurring on exposed rockfaces. The genital tract is characterized by a relatively long pedunculus and a prominent flagellum in the Granariinae, versus a short pedunculus and an obsolete or missing flagellum in the Chondrininae. Notes. — This subfamily is rather poor in terminal taxa as compared to the Chondrininae. A mere 22 species and subspecies are currently recognized, versus over 100 in the Chondrininae. The oldest fossils known for the Chondrinidae have the Granaria bauplan, as is exemplified by Granaria bythiniformis (Miller, 1907) and Granaria multicostulata (Gutzwiller, 1905), both from the Eocene. In fact, all presently known fossils of pre-Pleistocene age are classified with Granaria. This is in striking contrast with what is known for the Chondrininae, where the oldest fossils are from the late Pleistocene (Kokshoorn 2008: 31). See also the notes with Granopupa.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE6AEC407EEEF8BBC216CF92.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (by monotypy): Pupa granum Draparnaud, 1801. Notes. — Only a single Granopupa species is actually recognized. According to molecular analyses (Kokshoorn 2008: 21 – 40) it takes a basal position in the Granariinae. See also the notes with Granaria.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEFDA6C41DCBEE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (design. Herrmannsen, 1847: 488): Pupa frumentum Draparnaud, 1801. Notes. — The genus Granaria is disjunctly represented by 7 extant species, in a very large area, reaching from western Europe in the west towards Iran in the east. Two species groups can be distinguished on the basis of distributional data, i. e. a western group, represented from the Iberian peninsula to the Balkans and a poorly known eastern group, known after few samples from Iran, Pakistan, Oman and Yemen. The phylogenetic relationships of the latter group of conchologically similar species is uncertain. Maybe the eastern group of alleged Granaria species is more closely related to Granopupa. Because conchological, autapomorphic character states are unknown, their classification will remain problematic as long as both anatomical and molecular data are not available. The same problem, but seemingly insoluble in this case, applies to the generic classification of the pre-Pleistocene fossil taxa.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEFBB4C696CC54.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEFA1FC208CDFC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEF8CFC437CF83.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Northwestern part of Romania (see Fehér et al. 2010). Distribution. — Albania, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEFA6CC6B0CF18.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: The Balkans. Distribution. — Southern Alps, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia. Notes. — Several authors (e. g. Klemm 1973; Kerney & Cameron 1979; Falkner et al. 2002) deal with G. illyrica as a separate species next to G. frumentum. However, we follow Gittenberger (1973) and Fehér et al. (2010) in considering G. f. illyrica and G. f. apennina (Küster, 1850) subspecific taxa. We are not convinced that G. f. frumentum and G. f. illyrica may occur sympatrically without being connected by intermediate populations in a hybrid zone.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE69EC437EEEFF0CC4C1C9DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France. Notes. — This species has by far the widest distribution of all chondrinids. It has even been reported from Ascension island, in the middle of the Atlantic ocean (7.94 W 14.36 S) (Ashmole & Ashmole 1997). The species is found in Portugal and Spain, in the Mediterranean zone and eastwards to Iran and Afghanistan (Gittenberger 1973: 40) and the Arabian peninsula (Neubert 1998: 365, fig. 51; 367, fig. 52). The record from northern Somalia (Verdcourt 1963: 408 – 409; Gittenberger 1973: 40) is based on the description of Granopupa somalensis Verdcourt, 1963. However, that species should be classified with Rupestrella. Hence the southernmost records for Granopupa are from Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEF97FC386CF4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Aude, Carcassone. According to Moquin-Tandon (1856: 379) this locality is incorrect (see Gittenberger 1973: 57), but this has no consequences for the current interpretation of this species. Distribution. — Spain, the Pyrenees and NE Spain, south to the province of Teruel.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEFF0CC469C8C7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Budua in Dalmatia. Distribution. — Bosnia-Hercegovina, Montenegro, Serbia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEFEA9C6DCC9A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Albania, Periferi Përmet, Benjë, gorge of Lumi I Lengaricës, 335 m a. s. l. Distribution. — Albania.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEFBCBC42BCE03.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Bouches-du-Rhône, Val de Crède, close to Marseille. Distribution. — France, departments of Var and Bouches-du-Rhône: mountains of Sainte-Baume and Sainte-Victoire [Var - Bouches-du-Rhône], Toulon [Var] and Plan d’Aups [Var] (Falkner et al. 2002: 108; Pavon 2005). Notes. — Next to the nominal subspecies, G. stabilei anceyi (Fagot, 1881) is recognized as a separate taxon by some authors (Falkner et al. 2002: 108; Pavon 2005). According to Falkner et al. (2002: 108), G. s. stabilei is restricted to the Italian-French main alpine chain, where it is hardly ever found below altitudes of 1800 m, whereas G. s. anceyi occurs in the Mediterranean coastal mountains of the French departments of Bouches-du- Rhône and Var, at medium to low altitudes. Shells of the latter subspecies are said to be more slender, with more prominent apertural teeth and radial sculpture. Although usually found in sheltered habitats, the species may co-occur with Chondrina avenacea on SW exposed vertical rockfaces. This was observed in the Italian part of the Alpes-Maritimes (BK, personal observation).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEFCD9C417CC25.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, province of Torino, Susa in the Dora Riparia valley; 500 – 600 m altitude. Distribution. — According to Falkner et al. (2002: 108), G. s. stabilei is restricted to the Italian [Torino, Cuneo] – French [Savoie, Hautes-Alpes] main alpine chain, where it is hardly ever found below altitudes of 1800 m. Notes. — See notes with G. s. anceyi (Fagot, 1881).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE68EC427EEEFE56C25CCA9C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France. Distribution. — From southernmost Switzerland in the north to the French and Italian Mediterranean coastal region in the south, southeastwards to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales (Gittenberger 1973: 51, map 1). In Italy far less common than in France. According to Caziot (1909: 157) introduced in Corsica.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEFEE4C6EBC9DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Arabia. Distribution. — “ Arabia ”.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEFF0CC5EEC91E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Alicante, slope of a barranco E of urbanización Verde Pino, 2 km S of Benitachell (UTM BC 58). Distribution. — Spain, the province of Valencia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEFDDAC426CB20.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Pakistan, Quetta, NW of the Bolan pass. Distribution. — Only known from the type locality. K. Auffenberg et al. found this species not far from the type locality in Pakistan, in the province of Baluchistan, near Ziarat, Quetta and Pishin, at altitudes between 1,530 and 2,550 m (Florida Museum Natural History, nos 202684,202706, 202714, 202723, 202725).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEFCE9C677CC1B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Iran, Seauch, in the mountains SE of Kermãn; 2,290 m altitude. Distribution. — Iran and Oman. Notes. — Recently, the species was recorded in Oman (RMNH 97627: H. Dekker & F. G. de Ceuninck van Capelle leg. 2004).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEFBE6C4B7CDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (by original designation): Bulimus similis Bruguière, 1792. Notes. — Boata (1988, 1991) has reconstructed a phylogeny for the genus using karyological data, and molecular (allozymes) and morphological characters. Her work revealed the existence of a cryptic species, for which the name S. juliana (Issel, 1866) was available. Ketmaier et al. (2006) provided a phylogeny reconstruction for the genus on the basis of DNA sequencing data. In that reconstruction S. cianensis takes a basal position among the Solatopupa species, which is not congruent with the findings of Boata (1988, 1991). Microsatellite markers for all species are available from GenBank, developed by Matamoro-Vidal, A., Gargominy, O., Dominique, V. & Michel, S. (unpublished). The accession numbers are: EF 450054 – EF 450062. Six species and one subspecies are currently recognized.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE67EC4D7EEEF9DAC4D3CFB5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, southern provinces. Distribution. — For a long time, S. juliana has been considered only a synonym of S. similis. As a consequence, the distribution indicated for S. similis by Margier (1901) and Gittenberger (1973), includes the range of S. juliana. In the Mediterranean coastal area, S. similis reaches from the province of Gerona in NE Spain as far eastward as Bogliasco in Liguria, Italy, some km east of Genova. It does not occur in Toscana and Lazio. The species has also been reported from localities more to the north, i. e. from the departments of Isère and Drôme in France, from near Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland, and from the province of Torino, Italy (Margier 1901; Gittenberger 1973; Gavetti et al. 2008). See also with S. juliana.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEF8DFC40CCFCD.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (by monotypy): Pupa secale Draparnaud, 1801. Notes. — All the Abida species occur in the mountain chain formed by the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mts. Only A. polyodon and especially A. secale additionally occur elsewhere. This genus has been the subject of a phylogenetic study by Kokshoorn (2008: 73 – 98).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEFDA6C60ECB03.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Alpes-Maritimes, Gorges du Cians, south of Beuil, right side of the river; 1200 m altitude. Distribution. — France, Gorges du Cians and Daluis, Alpes Maritimes. Notes. — This species occurs solely on red porphyre rocks in two gorges in the Alpes-Maritimes. According to Ketmaier et al. (2006) it shows several plesiomorphic character states, but this is not convincingly substantiated.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEFAC2C212CE36.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Corsica, Pioggiola, Mte Padro; 830 m alt. Distribution. — Corsica. Notes. — A phylogeographic study of S. guidoni was recently published (Ketmaier et al. 2010)	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEF9DAC6E3CE90.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sardinia, Capo Caccia. Distribution. — Sardinia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEFF0CC442C9DB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, province of Pisa, San Giuliano. Distribution. — According to unpublished data, kindly put at our disposal by Dr. M. Bodon and Prof. Dr. F. Giusti, this Italian endemic species is known from the extreme southeastern part of the province of La Spezia in Liguria, many localities in Toscana, and very few places in Lazio, as far south as the province of Latina. Notes. — Boata (1988, 1991) demonstrated that S. juliana is most closely related to the partly sympatric S. pallida, although it is conchologically very similar to S. similis. The sibling species S. juliana and S. similis both occur in the coastal area of Liguria, but never sympatrically. They are geographically separated by a gap of over 60 km. See also notes on distribution of S. similis.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEFBE2C45CCCE4.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Northern Italy. Distribution. — NW Italy, between Genua and La Spezia.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE66EC4C7EEEFC0EC4F8CC27.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Alpes-Maritimes, Nice. Distribution. — France and Italy, Alpes Maritimes and Alpi Marittime.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE65EC497EEEFA33C5AEC9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France. Distribution. — For the distribution of the various subspecies of A. secale, we refer to figs 2 and 3. Notes. — Since the last comprehensive study on A. secale (Gittenberger 1973), two subspecies have been added to this extremely polytypic species. Four more are added here. Molecular data support the monophyly of A. secale s. l. as interpreted by Gittenberger (1973) and Kokshoorn (2008: 73). These data also suggest that there has relatively recently been a hybridization between A. attenuata (Fagot, 1886) and A. secale (see Kokshoorn 2008: 73 – 98), resulting in introgression of the A. attenuata mitochondrion into A. secale. This obscured the phylogenetic relations between the populations and subspecies in A. secale. Gittenberger (1973) postulated that A. secale forms a ring species complex. On the basis of samples of shells kept in museum collections, he suggested that the extreme morphological variation in the Sierra del Cadí, with a complex system of clines, locally resulted in intraspecific reproductive isolation. Using newly collected material with more precise locality data for biogeographical, morphological and molecular studies, we could neither confirm nor convincingly falsify the ring species model. For the moment being, we still prefer to unite a large group of subspecific taxa under the heading of a single species, i. e. A. secale s. l. The intra- and intersubspecific morphological variation does not prevent the delimitation of subspecies that are geographically coherent (but see Bech & Viader 1996) and that are more or less clearly interconnected. The results generated by DNA sequencing show that A. secale secale dispersed into its present range across Europe from its origin in or near the Segre valley in northern Spain. Morphologically the nominate subspecies is most closely linked to the subspecies found in southern France, i. e. A. s. boileausiana, A. s. saxicola and A. s. andorrensis. Based on extensive collections in the area, we concluded that there is a differentiation between subspecies with a more northerly and those with a more southerly distribution in northern Spain. Abida s. andorrensis (with A. s. ionicae) and A. s. brongersmai are linked by intermediates in the west and north of the Segre valley. The molecular data suggest that A. s. brongersmai and A. s. brauniopsis are linked by the high-altitude taxa A. s. cadiensis and A. s. cadica across the Cadí and Moixeró mountain ranges, although shell forms intermediate between A. s. cadiensis and A. s. cadica are not known. South of the Cadí-Moixéro mountain ranges A. s. tuxensis and A. s. lilietensis are found, linked by intermediates. Further eastwards, A. s. lilietensis gradually changes into A. s. affinis, which is linked by intermediates to A. s. margaridae, with A. s. merijni across the Moixéro range. Because of their shell morphology and distribution, and not contradicted by the molecular data, the taxa occurring further south, i. e. A. s. bofilli and A. s. meridionalis, are classified with the southern group. Since specimens intermediate between A. s. andorrensis and A. s. tuxensis are also known (Gittenberger 1973; personal observations), this series of taxa cannot be separated from A. secale. Based on these observations, we suggest a scenario with temporary isolation between a northern and a southern group of populations, resulting in a morphological differentiation with the unique development of a protruding aperture in the ‘ andorrensis - brongersmai - brauniopsis ’ group. There are minor climatic differences throughout the area, but we were not able to correlate any of these with potentially adaptive conchological characteristics. The scenario presented here would explain the absence of intermediates between geographical neighbouring taxa like A. s. brongersmai and A. s. margaridae, and A. s. tuxensis – A. s. brauniopsis – A. s. lilietensis. Unfortunately, there is no fossil record for Abida; this makes it impossible to verify these hypothesized events or to suggest a timeframe. The distribution of the subspecies in the Cadí area is shown in figure 2. The distributional patterns in NE Spain outside this area are shown in figure 3. These maps are based on records from three major Dutch collections of Chondrinidae, viz. the National Museum of Natural History (Leiden), the Zoological Museum (Amsterdam) and the private collection of Mr. J. Eikenboom (Hellevoetsluis). Only those samples were included that contained 1 km UTM or other comparably accurate geographical data. A few records from the literature (Gittenberger 1973; Bech 1993; Martínez-Ortí et al. 2004) were added if these data were sufficiently accurate.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE63EC497EEEFA36C47ECFCB.taxon	description	1973: 94): France, Pyrénées-Orientales, Villefranche-de-Conflent.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE63EC497EEEFA36C47ECFCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — France, Pyrénées-Orientales. See Gittenberger (1973: 96). Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell slender to very slender, cylindro-conical, with 8 3 / 4 – 10 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not narrowed, with an indistinct keel. A slight external indentation accompanies the palatalis superior, a stronger one corresponds with the infraparietalis. The palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus open. Shell height, 6.8 – 8.8 mm; width, 2.2 – 2.7 mm. Apertural lip moderately to strongly thickened, sometimes with some minor plicae; parietal edges connected by a faint callus. Angularis connected with spiralis. Subangularis lamelliform, prominent. A more or less well developed infraparietalis is present. Columellaris longer than infracolumellaris, reaching the edge of the aperture. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and reaching up to the edge of the aperture. A suprapalatalis and a weak suturalis are present at the dorsal anterodorsal palatal centre. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395398.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE63EC497EEEFE69C5F6CD46.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France. Lectotype: Museum of Natural History, Vienna 77709. Distribution. — England, Belgium, southern Germany, Slovakia, northwestern Italy, France and northeastern Spain. See Kerney, Cameron & Jungbluth (1983: 332, fig. 86). Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell more or less slender, cylindro-conical, with 8 ¼ – 9 ⅝ weakly to moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with irregularly placed, weak to rather prominent axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed, with an indistinct keel and an indistinct indentation at the position of both the infrapalatalis and the palatalis superior. The palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus open, partly obscured by the last part of the body whorl. Shell height, 6.0 – 9.5 mm; width, 2.0 – 2.9 mm. The parietal edges of the aperture are connected by a faint to barely visible callus. Angularis mostly connected with spiralis. Subangularis partly fused with angularis. Parietalis present. Columellaris reaching further than the columella in front, but not to the edge of the aperture. Infracolumellaris as prominent as the columellaris or somewhat smaller. A third, much less developed columellar fold, the basalis, is often present. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior are hardly to clearly indented or interrupted, reaching in front to the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal centre a suprapalatalis and a suturalis are present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395399 – EU 395415, EU 395427. Notes. — Abida secale secale is somewhat variable in size across its range (see pl. 1 figs G, H). However, the apertural dentition is very uniform. This also accounts for samples from high altitudes in the Alps (i. e. pl. 1 fig. I). This is strikingly different from the situation in the Pyrenees, where shell morphology varies conspicuously with the altitude (Kokshoorn 2008: 99 – 114).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE62EC487EEEFCF7C530CF50.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Andorra, Santa Juliá de Lória. Lectotype: Colln Bourguignat, Museum of Natural History, Geneva. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell slender, cylindro-conical to fusiform, with 8 5 / 8 – 10 3 / 4 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, moderate to strong axial ribs. The sculpture is often partially obsolete. Body whorl obliquely flattened and more or less clearly narrowed, with a strong keel. A slight external indentation accompanies the palatalis superior, at the position of the infraparietalis the apertural lip is mostly slightly indented. The palatal side of the aperture appears vertical (in lateral view). Umbilicus open. Shell height, 7.3 – 11.8 mm; width, 2.4 – 3.5 mm. Apertural lip strongly thickened, continuing along the parietal side or aperture with a more or less prominent parietal callus. Rarely the aperture protrudes up to 0.2 mm. Angularis connected with spiralis. Subangularis lamelliform, more or less prominent. Infraparietalis well developed. Columellaris reaching only slightly further than the columella in front, conspicuously broader than the other lamellae there and ending abruptly, or sometimes connected with an indistinct fold on the apertural lip. Infracolumellaris longer, often reaching the apertural edge. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and reaching up to the edge of the aperture. At the weak anterodorsal palatal center, a suprapalatalis and often a suturalis are present. At the apertural edge several more or less indistinct or more prominent folds may be present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395339 – EU 395342. Notes. — Abida s. andorrensis was reported from the northeastern part of the Segre valley, between Martinet and Prullans (Gittenberger 1973). We consider this a dubious record, since this subspecies has not been found there during surveys in 2004 – 2006. Maybe atypical specimens of A. s. brongersmai (see for instance pl. 4 figs B – C) have been misidentified. However, A. s. andorrensis does occur in Spain. It has been recorded from the area around Nargó, west of the Segre river, as well as from the Parque Nacional Aigûes Tortes, 5 km NE of Bohi (= Boi) (Lérida). South of Nargó forms that are intermediate between A. s. andorrensis and A. s. tuxensis (pl. 2 figs D – F) are found.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE62EC487EEEFF0CC47ECB00.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Ariège, Vicdessos. Distribution. — France, Departments of Ariège, Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales. See Gittenberger (1973: 96). Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell rather fragile as compared to other A. secale forms, less slender and more conical, with 7 3 / 4 – 9 1 / 2 whorls, which are weakly to moderately inflated and sculptured with regularly placed, axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed and without keel. A slight external indentation accompanies the palatalis superior, just behind the apertural edge. The palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus open. Shell height, 5.4 – 7.4 mm; width, 2.2 – 2.5 mm. Apertural lip moderately to strongly thickened; its parietal edges connected by a faint callus. Angularis connected with spiralis. Subangularis more or less prominent. Infraparietalis present. Columellaris clearly stronger and longer than infracolumellaris, gently curving upward to the edge of the aperture. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and reaching up to the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal centre, a suprapalatalis and a weak suturalis are present. Aperture narrowed by the strongly developed columellar and parietal folds; distances between those folds smaller than their own height. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395344.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE61EC4B7EEEFC45C29DCEFE.taxon	description	Barcelona. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description. — Shell slender, more or less cylindro-conical to fusiform, with 1 ¼ – 1 3 / 4 protoconch whorls and an additional 7 7 / 8 to 8 5 / 8 whorls, sculptured with fine, regularly placed axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, slightly narrowed, with a very indistinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a clear external indentation of the apertural lip. Palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Height, 8.2 – 10.9 mm; width, 2.4 – 3.1 mm. Greatest width at approximately half the height of the shell. Umbilicus narrowly open. Apertural lip moderately to strongly thickened; its parietal edges connected by a very faint callus. Angularis and spiralis connected by a faint callus or not at all. Subangularis present, partly attached to angularis. Parietalis and often a faint to strong infraparietalis are present. Columellaris reaching slightly to clearly beyond the columella in front, front end not truncated. Infracolumellaris and columellaris equally well developed. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior hardly to clearly incised or interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal center, a suprapalatalis and often a suturalis are present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395385 – EU 395393. Notes. — Abida s. lilietensis is somewhat variable across its range, with forms that are intermediate to A. s. affinis. There can be variation in apertural shape and shell shape within a single population (i. e. pl. 3 figs E – F)	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE61EC4B7EEEFF0CC297CB94.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, Tuxent. Lectotype: Museum of Natural History, Göteborg 2252. Distribution. — See figs 2 and 3. Description. — Shell slender or very slender, more or less cylindro-conical, with 7 7 / 8 to 10 1 / 2 whorls, sculptured with regularly placed axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, slightly narrowed, with a very indistinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a clear external indentation of the apertural lip. Palatal side of the aperture very slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Shell height, 10.2 – 13.8 mm; width, 3.1 – 3.7 mm. The greatest width is found approximately halfway the height of the shell. Umbilicus open. Apertural lip moderately to strongly thickened; parietal edges connected by very faint callus. Angularis and spiralis connected, with a slight indentation or a weak callus. Subangularis present, partly attached to angularis. Parietalis present, infraparietalis only when more undefined folds are present on the apertural lip. Columellaris reaching more or less far beyond the columella in front; not truncated. Infracolumellaris and columellaris about equally well developed. The infrapalatalis, the palatalis inferior and the palatalis superior are hardly to clearly incised or interrupted. They reach up to the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal center a suprapalatalis and often a suturalis are present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395416 – EU 395426. Notes. — This subspecies has not been distinguished from A. s. lilietensis by Gittenberger (1973). However, in A. s. tuxensis the shell is generally larger and more cylindrical than in A. s. lilietensis, which is characterized by more spindle-shaped, often smaller shells. The two subspecies are not found sympatrically (fig. 2).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE61EC4A7EEEF8B0C316CABC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Pyrénées-Orientales, La Preste. Holotype: Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt 3890. Distribution. — See figs 2 and 3. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell very slender, fusiform or somewhat cylindro-conical, with 8 ¼ – 9 ⅝ weakly to moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with more or less regularly placed, weak to strong axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed, with a very indistinct keel and a very short basis. Palatalis superior accompanied by an external indentation in the apertural lip. Palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell height, 6.0 – 11.3 mm; width, 2.0 – 2.9 mm. Apertural lip moderately thickened; its parietal edges connected by a very faint callus. Angularis not connected with spiralis, a short subangularis is present. Parietalis well developed, situated deep inside body whorl and not visible in frontal view. Infraparietalis only present when there are more weak folds on the apertural lip. Columellar lamellae weakly developed, reaching hardly beyond the columella. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior are more or less indented or interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. Suprapalatalis and weak suturalis present at dorsal to posterodorsal palatal center. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395329 – EU 395338.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE60EC4A7EEEFD2FC4A7CDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality:, Spain, Gerona,. Sierra de Finestras, Coll de Sta. Maria de Finestras. Holotype: Museo de Zoologia, Barcelona. Distribution. — See fig. 3. Only known from the type locality. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell fusiform, more slender than any other Abida species or subspecies, with 9 3 / 4 – 11 moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with more or less regularly placed, weak axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, narrowed with an indistinct keel and a very short basis. Palatal side of aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus very narrowly open. Shell height, 8.9 – 10.9 mm; width, 2.3 – 2.7 mm. The maximum width is reached approximately halfway the total shell height. Apertural lip strongly thickened; its parietal edges connected by a thin callus. Angularis weakly connected with spiralis or separated. Subangularis inconspicuous. Parietalis inconspicuous in frontal view, but increasingly higher deeper inside the body whorl. Infraparietalis often present, as well as several weak folds on the apertural lip. Columellaris longer than infracolumellaris, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. A basalis is also present. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior are more or less clearly indented or interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. Suprapalatalis and sometimes a weak suturalis present at posterodorsal palatal center. Notes. — Extensive fieldwork in the area, with repeated visits to the supposed type locality between 2004 – 2007, did not yield any specimens of this subspecies. In 2008 however, Mr. H. - J. Hirschfelder collected several empty shells of A. s. elegantissima close to the type locality (pers. comm.) A visit to this area (app. 500 m north of the Monasterio de Sta. Maria de Finestras) in June 2009 (BK) yielded several live specimens (RMNH 116482), demonstrating the continued existence of this subspecies.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE60EC557EEEF985C4BFCACE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, road to Alás, near Torres, right side of the river Segre, east of La Seu d’Urgell. Holotype: National Museum of Natural History (RMNH), Leiden 54778. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell slender cylindro-conical to fusiform, with 9 ¼ – 11 ¼ weakly to moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, fine axial ribs. Initial teleoconch whorls often without sculpture. Body whorl obliquely flattened, slightly narrowed, with a distinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a slight to moderately prominent indentation, infrapalatalis with conspicuous external indentation just behind apertural lip. Palatal side of the aperture vertical or slightly leaning backwards (in lateral view). Umbilicus moderately wide, circular. Shell height, 8.0 – 11.2 mm; width, 2.8 – 3.3 mm. Aperture roundish. Apertural lip strongly thickened, continuous across the parietal side, often protruding up to 1 mm. Angularis relatively high near the aperture but quickly decreasing in prominence, reaching past the front end of the parietalis, not or more or less clearly connected with spiralis. Subangularis well developed, not connected to angularis. Parietalis and infraparietalis well developed. Several weak to strong folds may be present on the apertural lip. Columellaris ending abruptly on the columella, clearly broader than the other lamellae there. Infracolumellaris, reaching further beyond the columella, often connected with a lamella on the apertural lip. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior indented, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal center a suturalis, an equally long or longer suprapalatalis and often a short basalis are present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395348, EU 395357 – EU 395367. Notes. — Both shell sculpture and apertural protrusion vary in this conspicuous subspecies. This variation is partly correlated with altitude (Kokshoorn 2008: 99 – 114). In the easternmost part of its present range A. s. brongersmai occurs close to A. s. margaridae, but intermediate populations are not known. This might be due to the introduction of A. s. brongersmai in the area north of Pedra (SE of Bellver de Cerdanya). In that area, limestone rocks have been used for the construction of walls, creating an artificial habitat for A. secale. Maybe the rocks originated from the region where A. s. brongersmai occurs.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7FEC557EEEFCB2C6F5CE8A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, road to Collado de Toses, between Das and Urús. Holotype: Museo de Zoologia, Barcelona. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (n = 13). — Shell slender, elongated cylindro-conical, with 9 ¼ – 10 6 / 8 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, slightly narrowed, with a distinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a clear external indentation of the apertural lip, usually resulting in a slightly concave palatal apertural border. Palatal side of aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Shell height, 10.2 – 12.3 mm; width (of body whorl), 3.0 – 3.5 mm. The maximum shell width is reached in the upper half of the shell. Umbilicus widely open. Apertural lip strongly reflected, moderately to strongly thickened. Parietal edges usually connected by a thin callus. Angularis and spiralis connected, with a slight indentation or a weak callus. Subangularis present, partly attached to angularis. Parietalis present, infraparietalis usually present, and if so, accompanied by several minor folds on the parietal and columellar side. Columellaris reaching more or less clearly beyond the columella, occasionally up to the apertural lip. Infracolumellaris weakly developed, not or hardly reaching beyond the columella. Palatalis inferior and palatalis superior reaching the edge of the aperture. In frontal view, no more palatal folds are visible inside the aperture, but there are a suturalis, a suprapalatalis and an infrapalatalis near the inner end of the two more prominent palatals, as far as ½ – ¾ whorl from the aperture. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395394 – EU 395396. Notes. — Abida s. margaridae is very variable in shell characters, even within populations (pl. 4 figs F – H). The present description of this subspecies is based on material collected near (or at) the type locality (RMNH 100613); Spain, Gerona, road from Das to Masella (GI- 404), 1 km SE of Das (= 1.5 km S of Alp), 1,325 m alt., 42.36127 ° N / 1.87672 ° E.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7FEC547EEEF97DC611CB7B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, Gosol, Sierra del Cadí. Lectotype: National Museum of Natural History (RMNH), Leiden 54780. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell slender, fusiform to cylindro-conical, with 8 3 / 4 – 9 3 / 4 weakly inflated whorls, sculpturedwith regularly placed, fine axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, narrowed, with a very distinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a slight external indentation. Infrapalatalis with a prominent external indentation just behind apertural lip. Palatal side of aperture vertical (in lateral view). Umbilicus widely open. Shell height, 7.5 – 10.8 mm; width, 2.5 – 2.8 mm. Aperture narrowed, with only slightly curved columellar and palatal sides and basally a sharp angle. Apertural lip strongly thickened, continuous across parietal side, broadly reflected and often protruding up to 1 mm. Angularis relatively high near the aperture but quickly decreasing in prominence, reaching beyond the front end of the parietalis, not or only weakly connected with the spiralis. Subangularis connected with angularis. Infraparietalis obsolete or lacking. Columellaris not reaching beyond the columella, clearly broader than the other lamellae at its frontal, abrupt ending. Infracolumellaris reaching further beyond the columella but never up to the apertural lip. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior indented, reaching up to the edge of the aperture; some additional minor lamellae are occasionally present on the palatal apertural lip. At the anterodorsal palatal center a suturalis, a somewhat stronger, but equally long suprapalatalis and a shorter basalis are present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395345 – EU 395347, EU 395349 – EU 395356. Notes. — In the Sierra del Cadí, south of the Comabona, populations of Abida secale are found that are intermediate between A. s. brauniopsis and A. s. brongersmai. In these populations the shells share the multitude of folds on the apertural lip with A. s. brongersmai, but the aperture is still narrowed, not roundish (pl. 5 figs C – E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7EEC547EEEFCE9C47ECE64.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Teruel, Cantavieja, 4 km W of Cantavieja along 800 P road at rkm 93,5, UTM YK 1588; 1,460 m alt. Distribution. — See fig. 3. Description (after Martínez-Ortí et al. 2004). — Shell slender, elongated cylindrical, with 9 1 / 2 – 12 3 / 4 moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed axial ribs, that are often worn. Body whorl slightly obliquely flattened, somewhat narrowed, with an indistinct keel. Palatalis superior accompanied by a clear external indentation of the apertural lip, usually causing the palatal side of the aperture to appear somewhat concave. Shell height, 5.4 – 12.5 mm, width, 2.8 – 3.1 mm. The greatest width of the shell is reached in its upper half. Umbilicus narrowly open. Apertural lip strongly reflected, moderately to strongly thickened. Parietal edges usually connected by a more or less prominent callus. Angularis and spiralis connected with a slight indentation or a weak callus. Subangularis present, partly attached to angularis. Strong parietalis and weak infraparietalis regularly present. Columellaris reaches, with an upward curve, up to the apertural lip. Infracolumellaris weakly developed, never extending far beyond the columella. A third, indistinct columellar fold may be present. The infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior reach up to the edge of the aperture. The palatalis superior regularly forms a swelling on the apertural lip. If so, then this is accompanied by indistict folds. At the anterodorsal palatal center a suprapalatalis may be present. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395397.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7EEC577EEEF912C47EC9A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Barcelona, Montserrat. Lectotype: Westerlund, Naturhistoriska Museet, Göteborg. Distribution. — See fig. 3. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell slender to very slender, shortly cylindrical, becoming conical towards the apex, with 9 – 10 3 / 4 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed axial striae. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed, with a distinct keel. Infrapalatalis accompanied by a very prominent external indentation in the apertural lip. Palatal side of aperture leaning slightly forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus very narrowly open. Shell height, 6.9 – 8.6 mm; width, 2.1 – 2.5 mm. Apertural lip weakly to moderately thickened, connected across the parietal side by faint callus. Angularis connected with spiralis, subangularis present. No infraparietalis but several minor folds may be present on the apertural lip. Columellaris somewhat more prominent than infracolumellaris, both equally strongly decreasing in prominence towards the aperture, but reaching well beyond the columella. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior indented to interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. Suprapalatalis and often a weak suturalis present at the dorsal palatal center. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395343.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7DEC567EEEF8AEC265CAF7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, Collado de Tancalaporta, Sierra del Cadí. Lectotype: Naturhistoriska Museet Göteborg 2261. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell fusiform, relatively short, with 7 3 / 4 – 8 1 / 2 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, weak axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, slightly narrowed, with a very distinct keel. Infrapalatalis accompanied by a very clear external indentation just behind apertural lip. Palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus very narrowly open. Aperture more or less clearly protruding. Shell height, 6.1 – 7.5 mm; width, 2.2 – 2.5 mm. Apertural lip strongly thickened, continuous across the parietal side, broadly reflexed and protruding up to c. 0.2 mm. Angularis relatively wide near the aperture but rapidly decreasing in prominence inside, reaching beyond the frontal end of the parietalis, hardly separated from the spiralis. Subangularis and infraparietalis missing. Columellaris somewhat more prominent than infracolumellaris, but both not reaching beyond columella. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. Suprapalatalis and a weak suturalis present at anterodorsal palatal center. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395368. Notes. — Additional material of this subspecies collected by the authors (RMNH 104126 / 15) fits the original description by Gittenberger (1973), which was based on 3 specimens only. However, the size range (shell height and width) has been updated. Abida s. cadica may be considered ‘ derived’ from A. s. brauniopsis.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7CEC567EEEFC99C463CE06.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Lérida, Martinet. Holotype: National Museum of Natural History (RMNH), Leiden 54782. Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell cylindro-conical, with 7 3 / 4 – 8 1 / 2 weakly to moderately inflated whorls, sculpturedwith irregularly placed, weak axial striae, rather glossy. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed, with a more or less distinct keel. Infrapalatalis accompanied by more or less prominent external indentation. Palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus very narrowly open. Aperture not or hardly protruding. Shell height, 5.2 – 7.5 mm; width, 2.2 – 2.8 mm. Apertural lip weakly thickened, continuous across the parietal side by a (very) strong callus. Angularis not connected with spiralis, ending approximately where a prominent parietalis begins. Subangularis obsolete, a minor knob attached to the angularis, or missing. Infraparietalis absent. Columellaris somewhat more prominent than infracolumellaris, both not reaching beyond the columella. Palatalis inferior and palatalis superior interrupted, reaching up to the edge of the aperture. Infrapalatalis short but prominent at the anterodorsal palatal center, not or only very weakly developed in the frontal part of the palatal folds. Suprapalatalis and occasionally a weak suturalis are present at the anterodorsal palatal center. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395374 – EU 395377, EU 395383 – EU 395384. Notes. — Abida s. cadiensis is clearly a high-altitude form, ‘ derived’ from A. s. brongersmai, which looks very different at first sight. However, a series of intermediates is known from the northern side of the Sierra del Cadí, especially from the Comabona mtn (pl. 6 figs I – K).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7CEC517EEEF9EAC47ECB52.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. — Spain, Lérida. Holotype (RMNH 109892): Sierra del Comte, Port del Comte, S of Tossa Pelada mtn, 2,100 m alt., Escola leg. Paratypes: type locality (RMNH 54960 / 3); Sierra del Cadí, Torre del Cadí mtn, 2,400 m alt., 42.28387 ° N / 1.56363 ° E, 04 - viii- 2004 (RMNH 99118 / 6). Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (n = 10). — Shell slender to broadly fusiform, with 8 1 / 8 – 8 3 / 4 moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, moderately strong axial ribs. Body whorl slightly flattened obliquely and more or less narrowed, without a distinct keel. Palatal side of the aperture slightly protruding. A vague external indentation may accompany the palatalis superior; at the position of the infraparietalis the apertural lip is usually slightly indented. The palatal side of the aperture appears vertical (in lateral view). Umbilicus narrowly open. Shell height, 6.8 – 7.7 mm; width, 2.6 – 2.8 mm. Apertural lip reflected, thickened, discontinued at parietal side or connected by a faint callus. Angularis not connected to spiralis. Subangularis obsolete or absent. Columellaris slightly more prominent than the infracolumellaris and reaching shortly beyond columella. Both lamellae do not extend to the apertural lip. Palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented, reaching the edge of the aperture. At the inconspicuous, anterodorsal palatal center a vague suprapalatalis and infrapalatalis may be present. Differentiation. — The shells are on average larger than those in populations of the other high-altitude taxa occurring at comparable altitudes, i. e. A. s. cadiensis, A. s. cadica, A. s. ionicae, A. s. peteri and A. s. merijni. Abida s. vilellai is most similar to A. s. tuxensis, differing in size and by a reduction of the number of the apertural teeth and their prominence. Intermediates between A. s. tuxensis and A. s. vilellai are know from the Wflank of the Torre del Cadí mtn. The specimens from the type locality possess a more strongly reduced apertural dentition than those from the Torre del Cadí. Specimens from the latter locality have a prominent infrapalatalis and sometimes a suturalis. Derivatio nominis. — With great pleasure we have named this subspecies in honour of the Spanish malacologist Manuel Vilella Tejedo, President of the Associació Catalana de Malacologia, to acknowledge his long-lasting stimulating work on the Catalan malacofauna. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395372.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7BEC517EEEFC3FC233CFCC.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. — Spain, Lérida, Sierra del Cadí, Pedraforca mtn. Holotype (RMNH 109890): 2,300 m alt., B. Kokshoorn & P. Lindenburg leg., 06 - viii- 2004. Paratypes: type locality (RMNH 99135 / 23); 2,250 m alt., B. Kokshoorn & P. Lindenburg leg., 06 - viii- 2004 (RMNH 54961 / 6); E-side, c. 50 m below the coll, 2,250 m alt., B. Kokshoorn & P. Lindenburg leg., 06 - viii- 2004 (RMNH 99136 / 5). Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (n = 35). — Shell slender spindle-shaped, with 7 3 / 8 – 8 1 / 8 slightly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, vague axial ribs. The sculpture is often partially faded. Body whorl slightly flattened and more or less narrowed, without apparent keel. Palatal side of the aperture slightly protruding in the middle (in lateral view). Umbilicus widely open. Shell height, 5.1 – 7.3 mm; width, 2.0 – 2.2 mm. Apertural lip thickened, strongly reflected and discontinous at the parietal side or connected by a thin callus. Angularis not connected with spiralis. Subangularis absent. Columellaris not reaching beyond columella, clearly broader than subcolumellaris and parietalis. Infracolumellaris like columellaris but less prominent. Palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and almost reaching the edge of the aperture. At the anterodorsal palatal center a weak suprapalatalis and infrapalatalis are present. A suturalis is usually absent. Differentiation. — This subspecies shares character states with both A. s. lilietensis and A. s. brauniopsis. These two subspecies occur at the foot and along the flanks of the mountain, i. e. A. s. brauniopsis on the south- and westside, and A. s. lilietensis on the NE-flank. The pronounced columellaris, widely open umbilicus and the strongly reflected apertural lip point to a relation with A. s. brauniopsis. However, along the eastflank of the mountain, at altitudes from 1,650 to 2,100 m, shells that are clearly intermediate between A. s. peteri and A. s. lilietensis are found. These specimens have a discontinuous apertural lip and the more slender shape that links these two taxa. A. s. peteri resembles A. s. cadiensis and A. s. merijni, but differs in that it is somewhat smaller and less conical and by its very fine striae that are more pronounced in both A. s. cadiensis and A. s. merijni. Derivatio nominis. — This subspecies is named after Mr. Peter Lindenburg. Without his help and support, the first fieldwork period of the first author would not have been possible. Together collecting trips to the peaks of the Pedraforca mtn and the Torre del Cadí mtn were made, where material of this new subspecies was collected. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395369 – EU 395370, EU 395373, EU 395378.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7AEC507EEEFF0CC47ECE38.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. — Andorra. Holotype (RMNH 109059): Arinsal (= 8 km NNW of Andorra la Vella), Alt de la Capa mtn (= 2.8 km WSW of Arinsal), 2,500 m alt., 42.56203 ° N / 1.45567 ° E, B. Kokshoorn leg., 16 - ix- 2007. Paratypes: type locality (RMNH 109060 / 20); Alt de la Capa mtn, 2,350 m alt., 42.56180 ° N / 1.45981 ° E, B. Kokshoorn leg., 16 - ix- 2007 (RMNH 109061 / 16); Alt de la Capa mtn, 2,100 m alt. 42.56355 ° N / 1.46659 ° E, B. Kokshoorn leg., 16 - ix- 2007 (RMNH 109062 / 31); Pal (= 5.6 km NW of Andorra la Vella), N-side above town, 42.54618 ° N / 1.47136 ° E, B. Kokshoorn leg., 15 - ix- 2007 (RMNH 109063 / 30); Pas de la Casa, 2,100 m alt., “ Wageningse Studenten leg. ”, vi- 2002 (RMNH 109064 / 3); Pico Mainera mtn, M. Vilella leg. (RMNH 111881 / 1 paratype). Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (n = 58). — Shell slender cylindrical to slightly fusiform, with 7 – 8 3 / 4 weakly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, moderate to strong axial ribs. The sculpture is often partially obsolete. Body whorl obliquely flattened and more or less narrowed, with a prominent keel. A slight external indentation accompanies the palatalis superior; at the position of the infraparietalis the apertural lip is mostly slightly indented. The palatal side of the aperture appears vertical (in lateral view). Umbilicus open. Shell height, 5.1 – 7.1 mm, width, 2.0 – 2.7 mm. Apertural lip thickened, continuous at parietal side or connected by a more or less prominent callus. Occasionally the aperture slightly protrudes. Angularis connected with spiralis. Subangularis lamelliform and more or less strongly developed. Infraparietalis prominent. Columellaris reaching only slightly beyond the columella, at its front end clearly thicker than the other lamellae; ending abruptly and sometimes connected with an indistinct fold on the apertural lip. Infracolumellaris longer, often reaching the apertural edge. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and reaching the edge of the aperture. At the weak anterodorsal palatal center a suprapalatalis and often a suturalis are present. At the apertural edge several more or less indistinct folds may be present. Differentiation. — Abida s. ionicae differs clearly from A. s. andorrensis. Although these subspecies are connected by a series of intermediates, the extremes are easily distinguishable. Shells of Abida s. ionicae are smaller than A. s. andorrensis (5.1 – 7.1 mm versus 9.6 – 11.8 mm in height) and much more slender. The former subspecies is found at c. 1,600 m altitude and higher, whereas A. s. andorrensis is known from c. 900 – 1,500 m altitude. Abida s. ionicae differs from the other high-altitude forms by its slightly more cylindrical shape and the very prominent axial ribbing. A few shells are known from the province of Lérida, Spain: Pico Mainera mtn, NW of Sort (pl. 7 fig. K). Ecology. — The subspecies is known from altitudes between 1,600 and 2,700 m, where it occurs in Andorra on calcareous schist with limonitized pyrite crystals. Derivatio nominis. — This subspecies is named after Ms. Ionica Smeets, a good friend of the first author, to celebrate 15 years of friendschip. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395371.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE7AEC537EEEF9ACC316CC47.taxon	materials_examined	Type series. — Spain, Barcelona, Sierra Moixeró. Holotype (RMNH 109891): summit of Pedro dels Quattre Batlles mtn (Tossa d’Alp) (= 15 km N of Bagà), 2,530 m alt., 42.31637 ° N / 1.88965 ° E, B. Kokshoorn & M. M. Bos leg., 07 - v- 2006. Paratypes: type locality (RMNH 104103 / 30); Cap del Serrat Gran mtn (15 km NE of Bagà), 2,400 m alt., 42.30759 ° N / 1.91407 ° E, 07 - v- 2006 (RMNH 10410 ¼); ditto, 2,366 m alt., 42.30759 ° N / 1.91407 ° E, 07 - v- 2006 (RMNH 104083 / 72); ditto, 2,326 m alt., 42.32549 ° N / 1.90163 ° E, 07 - v- 2006 (RMNH 104105 / 33); ditto, 2,163 m alt., 42.29859 ° N / 1.91423 ° E, 04 - v- 2006 (RMNH 104081 / 108). Distribution. — See fig. 2. Description (n = 258). — Shell slender fusiform, with 6 7 / 8 – 9 slightly inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, moderate to strong axial ribs. The sculpture is often partially worn off. Body whorl slightly flattened obliquely and more or less narrowed, without a distinct keel. Palatal side of the aperture slightly protruding, appears vertical (in lateral view). Umbilicus narrowed but open. Shell height, 5.3 – 7.4 mm, width, 2.3 – 2.7 mm. Apertural lip usually strongly thickened, discontinuous at parietal side or connected by a thin callus. Some very weak folds may be present on the lip. Angularis either connected or not with spiralis. Subangularis present, more or less prominent. Columellaris reaching well beyond columella, somewhat more prominent than infracolumellaris. Both lamellae occasionally extend to the apertural lip. Infrapalatalis, palatalis inferior and palatalis superior clearly indented and reaching the edge of the aperture. At the weak anterodorsal palatal center a suprapalatalis and often a suturalis are present. The palatalis superior often forms a strong callous bulb at the apertural lip. Notes. — In the sample from the peak of the Pedro dels Quattre Battles mtn the apertural dentition is most strongly reduced. The infracolumellaris is hardly visible and does not reach the columella (in frontal view). The subangularis is lacking in this sample. The apertural lip is less strongly thickened than in other (fully grown) specimens in A. secale. In this sample angularis and spiralis are not connected, but that differs in other populations of this subspecies. Differentiation. — Abida s. merijni is most closely related to the two lowland forms that occur at the foot and along the flanks of the mountain, i. e. A. s. margaridae and A. s. lilietensis. In A. s. margaridae the angularis is always connected to the spiralis, but this is not so in A. s. lilietensis (and A. s. affinis). This might account for the variability of this character state, as observed in A. s. merijni. The strongly thickened apertural lip and the bulbous callus associated with the palatalis superior in A. s. merijni can be traced back to A. s. margaridae. A similarly thickened apertural lip is observed in A. s. cadica. However, A. s. merijni differs from the latter subspecies by the absence of a protruding aperture, which is characteristic for A. s. cadica. See also the differentiation sections for the other high-altitude forms. Derivatio nominis. — This subspecies is named after Dr. Merijn M. Bos, a good friend of the first author, who accompanied him on collecting trips to the summits of the Sierra’s Moixeró and Cadí (and back). His help and support were invaluable. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395379 – EU 395382.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE79EC527EEEFABEC427C8E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Basses-Pyrénées, Défilé d’Escot, right side of Vallée d’Aspe. Holotype: RMNH 54882. Distribution. — France, Basses-Pyrénées, Vallée d’Aspe. Description (after Gittenberger 1973). — Shell moderately slender fusiform, recalling a Chondrina species in general shape, with 7 ¼ – 8 weakly to moderately inflated whorls, sculptured with regularly placed, weak axial ribs. Body whorl obliquely flattened, not or only slightly narrowed, with an indistinct keel. No apparent indentation behind apertural lip. The palatal side of the aperture slightly leaning forward (in lateral view). Umbilicus obscured by the last part of the body whorl. Shell height, 5.8 – 6.9 mm, width, 2.2 – 2.6 mm. Apertural lip moderately to strongly thickened. The parietal edges of the aperture are connected by a thin callus. Angularis connected with spiralis. Subangularis weak. Often with an infraparietalis. Columellar lamellae reaching clearly beyond the columella, without reaching the edge of the aperture. Infracolumellaris slightly less prominent than columellaris. A basalis is often present, which can be as prominent as the infracolumellaris. Infrapalatalis and palatalis inferior neither indented nor interrupted; in some specimens the palatalis superior is weakly indented. All palatal folds reaching the edge of the aperture. Suprapalatalis present at the anterodorsal palatal centre. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395325 – EU 395326. Notes. — On the basis of shell characters this species was regarded as a subspecies of A. secale by Gittenberger (1973). Molecular studies indicate that it should be considered the sister-species of A. vergniesiana, despite the fact that the shells of both species are very different (Kokshoorn 2008: 93). Additional research should make clear whether this result can be confirmed.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE78EC527EEEFEADC424CA90.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Aude, Défilé de Pierre-Lys (valley of the river Aude). Distribution. — Spain, province of Burgos, and France, Pyrénées-Orientales. Differentiation. — This species can be distinguished from all other chondrinid species by the subangularis, which is continuous with the slightly erect, parietal border of the aperture. See Gittenberger (1973: 125). Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395322 – EU 395324. Notes. — Abida attenuata has a very disjunct distribution, with two small ranges, in SE France and N Spain, respectively. Molecular studies (Kokshoorn 2008: 73 – 98) show that we deal with a single species indeed. Abida attenuata has apparently hybridized with Abida secale in southern France, resulting in introgression of its mitochondrial genome into Abida secale.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE78EC5D7EEEF8DAC345C91E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Pyrénées-Orientales, Villefranche-de-Conflent. Distribution. — Spain, Lérida, Gerona and Barcelona, and France, Pyrénées-Orientales. Differentiation. — This species can be distinguished from all other chondrinid species, except A. gittenbergeri, by the conspicuously cylindrical shell, with a short, conical apical part. The apertural lamellae are similar to those in A. partioti, which has a very different shell shape, with an elongated, slender conical, apical part. Most characteristic is the prominent infracolumellaris, encircling the columella, descending initially and the ascending again towards the apertural lip. See also Gittenberger (1973: 125) and the notes on A. gittenbergeri. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395316 – EU 395321.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE78EC527EEEFA59C688CEDF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Hautes-Pyrénées, St. Sauveur, the valley of the Gave Pau, See Kerney & Cameron (1979: 85). Distribution. — France, departments of Basses-Pyrénées, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales, Andorra and Spain (see notes). Notes. — This species has not been found alive since the 1970 ’ s. However, some records of empty shells have been published by Dr. M. Bech, who reported the species from both Andorra (Bech 1983 a) and Spain (Bech 1983 b; 1984).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE78EC527EEEFD61C253CBC0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Hautes-Pyrénées, Pic de Lhyéris SE of Bagnères-de-Bigorre. See Kerney & Cameron (1979: 85). Distribution. — (French) Pyrenees, westwards from Andorra. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395304. Notes. — The two taxa united by Gittenberger (1973) in a polytypic species as A. p. pyrenaearia and A. p. vergniesiana, should be considered separate species that are not even sister-taxa (Kokshoorn 2008: 93).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE78EC527EEEFBD5C427CD4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Ariège, Vicdessos. Distribution. — Andorra and Ariège valley in France. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395327 – EU 395328. Notes. — On the basis of shell characters this species was regarded as a subspecies of A. pyrenaearia by Gittenberger (1973). Molecular studies indicate that it should be considered the sister-species of A. ateni, despite the fact that the shells of both species are very different (Kokshoorn 2008: 93). Additional research should make clear whether this result can be confirmed.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE77EC5D7EEEFA6CC319CE90.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Hautes-Pyrénées, Bagnères-de-Bigorre. Distribution. — From the Picos de Europa in northern Spain to the Ariège valley in France. See Kerney & Cameron (1979: 86). Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395307 – EU 395310.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE77EC5D7EEEFEE4C408CC76.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Gerona, Albanya, valley of the Rio Muga, c. 1 km above the town, c. 250 m alt., 42 ° 18.54 ’ N / 02 ° 42.25 ’ E. Holotype: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, Nr. 42085. Distribution. — (see notes). Differentiation. — This species can be distinguished from all other chondrinid species, except A. cylindrica, by the conspicuously cylindrical shell, with a short, conical apical part. The apertural lamellae a remarkably different from those in A. cylindrica, and most similar to those in A. s. secale, as has been observed also by Bössneck (2000: 9). The columellar lamellae run parallel in both A. gittenbergeri and A. s. secale. See also Gittenberger (1973: 125) and the notes on A. cylindrica. Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395311 – EU 395315. Notes. — This species was originally described from a very small area around Albanya in Spain. Afterwards Bertrand (2003) recorded it from the French side of the border at Coustouges. Tarruella Ruestes (2006) increased its known range considerably westward, into the region where A. cylindrica occurs The two species have never been reported to occur sympatrically, however. Preliminary molecular data indicate their status as sister- taxa, as is suggested by their unique shell shape, but not by the apertural lamellae. The molecular data also indicate both taxa as not strictly monophyletic. One sample of A. gittenbergeri takes a basal position in the clade containing both taxa (Kokshoorn 2008: 85).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE77EC5D7EEEFB04C637CDA6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France, Hautes-Pyrénées, St. Sauveur. Distribution. — France, Basses- and Hautes-Pyrénées, and Spain, between the valleys of the rivers Rio Noguera Pallaresa and Aragon. See Kerney & Cameron (1979: 86). Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395303. Note. — According to Gittenberger (2006), Abida escudei Geniez & Bertrand, 2001, is a junior synonym of A. partioti.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE77EC5D7EEEF961C47ECFBC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Burgos, Orduña. Distribution. — Spain, Picos de Europa. See Gittenberger (1973: 150). Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession number EU 395302.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE76EC5C7EEEFF0CC319C970.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: France. Distribution. — Widely distributed, from northern Spain, along the Mediterranean coast, to the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. See Kerney & Cameron (1979: 86). Genetic barcode. — GenBank accession numbers EU 395305 – EU 395306.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE76EC5E7EEEFE39C5D5C954.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (design. Reichenbach 1836: 152): Bulimus avenaceus Bruguière, 1792. Notes. — For this genus the results of a preliminary, molecular, phylogenetic analysis are available (Kokshoorn 2008: 41 – 58). This analysis (see fig. 4) made clear that in any case, a revision of the classification presented by Gittenberger (1973) is necessary. In particular the nominal taxa united by that author as a single, polytypic species, i. e. Chondrina farinesii (Des Moulins, 1835), should not all be lumped. Obviously, there are many more taxa, characterized by shells with more or less obsolete, apertural teeth. In some cases, shell dimensions, shape and sculpture, could be used under the direction of the molecular data, but many questions remain unanswered because of a lack of sufficient information. Since it is unlikely that this situation will improve substantially in the near future, we have already adapted the classification of the Chondrina taxa to the new insights. Since the dataset presented in figure 4 is inconclusive at some points in the tree, we refrain from revising taxa that show ambiguous positions in the phylogenetic reconstruction. New taxa are formally described and named only when they can be recognized on the basis of molecular and (to some extent) conchological characteristics. For the time being, to promote further research, some taxa are referred to with numbers only. These taxa can only be defined on very limited DNA data, so that their geographical distribution and the variation in shell morphology remain unknown. More sequence data are needed to acquire more reliably classified material. Shell morphology should be studied again in search of hitherto unnoticed common characteristics. Inevitably, an additional increase of DNA data will dictate further changes in the following overview. The phylogenetic relationships within Chondrina are more complicated than may be assumed at first sight. The apertural teeth do not vary randomly in Chondrina. There is a “ bauplan I ” with more than two palatals and a spiralis, next to a “ bauplan II ” with two palatals at most and no spiralis. Toothless forms may be considered derived from the latter bauplan. These two groups are not clades however. Some individual specimens or even species do not belong to one of the alternatives. In C. aguilari there may be an infrapalatalis but never a spiralis, whereas in C. pseudavenacea there are three palatals, again without a spiralis. According to Gittenberger (1973: 232) there may be an infrapalatalis, a suprapalatalis and an obsolete spiralis in C. calpica. In this species bauplan II is the rule, but rarely specimens with apertural teeth according to bauplan I occur as well. We have to conclude that the apertural teeth became obsolete or were reduced completely several times independently, resulting in shells that misleadingly suggest a close relationship in various cases. Several authors have contributed to the currently accepted taxonomy of the group (Nordsieck 1962, 1970; Gittenberger 1973; Gómez & Angulo 1982). Chondrina avenacea and C. arcadica clienta have been used as model organisms in ecological and evolutionary studies (Armbruster et al. 2007; Baur, A. & Baur, B. 1991; Baur, B. & Baur, A. 1990, 1994, 1995; Baur, B. et al. 1993, 1995; Baur, A. et al. 1992, 1994; Fröberg et al. 1993; Hesbacher et al. 1995; Szarowska et al. 2003). However, a study devoted to the phylogeny of the Chondrina species was still not available. Gittenberger (1973) divided the genus in four subgroups. He regarded that classification rather artificial, probably reflecting only some morphological and geographical similarities rather than phylogenetic relationships. Since this subdivision does indeed not reflect the evolutionary history of the genus, it is no longer acceptable. Since C. maginensis has to be considered the sister-group of all other Chondrina taxa combined, that species is dealt with first. The remaining Chondrina taxa are provisionally arranged in six species groups, guided by the results of the molecular analysis (Kokshoorn et al. 2010) (see also fig. 4). Since the taxonomic diversity is much larger than previously expected, the molecular analysis should be considered far from complete. Consequently, the arrangement of species based on it, must be considered hypothetical at most. As a final group, some nominal taxa are listed that have been synonymized or overlooked before, but might represent separate Chondrina species or subspecies. The geographical distributions of the Chondrina taxa discussed in this paper are shown in fig. 5, 6 and 7.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE73EC587EEEFF0CC4FECB8F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Spain, Andalucia, Sierra Mágina.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE73EC587EEEFF0CC4FECB8F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — Known from the type locality only. Material. — Spain, Jaén, Cuadros (type locality), near Ermita de Cuadros, on limestone rock along an irrigation canal, 579 m alt., UTM VG 6482 (RMNH 103205 / 9, 103207 / 11); Abánchez de Magina, on rocks at the base of Castillo de Abánchez, 974 m alt., UTM VG 5882 (RMNH 108829 / 6 in alcohol 70 %). Shell (n = 11). — Shell very slender, regularly conical, with c. 8, yellowish brown whorls; height 5.7 – 6.4 mm, height-width ratio 2.9 – 3.4. Protochonch more conspicuous than usual in Chondrina, nearly as broad as the adjoining teleoconch whorl, with 1 ½ – 1 ¾ strongly inflated, clearly granular whorls. Teleoconch whorls more or less regularly sculptured with prominent riblets that are separated by wider interspaces. Initial teleoconch whorls convex, separated by a deep suture; final quarter to half of the body whorl obliquely flattened, sometimes with a vague indentation, corresponding with the position of the palatalis superior inside. Apertural lip with a short (half the apertural width) interruption at the parietal side, not or hardly reflexed but slightly thickened by a white callus, regularly rounded basally; palatal side nearly parallel with the columellar axis and columellar side obliquely deviating. Apertural height 1.6 – 1.7 mm, height / width ratio 1.1 – 1.4. Apertural lamellae more or less rudimentary. The columellaris is the most prominent lamella; it does not extend beyond the columella and may be accompanied by a weak subcolumellaris (most clearly seen in oblique view). The angularis may be about as prominent as the parietalis, but is usually more obsolete. Palatal lamellae are usually absent, apart from one or even two very weak thickened streaks. According to Arrébola & Gómez (1998) however, the palatal lamellae may be more prominent. The umbilicus is widely open. Genitalia (n = 2) (fig. 8 A, B). — The length of the vagina is about five times its width; it is somewhat longer than the oviduct and about as long as the part of the penis that is situated outside the penial loop. The spermoviduct is about one and a half times longer than the combined vagina and oviduct. The peduculus of the bursa copulatrix is long and slender; the tip of the bursa touches the glandula albuminifera. The male part of the genital tract forms a loop as in other chondrinid species (Gittenberger 1973). The penis is here defined as the simple, tube-like structure, which reaches from the genital atrium far into the loop, ending with a short, abruptly narrowing segment, after which the epiphallus starts. Inside the most proximal part of the epiphallus there is a vague pattern of some septae. The distal end of the epiphallus is attached to the penis about as far as the length of the vagina from the genital atrium. Radula (n = 2) (fig. 8 C). — The central tooth can be recognized because of its symmetrical basal plate, with a supporting denticle at each side. Next to the unicuspid central tooth there are five or six unicuspid lateral teeth, followed by two or three laterals with a more or less vaguely discernible ectocone. The adjoining marginal teeth, ranging from tooth 9 to 20, are prominently bicuspid and increasingly more irregularly comb-like towards the radular margin, with tooth no. 20 being hardly recognizable as a tooth. Genetic barcode. — Three partial (598 bp) Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I sequences were produced (Kokshoorn 2008). One specimen from the type locality, GenBank accession no. FJ 171596, and two from Abánchez, GenBank accession nos FJ 171597 and FJ 171598. Discussion and conclusions. — Because of its shell shape and size, Chondrina maginensis has been classified with Rupestrella by Bank (2003: 15). However, shell shape in Rupestrella is very variable. Species with a slender conical shell, like for example R. rhodia (Roth, 1839), are classified in Rupestrella indeed, but next to species like R. philippii (Cantraine, 1840), with a shell that has a spire with slightly convex sides and a more cylindrical lower part. In Chondrina, C. marmouchana was considered rather different from the congeneric species by its slender conical shell (Gittenberger 1973: 251), which reminds of that in C. maginensis. Molecular data (Kokshoorn et al. 2010), however, make clear that the conchological similarity between C. marmouchana and C. maginensis is due to convergent evolution. In size, C. maginensis could be considered either a large Rupestrella or a small Chondrina. The apertural teeth of the shell cannot be considered diagnostic for either Chondrina or Rupestrella, since in Chondrina these teeth vary from none to several. The structure of the genital tract can also not be used to discriminate between these two genera. According to Gittenberger (1973: 21, 23), only the radula is known to be diagnostic for Chondrina versus Rupestrella species. In species of the former genus, the central tooth in each row can only be recognized unequivocally by the symmetrical structure of its basal plate, which has a support knob at each side. The central tooth and the adjoining lateral teeth cannot be distinguished at first sight because they all have a single main cusp without any side cusps. This bauplan is found in C. maginensis (fig. 8 c), which supports its classification in Chondrina, not Rupestrella. The molecular data confirm that C. maginensis has to be considered a Chondrina species. Its resemblance to Rupestrella species, like R. rhodia might be considered more meaningful, viewed in the light of its phylogenetic position in Chondrina as the sister-group to all other extant Chondrina taxa, suggesting that the species retains some plesiomorphic shell characteristics. Apart from the somewhat unusual shell shape and its surprising phylogenetic relationships as the sister-taxon of the combined other Chondrina taxa, nothing is known that adds to the oddity of C. maginensis. Distribution. — The species is known only from the north flank of the Sierra Mágina in the province of Jaén, Andalucia, Spain. The original description by Arrébola & Gómez (1998) lists two localities, viz. the type locality, Cuadros, and the village of Jódar, which lies app. 6 km NE of the type locality. The actual sampling localities have not been mentioned. During fieldwork in 2006 another two localities were added, viz. Torres, c. 4 km W of Cuadros, and Abánchez de Magina, situated approximately 5 km W of the type locality. A sample was taken from limestone rocks at the base of Castillo de Abánchez (UTM VG 5882), situated at 974 m, which is the highest altitude at which the species has been found so far.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE71EC5B7EEEFF4CC41ACA88.taxon	materials_examined	Type series: RMNH 109859 / lectotype (design. nov.) (pl. 9 fig. B), 109860 / 9 paralectotypes. Notes. — In a rather unsatisfactory way, on the basis of conchological characters that have shown to be misleading in many cases, but without a better alternative, we provisionally combine a group of populations of snails with similar shells under the heading of C. farinesii. In the phylogenetic reconstruction (see figure 4) this is a paraphyletic group. The type locality of Altimira’s C. unidentata is situated within the range of C. dertosensis, but shells of the former taxon have a less clearly thickened apertural lip and an aperture without any teeth or with an obsolete columellaris and an equally inconspicuous parietalis, and are clearly most similar to regular C. farinesii as known from the type locality La Preste and other localities in southern France and NE Spain. Apparently, this nominal taxon was overlooked by Gittenberger (1973).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE71EC5B7EEEFAD1C537CF84.taxon	description	Description. — The angularis is a white, linear callus, that varies from prominent to obsolete. There may be two more or less vague palatals, which either are equally long or the palatalis superior is the longer one and reaches the outer lip. The palatals may be obsolete or missing completely, but the parietalis and the columellaris are always present. Shell height 4.3 – 7.2 mm, width 1.9 – 2.6 mm. Notes. — Although Bourguignat (1863: 61, 62) distinguished two species based on the presence of one or two palatal folds, his type series (Colln Bourguignat, Geneva, Nrs 13159, 13160) of Pupa massotiana contains shells which vary between two rather prominent palatals and none. From Linas de Broto in the Spanish province of Huesca, a sample (RMNH 109429) with this species and C. ascendens is known. See also Rupestrella kabyliana.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE70EC5A7EEEFD16C383CCD4.taxon	description	Description. — Shell shape varying between slender conical and fusiform with a more or less elongated, conical spire; teleoconch sculptured with regular riblets. Apertural lip not reflexed but internally thickened by a conspicuous white rib. Rarely, the aperture may seem to be toothless in frontal view. The columellaris is than situated as a denticle, deep inside the shell, and both the linear angularis and the parietalis are lacking completely. As the opposite extreme, these teeth can be present, together with one or two, usually low, palatals. The largest shell, from Pratdip (UTM CF 1944), measures 8.5 × 3.1 mm, with 8 ¼ whorls, whereas the smallest one, from Balneario de Cardó (UTM BF 9635), is only 4.6 × 2.2 mm, with 6 ¼ whorls. Notes. — The re-evaluation of Bofill’s Pupa dertosensis as a separate species is mainly based on the results of DNA sequence data. Much more molecular data are necessary, however, to determine the limits of its morphological variation and, consequently, its geographical boundaries. For the time being the combination of riblets and a thickened apertural lip has to be accepted as morphologically diagnostic.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE70EC5A7EEEFF0CC570CA70.taxon	description	Description. — Shell with six prominent apertural teeth, i. e. columellaris and subcolumellaris, parietalis, a linear, often prominent angularis, and palatales superior and inferior. The palatalis superior may be curved upwards, reaching the whitish apertural lip; otherwise both palatal lamellae are about equally long. Shell height, 4.3 – 6.8 mm; width, 1.7 – 2.5 mm.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE70EC657EEEF8E7C3CFCF9A.taxon	description	Description. — Shell slender fusiform with an elongated conical spire, relatively small, dark brown. With 6 ¼ – 7 whorls. Teleoconch with more or less obsolete, irregular growthlines. The apertural teeth are characteristic. The angularis is a whitish, dot-like callus, which may be connected to the insertion of the palatal lip, or is lacking completely. In specimens with the most prominently developed teeth, the two palatals are relatively high but short, and do not reach the apertural lip. Usually, the palatalis inferior is somewhat more prominent than the superior. The palatals may be obsolete, but the parietalis and the columellaris are always present. Rarely there is an inconspicuous infracolumellaris and even more rarely a vaguely discernible infrapalatalis (pl. 10, fig. J). Shell height 4.4 – 5.7 mm, width 1.7 – 2.1 mm. Notes. — Some large samples of Chondrina ’ s, collected by C. Altimira, J. L. M. Donders & A. J. de Winter, F. M. Vilella y Tejedo and G. J. M. Visser & J. A. Zoer, made convincingly clear that C. aguilari is a separate species that may occur sympatrically, without any intermediate specimens, with C. massotiana sexplicata. Shells of the former species are smaller and usually more slender, with a whitish, dot-like instead of linear callus, that may be obsolete or lacking completely, and clearly different palatal folds. According to the molecular data (Kokshoorn et al. 2010) (fig. 4), this species is closely related to a still poorly known taxon occurring more to the East (Chondrina spec. 2; pl. 12 figs A – D). Another taxon that might be closely related, but for which no molecular data are available has its poorly defined range more to the West (fig. 6).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4EEC647EEEFC27C3CCCDA3.taxon	description	A sample collected in the province of Jaén, 13 km S of Cazorla (UTM WG 0078) may belong to a polytypic C. granatensis. The shells are rather similar to the paralectotypes of C. granatensis in shape and sculpture, but clearly different in the apertural teeth. Only the columellaris is always present and rather prominent; it is often accompanied by an infracolumellaris denticle. The other teeth are rather obsolete or lacking completely. In the figured shell (pl. 11, fig. C) the palatal teeth are more conspicuous than usual.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4EEC647EEEFF0CC3DFCA08.taxon	description	According to the DNA data, this taxon is most closely related to C. aguilari. Together with that species it has affinities with taxa further south in the eastern part of the Iberian peninsula and Morocco.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4EEC677EEEF917C3EBC9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material. — Spain, Alicante, SW of Marquesa along path into nature reserve; 170 m alt.; UTM BD 4600. Type series: RMNH 109861 / holotype, 103233 / 24 paratypes. Description. — Shell brownish, moderately slender conical, with only the last whorl somewhat narrowed; densely sculptured with relatively coarse riblets, which are increasingly irregular on the lower whorls. Aperture with four prominent teeth, viz. the palatales superior and inferior, parietalis and columellaris, a moderately prominent infracolumellaris, a more or less obsolete angularis, and sometimes a vestigial infrapalatalis. Apertural lip somewhat thickened, not reflexed. Shell height, 5.4 – 6.4 mm; width 2.5 – 2.7 mm. Differentiation. — At some places within the range of C. arigonis, C. arigonoides is found with shells that are smaller and more conspicuously sculptured, with an apertural lip which is not strongly thickened and flattened. Notes. — Probably this species, or a closely related one, occurs sympatrically with C. arigonis also in the province of Alicante, near the Cascada de El Algar (UTM YH 5180), and in the province of Valencia, at Col de Tous, 500 m alt. (UTM YJ 0237). Taking the extreme diversity in Chondrina into account, we prefer to restrict C. arigonoides for the time being to the population for which DNA data are available. Derivatio nominis. — The epithet refers to the similarity with C. arigonis in apertural teeth.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4DEC677EEEFBEAC492CE6F.taxon	materials_examined	Material. — Spain, Alicante, S of Biar, along road into the Sierra de Biar; 960 m alt.; UTM XH 9475. Type series: RMNH 109865 / holotype, 103221 / 19 paratypes. Description. — Shell dark brown, moderately slender conical to rather thickset; sculptured with irregular wrinckles or riblets. Aperture somewhat higher than broad, without teeth. Apertural lip inconspicuously thickened. Shell height 5.7 – 6.1 mm; width 2.6 – 2.8 mm. Notes. — This species differs conchologically from congeneric ones by the dark brown colour in combination with a toothless aperture, and an irregularly sculptured surface. Taking the diversity in Chondrina species into account, we refrain from presenting facts about the actual range of this species on the basis of conchological characters only. Derivatio nominis. — The epithet ingae refers to Ms. Inge Erkelens, who contributed substantially to our knowledge of the Iberian chondrinids by an unpublished report on these snails, written on the basis of material that she collected and analysed together with Ms. M. van Schoor.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4DEC677EEEFD89C4CFCC27.taxon	materials_examined	Material. — Spain, Valencia, S-side of Xativa; 160 m alt.; UTM YJ 1317. Type series: RMNH 109863 / holotype, 103250 / 25 paratypes. Description. — Shell brownish, moderately slender conical to rather thickset; with very fine radial striae, which are more obsolete and irregular at the lower whorls. Aperture about as high as broad, with a broadly rounded base, without teeth. Apertural lip somewhat thickened, not reflexed or flattened. Shell height 5.2 – 5.7 mm; width 2.4 – 2.6 mm. Notes. — Conchologically this species is similar to C. farinesii, differing mainly by the more roundish aperture, which is somewhat higher than broad in C. farinesii. For the time being we restrict this species to the sample for which DNA data are available. Taking the diversity in Chondrina species into account, we refrain from presenting facts about the actual range of this species on the basis of conchological characters only. Derivatio nominis. — The epithet marjae refers to Ms. Marja van Schoor, who contributed substantially to our knowledge of the Iberian chondrinids by an unpublished report on these snails, written on the basis of material that she collected and analysed together with Ms. I. Erkelens.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4DEC667EEEF93CC237C9DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type series: Spain, Alicante. — 7 km NE of Altea, Barranco de Mascarat, UTM YH 6080, L. Gasull leg. (RMNH 109867 / holotype); 7 km NE of Altea, Barranco de Mascarat, UTM YH 6080, L. Gasull leg. (RMNH 111888 / 54 paratypes); Morro de Toix, S-side peninsula, c. 250 m alt., UTM BC 4079, BC leg., 6. v. 2006 (RMNH 109868 / 15 paratypes); 2 km ESE Callosa de Ensarria, near cascada El Argar, UTM YH 5281, L. Gasull leg. (RMNH 109869 / 1 paratype); 2 km ESE Callosa de Ensarria, near cascada El Argar, UTM YH 5281, H. B. Marcus leg. (RMNH 111887 / 6 paratypes). Description. — Shell brownish, conical or somewhat more fusiform, with fine, more or less obsolete growth-lines, which do not give the impression of regular riblets. Aperture with three prominent palatals, of which the infrapalatalis is the weakest, a columellaris and a less conspicuous infracolumellaris, and a very prominent parietalis. An angularis is more or less obsolete or lacking completely and a spiralis is always absent. Shell height 5.8 – 6.8 mm; width 2.7 – 3.0 mm. Notes. — This Chondrina species can be recognized relatively easily on the basis of only shell characters. In C. avenacea, which is somewhat similar conchologically, the shell is more cylindrical instead of conical, and always has a spiralis in the aperture. At the three localities from where it is known, this species occurs together with C. arigonis, which can easily be distinguished by the presence of only two palatal teeth and a more conspicuously thickened and flattened apertural lip. Derivatio nominis. — The epithet refers to the similarity with C. avenacea in apertural characters.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4CEC617EEEF8AAC264CD29.taxon	description	1973, C. klemmi Gittenberger, 1973, and C. calpica (Westerlund, 1872). Without further speculations, we here give this taxon species status. Figure 7. Distribution of Chondrina species in southeastern Spain. T = Type locality, P = Photographed, see plates.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE4AEC607EEEFA6BC392CFD7.taxon	materials_examined	Type series: RMNH 111877 / lectotype (design. nov.) (pl. 10, fig. G), 111878 / 6 paralectotypes. Description. — Shell slender fusiform, brown; teleoconch with only irregular growth-lines. Aperture with an obsolete angularis, which may be lacking completely; columellaris and parietalis developed as small denticles which are hardly or not visible in frontal view. The palatales superior and inferior are short but relatively prominent, white teeth, which are slightly more than their own length away from the apertural lip. Apertural lip white, rib-like thickened inside. Shell measurements (n = 7): height 4.6 – 5.6 mm, width 2.1 – 2.4 mm; 6 – 6 ¼ whorls. Notes. — This nominal taxon has been overlooked by Gittenberger (1973). In shell shape, sculpture and size, and especially by the short but prominent palatales, this form is somewhat similar to C. aguilari. In the latter species however, the parietalis and columellaris are more prominent, and the palatalis inferior is often slightly more prominent than the superior, whereas in C. soleri the opposite is the case.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE49EC637EEEFDB2C317CC9A.taxon	description	Chondrina guiraonis Pilsbry, 1918 [November]: 51. Unjustified emendation (‘ n. n. ’) (ICZN Art. 32.5.1). Chondrina farinesii; Montoya et al., 1999: 131. Not Des Moulins, 1835. Description. — Shell rather thick-set, with a short conical apical part and a last whorl which is often hardly broader than the penultimate one, light brownish to yellowish brown; teleoconch conspicuouisly sculptured with rather coarse riblets. Aperture with a more or less prominent angularis and usually a columellar denticle which is hidden behind the columella in frontal view; and only rarely an obsolete parietalis. Apertural lip neither reflected nor rib-like thickened inside. Notes. — In view of the revised interpretation of the eastern Iberian Chondrina taxa with more or less obsolete apertural teeth, C. guiroensis is listed here as a species. Quite surprising, the oldest fossil Chondrina shells (pl. 11 fig. J) collected at the Sierra de Quibas (Montoya et al. 2001), (which is only c. 25 km SE from Jumilla) are extremely similar to the recent C. guiraoensis, indicating that there have been no substantial changes in shell morphology in this species during at least 1.3 million years.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE49EC637EEEFF0CC62EC9F7.taxon	description	Notes. — Haas (1926: 302, 305) designated a shell of 7 × 3 mm as ‘ type’ and illustrated (1926: pl. 27 fig. 8) a ‘ cotype with similar dentition’. The figure shows a specimen with an arigonis-like apertural lip and dentition We can only confirm his conclusions about the two forms that received the name Pupa jumillensis. Unfortunately, as a consequence of the ICZN, the epithet jumillensis is linked to a form that does not occur near Jumilla.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE48EC627EEEFCBAC531CCAB.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (by original designation): Bulimus rupestris Philippi, 1836. Notes. — Rupestrella still is the most poorly known genus in the family. The molecular data place this genus as the sister-group next to Abida (see Kokshoorn 2008: 34). Additional morphological and molecular work is necessary but the material to enable such studies is not (yet) available, in particular not for the African taxa. Pilsbry (1918: 332 – 356) provisionally accepted 16 species, 5 of which are endemic to Sicily and 8 are endemic to northern Africa. Beckmann (2002) recognized 4 species as endemic to Sicily, with 11 subspecific taxa in total. To stabilize the nomenclature of the two most widespread species, viz. R. philippii and R. rhodia, a lectotype is here selected for the former species. Additionally we present an uncritical, annotated list of currently recognized Rupestrella taxa.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE48EC6D7EEEFAB5C69CCC40.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sardinia and Sicily (but see notes). Diagnosis. — Shell moderately slender fusiform; aperture usually with an angularis. Notes. — The species generally known as Rupestrella philippii (Cantraine, 1840) is a common inhabitant of limestone rockfaces in the central and eastern Mediterranean area, with the exception of northern Africa (Pilsbry 1918: 341; Schütt, 2005: 80, 81). Throughout its range R. philippi may occur together with R. rhodia (Roth, 1839). The two species can be distinguished by shell shape and apertural denticles. In R. philippii the shell is rather fusiform, i. e. with slightly convex sides in profile, whereas R. rhodia is very well characterized by a more slender, always regularly conical shell shape. The apertural teeth are also different. Both species share a columellaris, a parietalis, and two palatales, but with few exceptions there is an additional columellar tooth in R. rhodia and an angularis only in R. philippii. While describing the species now called R. philippii, Cantraine (1840: 140) mentioned the five apertural teeth that are most typical for R. rhodia. However, his references to the three shells figured by Philippi (1836: pl. 8 fig. 18) as Bulimus rupestris and by Rossmässler (1839: pl. 49 figs 637, 638) as Pupa rupestris and P. occulta, respectively, make clear that he did not judge the variability of his Pupa philippii in a modern way. All three shells are regularly conical but only in ‘ P. occulta ’ the aperture is illustrated with teeth, although only three, viz. a single columellaris, only one palatalis and a parietalis. Rupestrella rupestris (Philippi, 1836) and R. occulta (Rossmässler, 1839) are separate species according to Beckmann (2002: 58, 68). There is no certain Cantraine material of Rupestrella philippii in the collection of the Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen in Brussels (Sablon in litt., 11.02.2008). There are samples collected by Cantraine in the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, but unfortunately, allegedly conspecific specimens collected by Cantraine at different localities have once in the past been put together and identified anew, without any trace left to the names originally given by Cantraine himself. Apparently the shells have once been glued on something and were removed afterwards. In a sample that is now labelled as Pupa granum, a name not used for any species listed by Cantraine (1840), four shells of modern R. philippii are united with six shells of R. rhodia. Their provenance is indicated as Livorno and Zara (= Zadar, Dalmatia, Croatia). Cantraine (1840: 140) reported Pupa philippii from “ en Dalmatie .. Sicile et en Sardaigne ”. On the basis of all data we accept the ten specimens as syntypes and select a shell (RMNH 111874; pl. 13, fig. A) as lectotype of Rupestrella philippii, to stabilize the use of that name. The lectotype is a rather unusual shell without an angularis, corresponding in that character with Cantraine’s original description but still very clearly a R. philippii as known in the modern literature. Our interpretation is supported by a sample with two specimens collected by Cantraine and accompanied by two old labels with different names, viz. Pupa granum and Pupa sardoa. The locality ‘ Livorno’ is written on the label with P. granum. Pupa sardoa was described by Cantraine (1840: 142) from Sardinia, but he lived for some time in Livorno after he had visited the island. As in the former case, this may have caused confusion. We accept the shells as syntypes of Pupa sardoa Cantraine, 1840, which is a junior synonym of Granopupa granum (Draparnaud, 1801), as has been suggested before (Pilsbry 1918: 339).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE47EC6D7EEEFB49C6C0CDBB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Greece, Rhodos island. Diagnosis. — Shell slender conical; aperture without an angularis. Notes. — R. rhodia occurs from the Balkans and Turkey to the southern Crimea and Israel (Pilsbry 1918: 344; material in RMNH).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE47EC6D7EEEF973C645CF4A.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily. Notes. — According to Beckmann (2002) this subspecies is restricted to the island of Lévanzo off the west- coast of Sicily.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE47EC6D7EEEF83EC295CFDA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, province of Palermo, Isola delle Femmine, on rocks of the castle tower in the town	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE47EC6D7EEEF9E3C5CECE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Palermo and Sciacca.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFA5EC7F4CEFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, Béjaïa (Bougie). Notes. — Based on differences in shell shape and distributional range, Holyoak & Seddon (1986) recognized two subspecies in R. dupotetii, i. e. R. d. dupotetii in the eastern part of its African distribution and R. d. sebouensis in the west (fig. 9 a). Additional material from southern Spain led Arrébola Burgos & Gittenberger (1993) to disagree with this distinction. Pending a revision of all north African taxa, we here follow the latter authors.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFD57C40CCB34.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Termini, road to Caccamo.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFE7FC556CA1C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Galdo mtn.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFDCCC4F7CAA0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Cófano mtn, at the castle, province of Trápani.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFB25C307CCC3.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, limestone rock on Biaggio mtn, SE of Agrigent.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEF8F9C57ECFF2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, Bougie, on the ridges of Gourayah, a mountain of about 700 m elevation, on rocks exposed to the east (36.772 ° N / 5.076 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFBBFC429CC5C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Gibilforni mtn near Palermo.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFC34C6CDCBC8.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFF0CC4EFC8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, province of Palermo, Cefalù, castle mountain.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE46EC6C7EEEFE9CC446C97C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Italy, Sicily, province of Agrigento, Sciacca.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEF8F5C4C0CF93.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Tunesia, Djebel Bou-Kournein (36.709 ° N / 10.344 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEFE97C453C970.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, Pescade point (36.818 ° N / 3.010 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEF9DAC3FFCE45.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, mountain of the Cape of Ténès (Cartenna) Algeria (36.529 ° N / 1.359 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEFB59C4B5CDDF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, rocks of Tablabalt near Fort Napoleon (36.637 ° N / 4.201 ° E). Notes. — Two samples of ‘ Pupa penchinatiana ’ from Algeria in the Colln Bourguignat (BG 12985, 12986), most probably belong to R. kabyliana. The shells have (1) more prominent and regular riblets, expecially on the spire, (2) the apertural teeth are more prominent, (3) the apertural lip is somewhat reflexed, without being conspicuously thickened, and (4) the apical whorls are in general slightly more slender. The differences are slight indeed, which makes once more clear that the genera Chondrina and Rupestrella cannot be distinguished unequivocally on the basis of only shell characters.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEFF0CC483C8E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, Gorge de Palestro (36.577 ° N / 3.568 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE45EC6F7EEEF94CC48CCF2C.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Tunesia, Djebel Zaghouan (36.397 ° N / 10.143 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE44EC6E7EEEFF0CC382C8EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Algeria, Mazla, in the region of the Oued-Zenati (36.313 ° N / 7.166 ° E).	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
03E4E904CE44EC6E7EEEFE9CC4BCC9E7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Somalia, northern region, Mait-Erigavo Escarpment, 5,900 feet alt. Notes. — This species was originally classified with Granopupa. Based on the original description and figure, however, it clearly belongs to Rupestrella. As already mentioned by Verdcourt (1963) it appears to be affiliated with R. michaudi, based on the slender shell shape. Its geographical location is rather isolated. It extends the known distribution of the genus considerably southward.	en	Kokshoorn, Bas, Gittenberger, Edmund (2010): Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539. Zootaxa 2539 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2539.1.1
