taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E43F27FFFCFF8927FBF962455BFF35.taxon	description	In preparing to reissue Opinion 13 (ICZN 1910 b), it was found “ [t] he premises on which the […] the ‘ summary’ of this Opinion is based are incorrect and in consequence, the conclusion indicated […] is also incorrect. […] It is proposed, therefore, to re-submit this case to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature as soon as possible ” (ICZN 1944: 209). These issues were resolved by the rulings of Opinions 260 and 261 (ICZN 1954 b, c). Opinion 13 (ICZN 1910 b) was cancelled and was replaced by Opinion 262 (ICZN 1954 d). The rulings of Opinions 260 – 262 (ICZN 1954 d) can be summarised as follows: 1) the name Cancer arenarius Catesby, 1771, remains unavailable; 2) Cancer quadratus Meuschen, 1778, and Cancer quadratus Meuschen, in Gronovius, 1781, are also not available names; 3) Cancer quadratus Fabricius, 1787, was deemed the oldest available name for the American “ Sand Crab ” and a senior synonym of Cancer albicans Bosc, 1801. The rulings of Opinions 13, 260 – 262 (ICZN 1910; 1954 b – d) are summarised in Table 2. a Oldest available (and valid) name for the “ Sand Crab ”; b This name does not have any bearing on the nomenclature of the “ Sand Crab ” but its availability and authorship are discussed in the text. In Opinion 262 (ICZN 1954 d), it was also discussed that even in the hypothetical scenario that Cancer arenarius Catesby, 1771, was available, it would still be preoccupied by the previously overlooked Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765. Although the identity of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, was not determined, it was believed to be distinct from the American “ Sand Crab ” (Cancer arenarius Catesby, 1771) as it was found in “ Queda in the Straits of Malacca ”. The “ Sand Crab ” of Catesby (1771) on the other hand, was found on “ the Atlantic shores of the American Continent ” (ICZN 1954 d: 304). While it is possible that Toreen (in Osbeck 1765) was aware of the “ Cancer arenarius ” of Catesby (1734: 35, pl. 35), Toreen (in Osbeck 1765) did not cite Catesby (1734). As such, Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, must be treated as a distinct taxon. The identity of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, is discussed below. Interestingly, very early on, Say (1817: 69) had treated Catesby’s name as available and transferred the species to the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795. Say’s (1817) use of the name “ Ocypode arenaria ”, however, is clearly following Catesby (1771), and does not change the current status of the name as set out in Opinion 262 (ICZN 1954 d). The name Cancer arenarius Catesby, 1771, remains unavailable.	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFFEFF8927FBFE9442A3FC9F.taxon	description	Catesby (1771 b) used two different non-binomial names for a dromiid crab with red chelae: Cancer marinus chelis rubris (p. 37) and Cancer chelis rubris (pl. 37, caption). Edwards (in Catesby 1771 b: 1) listed: “ 37. The red clawed crab. Cancer marinus chelis rubris. [=] Cancer erythropus. Forst. N. Am. Anim. 33 ”. The reference to “ Forst. N. Am. Anim. 33 ” is to Forster (1771: 33) who listed: “ redclawed Cat. II. 37. f. 1 ”. It is therefore clear that Edwards (in Catesby 1771 b: 1) was the first author to establish a binomial Latin name for the crab figured by Catesby (1771 b: pl. 37) although it was listed by Forster (1771: 33). Opinions 89 and 259 (ICZN 1925, 1954 a) ruled that the new names in Edwards’ (in Catesby 1771 a, b) Catalogue are available names as he was applying consistently binomial names to the taxa figured in Catesby (1771 a, b). A note on the correct citation for the authorship of Cancer erythropus (now Dromia erythropus) is necessary. Authorship of Dromia erythropus is conventionally attributed to “ Edwards, 1771 ” (e. g. Laughlin et al. 1982: 342; Ng et al. 2008: 33; Viana et al. 2003: 215 – 217). However, as discussed in Ng (1994), the citation of an author’s name after the scientific name is a bibliographic tool that allows the origin of names to be traced and the relevant literature acquired. If the authorship of Cancer erythropus is attributed to simply “ Edwards, 1771 ”, no publication by this author in 1771 will be found that contains the name Cancer erythropus. Conversely, the correct citation of “ Edwards, in Catesby, 1771 ” makes the original publication (and source) of the name clear.	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFFEFF8C27FBFBBD43A9FEFA.taxon	description	Osbeck’s (1757) original Swedish account is a pre-Linnaean work and the names proposed within are not available (Article 3, ICZN 1999: 4). The names in the German translation (i. e. Osbeck 1765), however, are available as they were published after 1758 and Osbeck himself played a part in revising the work, clearly indicating adoption of those names, unlike in the case of the names simply reprinted in post- 1758 reissues of pre- Linnaean work which are circumscribed in Opinion 5 (ICZN 1910 a). Similarly, while the name Cancer arenarius as published in Toreen (in Osbeck 1757: 351) is unavailable, it was subsequently made available in the German translation (i. e. Toreen in Osbeck 1765: 479). Furthermore, Toreen’s (in Osbeck 1765: 479) description of Cancer arenarius fulfils Articles 12.1 and 12.2 of the Code which state that a species-group name published before 1931 that is “ accompanied by a description or a definition of the taxon that it denotes, or by an indication ” is available. The availability of the name Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, has been confirmed in Opinion 262 (ICZN 1954 d: 299, 303, 304). However, as noted in Opinion 262 (ICZN 1954 d: 304) “ [t] he question whether the descriptive matter given by Toreen in respect of the species Cancer arenarius Toreen [in Osbeck] is sufficient to permit of the identification of that species is a systematic and not a nomenclatorial problem ”. The name Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, has not appeared in any publication since 1954 and its identity remains unresolved. The relevant portion of the published correspondence of Toreen (in Osbeck 1765: 476 – 480) describes a visit to “ Queda in der Strasse von Malacca ” en route from “ Suratte ” (in the modern state of Gujarat, India) to China. This locality is the state of Kedah along the northwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia (see Richards 1876: 33). Toreen (in Osbeck 1765: 479) described Cancer arenarius as follows: “ In dem Meere giebt es, ausser mancherley Fischen, auch verschiedene Krabbenarten. Wenn eine derselben, welche ihre Augen auf langen Stiften trug und besondere Füsse hatte (Cancer arenarius), indem sie Ihnen von dem Herrn Commercienrathe Lagerström übersendet worden, Schaden genommen hätte, würde ich es bedauern. In ihrem Leben funkelten ihre Augen trotz einem Katzenauge. ” [In the sea there are, besides many kinds of fishes, various species of crabs. One of them (Cancer arenarius), has eyes on which are borne long pins and has strange feet. They were received from Mister Commercienrathe (a title denoting a merchant of commerce) Lagerström, and I would regret any damage to this specimen. In life, the eyes of this crab sparkle like those of a cat.] This description of Cancer arenarius – eyes that “ sparkle like those of a cat ” and “ on which are borne long pins ” can only be what is now known at present as Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas, 1772), a common intertidal ocypodid species widespread in the Indo-West Pacific (see Lanchester 1902; Tweedie 1937; Sakai 1976; Sakai & Türkay 1977; Dai et al. 1985; Huang et al. 1998; Poore 2004; Türkay et al. 1996). While there are several species of Ocypode with stylophthalmous processes on the eye, only one species is known from Peninsular Malaysia, having been reported from “ Port Swettenham, Selangor ” (Tweedie 1937: 141) and Phuket, Thailand (Ng & Davie 2002: 378; Yong et al. 2011: 752), respectively, south and north of Kedah (“ Queda ”). The species has also been observed and collected in northwestern Peninsular Malaysia and western Thailand in many localities (unpublished data). We thus confidently identify Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck 1765, with Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas, 1772). Identifying Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, with Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas, 1772) causes the former to become a senior subjective synonym of the latter. This subjective synonymy of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck 1765, and Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas 1772), is not in the interest of nomenclatural stability as the Principle of Priority (Article 23 of the Code) requires that the oldest available name for a taxon must be used (i. e. Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765). The name Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas 1772) is in current and widespread use for an important indicator species in ecological (e. g., Lucrezi et al. 2009; Yong & Lim 2009) as well as physiological studies (e. g., Bhat et al. 2010; Perry et al. 2009). Furthermore, the name Cancer arenarius has a confused history and has been frequently used as the valid name for Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) (see ICZN 1910 b: 22, 23) and replacing the name of another species Ocypode Weber, 1795, with Cancer arenarius will only cause confusion. Fortunately, the Principle of Priority is mediated by Article 23.9.1 of the Code that requires a reversal of precedence of a junior synonym when the senior synonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (Article 23.9.1.1) and the junior synonym “ has been used for a particular taxon, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years ” (Article 23.9.1.2).	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFFBFF8D27FBFEE942CAFBB6.taxon	description	One such name is the “ Sandkrebs (granchio d’arena) ” which was Latinised as “ Cancer arenarius ” by Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117, footnote). On the previous page, Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 116) discusses the identity of the crab known variously as the “ Taschenkrebs ” [purse crabs], “ παΎοʋρος ” [pagurus], “ Granciporo ”, “ Sandkrebs ” and “ granchio d’arena ”. Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 116, footnote) refers to the works of Forskål (1775: 93, species 49), Mattioli (1568: 334; misspelt as “ Mathioli ”), and Scopoli (1763: 406, species 1125). Scopoli (1763: 406, species 1125) under the name Cancer pagurus “ Linnaeus ” refers to Mattioli (1568: 334) who figures a species of crab called the “ Granciporo ”. The “ Granciporo ” of Mattioli (1568: 334) is a species that is today known as Eriphia verrucosa which was described by Forskål (1775: 93, species 49); a reference also cited by Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 116, footnote). On the next page, Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117) discusses how this species was wrongly included under the name Cancer pagurus by Linnaeus (1758: 626, 627) and subsequent authors. Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117, footnote) then proceeds to distinguish the species of Forskål (1775), Mattioli (1568), and Scopoli (1763) by providing a description of this species in German, and a Latin diagnosis in a footnote (in which the name Cancer arenarius is applied). The German diagnosis of Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117) reads as follows: “ Der Pagurus wohnt also an den Klippen am User, und vorzüglich an solchen Klippen, welche im Meere lothrecht abgeschnitten hervorstehen, und besonders da, wo sie in dieser Richtung vom Meere bespühlt werden. Der Krebs lauert in seiner höhle, mit List seine Beute zu überraschen. Mehr der Nachts als bei Tage, geht er aus seiner höhle, und klettert auf die Klippe ins Trockene. Sein Gang ist nicht sehr schnell, und wenn er seine höhle oder sein Lager verlässt, wird er sast immer von den Fischern gefangen. Sein Muskelbau ist dicht und stark. Seine grosste Stärke hat er in dem Kneipen seiner Escheeren. So lange er noch klein ist, nennen ihn unsre Fischer den haarigen Krebs (granchio piloso); wenn er gross ist, und das Haar an den Borderfüssen verloren hat, den Locherkrebs (granchio di pertugio). Nach dem Walkerkrebse hat dieser das beste Fleisch. ” [This crab lives on the cliffs along the shore, and especially on isolated rocks surrounded by the sea. The crab lurks in its burrow to surprise its prey with cunning. Its habits are generally nocturnal. Its movements are not quick and if it leaves its burrow, it is almost always caught by fishermen. Its musculature is thick and strong. Its greatest strength is in its claws. While it is still immature and has hair on its walking legs, fishermen call it the hairy crab (‘ granchio piloso’); once mature and having lost the lost the hair on its walking legs, it is called the hole-puncher crab (‘ granchio di pertugio’). After the walking-crabs this has the best flesh.] The Latin diagnosis of Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117, footnote) is given as: “ Cancer arenarius. Brachyurus; laevis, thorace lateribus novem-plicatis, manibus laevibus, obsolete quinque-striatis. Affinis Paguro. Thorax ad latera elongatus: marginibus anticis untrinque plicis latiusculis tuberculiformibus novem, posticis elevatis in curvam strigam. Frons tuberculis tribus coalitis, quibus utrinque duo accedunt ad orbitam oculorum, oculorum pedicelli breviusculi. Brachia laevia, nec setosa, praeter carinas cubitorum: carpi subventricosi, externe plicis quinque longitudinalibus, obsoletis; interjectis venis anastomosantibus. Digiti atri, dentati. Pedes valde setosi, plantis profunde striatis; unguibus acutis. Habitat in arenosis plagis Neapolitani Crateris: retibus capitur. ” [Cancer arenarius. Brachyurous; carapace smooth with and nine-toothed; hands smooth, with five-obsolete grooves. Affinities with pagurids. Anterior margins of carapace with nine teeth, more acute towards posterior. Frontal margin with three coalesced tubercles, two on each side of which approach orbit of eyes; eyes on rather short pedicels. Arms smooth, not setose; except three keels; wrists subventricose; arms with five obsolete grooves on external portion. Fingers black, dentate. Feet very setose, tips of feet deeply striate, sharp. It lives in the sandy regions of Naples and is captured in nets.] The references to Forskål (1775), Mattioli (1568), and Scopoli (1763), as well as the diagnosis of a slowmoving crab with a smooth carapace with three weak frontal lobes, setose ambulatory legs and large and strong chelipeds with black-tipped fingers readily identify Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, with Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) (Koh & Ng 2008: 329, 330, fig. 1 A – C). The apparent contradiction between the description of “ thorace lateribus novem-plicatis ” or an anterolateral margin with nine teeth given by Zimmermann (in Cavolini 1792: 117, footnote) and the five to six teeth known in Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775), can be easily explained by the frequent presence of “ accessory denticles ” on these spines (Koh & Ng 2008: 329). This identification is further supported by the fact that Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775), is found in Italian waters and is often sold for food (Koh & Ng 2008: 329, 330), and is a predatory crab that uses its large and strong claws to crack open the shells of its mollusc prey (Rossi & Parisi 1973). Although Zimmermann (in Cavolini, 1792), was aware of (and appears to have renamed) Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775), the two names are not objective synonyms, as the Cancer arenarius of Zimmermann (in Cavolini, 1792), was based on the descriptions of Forskål (1775), Mattioli (1568), and Scopoli (1763), as well as on whatever specimens may have been available to him (and / or Cavolini 1787). Cancer arenarius Zimmermann (in Cavolini, 1792), should thus be regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775).	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFFAFF8227FBFB1F476AFC9E.taxon	description	Holthuis (1967, 1969) realised that while the name Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) was in use for the Mediterranean species, the figure of Rumphius (1705) was that of the Indo-West Pacific, Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793 (now Lysiosquillina maculata, see Ahyong 2001: 137). Furthermore, as noted by Holthuis (1969: 221, 222), Linnaeus’ (1758: 633) description of Squilla mantis would “ fit practically any stomatopod ”. To prevent “ a chaotic situation ”, Holthuis (1969: 222) designated a specimen from the Mediterranean as the neotype of Squilla mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) to fix the name of the European species. Holthuis (1967: 18) also designated the specimen figured by Rumphius (1705: pl. 3: figs. C, E) as the simultaneous lectotype of Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793. This simultaneous lectotype designation makes Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793, objective synonyms. However, Holthuis (1967: 18) did not comment on the relative priority of the names (both published in 1793), nor did he take First Reviser action (Article 24.2, ICZN 1999: 30). However, Stebbing (1902: 46, 47) discussed that: “ Herbst [1793 a: 96] adduces Cancer arenarius, etc., from ‘ Linn. Mus. Adolph. Frid., p. 86 [i. e. Linnaeus 1754], ’ a work of 1754. Linnaeus himself in 1758 [p. 633] gives the same reference for Cancer mantis, followed by a reference to ‘ Rumph. Mus. t. 3, f. E., C. arenarius [i. e. Rumphius 1705: pl. 3, fig. E]. ’ Since this habitat includes the Asiatic, Indian, and Mediterranean Seas, the Linnean species may be taken to cover Squilla mantis as well as Lysiosquilla maculata. The specific name which Herbst [1793 a: 96] adopts with proper respect to his Dutch [i. e. Rumphius 1705] predecessor has generally been set aside as of later date than that given by Fabricius [1793], but, so far as can be known, they are contemporary, for although Herbst’s second volume is dated 1796, the parts of it in which Cancer (Mantis) arenarius was published belonged to 1793. In the conflict of claims the Fabrician name maybe allowed a prescriptive preference ”. The principle of First Reviser (Article 24.2, ICZN 1999: 30) states that “ [w] hen the precedence between names or nomenclatural acts cannot be objectively determined, the precedence is fixed by the action of the first author citing in a published work those names or acts and selecting from them […] ”, an action that was effectively carried out by Stebbing (1902: 47). The First Reviser action of Stebbing (1902: 47), is however, unnecessary as the name Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, is a junior primary homonym of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765 (Articles 53.3, 57.1, 57.2, 57.4 of the Code). The type material of Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, is not extant (see Sakai 1999). The specimen figured by Rumphius (1705: pl. 3, figs. C, E) which is the simultaneous lectotype of Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793, is also lost (see Holthuis 1967: 18). Ahyong (2001: 139) designated a male specimen from Manado (Australian Museum, Sydney, AM P 58558) as the neotype of Lysiosquillina maculata (Fabricius, 1793). This specimen (AM P 58558) is herein designated as the simultaneous neotype of Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793. This action fixes the objective synonymy (and identities) of Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Squilla maculata Fabricius, 1793, with the latter being the available (and valid) name. The valid name for the species figured by Rumphius (1705: pl. 3, figs. C, E) remains as Lysiosquillina maculata (Fabricius, 1793).	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFF5FF8327FBFACC47DEFBD5.taxon	description	In an entry on the Mediterranean ghost crab in his zoological dictionary, François-Alexandre Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759: 416, 417) used the Latin name Cancer eques and included the observations of Belonii (1553: 361, 362) and Gesneri (1558: 194, 195). As indicated by the final portion of the title of Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois’ (1759) work, it was intended to be “ … suivant les différentes méthodes ou nouveaux systêmes de Messieurs Linnaeus, Klein & Brisson ”. Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759) was thus not simply republishing the work of earlier authors and translating names into Latin, but was clearly adopting these names and using them according to the “ new classification systems of Linnaeus, Klein and Brisson ”. Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759) is the first post- 1758 author to have used the name Cancer eques within the binomial nomenclatural framework. Cancer eques Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois, 1759, is thus an available name. Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759: 417) described Cancer eques as follows: “ Cancre Cavalier, en Grec 1 ππOὺς, en Latin Cancer eques. En Allemand, dit Gesner [i. e. Gesneri 1558: 194, 195], Ein Reuter; en Italien Cavalliero ou Caballiero. C’est un Amphibie, selon Belon [i. e. Belonii 1553: 361, 362]. Dans les chaleurs de l’été, sur le midi, ils sortent en troupe de la mer, pour passer le reste du jour au soleil, ou à l’ombre, ou peutêtre pour n’être pas dévorés des poissons. Ce Naturaliste, en partant de Memphis pour Jerusalem, marque que sur les confins de l’Egypte il en vit qui retournoient à la mer, & couroient d’une si grande vitesse, qu’il n’étoit pas possible de les atteindre. Il ajoute qu’un Lézard qui étoit à l’ombre sous une plante, nommée Ambrosie, ayant apperçu un de ces Cancres, le poursuivit, & que ce Cancre, qui paroissoit plutôt voler que courir, lui échapa. Ces sortes de Cancres sont si petits, dis Gesner [i], qu’il n’y a rien à manger ”. [The ‘ Knight Crab’; in Greek ‘ the horse’; in Latin Cancer eques. In German, according to Gesner [i. e. Gesneri 1558: 194, 195], ‘ The Knight’; in Italian ‘ Knight’. This is an amphibian, according to Belon [i. e. Belonii 1553: 361, 362]. In the heat of summer, at about noon, they come in from the sea in groups to spend the rest of the day in the sun, in the shade, or perhaps to avoid being eaten by fish. This naturalist [Belonii], observed them returning to the sea, along the shores from Memphis to Jerusalem, marking the borders of Egypt; running with such great speed that it was not possible to catch them. The same commentator added that a lizard hiding under the shade of a plant called ‘ Ambrosia’ pursued this crab which seemed to fly rather than run, and evaded the lizard. According to Gesner [i], these crabs are so small in size that they are not worth eating.] Grmek & Guinot (1965: 55) discussed that the “ eques cancer ” of Belonii (1553) is conspecific with Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758). Garassino et al. (2010: 142) also state that Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758), is the only species of the genus Ocypode known to live in the Mediterranean area, as mentioned by Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759: 417), and in the area in which Belonii (1553) conducted his observations (see Kitto 1852: 492). Cancer eques Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois, 1759, should therefore be regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758).	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
03E43F27FFF4FF8127FBFB3445CFFF16.taxon	description	Olivier’s (1804 a – d) work is important to carcinology because he described Cancer potamios (now Potamon potamios, see Brandis et al. 2000: 9; Ng et al. 2008: 160), which was described in Olivier (1804 a: 341, footnote; 1804 c: 240, footnote) and figured in Olivier (1804 d: iv, pl. 30, fig. 2). Olivier (1804 a: 234, footnote, 235, footnote; 1804 c: 51, footnote, 52, footnote) also described Ocypoda ippeus, a species commonly known in the Mediterranean area as the horse crab. The same species was figured in Olivier (1804 d: pl. 30, fig. 1) but under the name Cancer hippeus (p. vi). a Livraison; b French revolutionary calendar year; c Date before which work could not have been in existence; d Earliest date when work was work was unambiguously in existence. Olivier (1804 a: 234, footnote, 235, footnote; 1804 c: 51, footnote, 52, footnote) wrote: “ Toute la côte était couverte d’une espèce de crabe connu des Anciens, sous le nom cavalier [reference to footnote: ‘ Crabe cavalier ’ in Camus (1783: 160)]. A mesure que nous approchions de lui il conrait de côté avec la plus grande célérité, et se sauvait à la mer ou dans les trous qu’il avait creusés sur le rivage. Nous voulûmes l’atteindre à la course; nous ne pûmes y parvenir; mais il nous fut aisé de le saisir en fouillant dans le sable où il s’était tapi. Ce crabe est très-vorace: les cadavres ou charognes de toute espèce, ainsi que les substances animales que la mer rejette sur le rivage, sont dévores par lui en un instant. Ses yeux présentent une particularité fort supérieurement, et va se terminer en une houpe de poils ou pinceau assez long. Le têt est carré, convexe et chagriné en dessus; les angles latéraux antérieurs sont saillans, et la ligne qui se prolonge postérieurement, et qui divise vers le milieu, est légérement crénelée dans toute sa longueur. Les pinces ne sont pas fort grandes; elles sont chagrinées et très-anguleuses: les autres pattes sont un peu rugueuses: la pièce les termine est mince, pointue, et a quatre lignes longitudinales, sailantes. Il appartient au genre Ocypode [reference to footnote: ‘ Ocypoda ippeus, thorace quadrato, scabro, antice utrinquè angulato, oculis penicillo terminatis. Tab. 30, fig. 1. ’]. (Voyez pl. 30, fig. 1.) ”. Olivier (1804 a: 235, footnote; 1804 c: 52, footnote) considered the spelling “ Ocypode ” to be the French vernacular and Latin equivalent to be “ Ocypoda ”. As with the name Cancer eques that was used by Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois (1759: 417), the name Ocypoda ippeus as used by Olivier (1804 a: 234, 235) clearly shows the Olivier’s adoption of the name and that in describing it as new, assigned it to the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (incorrectly spelt as “ Ocypoda ”). The issues surrounding the spelling of the genus-group name Ocypode and its authorship have been discussed by Holthuis (1962: 237) and resolved in Opinion 712 (ICZN 1964: 338). In the atlas of plates accompanying Olivier (1804 a), the name Cancer hippeus was given in the accompanying caption to the plate (Olivier 1804 d: vi, pl. 30, fig. 1). As Olivier (1804 a, c, d) are deemed to have been published simultaneously, the names Ocypoda ippeus as used in Olivier (1804 a: 235, footnote; 1804 c: 52, footnote) and Cancer hippeus as used in Oliver (1804 d: vi) are deemed to be “ alternative original spellings ” (Article 19.3; ICZN 1999: 21). As discussed above, the name for the “ horse crab ” has its origins in the Greek “ Iππο ὺς ”, which is correctly transliterated into Latin as “ ippeus ”. We therefore take First Reviser action (Article 24.2, ICZN 1999: 30) and select the name Ocypoda ippeus as used in Olivier (1804 a: 235, footnote; 1804 c: 52, footnote) to be the correct spelling, and the name Cancer hippeus in Olivier (1804 d: vi) to be a lapsus. As specified in Article 19.3 (ICZN 1999: 21) when multiple original spellings are used in a publication, “ [a] lternative original spellings that are not adopted by the First Reviser [Article 24.2] are deemed to be incorrect original spellings and are not separately available ”. The correct spelling of the name for the “ horse crab ” described by Olivier (1804 a, c, d) should therefore now be Ocypoda ippeus. Olivier’s (1804 a: 235, footnote; 1804 c: 52, footnote) statement of “ oculis penicillo terminatis ” and his figure (1804 d: pl. 30, fig. 1) clearly diagnose Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758), in which the brush-like stylophthalmous processes beyond the cornea are a diagnostic character (see Branch et al. 2007: 96). It should be noted that this identity had already been recognised by Latreille (in Biot et al. 1818: 197). Ocypoda ippeus Olivier, 1804, is herein considered a junior subjective synonym of Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758).	en	Low, Martyn E. Y., Ng, Peter K. L. (2012): The identities of Cancer arenarius Toreen, in Osbeck, 1765, Cancer arenarius Zimmermann, in Cavolini, 1792, Cancer (Mantis) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and Cancer (Gammarellus) arenarius Herbst, 1793, and other names associated with the genus Ocypode Weber, 1795 (Crustacea: Amphipoda, Decapoda,. Zootaxa 3398: 40-57
