taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E44B37471BFFA5FFF8A51AFB16FCC9.taxon	description	Columella Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 85 (1790), pro parte. not Columella Vahl nor Columella Vell. – Type species: Columella pedata Lour. Climbers, herbaceous; hermaphrodite; sometimes tuberous roots present; branchlets terete, with distinct longitudinal ridges; tendrils opposite to leaves, (1 –) 2 – 3 (– 8) - furcate, each branch subtended by a bract. Leaves alternate, pedately (4 –) 5 (– 7) - foliolate or trifoliolate; stipules 2, caducous; leaflets usually serrate at margin. Inflorescence a large compound dichasium, leaf-opposed or pseudoaxillary, rarely axillary. Flowers 4 - merous; calyx cupuliform; corolla apex cucullate, valvate in aestivation; stamens inserted on the receptacle at the base of the floral disc, opposite to petals, filaments erect, anthers introrse; floral disc cupular and surrounding the ovary, 4 - lobed; style conical, stigma minute and undivided. Fruit a berry, usually globose to oblate, purplish black when mature, 1 - to 4 - seeded. Seeds triangular, triangular-obovoid or obovoid-elliptic in dorsiventral view, smooth or somewhat angular, convex on the back; beak usually more or less cylindrical; chalaza linear and protruding on surface extending c. 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of seed length from apex; raphal ridge distinct; without a distinct membrane covering the ventral infolds, ventral infolds inconspicuous or keel-shaped, cup-shaped or suborbicular in ventral view, horseshoe-shaped or concave in cross-section; endosperm ruminate, T- or m-shaped in cross-section. 2 n = 30, 40, 60, 80, 120.	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
03E44B374718FFA2FFF8A50AFC98FEA5.taxon	description	Queensland, State Forest Reserve 755, Barong logging area, 17 ° 31 ′ S, 145 ° 50 ′ E, 80 m, 13 vii 1977, Gray 620 (holotype CNS [barcode QRS 009328!]; isotypes BRI [barcode BRI-AQ 0542035!], CANB [barcode CANB 514891!], CNS [barcode QRS 009327!], JCT [barcode JCT-S 4021!]). Image in Parmar et al. (2021: figure 7). Herbaceous climber. Stem terete, with longitudinal ridges, branched, often reddish when young, hairs mainly at nodes; tendrils 2 - or 3 - furcate, without adhesive discs at tips. Leaves compound, pedately 5 - foliolate, alternate, stipules triangular, 2 – 3 (– 5) × 1 – 1.5 mm, caducous; petiole 2.6 – 9.2 cm, central petiolule 1.1 – 3.5 cm long, lateral petiolules 0.3 – 1.8 cm long; central leaflet broadly lanceolate-ovate, elliptic, 5.2 – 11 × 2.6 – 5.7 cm, base rounded or cuneate, upper laterals lanceolate-ovate, elliptic, 2.9 – 10.8 × 1.9 – 4.8 cm, base asymmetrical or cuneate; lower laterals lanceolate-ovate, elliptic, 1.7 – 8 × 0.8 – 4.2 cm, base asymmetrical or cuneate; apex acuminate, caudate or cuspidate, margin serrate with 5 – 11 teeth one each side, sometimes sharply serrate, lateral veins 5 – 9 pairs, pubescent on both surfaces with uniseriate hairs mainly restricted to the veins at maturity, veins inconspicuously raised. Inflorescence a compound dichasium; mostly dividing dichotomously, axillary, leaf-opposed or pseudoaxillary, 3 primary branches, 5 – 14 × 1 – 5 cm; peduncle 3 – 11 cm long. Calyx cupuliform, papillose, shortly lobed. Petals 1.5 – 2 mm long, papillose, greenish white to yellowish, apex not corniculate. Stamens 4, filaments 0.5 – 0.75 mm long, anthers c. 0.5 mm long, oval. Ovary, lower part adnate to floral disc. Floral disc thick, lime green at anthesis. Fruit a berry, globose to oblate, 7 – 10 mm in diameter, purplish blue to black when mature. Seeds 2 – 4, triangular in dorsiventral view, c. 3.5 – 5 × 3 – 4 mm; beak inconspicuous or extending c. 1 / 5 of seed length, apex retuse, chalaza extending c. 1 / 2 of seed length, ventral infolds with two shallow keel-shaped cavities, endosperm nearly T-shaped in cross-section. Distribution. Australia (Queensland) and Papua New Guinea. Distribution in New Guinea. Papua New Guinea: Central, East Sepik, Manus, Morobe, New Ireland, Sandaun, Western, and West New Britain (Figure 1). Habitat and ecology. Forests, hills, from sea level to 1000 m. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Proposed IUCN conservation category. Causonis australasica occurs only in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The EOO and AOO are calculated as 1,095,884 km 2 and 144 km 2, respectively. The EOO suggests that this species might be Least Concern, whereas the AOO suggests it might be Endangered. However, the species does not fulfil the other parameters required for the species to be assessed as Endangered (e. g. small number of locations, continued decline and extreme fluctuations), and therefore this species is classified as Least Concern (LC). In New Guinea, the EOO is 529,883 km 2 and the AOO is 76 km 2. Similarly to the global conservation assessment, the EOO and AOO indicate a Least Concern and Endangered classification, respectively. However, again the additional parameters necessary for the species to be classified as Endangered are not met, and therefore Causonis australasica is classified as Least Concern (LC) in New Guinea. Additional specimens examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central province: Port Moresby subdistrict, Owens corner, c. 2 miles from Owens Corner – Kokoda Trail due east, 9 ° 25 ′ 12 ′′ S, 147 ° 30 ′ 00 ′′ E, 24 v 1977, Benjamin and Wiakabu 67848 (K [K 000871665], L [L. 2335866]); Port Moresby subdistrict, near Boridi village, 9 ° 5 ′ S, 147 ° 38 ′ E, 2 x 1973, Foreman and Vina LAE 60291 (K [K 000871664], L [L. 2335874]). East Sepik province: Hunstein Range, near site ‘ Gipa’, along the main stream course, 4 ° 28 ′ S, 142 ° 43 ′ E, 15 vii 1990, Takeuchi WT 6115 (K [K 000871631], L [L. 4253880]); Ambunti, Mt Townsend, 4 ° 11 ′ 57 ′′ S, 142 ° 48 ′ 43 ′′ E, 17 ix 1990, Takeuchi 6950 (BO [BO- 1943768], K, L [L. 4254789]). Manus province: Manus Island, near Kari Village, c. 5 km inland from N. coast in Mundrau limestone depression, 2 ° 2 ′ S, 147 ° 1 ′ E, 19 xi 1975, Sands, Pattison and Wood 2698 (K [K 000871673]). Morobe province: Finschafen subdistrict, Near Arigenang Village, 6 ° 28 ′, 147 ° 21 ′, 14 ii 1970, Foreman NGF 48104 (K [K 000871634]); Bulolo, 7 ° 15 ′ 00 ′′ S, 146 ° 42 ′ 36 ′′ E, 9 ii 1950, Fryar NGF 3987 (K [K 000871671], L [L. 2335870]); Oomsis logging area, 6 ° 35 ′ S, 146 ° 25 ′ E, 23 x 1959, Henty NGF 11580 (K [K 000871668, K 000871670], L [L. 2329293]); Busu river, 6 ° 40 ′ S, 147 ° E, 14 i 1964, Henty NGF 16740 (K [K 000871635, K 000871632], L [L. 2329292]); Tuamini river, Lae – Wau road, 6 ° 50 ′ S, 146 ° 35 ′ E, 14 viii 1962, Millar NGF 14608 (K [K 000871639], L [L. 2329298]); flood plain of Markham River, <20 m, 6 ° 40 ′ 59 ′′ S, 146 ° 53 ′ 30 ′′ E, 11 iii 1993, Takeuchi 8849 (BISH n. v., L [L. 4254214], LAE n. v., NSW n. v.); Lae, near Taraka Village, 6 ° 37 ′ S, 146 ° 55 ′ E, 9 xi 2012, Wen and Applehans 12300 (US). New Britain province: West Nakai, Galilo village, near cape Hoskins, 5 ° 28 ′ 32 ′′ S, 150 ° 32 ′ 57 ′′ E, 27 viii 1954, Floyd 3472 (K [K 000871676]); Hoskins subdistrict, Tabai Rekau, 5 ° 25 ′ S, 150 ° 30 ′ E, 19 x 1968, Millar NGF 40586 (K [K 000871667], L [L. 2329287]). New Ireland province: West of Kaut plantation, 2 ° 45 ′ S, 150 ° 55 ′ E, 16 ii 1967, Coode and Katik NGF 29861 (K [K 000871638], L [L. 2335872]). Sandaun province: Telefomin, Hak river, 4 ° 53 ′ 38 ′′ S, 141 ° 37 ′ 08 ′′ E, 5 ii 1981, Morren 210 (K [K 000871637]). West New Britain province: Hoskins subdistrict, on the road to Dagi, 5 ° 31 ′ S, 150 ° 55 ′ E, 21 xii 1967, Coode and Lake NGF 32637 (K [K 000871666], L [L. 2335873]). Western province: Kiunga subdistrict, 6 ° 7 ′ S, 141 ° 17 ′ E, 21 vii 1967, Ridsdale and Galore NGF 33443 (BO, K [K 000871674], L [L. 2335868]); Kiunga subdistrict, 5 miles N. W. of Kiunga, Rumginae Rd., 6 ° 10 ′ S, 141 ° 20 ′ E, 12 vii 1971, Streimann and Katik 51855 (BO, K [K 000871660], L [L. 2329290]).	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
03E44B37471FFFA0FFF8A247FC24FDED.taxon	description	Herbaceous climber. Stem angular, 2 – 4 mm in diameter, very branched, usually glabrous with simple hairs at nodes when young; tendril 3 - furcate (occasionally 2 - furcate), slender, wiry, leaf-opposed, cylindrical, with a non-coiling section followed by coiling section, 1.5 – 14 cm long, glabrous, lacking adhesive discs at the tips. Leaves compound, 3 - foliolate, alternate; petiole 1 – 8 cm long, hairy as on stem, central petiolule 0.5 – 2.5 cm long, lateral petiolules 1 – 8 mm long, hooked hairs sometimes present; central leaflet blade ovate to rhomboid, 1 – 10 × 1 – 7 cm, base cuneate to rounded; lateral leaflet blade 2 – 8 × 2 – 6 cm, base oblique; margin dentate to crenulose, apex acute; adaxial surface almost glabrous at maturity except for the presence of uniseriate 3 - to 14 - celled hooked hairs on the midrib, abaxial side usually glabrous, occasionally with hooked hairs at the junction of the petiole and the lamina; veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence a ramified, axillary, mostly dividing dichotomously, corymbose, compound dichasium, 2 – 12 cm long; peduncle 1.5 – 16 cm long, hairy as on leaf to glabrous, pedicels 1 – 3 mm long, papillose. Buds ovoid, 1.25 – 2 × 1 – 2 mm. Calyx cupuliform, entire, margin sinuate, 0.5 – 0.75 × 1.5 – 2 mm, papillose. Corolla petals 4, ovate, 1.25 – 2.25 × 1 – 2 mm, apex cucullate, papillose. Stamens 4; filaments flattened, broadening at the base, 0.5 – 1 mm long; anthers orbicular, medifixed, 0.4 – 0.75 mm long. Ovary adnate to the disc; disc with 4 lobes, glabrous. Style conical, slender, 0.5 – 1 mm long; stigma inconspicuous. Fruit a berry, subglobose, 0.5 – 1.25 mm in diameter, glabrous, smooth, base attenuate. Seeds 2 – 4, triangular-obovoid, 5 – 7 × 4 – 7 mm, ventral infolds side conspicuous with 2 keels to cup-shaped cavities, dorsal side convex with a linear chalazal knot, endosperm nearly T-shaped in cross-section. See Figure 2 A, F – H. Distribution. Australia, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia (Borneo, New Guinea, Sulawesi), Malaysia, Moluccas Islands, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Vietnam. Distribution in New Guinea. Indonesia (Irian Jaya) and Papua New Guinea (Autonomous Region of Boubainville, Milne Bay) (see Figure 1). Habitat and ecology. Coastal, alluvial or sandy soil, swamps, forest edge, regrowth; near sea level to 3500 m. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Proposed IUCN conservation category. Causonis maritima is distributed from India and China to North Australia with no apparent threats, and therefore it can be treated as Least Concern (LC). In New Guinea, although we only have four collections, the EOO is calculated to be 676,693 km 2, and therefore it is also considered to be Least Concern (LC). Additional specimens examined. INDONESIA. Irian Jaya: Snow Mountains [Maoke Mountains]: Bernhard Camp Idenburg River [Taritatu river], 3 ° 40 ′ S, 140 ° 15 ′ E, iv 1939, Brass 13947 (K [K 000871696], L [L. 2329267]). NW New Guinea, Pionier bivouac, vi 1926, Docters van Leeuwen 9362 (BO [2 duplicates], K [K 000871697]).	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
03E44B37471FFFA0FFF8A247FC24FDED.taxon	materials_examined	PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Autonomous Region of Bougainville province: SW of Toiumonapu Plantation, 6 ° 10 ′ S, 155 ° 20 ′ E, 2 vii 1963, van Royen NGF 16418 (BO, K [K 000871707], L [L. 2329188]). Milne Bay province: Subdist Alotau, Haumo River, 3 miles out of Alotau on road to Gurney 2 miles east of Rabe village, 10 ° 20 ′ S, 150 ° 25 ′ E, 21 iii 1976, Larivita LAE 70553 (K [K 000871688; sheet 2]).	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
03E44B37471DFFAFFFF8A13FFD54F970.taxon	description	Vitis trifolia L., Sp. Pl. 203 (1753); Cissus trifolia (L.) K. Schum. in Schumann & Hollrung, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land 71 (1889); Columella trifolia (L.) Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C, 134 (1916); Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 370 (1927). – Type: India, Madras, “ Pearmedoor, about 16 or 17 miles from Fort St George ”, 27 / 28 v 1969, Herb. Sloane 165 (Petiver): 84, Samuel Browne 67 (BM-SL!, neotype, designated by Shetty & Singh, Taxon 37: 171 [1988]). Cissus carnosa Lam., Encycl. 1: 31 (1783); Vitis carnosa (Lam.) Wall. ex M. A. Lawson in Hooker 654 (1875); Cayratia carnosa (Lam.) Gagnep., Notul. Syst. 347 (1911). – Type: [illustration] India, “ Tsjori-Valli ” in Rheede tot Draakestein, Hort. Malab. 7: t. 9 (1688) (lectotype, designated by Mabberley in Dassanayake et al., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 9: 458 [1995]). Cissus obtusifolia Lam., Encycl. 1: 31 (1783). – Lectotype (designated by Parmar et al., Taxon 70 (6): 1214 [2021]): India., s. d., J. B. Lamarck s. n. (P [barcode P 00295584!]). Cissus cinerea Lam., Tabl. Encycl. l: 332 (1791) ≡ Cayratia trifolia var. cinerea (Lam.) Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 76: 47 (1944). – Lectotype (designated by Parmar et al., Taxon 70 (6): 1214 [2021]): East Indies, s. d., J. B. Lamarck s. n. (P [barcode P 00295579!]).	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
03E44B37471DFFAFFFF8A13FFD54F970.taxon	description	Mueller s. n. (GH n. v., K n. v., MEL [barcodes MEL 540157!, MEL 540158!]; vide Jackes in Austrobaileya 2 (4): 368 (1987). Herbaceous climber. Stem terete, 1 – 4 mm in diameter, very branched, hairy with pale bent hairs 0.2 – 1 mm long to glabrous, slightly ridged; tendril 4 - or 5 - furcate, slender, wiry, leaf opposed, cylindrical, with a non-coiling section followed by coiling section, 2.5 – 10 (– 20) cm long, sparsely hairy to glabrous, mature tendrils usually forming adhesive discs at the tips. Leaves compound, 3 - foliolate, alternate; petiole 1 – 6 cm long, hairy as on stem, central petiolule 0.4 – 2.5 cm long, lateral petiolules 2 – 8 mm long, hairy as on stem; central leaflet blade oval, lanceolate to ovate, 2 – 11 × 1 – 7 cm, base cuneate to rounded; lateral leaflet blade 2.5 – 7 × 2 – 6 cm, sometimes with a lateral lobe, base oblique; margin dentate to sinuate, apex acute to acuminate; adaxial surface almost glabrous except for the presence of hairs (like those on the stem) on the midrib to densely hairy with appressed hairs, abaxial side moderately to densely hairy with hairs like these on the stem mostly concentrated on veins; veins protruding, 1 main basal vein, 4 – 8 pairs of secondary veins. Inflorescence a ramified, axillary, mostly dividing dichotomously, corymbose dichasium, 2 – 12 cm long; peduncle 1.5 – 8 cm long, hairy as on stem, pedicel 1 – 3 mm long, hairy with hairs to 0.1 – 0.2 mm long. Buds ovoid, 1.5 – 2 × 1 – 2 mm. Calyx cupuliform, entire, margin sinuate, 0.5 – 0.75 × 1.5 – 2 mm, hairy as in pedicel. Corolla petals 4, ovate, 2 – 2.25 × 1 – 1.5 mm, apex cucullate, sparsely to densely puberulent. Stamens 4; filaments flattened, broadening at the base, 0.75 – 1 mm long; anthers orbicular, medifixed, 0.4 – 0.75 mm long. Ovary adnate to the disc; disc with 4 distinct lobes, 0.5 – 1 × 1.5 mm, glabrous. Style conical, slender, 0.5 – 0.6 mm long; stigma inconspicuous. Fruit a berry, subglobose, 5 – 15 mm in diameter, glabrous, smooth, base attenuate. Seeds 2 – 4, triangular, 5 – 6 × 4.5 – 5 mm, ventral side keel-shaped, dorsal side convex with a linear chalazal knot, side ribbed; endosperm m-shaped in cross-section. See Figure 2 B, C – E. Distribution. Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Micronesia, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Palau, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vanuatu and Vietnam. Distribution in New Guinea. Indonesia: Irian Jaya (see Figure 1). Habitat and ecology. Forests on hillsides or by streams, on rocks; around 70 – 1300 m altitude. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Proposed IUCN conservation category. Causonis trifolia is a widespread species across Asia with no apparent threats, and therefore it can be treated as Least Concern. In New Guinea, we have been able to confirm the identity of ony one specimen because it was the only one bearing fruits, but it is extremely likely that the species is widespread in the country. As such, the species is classified as Least Concern (LC). Additional specimen examined. INDONESIA. Irian Jaya: Bomberai Peninsula, Tangguh survey area, S of Tanah Mera, 2 ° 27.4 ′ S, 133 ° 7.4 ′ E, 20 ii 2002, Takeuchi, Sambas & Maturbongs 15982 (BO [BO- 1486756], K, L [L. 3928844, L. 3928845]). ORCID iDs A. Trias-Blasi https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9745 - 3222 R. Dee https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0517 - 278 X T. Jimbo https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0651 - 5307 B. Jackes https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5645 - 9767 G. Parmar https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8876 - 5520	en	Trias-Blasi, Anna, Dee, R., Jimbo, Tiberius, Jackes, Betsy, Parmar, Gaurav (2022): Taxonomic revision of Causonis (Vitaceae) in New Guinea. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (1895): 1-10, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2022.1895, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1895
