identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FFEEDFC42DADC.text	03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FFEEDFC42DADC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cicinnoscelis Holland 1893	<div><p>Cicinnoscelis Holland, 1893 rev. stat.</p> <p>Cicinnoscelis flavipes new sp.</p> <p>Cicinnoscelis krooni new sp.</p> <p>Alonina Walker, 1856</p> <p>Alonina rygchiiformis Walker, 1856 *</p> <p>= Alonina difformis Hampson, 1919: 78 new syn.</p> <p>Alonina luteopunctata (Freina, 2011) new comb. (Monopetalotaxis)</p> <p>Alonina pyrethra (Hampson, 1919) new comb. (Sciapteron)</p> <p>Alonina pyrocraspis (Hampson, 1910) new comb. (Sciapteron)</p> <p>Alonina rufa new sp.</p> <p>Alonina fusca new sp.</p> <p>Anaudia Wallengren, 1863</p> <p>Anaudia felderi Wallengren, 1863 *</p> <p>Anaudia thyranthrena new sp.</p> <p>Austrosetia Felder &amp; Felder, 1874</p> <p>Austrosetia semirufa Felder &amp; Felder, 1874 *</p> <p>Felderiola Naumann, 1971 rev. stat.</p> <p>= Trochilina Felder &amp; Felder, 1874, preoccupied by Gray 1868 (Mollusca)</p> <p>Felderiola candescens (Felder &amp; Felder, 1874) rev. comb. * (Trochilina *)</p> <p>Felderiola karooensis new sp.</p> <p>Felderiola xanthogaster new sp.</p> <p>Monopetalotaxis Wallengren, 1859</p> <p>Monopetalotaxis doleriformis (Walker, 1856) * (Aegeria)</p> <p>= Monopetalotaxis wahlbergi Wallengren, 1859</p> <p>= Aegeria taylori Druce, 1899</p> <p>Hagnogyna new gen.</p> <p>Hagnogyna sanguicosta (Hampson, 1919) * new comb. (Homogyna)</p> <p>Hagnogyna bartschi (Freina, 2011) new comb. (Homogyna)</p> <p>Vespanthedon Le Cerf, 1917</p> <p>Vespanthedon cerceris Le Cerf, 1917 *</p> <p>Vespanthedon chalciphora (Hampson, 1919) new comb. (Monopetalotaxis)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FFEEDFC42DADC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FF9DBFA90D873.text	03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FF9DBFA90D873.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sesiini Boisduval 1828	<div><p>Sesiini Boisduval, 1828</p> <p>Sesiini Boisduval, 1828: 29. Type genus Sesia Fabricius, 1775.</p> <p>Aegeriini Stephens, 1828: 136. Type genus: Aegeria [Fabricius in Illiger], 1807.</p> <p>Euthrenini Fischer, 2006: 219. Type genus: Afrokona Fischer, 2006; unavailable (art. 29.1 ICZN).</p> <p>Afrokonini Fischer, 2006: 328. Type genus: Afrokona Fischer, 2006; replacement name for Euthrenini Fischer, 2006.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFCB440EFF4FF9DBFA90D873	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFCB440FFF4FF8D5FBABD8BE.text	03E587E7FFCB440FFF4FF8D5FBABD8BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cicinnoscelis Holland 1893	<div><p>Cicinnoscelis Holland, 1893 rev. stat.</p> <p>Type species: Cicinnoscelis longipes Holland 1893: 183, by original designation.</p> <p>Literature. Hampson 1919: 78 (as Cicinoscelis [sic]); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 120 (as Cicinoscelis [sic]); Naumann 1971: 14; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 38; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>The poorly known genus Cicinnoscelis was considered synonymous with Alonina for many years (sensu Hampson 1919). However, significant differences of the antenna, the wing venation and the structure of the genitalia do not support a close relationship to Alonina. The type species Cicinnoscelis longipes Holland, 1893 rev. comb. from Gabon is only known in the male sex. It seems closely related to and may well be congeneric or even conspecific with Megalosphecia gigantipes Le Cerf, 1916 from Cameroon, the type species of Megalosphecia Le Cerf, 1916, which is solely represented by females. Both species share important structural characters, namely the large size, the long, clavate antennae, the very long and tufted hind legs, the opaque, blackish wings and the rather similar wing venation. The exact relationship of Cicinnoscelis and Megalosphecia could not be definitively clarified. Both genera are here placed in Sesiini for the first time. The following redescription of Cicinnoscelis based on two males of Cicinnoscelis longipes from Eala (Fig. 1) and Bamanya, Congo, which are deposited in MRAC, and two females from southern Africa, below described as Cicinnoscelis flavipes new sp. and C. krooni new sp.</p> <p>Redescription. Very large clearwing moths with long, slender, tufted hind legs, wingspan varies from 45 to 64 mm. Head with labial palpus moderately upturned, covered with short and ventrally rough scales, third palpomere smooth, second palpomere about three times the length of other palpomeres; proboscis reduced; eyes very large, width of frons about equal the diameter of the eye; antenna spindle-shaped, in male bipectinate, rami covered with minute ciliae, in female simple or bipectinate, without ciliae. Thorax and abdomen smooth, in males particularly dorsally sparsely mottled with hair-like scales; abdomen long, rather slender, cylindrical. Fore- and mid leg strong with long and slender fore coxa; hind leg extremely long; tibia and first tarsomere of all legs, most conspicuous in hind tibia, dorsally and apically with tufts of rough, hair-like scales; spurs of mid leg rather short, of hind leg long and strong, lateral spur half as long as mesal one on all spur pairs. Wings rather narrow, almost opaque; hindwing at dorsum partially hyaline or semihyaline. Wing venation (Fig. 84) of forewing with common stalk of veins R3 and R5, and common origin of M2 and M3; hindwing with stalked M3 and CuA1.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 107). Strongly asymmetric; tegumen very broad, gnathos medially located, long and narrow, bifurcate; uncus extremely broad and flat, caudally bilobed, lobes extraordinaryly wide apart, each caudally with strong thorn-like, ventrad pointing sparse setae; valva short and broad, somewhat quadratic, distal margin with irregular protrusions, dorsally pointed and covered with rows of strong thorn-like setae, ventrally rounded; vinculum small, forming a long and narrow saccus; phallus long and slender, slightly s-curved; coecum penis short and round; vesica with enlarged basal part ovoid, dorso-distally covered with numerous sclerotized teeth.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 108). Papillae anales very narrow; segment eight and lamella postvaginalis fused to a well sclerotized, compact ring, whose diameter is distinctly larger than width of papillae anales; posterior apophyses about twice the length of anterior pair; ostium wide, round, located basally of segment eight; antrum strong sclerotized, smooth, cylindrical, cranially narrowed; ductus bursae short and broad, gradually enlarged to form a ovoid bursa copulatrix with large longitudinal signum.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The male genitalia are characterized as follows: (1) tegumen including gnathos, uncus and valva strongly asymmetric; (2) uncus large, extremely broad and flat, of nearly the same dimensions as valva; (3) valva almost quadratic with irregular shape; (4) vesica with proximal part bulbous, dorso-distally covered with numerous sclerotized teeth.</p> <p>Cicinnoscelis was previously considered synonymous with Alonina, but species of the latter genus differ clearly by the well-developed haustellum, the much shorter second segment of the labial palpus and the shorter hind legs. Males differ further by the serrate, not bipectinate antenna and the completely different, symmetric structure of the genitalia. The assignment of the following two species in Cicinnoscelis, each described from a single female from Southern Africa, should be considered provisionally until males become known.</p> <p>Genus composition. Currently Cicinnoscelis includes the following three species: C. longipes C. flavipes and C. krooni.</p> <p>Remark. One species, the enigmatic Megalosphecia callosoma Hampson, 1919 (Fig. 6), differs distinctly from both M. gigantipes and C. longipes (Fig. 1) by its external appearance, particularly by the stalked forewing veins R3 and R4/R5. It is so far only known from two female specimens, the holotype and a paratype from Kashitu, Zambia, in BMNH. This species is immediately identified by the beautiful red abdominal segments with broad black and narrow yellow posterior margin, and by the large transparent areas of the wings. According to the wing venation, M. callosoma represents most probably an undescribed genus of the Sesiini or perhaps of the Cissuvorini Duckworth &amp; Eichlin, 1977, a tribe, which is currently not known from Africa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFCB440FFF4FF8D5FBABD8BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC9440CFF4FFF1BFA33DC1C.text	03E587E7FFC9440CFF4FFF1BFA33DC1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cicinnoscelis flavipes Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Cicinnoscelis flavipes new sp.</p> <p>Figs 2–3, 99, 108.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♀ (Figs 2–3), South Africa, KwaZulu Natal, Ndumu, 12.Jan.1980 (TMPS).</p> <p>The type specimen is somewhat damaged and partly off-rubbed and lacks the tip of the right antenna, the right fore- and mid leg, except for the fore coxa, and the tarsus of both hind legs, except for the left metatarsus. Despite to the mentioned damages this specimen is distinctive to such an extent, that no objective arguments against a description exist.</p> <p>Etymology. From latin flavus (= yellow) and pes (foot). The species is named after its yellow hindtarsus.</p> <p>Description (Figs 2–3). Wingspan 48 mm, forewing length 22 mm, antenna 13 mm, body without legs 21 mm. Antenna bipectinate, rami with isolated scales and ciliae, ventral rami short and triangular, dorsal one rather long (Fig. 99). Body, legs and wings nearly completely black; frons black with adjacent of the eyes white; labial palpus, antenna dorsally and forewing distally of cross vein densely mottled with orange-brown; fore- and mid tarsus as well as hind metatarsus (probably complete hind tarsus) dorsally orange-yellow. The male is unknown.</p> <p>Genitalia (Fig. 108). See genus description.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Cicinnoscelis flavipes is an unmistakable species, singular within the Sesiidae by the bipectinate antenna of the female. It is very similar, but distinctly smaller than the following described C. krooni, which is one of the largest Sesiid species worldwide. The lack of orange-brown or yellow scales on the labial palpi, antennae, forewings and legs and most importantly, the simple, not bipectinate female antenna of C. krooni are further differentiating features. C. flavipes shows some similarity to C. longipes and Megalosphecia gigantipes, which both are distinguished by the stronger body, the somewhat transparent hindwing tornus and the largely orange legs.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC9440CFF4FFF1BFA33DC1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC9440CFF4EFC51FD92DADD.text	03E587E7FFC9440CFF4EFC51FD92DADD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cicinnoscelis krooni Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Cicinnoscelis krooni new sp.</p> <p>Figs 4–5</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♀ (Figs 4–5), Zimbabwe, Umtali District, Burmah Valley, 31.Dec.1990, L. Minter leg. (CDK, later in TMPS).</p> <p>Etymology. This remarkable species is dedicated to Douglas (Doug) M. Kroon, in appreciation of his outstanding contributions to the exploration of the lepidoptera of southern Africa.</p> <p>Description (Figs 4–5). Wingspan 64 mm, forewing length 29 mm, antenna 16 mm, body without legs 31 mm. Antenna simple, without pectination. Body and legs black with weak gloss; hind leg very long and slender, about twice the length of the abdomen, with tibia and first two joints of tarsus highly elongated. Fore- and hindwings similarly coloured, dark greenish-grey with intensive green metallic gloss, basal area black, underside of both wings black with blue gloss. The male is unknown.</p> <p>Genitalia. Not dissected.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See previous species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC9440CFF4EFC51FD92DADD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC9440DFF4FF992FD20DA86.text	03E587E7FFC9440DFF4FF992FD20DA86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina Walker 1856	<div><p>Alonina Walker, 1856</p> <p>Type species: Alonina rygchiiformis Walker, 1856: 63, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Boisduval 1875 [imprint “1874”]: 464; Hampson 1919: 78; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 119; Gaede 1929: 527; Naumann 1971: 12; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 8; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>Redescription. Medium sized to very large clearwing moths with wingspans from approximately 15 mm to more than 60 mm and sometimes very distinct sexual dimorphism. Head with haustellum usually well developed (weakly sclerotized in A. luteopunctata); labial palpus with first palpomere short, second palpomere slightly upturned and almost twice as long as third one (females of A. fusca with palpomeres 2 and 3 of equal length); palpomeres 1 and 2 dorsally smooth, ventrally rough with somewhat appressed, laterally protruding scales; frons width about 1.4–1.7× the diameter of the eye, slightly rough laterally and with scattered short, hair-like scales; scales of vertex and pericephalic scales hair-like, but rather short; antenna of the male clavate, flagellum somewhat serrate, ciliate, with ciliae longest proximally, lacking at tip (Figs 92–93, 100); female antenna without ciliae; scapus ventrally with a small tuft of hair-like scales. Thorax strong, in males densely mottled with hair-like scales; male abdomen long, spindle-shaped and with well developed anal tuft, female abdomen cylindrical, with small, sometimes reduced anal tuft. Legs strong; mid- and hind tibia as well as first tarsomere of hind leg tufted with long and rough, hair-like scales; lateral spur half as long as mesal one on all spur pairs. Wings with well developed transparent areas, in females sometimes opaque or semitransparent; apical area present, highly variable in width; discal spot of forewing medium wide to narrow, often bordered distally with orange or red, discal spot of hindwing very short and narrow; wing venation (Fig. 85) of forewing with R1 to R3 approximated, R4 and R5 stalked; all veins from stalk of R4/R5 to M3 arise equally spaced from cross vein; CuA1 and CuA2 approximated, arise closely together from cell tornus; hindwing venation of the typical Sesiini type with veins M3 and CuA1 variably stalked.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 109–112). Tegumen narrow; gnathos small, forming two short, down curved hooks; uncus narrow, dorsally with several hairs, ventro-lateral margins densely covered with bristle-like and proximad pointing setae, in lateral view straight or concave, “shoe-shaped”, dorsally fused and ventrally connected to tegumen by a membrane; valva oblong or broad, rectangular, often somewhat upturned, inner surface without crista or other raised structures, medially and distally densely covered with proximad pointing, bristle-like, apically bifurcate setae; juxta narrow, posteriorly wide projected; vinculum with narrow processes vinculi, dorsally fused with tegumen, ventrally forming a short to moderately long saccus; manica with numerous minute spines; phallus long and slender, almost straight, as long or somewhat longer than valva; coecum penis slightly curved, proximally rounded; vesica tubular, proximally slightly bulbous, with a transverse sclerotized structure which is sometimes covered with teeth or thorns, in A. rygchiiformis with long, proximad pointing spines.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 122–123). Papillae anales and segment eight rather short and broad, each with some strong bristles posteriorly; anterior and posterior apophyses nearly of the same length; ostium bursae wide, funnelshaped, located ventro-basally of segment eight; ductus bursae more or less twisted, with rather narrow, straight, well sclerotized antrum forming a round to slightly ovoid bursa copulatrix, without signum.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Species of the genus Alonina are medium sized to large clearwing moths, easily distinguished from all other Sesiini of Southern Africa by the ciliate, rather than pectinate or simple antenna of the male. The male genitalia are characterized by the following putative synapomorphies: (1) uncus “shoe-shaped”, dorsally seamlessly fused with tegumen and in lateral view straight or concave; (2) gnathos forming two symetric, short, down curved hooks (3) setae of valva bristle-like, apically mostly bifurcate, rarely pointed; (4) setae in a distally and medially located, basad pointing arrangement. Members of the genera Felderiola and Monopetalotaxis are superficially similar. They differ by the lack of a functional haustellum, the males moreover by the simple or sometimes pectinate antenna and the strong thorn-like setae of the valva. Several unidentified females in the TMPS may belong to undescribed species of Alonina or represent colour variants of known ones.</p> <p>Composition and distribution. Currently Alonina comprises five species: A. rygchiiformis, A. pyrethra, A. pyrocraspis, A. rufa and A. fusca. The majority of this species is restricted to the southernmost part of the African continent and appear to be associated with the fynbos vegetation of the cap region. Only A. rygchiiformis, which by the structures of the male valva and vesica and the distinct sexual dimorphism has a somewhat isolated position within the genus, occurs also in East Africa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC9440DFF4FF992FD20DA86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC84402FF4FF9B4FEE7D96B.text	03E587E7FFC84402FF4FF9B4FEE7D96B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina rygchiiformis Walker 1856	<div><p>Alonina rygchiiformis Walker, 1856</p> <p>Figs 7–12, 85, 93, 100, 109.</p> <p>= Alonina difformis Hampson, 1919 new syn.</p> <p>Literature. Boisduval 1875 [imprint “1874”]: 464 (as A. rygchiformis [sic]); Hampson 1919: 78 (as A. rhynchiiformis [sic]); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 120 (as A. rhynchiformis [sic]); Fletcher 1929: 10 (as A. rhynchiiformis [sic]); Gaede 1929: 527; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Type specimens. Alonina rygchiiformis. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 7) “Port Natal” [South Africa, Durban] (BMNH).</p> <p>Alonina difformis. Syntypes: 2 ♂ (Fig. 8), 1 ♀ (Fig. 9) “Natal, Durban” (BMNH).</p> <p>The holotype of Alonina rygchiiformis is a male and not a female as originally denoted.</p> <p>Alonina difformis is here considered a variation of A. rygchiiformis. Only minute differences in the coloration of the hind tibia could be found: it is entirely black in the type specimens of A. difformis but marked by an orange lateral patch in the holotype of A. rygchiiformis and in the specimens from Kenya.</p> <p>Additional specimens: 1 ♂, South Africa, Port Elisabeth, Zwartkop., Dec.1921, Brauns leg., coll. Janse (gen. prep. Bartsch 2008 –08, Fig. 109) (TMPS). 1 ♀ (Fig. 12), ex. coll. Akerman (TMPS); 1 ♂ (Figs 10–11): Kenya, Eastern Province, road Meru to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.6655&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.10283334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.6655/lat 0.10283334)">Nyambeni Hills</a>, 10 km N/E Meru, 1540 m, 0°06’10.2N, 37°39’55.8’’E, 2.Dec.2002, at pheromone, D. Bartsch leg. (gen. prep. Bartsch 2007–09, not figured; wing venation Fig. 85) (SMNS); 2 ♂, Kenya, Coast Province, Malindi, Dec.1992, Dr. Schwedler leg. (CRH).</p> <p>Redescription of the male (Figs 7–8, 10–11). Wingspan 32–40 mm, forewing length 14–18 mm, antenna 10.0–11.5 mm, body 15–23 mm. Head with labial palpus orange-brown, ventro-laterally sparsely interspersed with black; frons grey with orange tinge; vertex and pericephalic scales auburn, vertex medially and pericephalic scales dorsally mixed with black; antenna orange-brown, scapus dorsally black, ventrally light orange-brown, proximal third of dorsal rami elongated (Figs 93, 100). Abdomen spindle-shaped, caudally tapering; thorax and abdomen black, dorsally auburn, occasionally interspersed with black scales, except for patagia; thorax as well as first abdominal segment densely mottled with long hair-like scales; anal tuft mixed auburn and black. Legs black; fore- and mid tibia orange; hind leg with tibia and first tarsomere elongated, exceeding abdomen, dorsally and mesally covered with long and rough, hair-like, distad pointing scales; hind tibia black, dorso-proximally usually with a large and latero-distally with a small orange patch; all tarsi orange-yellow; spurs whitish. Wings with membrane partially darkened yellowish, except for distal parts; apical area of forewing very small; margins, veins and discal spots auburn, occasionally interspersed with black scales, blackish towards wing base; fringes black.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 109). As stated in the genus description. Valva broad, rectangular; dorsal margin straight, apically somewhat humped; distal margin concave; ventral margin straight, forming a unique, semicircular, well sclerotized, dorsad folded, sparsely with short and spine-like setae covered lobe, dorso-proximal part of the lobe with sclerotized thorn-like setae.</p> <p>Redescription of the female (Figs 9, 12). Wingspan 44–46 mm, forewing length 19–20 mm, antenna 12 mm, body 23–24 mm. Head rather similar to that of the male, but labial palpus ventro-laterally more strongly interspersed with black; vertex darker, black with some auburn scales. Abdomen broad cylindrical, caudally truncated; thorax and abdomen almost black; patagia with reddish tinge; abdomen posteriorly interspersed with reddish scales; anal tuft smallish, black, dorso-medially orange-red. Legs black; tibiae and hind tarsus densely covered with rough, orange-red scales; hind tibia entirely covered with long and rough, black scales. Transparent areas of forewing covered with semi-transparent, orange scales; towards wing base increasingly covered with black scales; wing base, margins and broad apical area black; veins and discal spot auburn. Hindwing with base and margins black, medio-costal part orange-red; other wing parts sparsely covered with black scales (probably lost during flight). Genitalia not examined.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Due to its imposing dimensions and unique colouration, Alonina rygchiiformis, especially the female, is rather unmistakable. The male has the shape of the wings and colouration somewhat similar to A. fusca new sp., but differs by the partially yellowish darkened wing membrane (crystal clear in A. fusca) and the orange marked legs and antennae (black in A. fusca). The male genitalia of A. rygchiiformis (Fig. 109) can be distinguished from all congeners by the shape of the valva, in particular by the unique, semicircular lobe of the ventral margin.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC84402FF4FF9B4FEE7D96B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC74403FF4FF9D8FD32DF9B.text	03E587E7FFC74403FF4FF9D8FD32DF9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina luteopunctata (Freina 2011)	<div><p>Alonina luteopunctata (Freina, 2011) new comb. (Monopetalotaxis)</p> <p>Figs 13–15, 122</p> <p>Literature. Freina 2011: 217.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂ “ Südafrika, Eastern Cape Province, ca. 30 km SE Lady Grey, Flusstal nahe Lammergeier, 1600 m, 11.–12.Dec.2004, leg. J.J.de Freina ” (CFM).</p> <p>Paratypes: 12 ♂ from the same locality (CFM); 1 ♂ (Figs 13–14), Cape, Kubusi Forest, 8.Jan.1983, N.J. Duke leg.; 1 ♀ (Figs 15), Cape, Hogsback, 12.Feb.1986, N.J. Duke leg. (gen. prep. Bartsch 2013–12, Fig. 122) (TMPS). Freina (2011) regarded this species as being close to Monopetalotaxis doleriformis and Alonina pyrocraspis (Hampson, 1910) (as Monopetalotaxis). Taking features of the male antenna and the genitalia into account, a close relationship to the latter species is confirmed and therefore Alonina luteopunctata is here transferred to Alonina. For differentiation from related species see diagnosis of A. pyretra, A. pyrocraspis and A. rufa below. The female genitalia (Fig. 112) are figured fore first time.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC74403FF4FF9D8FD32DF9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFECFFD22DC9C.text	03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFECFFD22DC9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina pyrethra (Hampson 1910)	<div><p>Alonina pyrethra (Hampson, 1910) new comb. (Sciapteron)</p> <p>Figs 16–18, 123</p> <p>Literature. Hampson 1910: 154 (Sciapteron); 1919: 59 (Synanthedon); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 36 (Synanthedon); Gaede 1929: 521 (Synanthedon); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 33 (Synanthedon); Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67 (Synanthedon); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 28 (Synanthedon).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♀ (Fig 16), “ Cape Colony, Grahamstown” [South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, Grahamstown] (B.M. Genitalia Slide No. 15129, Fig. 123) (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional specimen: 1 ♀ (Figs 17–18), found dead, Table Mtn, Cape Town, 3.Jan.1976, N.J. Duke (TMPS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Only the two listed female specimens of Alonina pyrethra are known. The holotype (Fig. 16) has a wingspan of 34 mm, a forewing length of 15 mm and a antenna length of 8.5 mm, the other specimen (Fig. 17–18) is somewhat smaller with a wingspan of 29 mm. The rather similar congeners, A. pyrocraspis and A. rufa, have been confused with A. pyrethra previously (e.g. Hampson 1919, Gaede 1929, Freina 2011). Diagnostic feature is the wing colouration: A. pyrethra has the forewing, including discal spot, nearly completely orange, with the costal area covered with some brownish-black scales and the fringes black (forewing with well developed transparent areas, discal spot and costal area brownish-black in A. luteopunctata, A. pyrocraspis and A. rufa); the hindwing has a transparent dorsum, discal spot, veins and margins are orange, the latter in distinct contrast to the black fringes (dorsum covered with orange scales in A. rufa, discal spot, veins and margins dark brown in A. luteopunctata and A. pyrocraspis). Female genitalia (Fig. 113).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFECFFD22DC9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFBD0FDC4D82D.text	03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFBD0FDC4D82D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina pyrocraspis (Hampson 1910)	<div><p>Alonina pyrocraspis (Hampson, 1910) new comb. (Sciapteron)</p> <p>Figs 19–20, 92, 110</p> <p>Literature. Hampson 1910: 153 (Sciapteron); 1919: 58 (Monopetalotaxis); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 8 (Monopetalotaxis); Gaede 1929: 520 (Monopetalotaxis); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42 (Monopetalotaxis); Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67 (Monopetalotaxis); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 45 (Monopetalotaxis).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 19), “ South Africa, Cape Colony, Cape Town, Rondebosch, Feb.1891, T.D. Butler leg.” (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional specimens: 1 ♂, Cape Prov. Langeberg, Tradouwpass, 4.Jan.1921, ex Brauns; 1 ♂, Table Mountain, C.G.C. Dickson (gen. prep. Bartsch 2009 –25, Fig. 110) (TMPS); 1 ♀ (Fig. 20), Cape, Natures Valley, 16.Feb.1986; 1 ♀, Cape, Capusi forest, 2.Jan.1984; 1 ♂, Cape Province, Table Mountain northern slopes, 1350 ft., 23.Jan.1956 (antenna Fig. 92); 1 ♂, Cape Province, Franschoek Pass, 13.Mar.1976, leg. N.J. Duke (coll. Duke, TMPS).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Alonina pyrocraspis is somewhat similar to A. luteopunctata, A. pyretra and A. rufa, in particular the coloration of the body and the forewing, but appears more clearly marked with well defined transparent areas. A. luteopunctata can be distinguished by the much larger external transparent area, and thereby narrower, in males nearly absent apical area, and the narrower discal spot with pale reddish suffused distal margin (discal spot distally pure red in A. pyrocraspis). A. pyretra and A. rufa differ by the orange, not dark brown coloration of the hindwing discal spot, veins and margins, A. rufa further by the orange, semitransparent hindwing dorsum. The male genitalia (Fig. 110) are very similar to Alonina rufa, but have the valva shorter and broader (see diagnosis of that species). The female genitalia were not examined.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC64403FF4FFBD0FDC4D82D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC54401FF4FFF1BFBE8DE23.text	03E587E7FFC54401FF4FFF1BFBE8DE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina rufa Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Alonina rufa new sp.</p> <p>Figs 21–24, 34, 111</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 22), South Africa, Cape Province, Cape Town, Nov.1885 (BMNH).</p> <p>Paratypes: 1 ♀ (Fig. 34), South Africa, Knysna, R. Trimen leg. (paralectotype of Austrosetia semirufa) (BMNH); 2 ♂, South Africa, Western Cape Province, vic. Kleinmond, southern slopes of Palmiet Mountains, 200– 300 m, 18.–19.Dec.2005, leg. J.J.de Freina (CFM); 1 ♂ (Fig. 23–24) ibid., (gen. prep. Bartsch 2009 –13, Fig. 111); 1 ♀ (Fig. 21) “ Cap, v. Ludw. 37” [South Africa, Cape, 1828–1837, von Ludwig leg. (Häuser et al. 2003)] (SMNS).</p> <p>Etymology. Latin rufus (= red).</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 22–24). Wingspan 24.5–36.0 mm, forewing length 10–16 mm, antenna 7.5– 10.0 mm, body 16–23 mm. Head with labial palpus orange, laterally a narrow stripe of black, hair-like scales; frons medially light, laterally dark grey with pearly shine; vertex covered with mixed dark grey and black, hair-like scales; dorsal pericephalic scales dark grey and black, lateral ones white; antenna bright orange-red, spotted with some black, ciliate part brown; flagellum distally and scapus dorsally black. Thorax and abdomen almost black, thorax densely interspersed with grey, hair-like scales; patagia laterally with orange spot; tegula orange-red, medially black, mesothorax laterally with small, orange spot in front of wing base and some dark grey scapular scales; anterior half of tergite 2 and some dorso-anteriorly located scales on tergite 3 pale yellow; posterior margin of tergites 3–7 white, small on tergites 3 and 5–7, broad on tergite 4; basal sternites medially sparsely mottled with orange-red scales, other sternites medially densely orange-red; anal tuft laterally and medio-ventrally orange-red. Fore leg orange-red, coxa medially black, femur black with dorsal edge orange-red; mid- and hind leg black, except extensively orange-red marking of mid femur dorsally, mid tibia laterally, distal two thirds of hind tibia laterally and tarsus of all legs throughout. Forewing with wing base black; costal area and cubitus stem anthracite-grey, costal margin and subcosta with some orange-red scales; dorsum orange-red; discal spot black with narrow orangered distal margin; apical area reddish-brown; longitudinal transparent area sparsely covered with orange-red and anthracite-grey scales; anterior with fine orange longitudinal line indicating position of media stem; external longer than broad, 5-partite, with orange-red veins. Hindwing hyaline; wing base black; margins, veins and discal spot orange; dorsum sparsely covered with orange scales; fringes of all wings black, at hindwing dorsum orange. Underside of wings similar to upper one.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 111). As stated in the genus description. Valva rather narrow, rectangular, dorsally slightly upturned, ventral- and distal margin equally rounded.</p> <p>Description of the female (Figs 21, 34). Wingspan 27–36 mm. Head with labial palpus almost orange-red; first palpomere and mesal side of second one dark grey; the third sparsely mottled with dark grey; frons dark grey; vertex black; antenna dorsally black, laterally orange-red. Thorax and abdomen black; anterior half of tegula with orange-red spot in front of forewing base. Legs black; hind tibia medio-laterally with some orange-red scales; mid- and hind tarsomeres mesally and distally orange-red. Forewing proximally orange-red, distally pale orange-brown, sparsely covered with brownish-black; costal area, distal margin, veins and fringes brownish black; wing base and discal spot black; external transparent area very small, tri-partite semitransparent covered with orange scales; hindwing as in male. Genitalia not dissected.</p> <p>Variation. The males differ slightly in width and extension of the transparent wing areas, the apical area and the white abdominal markings. Fresh specimens have the longitudinal area entirely covered with red scales, which get lost with age and flight.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A. rufa is somewhat similar to A. pyrethra, A. luteopunctata and A. pyrocraspis. The hindwings are most diagnostic; they have an orange coloured, semitransparent dorsum, which is singular within the species group and orange veins, discal spot and margins (predominantly black in A. luteopunctata and A. pyrocraspis). The distinct contrast of the orange margins with the black fringes is only true in A. pyrethra, which further differs by the entirely red forewings. The male genitalia of A. rufa differ from that of A. luteopunctata, A. pyrocraspis and A. fusca by the longer and narrower, somewhat more upward bent valva, from A. pyrocraspis additionally by the shorter saccus. A. luteopunctata has the shortest valva of the species group with a unique, small, crista sacculi-like protrusion near the middle of the ventral margin. The genitalia of the female are not dissected. See also diagnosis of A. pyrethra.</p> <p>Remarks. Only two very old female specimens are known, both of which are in poor condition with bodies largely devoid of scales. The specimen in SMNS (Fig. 21) is somewhat better preserved. With a wingspan of 36 mm, it is distinctly larger than the one in BMNH (Fig. 34) with 27 mm. The latter lacks both antennas and the left forewing.</p> <p>So far Alonina rufa was overlooked or confused with other Sesiidae species. The holotype was formerly described as the male of Alonina pyrethra by Hampson (1919). The female paratype from Knysna (BMNH) was listed as one of the primary types of Austrosetia semirufa by Felder &amp; Felder (1874).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC54401FF4FFF1BFBE8DE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC44401FF4FFE17FDCAD80C.text	03E587E7FFC44401FF4FFE17FDCAD80C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alonina fusca Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Alonina fusca new sp.</p> <p>Figs 25–27, 112</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂ (Figs 25–26) Eastern Cape, Beacon Bay, 25.Mar.1989, A. Duke leg. (gen. prep. Bartsch 2010–18, Fig. 112) (TMPS).</p> <p>Paratype: ♀ (Fig. 27) Cape, East London, Buffalo Pass, 7.May.1985, N.J. Duke leg. (TMPS).</p> <p>Etymology. Latin fuscus (= brown).</p> <p>Description of the male (Fig. 25–26). Wingspan 27 mm, forewing length 12 mm, antenna 7 mm, body 17 mm. Head with labial palpus smooth, dorsally whitish-grey, ventrally pale yellow, first and second palpomere laterally brownish-black, third dorsally grey; frons grey; vertex brownish-grey, occipitally somewhat paler; pericephalic scales grey; antenna rather short, yellowish-brown, dorsally interspersed with black, scapus ventrally and tip of flagellum dorsally black. Thorax and abdomen dark brownish-grey, thorax and tergites 1–4 in particular dorsally densely interspersed with black scales; tegula anteriorly and posteriorly and posterior margin of metathorax narrow auburn; scapular spot brown, anteriorly yellow; metathorax laterally with a narrow, yellow spot; scale tufts of mesothorax dorsally brown, laterally yellow; tergite 1 black, tergite 2 dorso-laterally with oblique, yellow, black framed stripe of rough scales; tergite 3 dorso-laterally auburn; tergites 5–7 interspersed with auburn scales; posterior margin of segment 4 entirely and of sternites 2 and 3 medially fine, pale yellow. Anal tuft brown, ventroproximally mixed with auburn. Legs brownish-black; fore leg with coxa laterally and distally mixed with yellow, femur dorsally orange-red; mid leg with dorsal edge of femur orange-yellow, tibia laterally mixed with auburn, distally with narrow white ring; hind tibia tufted with distad pointing, hair-like scales, mesally dark brownish black, laterally auburn, medially a narrow white spot; mid- and hind tarsus laterally brown, distally some auburn scales, mesally orange-yellow throughout; spurs of all legs pale grey. Wings hyaline; veins, margins, discal spots and fringes merely brownish-black; forewing with narrow proximally orange-red, distally black basal spot; subcosta fine orange-red marked; anal margin auburn, except for dark brown basal part; discal spot distally fine auburn bordered; apical area very narrow, cubitus branches strongly approximated with auburn scaled interspaces; hindwing with discal spot reduced; underside of both wings somewhat paler, auburn coloration of forewing discal spot more extensive; fringes brownish-black, at hindwing dorsum distally yellow.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 112). As stated in the genus description. Valva broad, rectangular, dorso-distally slightly pointed, ventro-distally somewhat angled with almost straight margins.</p> <p>Description of the female (Fig. 27). Somewhat larger than the male with wingspan 29 mm, pattern similar, but slightly paler; labial palpus whitish; first palpomere ventrally auburn, second and third about equal in length; frons, vertex and pericephalic scales pale grey; antenna orange-brown. Patagia laterally auburn; pro-thorax laterally with a narrow auburn stripe cranial of wing base; dorso-lateral scale tufts of mesothorax laterally white, tergites 5 and 6 as well as anal tuft brownish-grey, the latter very small. Fore leg with coxa laterally auburn, distally white; all tibiae and tarsi ventrally orange-yellow; hind tibia mesally pale brown; spurs of all legs whitish. Genitalia not dissected.</p> <p>Variation. Unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Alonina fusca is a dark coloured, unmistakable species. The superficially somewhat similar Felderiola xanthogaster is easy to differentiate by the lack of a functional haustellum, the pale yellow anterior half of tergite 4 and the orange-yellow coloured sternites. The structure of the male genitalia of A. fusca is very similar to that of A. luteopunctata, A. rufa and A. pyrocraspis, but differs by the more rectangular valva with almost straight margins, which is ventro-distally somewhat angled, not regularly curved. A. rufa differs further by the semitransparent orange hindwing dorsum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC44401FF4FFE17FDCAD80C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC34407FF4FFF1BFB42DE23.text	03E587E7FFC34407FF4FFF1BFB42DE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anaudia Wallengren 1863	<div><p>Anaudia Wallengren, 1863</p> <p>Type species: Anaudia felderi Wallengren, 1863, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Wallengren 1865: 9; Hampson 1919: 112; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 175; Gaede 1929: 535; Naumann 1971: 12; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 11; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>Redescription. Head small, width of frons about 2× the diameter of the eye; haustellum strongly reduced; labial palpus slightly upturned, ventrally rough, first and third palpomere half the length of the second one, first and second palpomere ventrally and laterally with bristle-like scales; frons rough, in male medially with hair-like scales protruding; vertex with medium long hair-like scales; pericephalic scales short and hair-like; male antenna without pectination, entirely covered with scales and with short, flat lying ciliae (Figs 94, 101) or short bipectinate, rami with minute ciliae (in A. thyranthrena); scapus ventrally in both sexes with hair-like scales. Thorax and abdomen covered with smooth scales, thorax and first two tergites of the male additionally with dense, hair-like scales; anal tuft well developed, but short. Legs, except for tarsus, with dense, hair-like scales, which are distinctly longer in male; all pairs of spurs with lateral one almost half as long as mesal one. Wings mainly opaque, male hindwing basally transparent. Wing venation (Fig. 86) of the typical configuration of Sesiini; forewing with crossvein reduced; veins R1–R3 approximated, R4 and R5 with common stalk of variable length, veins R5–M3 arise equally spaced; M3 and CuA1 of hindwing short stalked. As an exception, the common stalk of R4 and R5 is almost absent in the somewhat aberrant right forewing of the holotype of A. felderi, which is why these veins were described as arising from a common point by Wallengren (1863) and Gaede (1929).</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 113–114). Tegumen rather long and broad; gnathos absent; uncus short, narrower than tegumen, distal half of ventro-lateral margins with short rows of strong, thorn-like setae; valva short, ovoid, distally with long hairs, dorso-distally with a dense patch of strong, thorn-like setae; juxta broad, well sclerotized; manica densely covered with strong spines; vinculum with narrow processes vinculi that are dorsally fused with tegumen, ventrally forming a short and broad saccus; phallus straight, distally slightly narrowed, with well developed, rounded coecum penis; vesica simple, proximally bulbous and covered with short spines.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 124–126). Papillae anales and segment eight short and broad; lamella postvaginalis simple, triangular; posterior apophyses apically broadened, about twice the length of anterior pair, which is nearly as long as segment eight; ostium located within a wide, membranous pouch between segments seven and eight; antrum and ductus bursae short and broad, membranous throughout; ductus bursae gradually enlarged to form an oval bursa copulatrix without signum, ductus seminalis diverges near the bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The genus can be defined by: (1) male genitalia without gnathos; (2) valva short, ovoid, with dorsodistal patch of thorn-like setae; (3) manica with strong spines; (4) female with ostium located in a wide, membranous pouch anterior of segment eight.</p> <p>Thorn-like setae of the valva, similar to those in Anaudia, are present in Austrosetia, Felderiola and Monopetalotaxis. The first two genera share further features of external appearance and life history with Anaudia, in particular the distinct sexual dimorphism and the preference for Fabaceae species as larval host plants. Despite these striking similarities, these genera differ significantly from each other in their genital structures of both sexes as well as in their DNA barcodes (Anaudia – Austrosetia 9.84–10.01%; – Felderiola 9.33–9.75%; – Monopetalotaxis 11.47%) (tab. 1), which suggests closely related but distinct lineages. All three genera differ from Anaudia by the structure of the male antenna, which is short bipectinate or without pectination in Anaudia, bipectinate with extremely long rami in Austrosetia, unilaterally pectinate in Felderiola and Monopetalotaxis. Furthermore, males of Austrosetia and Felderiola differ by the well-developed transparent areas of the wings. The genitalia are most diagnostic. Males of Anaudia can be recognized by the ovoid shape of the valva, which is rectangular in Austrosetia, narrower, distally turned dorsad in Felderiola, and “mushroom-shaped” in Monopetalotaxis. The genera compared differ further by the arrangement of the thorn-like setae of the valva, which are dorso-distally located in Anaudia and Austrosetia, centrally to ventro-distally in Felderiola and distally in Monopetalotaxis. The vesica is membranous and without sclerotization in Anaudia, with short teeth in Austrosetia, and with a strong sclerotized, U-shaped structure in Felderiola and Monopetalotaxis. Females of Anaudia are well defined by the unique pouch-like shape of the ostium, further by the very short and broad, membranous antrum, which is rather similar, but longer in Felderiola, distinctly narrower and longer, partially sclerotized in Austrosetia and Monopetalotaxis. Further, the apophyses anteriores are half as long as the apophyses posteriores in Anaudia and Austrosetia, somewhat shorter in Monopetalotaxis, and of equal length in Felderiola.</p> <p>Distribution and life history. Anaudia was described from northern Botswana and is here also recorded for the first time from the South African part of the Kalahari and from the Cape region. The larvae of A. felderi were found to bore in the rootstock of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). This resembles perfectly the behaviour of species in the Palaearctic genus Bembecia Hübner [1819] (Synanthedonini), a remarkable case of convergence. A distinct difference to Bembecia is the absence of a silken membrane that closes the pupal chamber.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC34407FF4FFF1BFB42DE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC24404FF4FFE17FE64DA36.text	03E587E7FFC24404FF4FFE17FE64DA36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anaudia felderi Wallengren 1863	<div><p>Anaudia felderi Wallengren, 1863</p> <p>Figs 28–32, 75–78, 86, 94, 101, 113, 124–125.</p> <p>Literature. Wallengren 1863: 138; Hampson 1919: 112; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 175; Gaede 1929: 535; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Syntype: 1 ♀ (fig. 31) “In territorio lacus N'Gami [Lake N'Gami, Botswana] legit Wahlberg ” (gen. prep. Bartsch 2007–25, Fig. 124; wing venation, Fig. 86) (NRMS).</p> <p>Additional specimens: 27 ♂ (Figs 28–30, 89), 31 ♀ (Fig. 32, 75) South Africa, Northern Cape, Kalahari, ca. 50 km E Hotazel, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.478334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.2575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.478334/lat -27.2575)">Tswalu Resort</a>, 1180 m, 27°15'27"S, 22°28'42"E, ex larva 21.–23.Feb.2010, imagines emerged Apr. – May and Aug.–Sep.2010, ex Sutherlandia frutescens, leg. D. Bartsch &amp; J. Berg (♂ gen. prep. Bartsch 2010– 13; ♀ 2010–20; ♂ 2010–21, Fig. 113; ♀ 2010–22, Fig. 125; ♂ antennae, Figs 94, 101); 8 ♂, 4 ♀, South Africa, Northern Cape, 15 km S <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.704306&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.072474" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.704306/lat -28.072474)">Olifantshoek</a>, 1280 m, 28°04'20.9"S, 22°42'15.5"E, ex larva 6.II.2012, imagines emerged II.2012 – IV.2013, ex Sutherlandia frutescens, leg. D. Bartsch &amp; J. Berg (NRMS, TMPS, SMNS).</p> <p>No clear information to the number of types was given in the original description of Anaudia felderi. Only one female has been found in the NRMS, which is a syntype according to ICZN Recommendation 73F. The designation of a lectotype seems not necessary because it was the only known specimen for nearly 150 years. It has a wingspan of 20.5 mm, forewing length of 9.2 mm, and antennal length of 5.5 mm. The specimen is partly rubbed off and damaged. The two pale longitudinal lines of the abdomen, which are mentioned by Gaede (1929), are merely descaled parts. Terminal palpomeres are broken off, both hindwings are somewhat damaged by needle holes in the position of the crossvein, legs are missing except for the left fore- and hind leg; the latter is glued to the wrong side of the thorax. The abdomen of the specimen contained 85 eggs.</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 28–30). Small to medium sized, robust with wingspan 14–25 mm, forewing length 6–12 mm, antenna 4–7 mm, and body 8–15 mm. Head with labial palpus almost white, ventro-laterally interspersed with some black, bristle-like scales, second and third palpomere with black lateral stripe; antenna clavate, without clearly visible ciliae, black, flagellum distally and ventrally with some light brown scales, scapus ventrally white; frons white, medially somewhat grey; vertex covered with an admixture of white, black and reddish-brown, hair-like scales; pericephalic scales dorsally mixed black and white, laterally white. Thorax black, interspersed with white and some reddish-brown scales and mixed with short, white, hair-like scales; mesothorax medially and sublaterally with indistinct black line; tegula narrow, bordered white; forewing base with white scapular spot. Abdomen black; tergites 1–3 mottled with white and reddish-brown, partially short, hair-like scales; tergites 4–7 interspersed with brownish-grey, medio-dorsally with indistinct, brownish-grey line; tergites 4 and 7 with narrow, pure white posterior margin; sternites densely mottled with brownish-grey; anal tuft black, basally white. Fore leg white, heavily interspersed with black and sparsely with reddish-brown; mid- and hind leg black, densely mixed with white, partially hair-like scales; tarsomeres of all legs distally and mesally white; hind tibia medially white, except for black mesal side; distal half of first hind tarsomere white. Forewing black, densely mottled with grey scales, except for discal cell, a round area distal of the discal spot and distal margin. Hindwing hyaline, margins broad, highly variable in width, wing base, veins and discal spot black. Fringes greyish brown, at hindwing dorsum interspersed with white.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 113). As stated in the genus description. Uncus relative compact; ventro-lateral rows of thorn-like setae exceed half of its total length, saccus shorter than processes vinculi; coecum penis slightly tapered, distally rounded.</p> <p>Redescription of the female (Figs 31–32, 75). Most parts of body, legs and wings deep black. Head with labial palpus white, ventro-laterally with black, bristle-like scales; frons white, medially some black scales; vertex medially mixed with black, white and some fuscous scales. Thorax dorsally brownish-grey with three longitudinal black lines; patagia mottled with white; scapular spot small, white. Abdominal tergite 4 with fine, glossy white posterior margin; 1 and 2 sparsely mottled with white; other tergites medially with indistinct brownish-grey spot; anal tuft dorso-medially white. Legs with fore coxa proximally and laterally narrow white; fore tibia white, dorsal edge black; hind tibia medially with broad, white ring; each segment of tarsus distally with narrow white ring; first hind tarsomere medially and distally white. Forewing with costal- and dorsal margins, veins, discal spot and subapically between veins marked with some brownish-black. The abdomens of the two dissected, freshly emerged specimens contained 145 and 206 eggs, respectively.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 124–125). See genus description.</p> <p>Variation. Both sexes vary in density and extent of the whitish colouration. Males show further individual differences in width of the hindwing margins, which are often connected with the discal spot. Some females have a very narrow, linear transparent area of the hindwing located between median stem and vein 1A.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A. felderi and A. thyranthrena are superficially somewhat similar to several species of Thyranthrene (Paranthrenini), in particular those that have broad margins of the hindwing. However, Thyranthrene spp. are readily distinguished by the lack of a common stalk of the hindwing veins M3/CuA1. A close relationship of A. felderi and A. thyranthrena is evidenced by their external appearance as well as by their male genital structures. Males of both species can be distinguished by the shape of the antenna, which has no ciliae or rami in A. felderi (Fig. 94 101) and two rows of short and broad rami in A. thyranthrena. The female is somewhat similar to that of the rare dark forms of Austrosetia semirufa, which is typically easy to differentiate by the orange-red colouration of its hindwing. Diagnostic is the coloration of the abdomen, which has the posterior border of tergites 4 and 6 and the anal tuft dorso-basally white in A. felderi, but only tergite 4 with white border and black anal tuft in A. semirufa. The female of A. thyranthrena is unknown. The male genitalia of A. felderi (Fig. 113) and A. thyranthrena (Fig. 114) are very similar and differences are mainly seen in lateral view. The former has a more compact tegumen, an uncus with more thorn-like setae, a saccus that is shorter than the processes vinculi (of equal length in A. thyranthrena), and a less strongly tapered coecum penis.</p> <p>Bionomics and habitat (Figs 75–78). The newly discovered specimens of A. felderi were reared from larvae found in the root of the well known “Cancer-bush” Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae) (Fig 78), a small, redflower and soft wooded shrub, 0.5 to 1 m in height, and frequently found on sandy soil along roadsides. Often several larvae bore jointly in the upper part of the root. Some of the strongly infested plants were dry, but the majority showed only marginal debilitation. When fully grown, the larva constructs a long, robust exit tube with silk, sawdust and sand from the feeding tunnel in the root up to the soil surface (Fig. 76–77). Pupation takes place within this tunnel without a cocoon. Adults hatch during morning hours, in culture from March to May and from August to November. The fully grown larva can outlast more than one year, before pupation. The moth has a very typical resting position with an erect tip of the abdomen and laterally depressed wings, which, combined with its monotonous colouration, results in perfect camouflage (Fig. 75). Despite the presence of fresh exuviae, no adults were observed in the field.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC24404FF4FFE17FE64DA36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC14405FF4FFA2BFE43DE90.text	03E587E7FFC14405FF4FFA2BFE43DE90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anaudia thyranthrena Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Anaudia thyranthrena new sp.</p> <p>Figs 33, 114</p> <p>Specimen examined. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 33) “ South Africa, Cape Province, SW of Rawsonville, Tygerstelskloof Mns., 1800 m, 30.Dec.1963 ” “TMPS sp. 26” (gen. prep. Bartsch 2007–31, Fig. 114) (TMPS).</p> <p>Etymology. Named after its superficial resemblance with some species of Thyranthrene Hampson, 1919 (Sesiidae: Paranthrenini).</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 33, 114). Wingspan 17 mm, forewing length 7 mm, antenna 5.5 mm and body 12 mm. Head with labial palpus almost white, first palpomere ventrally mixed with light brownish, bristle-like scales, second one laterally and mesally with black, bristle-like scales, third one greyish-black; antenna bipectinate, rami short and broad, flagellum black, ventrally light brown, scapus ventrally white; frons white, medially grey; vertex with mixed black and light grey scales; pericephalic scales whitish. Thorax and abdomen dorsally dark brownish-grey, interspersed with some black; prothorax laterally and ventrally, and lateral spot of the mesothorax off-white; tergite 4 with fine, off-white posterior margin; sternites brownish-grey, somewhat mottled with ochre; anal tuft brownish-grey. Legs and tibial spurs dark brownish-grey; coxa, femur and tibia mottled with off-white, hair-like scales; segments of tarsus meso-distally with ochre patch; fore coxa off-white; hind tibia medio-laterally with large, white patch. Wings dark brownish-grey; forewing almost opaque, with two minute transparent cells between median veins; wing base, cell, stem of media and cubitus densely mixed with black; discal spot marked by some light grey scales; underside basally black, sub-basally and at distal margin light grey; hindwing proximal of discal spot and two small distal cells between M1–M3 hyaline; wing base and anal margin black; fringes brownishgrey, anal margin of hindwing white.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 113). As stated in the genus description. Uncus small, row of its thorn-like setae about one third as long as its total length; saccus as long as processes vinculi; coecum penis distinctly tapered, distally pointed.</p> <p>Female. Unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See A. felderi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC14405FF4FFA2BFE43DE90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFC0441AFF4FFDCBFD32DE23.text	03E587E7FFC0441AFF4FFDCBFD32DE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrosetia Felder & Felder 1874	<div><p>Austrosetia Felder &amp; Felder, 1874</p> <p>Type species: Austrosetia semirufa Felder &amp; Felder, 1874: 2, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Hampson 1919: 59; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 8; Naumann 1971: 12; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 28; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 20; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43.</p> <p>Redescription. Medium sized robust clearwing moths with distinct sexual dimorphism. Head rather small, width of frons somewhat less than 2× the diameter of the eye; haustellum strongly reduced non-functional; labial palpus proximally slightly upturned, otherwise straight, first palpomere half as long as second one, third one short, ventrally and laterally interspersed with bristle-like scales; frons rough, smooth, adjacent to eyes pure white; vertex with long, tousled, hair-like scales; pericephalic scales short and hair-like; male antenna bipectinate, rami extremely long, extending to tip, with minute ciliae (rami tightly fitted in pinned specimens) (Figs 95, 102); female antenna slightly clavate, without ciliae; scapus in both sexes ventrally with hair-like scales, which are more dense in male. Thorax and abdomen robust, scales predominantly smooth, at thorax, legs and abdominal tergites 1–3 densely mixed with long, hair-like scales, much more prominent in male, anal tuft well developed. Legs robust; male coxa, femur and tibia of all legs covered with long hair-like scales; fore coxa in male white, in female bright yellow. Male wings with transparent areas, forewing with anterior one having a longitudinal row of scales indicating the position of the reduced median stem; hindwing hyaline with narrow margins and discal spot. Wing venation (Fig. 87) without distinct specializations; forewing R1 and R2 approximated, R4 and R5 stalked, R4 extends to wing apex, all veins from M1 to Cu1 arise equally spaced from crossvein; hindwing M3 and Cu1 shortstalked.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 115). Tegumen long and broad; gnathos reduced; uncus short, nearly as broad as tegumen, distal half of ventro-lateral margins with strong, thorn-like setae; valva broad, rectangular, sparsely covered with short hairs, dorso-distally with a dense patch of strong, thorn-like setae; juxta very broad, well sclerotized; valva and juxta partly fused; manica ventrally with a dense field of overlapping spines; processes vinculi narrow and dorsally fused with tegumen, ventrally with valva, forming a specialized, laterally flattened, pointed saccus; phallus narrow, slightly down curved, distally tapering, with short and pointed coecum penis; vesica membranous, proximally bulbous.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 126). Papillae anales rather long and narrow; segment eight broad, lamella postvaginalis very prominent, trapezoid; posterior apophyses about twice the length of anterior pair, which is nearly as long as the width of segment eight; ostium narrow; ductus bursae narrow, of medium length, with long and narrow, sclerotized antrum, gradually enlarged to form an oval bursa copulatrix without signum.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The genus can be recognized by the combination of: (1) male without gnathos; (2) valva broad, rectangular, with dorso-distal patch of thorn-like setae; (3) juxta and valva as well as processes vinculi and valva partly fused; (4) manica with dense, overlapping spines; (5) saccus specialized, laterally flattened, pointed; (6) female with very prominent, trapezoid lamella postvaginalis. The modified saccus, the partly fused genitalia sclerites of the male, and the very prominent lamella postvaginalis of the female are presumed autapomorphies of Austrosetia. Due to similarities in life history and habitus Austrosetia appears closely related to Anaudia and Felderiola, but it differs distinctly in the structure of the male antenna and the genitalia of both sexes. For differentiation see diagnosis of Anaudia.</p> <p>Remarks. For a long time Austrosetia was considered a junior synonym of Synanthedon Hübner, [1819] (e.g. Hampson 1919, Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981). It was resurrected from synonymy and listed unassigned to a tribe by Pühringer &amp; Kallies (2004). Following Nässig &amp; Speidel (2007), Cajetan and Rudolph Felder are the authors of “Heterocera” figured on plates 75–107 (Felder &amp; Felder 1874) and hence of Austrosetia.</p> <p>Distribution and life history. The sole species is only known from the Cape region of South Africa. The larva is a root borer in Psoralea glabra (Fabaceae).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFC0441AFF4FFDCBFD32DE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFDF441BFF4FFE17FCFCDA53.text	03E587E7FFDF441BFF4FFE17FCFCDA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrosetia semirufa Felder & Felder 1874	<div><p>Austrosetia semirufa Felder &amp; Felder, 1874</p> <p>Figs 34–36, 37–42, 73–74, 87, 95, 102, 115, 126.</p> <p>Literature. Felder &amp; Felder 1874: 2, pl. 82, fig. 22 (Fig. 36); Hampson 1919: 60 (Synanthedon); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 44 (Synanthedon); Gaede 1929: 521 (Synanthedon); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 33 (Synanthedon); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 43 (Austrosetia).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Lectotype: ♀ (Fig. 35), South Africa, Cape Town, January 1862, Wynberg leg. (BMNH), designated here.</p> <p>Paralectotype: 1 ♀ (Fig. 34), South Africa, Knysna, R. Trimen leg. (= paratype of Alonina rufa new sp.) (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional specimens: 52 ♂ (Figs 37–39, 73), 49 ♀ (Figs 40–42, 74), South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, 50 km W Graaf-Reinet, E <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.383333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.383333/lat -32.166668)">Mt. Torberg</a>, 32°10’ S, 23°23’ E, 1550 m, larva 22.–23.Nov.2007, adults emerged Dec.2007 – Feb.2008, D. Bartsch leg. (♀ gen. prep. Bartsch 2008 –9, Fig. 126; ♂ 2008–10, Fig. 115, wing venation (Fig. 87), antenna (Figs 95, 102); ♂ 2008–11; ♀ 2010–23) (SMNS, TMPS); 1 ♀ “Capetown, C.G.H. 9.Dec.[19]00” (TMPS).</p> <p>Very little relevant information to A. semirufa was given in the original description. Two historical specimens are kept in the BMNH. Both are females, not males as originally stated, and both are badly damaged and lack parts of the antennae, labial palpi, legs and wings. The left forewings are broken off and the first specimen was repaired with that of the second one, whereas the second one has a forewing of an undetermined species of Melittia Hübner, [1819]. The specimens are labelled: (1) “type”, “ Cape Town, Jan. 1862, Wynberg”, “ Austrosetia semirufa Abb [?] in tab.“; (2) “(Knysna). S. Africa.”, “rare. R. Trimen”, “Felder colln.”, “ Synanthedon semirufa Feld., l[eft] F[ore] W[ing] stuck on [handwritten by Hampson]”. The label data of the first specimen do not agree with that of the original description, which is given in the explanation of the plates: “ ♂, (Sesia) Africa mer. Knysna (Jan. Trimen)”. However, only this specimen from Cape Town does agree with the one originally figured (Fig. 36). The second specimen, whose labels agree with the original data, appears very different. As there is no clear information about the number of types and as the reason for the confusion of the collecting localities cannot be resolved any longer, both specimens are here considered to be primary types. According to ICZN recommendation 74B, the first specimen from Cape Town is here selected as the lectotype. The second one from Knysna is the paralectotype. This specimen belongs to Alonina rufa new sp., which is described above.</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 37–39, 73). Medium sized, wingspan 19–24 mm, forewing length 8.5–10.5 mm, antenna 6.0–7.5 mm, body 11–15 mm. Head with haustellum strongly reduced, not visible; labial palpus rough, whitish, ventrally sparsely and laterally densely interspersed with black and white, hair-like scales, laterally with indistinct black stripe; first and third palpomere laterally with a few orange scales; frons with several hair-like scales, medially creamy-grey, laterally pure white; vertex mixed grey and black; pericephalic scales creamy-grey, dorsally mixed with dark grey, hair-like scales, laterally white; antenna black, bipectinate, rami very long, but in dried specimens extremely adpressed and hardly discernible, distally tapering, covered with macroscopic hairs; scapus with mixed creamy-grey and black, hair-like scales. Thorax black, densely covered with grey, hair-like scales; inner margin of tegula narrow grey. Abdomen with tergites predominantly black, posterior half of tergites 4–7 brownish-grey, tergites 4, 6 and 7 with narrow, white posterior margins; tergites 1–3 with dense grey, hair-like scales, posteriorly some brownish-grey scales; sternites light grey; anal tuft black, dorso-proximally and ventrally interspersed with brownish-grey. Legs mixed light grey and black; coxa white, mottled with black; coxa, femur, tibia and first tarsomere of hind leg with rather long, white, hair-like scales; hind tibia medially with white, ventrolateral patch and dorsally with mixed light grey and black, hair-like scales; spurs white, laterally grey. Forewing covered with a mixture of black and brownish-grey scales; discal spot narrow, black; transparent areas and apical area well developed, the latter with sub-distal row of greyish patches between veins; longitudinal transparent area extends to discal spot; anterior transparent area short, medially with longitudinal black scale line; external transparent area trapezoid, usually divided into five, occasionally into four parts, somewhat broader than apical area, broadest at tornus. Hindwing with veins, margins and discal spot black. Fringes dark grey, white at anal angle.</p> <p>Redescription of the female (Figs 40–42, 74). Distinctly different from male; larger, with wingspan 22–30 mm, forewing length 9.5–13.5 mm, antenna 5.5–7.0 mm and body 14–18 mm. Head with labial palpus dorsally smooth, ventrally rough, almost white with orange tinge, laterally and ventrally with some light orange and black scales, third palpomere light orange throughout; frons rough, medially white with orange tinge; laterally smooth and pure white; vertex and pericephalic scales orange-brown, mixed with black, hair-like scales; antenna clavate, black; scapus with dense black, hair-like scales. Thorax almost black, dorsally indistinctly interspersed with dark orange-brown, except for three longitudinal black lines; prothorax laterally with a narrow, yellow-white stripe. Abdomen and anal tuft black; tergites 1–3 with black, hair-like scales; tergites 4 and 6 with small white posterior margin. Legs black; fore coxa white, -femur and -tibia ventrally white with some pale orange scales; mid- and hind leg with coxa distally narrowly framed white, femur disto-laterally and tibia medio-laterally white. Forewing black, cubitus stem and anal margin covered with some brownish-grey scales, position of transparent areas more or less orange, distal of discal spot a small tripartite orange patch; hindwing orange, outer veins and margins brownishblack; fringes dark greyish-black; underside of all wings orange, forewing basally and at costal margin yellowishgrey.</p> <p>Genitalia (Figs 115, 126). See genus description.</p> <p>Variation. The orange colour of the female hindwing varies considerable in extension and brilliance and is often more or less covered with brownish-black distally, to the extreme of entirely dark brown in two specimens.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The males are somewhat similar to that of Felderiola candescens and F. karooensis, but differ by the lack of a pink tinge and by the bi- not unilaterally pectinate antennae with extraordinary long rami. The female is unmistakable by its orange hindwing. See also diagnosis of Anaudia felderi.</p> <p>Bionomics and habitat. Through the field work of the author the life history of this species has been discovered and an extensive series of both sexes was reared from larvae. Fontain-bos Psoralea glabra (= P. pinnata ssp. glabra) (Fabaceae) is the host plant. It is an erect shrub or small tree up to rarely 4 m in height, which occurs “along streams, fringing vleis and forests and at mountain slopes” (Palgrave 1977). The larva or very often several larvae together, construct a short tunnel near ground level in the trunk or in the upper part of the root, occasionally in the base of a stem. Sometimes their presence is indicated by dried or wilted stems. When fully grown the larva forms a straight, silk-lined tunnel in the trunk, closed by a thin lid of bark or constructs a short exit tube from sawdust and silk. Adults hatch during the morning hours, in culture from late November to January. Males were not attracted to artificial pheromones used in the field. A single female was found resting during the early evening hours at a height of more than one meter on the top of the host.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFDF441BFF4FFE17FCFCDA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFDE4418FF4FFA07FC32DB73.text	03E587E7FFDE4418FF4FFA07FC32DB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Felderiola Naumann 1971	<div><p>Felderiola Naumann, 1971 rev. stat.</p> <p>Replacement name for Trochilina Felder &amp; Felder, 1874, preoccupied by Gray 1868 (Mollusca). Type species: Trochilina candescens Felder &amp; Felder, 1874, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Felder &amp; Felder 1874: 9, pl. 82; Boisduval 1875 [imprint “1874”]: 462 (Trochilina, a synonym of Sesia); Hampson 1919: 58 (as Trachilina [sic], placed as synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 7 (Trochilina, as synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Naumann 1971: 17, 30 (synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42 (synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 67, 166 (synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67 (synonym of Monopetalotaxis); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 44 (synonym of Monopetalotaxis).</p> <p>Description. Species of Felderiola are strongly sexual dimorphic with greyish black males and brilliantly coloured females. Head with width of frons 1.5–1.7× the diameter of the eye; haustellum completely reduced; labial palpus slightly upturned, second palpomere more than twice as long as first one, third palpomere short; frons slightly rough; scales of vertex and pericephalic scales rather short, hair-like, a small whitish patch between antenna and ocellus; antenna slender, reaching nearly to the forewing discal spot or beyond, clavate, in male unilaterally pectinate, only the anterior row of rami present, rami ventrally with macroscopic ciliae, rami distally tapering, extending to tip (Fig. 96), in female without pectination and ciliae. Thorax and abdomen strong, abdomen in male spindle-shaped, in female long and cylindrical, anal tuft well developed. Legs relatively short; mid- and hind tibia with tufted scales. Wings with well developed transparent areas and apical area; wing venation (Fig. 88) with forewing veins R1–R3 approximated, R4/R5 long stalked, median veins arise equally spaced from cross vein, hindwing with short common stalk of M3/CuA1.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs 117–118). Tegumen rather broad, well sclerotized; gnathos forming a simple, transverse ridge, laterally with or without pointed projections; uncus dorsally fused with tegumen, dorso-distally with sparse, hairs, ventro-lateral margins distally with dense rows of strong, thorn-like setae; valva rather narrow, more or less upturned; inner surface distally and at distal margin sparsely covered with bristle- or thorn-like setae, a dense field of thorn-like setae extends from centre of valva to distal part of ventral margin; juxta rather broad, well sclerotized, medially weak; manica densely covered with fine spines; saccus long and narrow, apically pointed; phallus slender, ventrad curved with long and narrow coecum penis; vesica proximally with a narrow ring of short teeth.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Figs 127–129). Papillae anales and segment eight broad, lamella postvaginalis well sclerotized, forming a triangular plate; anterior and posterior apophyses of the same length; ostium wide; antrum funnel-shaped, ductus bursae without sclerotized antrum; bursa copulatrix slightly oval, without signum.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The following characters of the male are considered putative synapomorphies: (1) antenna unilaterally pectinate, only anterior row of rami present, rami distad tapering, extending to tip; (2) gnathos present, symmetrical, short and very broad; (3) setae of valva and uncus thorn-like, setae of valva located from central to ventro-distal part; (4) valva narrow and slightly upturned; (4) saccus long and pointed.</p> <p>For differentiation of Felderiola from Anaudia, Austrosetia and Monopetalotaxis see diagnosis of Anaudia. Also species of Alonina are somewhat similar by external appearance. However, they are easy to distinguish by their well developed haustellum and by the ciliate, not pectinate male antennae. The male genitalia of Alonina differ from that of Felderiola by the twin-hook shape of the gnathos, the bristle-like or bifurcate setae of the valva, and their flame-like arrangement (gnathos very broad, simple or with lateral points, setae thorn-like, centrally to ventro-distally located in Felderiola).</p> <p>Distribution and life history. Species of Felderiola occur in the western half of South Africa and southern Namibia. The larvae are root borers in different species of Fabaceae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFDE4418FF4FFA07FC32DB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFDD4419FF4FFBE7FEBEDA36.text	03E587E7FFDD4419FF4FFBE7FEBEDA36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Felderiola candescens (Felder & Felder 1874)	<div><p>Felderiola candescens (Felder &amp; Felder, 1874) rev. comb. (Trochilina)</p> <p>Figs 43–48, 88, 96, 117, 127.</p> <p>Literature. Felder &amp; Felder 1874: 9, pl. 82; Boisduval 1875 [imprint “1874”]: 462 (Sesia); Hampson 1919: 58 (Monopetalotaxis); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 7 (Monopetalotaxis); Gaede 1929: 520 (Monopetalotaxis); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42 (Monopetalotaxis); Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67 (Monopetalotaxis); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 44 (Monopetalotaxis).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Syntype: 1 ♀ (Fig. 45) Africa mer. Knysna, Trimen leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined: 1 ♂, W-Cape, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.12/lat -31.971666)">Uitsig-farm</a> near Clanwilliam, 31°58.3’S, 19°07.2E, 380 m, larva reared 29.Nov.1996, adult 1.–3.Jan.1997, Neser, Oberprieler &amp; Stiller, emerged from stems [...] of rooibos tea [...]; 1 ♀, Willow More Brauns, 10.Feb.1921, Janse; 1 ♂ (Figs 43–44; wing venation Fig. 88), 1 ♀ (Figs 46–47), South Africa, Orange Free State, Bethlehem, 450 m, ex larva, imago emerged 17.Sep.1996, leg. P.S. Roos (gen. prep. Bartsch 2009 –27; 2009–28, Figs 117, 127) (CRH).</p> <p>Similar as in Austrosetia semirufa no information to the number of specimens was given in the original description. Thus, the only single female, which was found in the BMNH is here regarded a syntype. It is demaged, the thorax is broken, the legs and the tip of the right antenna are missing.</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 43–44). Wingspan 27–35 mm, forewing length 12–15 mm, antenna 8–9 mm, body 16–18 mm. Head with labial palpus white, second palpomere mesally and laterally with narrow black stripe, interspersed with some pinkish-red scales; frons bright white, upper part with some dark grey scales medially and a few pinkish-red scales near base of antenna; scales of vertex and pericephalic scales interspersed with black and brown, the latter laterally white; male antenna (Fig. 96) with rami short, extremely compact, nearly as broad as segment, covered with minute ciliae, causing the impression of a broad somewhat flattened ventrally velvety antenna. Thorax black, densely mixed with white and pinkish-red scales; pro- and mesothorax laterally with narrow, white patch, which extends from patagia to forewing base; dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax mixed black, white and pinkish-red, lateral scale tufts pale whitish-brown. Abdomen black, tergites 2, 4–7 and sternites scarcely interspersed with white and pinkish-red, partially hair-like scales; tergite 2 with broad white anterior margin; tergites 2 and 4–7 with narrow white posterior margin; anal tuft black. Legs black, sparsely mixed with white and pinkish-red scales; dorsal edge of femur of all legs as well as fore coxa laterally and hind tibia dorsomedially white; hind tibia with tufts of dark grey, hair-like scales; spurs grey. Wings brownish-black; forewing with veins, margins of transparent areas and distal part of apical area between the veins more or less suffused with pinkish-red; wing base distally with narrow, pinkish-red spot; longitudinal transparent area very short and narrow or absent, anterior transparent area short, exterior transparent area 4-partite, higher than broad, somewhat parallelogram-shaped. Hindwing with margins and discal spot broad, wing base and dorsum black.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 117). As stated in the genus description. Gnathos laterally with strongly pointed projections; valva ovoid, somewhat upturned, ventral margin medially roundly enlarged, dorso-distal part of inner surface sparsely covered with short, bristle-like setae.</p> <p>Redescription of the female (Figs 46–48). Larger and much stronger than the male. Two differently coloured forms are known, a bright yellow banded one with extensively pinkish-red suffused wings and an almost black one with more or less reduced markings; intermediate forms may exist. The yellow form has labial palpus yellow, distally interspersed with pinkish-red, a black stripe laterally; frons yellow, medially dark grey, laterally white; vertex yellow with some dark grey scales; antenna black, some yellow proximally and pinkish-red ventrally. Thorax black subdorsally with two yellow lines; mesal margin of tegula yellow; prothorax laterally as well as scale tufts of metathorax yellow. Abdomen with tergites 1 and 3 black; tergite 1 laterally with yellow patch; margins of tergites 2 and 4 anteriorly broad yellow and posteriorly fine black; tergites 3 and 5 each medially with a large yellow patch; tergites 5 and 6 with pale yellow posterior margins; sternites 1 and 2 black; sternite 2 medially, other sternites yellow throughout; anal tuft black, dorso-medially broad and laterally narrow orange-yellow. Legs black; fore coxa pale yellow; fore tibia orange-yellow; mid tibia with proximal half and distally yellow; hind tibia mediolaterally yellow and distally with narrow yellow ring; tarsomeres of all legs dorso-distally pinkish-red. The pinkishred colouration of the wings is much more extensive than in male. The black form has legs and abdomen black, anal tuft dorso-medially yellow; pinkish-red colouration of the wings reduced, except for apical area.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 118). As specified in the genus description. Ostium rather narrow; ductus bursae wide; ductus seminalis diverges near bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Diagnosis. See F. karooensis.</p> <p>Bionomics and habitat. Felderiola candescens is well known as a pest of Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis, Fabaceae). Often several larvae together bore in a single root, causing dry stems or the death of the host. Infestation is indicated by pale yellow expelled dust, adhering to the root. Fully grown larvae construct a short exit tube from frass and silk. Pupation takes place inside the gallery. Before hatching, the pupa emerges between the stem bases of the host, where the exhuvia can be found later (Pretorius 2008; Hatting, Brand &amp; Damavandian 2011; Toševski pers. com.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFDD4419FF4FFBE7FEBEDA36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFDC441FFF4FFA2BFB30DDCB.text	03E587E7FFDC441FFF4FFA2BFB30DDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Felderiola karooensis Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Felderiola karooensis new sp.</p> <p>Figs 49–51, 79–83, 103, 118, 128</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 49) Namibia, 15–16 km E Helmeringhausen, vic. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.670834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.912222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.670834/lat -25.912222)">Lovedale Guestfarm</a>, 1550m, 25°54'44"S, 16°40'15"E, 17.Feb.2010, at pheromone, leg. D. Bartsch &amp; J. Berg (SMNS).</p> <p>Paratypes: 24 ♂ (Figs 49, 79), 1 ♀ (Figs 50–51, 80), with the same data as the holotype (1 ♂, gen prep. Bartsch 2010–14, Fig. 118); 19 ♂, 27 ♀, ibid., ex larva, imagines emerged Jul.–Nov.2010, ex Melolobium microphyllum (♂, gen prep. Bartsch 2011–15, Fig. 128; antenna Fig. 103) (TMPS, SMNS); 3 ♂, Namibia, 13 km ENE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.400278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.599167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.400278/lat -23.599167)">Nauchas</a>, 1800 m, 23°35'57"S, 16°24'01"E, 3.Feb.2010, at pheromone; 2 ♂, Namibia, vic. Spreetshoogte Pass, Namibgrens Guestfarm, 1800–1820 m, 23°35'–37'S, 16°15'E, 6. Feb.2010, at pheromone, leg. D. Bartsch &amp; J. Berg (SMNS); 1 ♀, [South Africa] Bloemfontein, 7.Dec.1924, leg. H.E. Irving (TMPS); 1 ♀, South Africa, Cape Province, 14 km south of Kenhardt, 28.Nov.1981, leg. Whitehead (SAMC) (image by W. Mey, Berlin); 1 ♂, 25 km SW Swellendam, Salt-Uferregion, 250 m, 14.Apr.1997; 12 ♂, South Africa, Eastern Cape Province, 25 km NW Barkley East, Umg. Lynndale, Kraaririver valley, 1600–1700 m, 9.–10.Dec.2004; 3 ♂, ibid., 11.–12.Dec.2004 leg. J.J.de Freina (CFM); 2 ♂, Northern Cape Province, Great Karoo, 40 km NE Victoria West, 1200 m, 19.Nov.2007, leg. D. Bartsch; 5♂, 1 ♀, South Africa: N.- Cape, 10 km N Kimberley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.809166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.61811" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.809166/lat -28.61811)">Dronfield</a> NR, 1215 m, 28°37'05.2"S, 24°48'33.0"E, ex larva 8.Feb.2012, imagines emerged 21.–22.Oct.2012, 13.Apr.2013, 15.May 2013, 1.Aug.2013, ex. Melolobium sp. (SMNS); 1 ♂ Northern Cape Province, Steylerville, 450 m, 17.Sep.1996, leg. P.S. Roos (CRH).</p> <p>Etymology. This new species is named after the Karoo, a semi-desert natural region of Namibia and South Africa, which largely corresponds to the species’ distribution area.</p> <p>Description of the male (Figs 49, 79). Wingspan 20–30 mm, forewing length 8.5–13.0 mm, antenna 6.0–8.5 mm, body 13–19 mm. Head with labial palpus white; second palpomere laterally with narrow black stripe, ventrally some black, short hair-like scales; terminal palpomere mixed black and white; frons white, medially dark grey; vertex black, mottled with some white scales, between antennae respectively antenna and ocellus white; pericephalic scales white, dorsally interspersed with black; antenna black, ventrally covered with reddish-brown scales. Thorax and legs, except for fore leg, black, densely mottled with white, hair-like scales; patagia laterally and scapular spot at forewing base white; fore leg almost white, coxa mesally, other segments dorsally densely mixed with black; mid- and hind leg with coxa and femur framed with white, spurs white; hind tibia with dense tufts of white and some interspersed black, hair-like scales, medio-laterally and distally white; tarsus of all legs dorsally dark grey, ventrally white. Abdomen dorsally black, tergites 1 and 3 mottled with brownish-grey, other tergites with white, at basal tergites hair-like scales; sternites dark grey, densely mottled with white and reddishbrown scales; tergites 4–7 and sternites 2–7 with indistinct, narrow whitish posterior margin; anal tuft black, laterally and ventrally densely mottled with white and reddish-brown. Wings dark blackish-grey; forewing with transparent areas well developed; anterior and longitudinal one relative short, the first medially with fine longitudinal scale line; external one five-partite, somewhat parallelogram-shaped, broader than high; discal spot wedge-shaped, darker than other wing parts; apical area with distal part between vein interspaces somewhat translucent; hindwing hyaline, base and dorsum dark grey; discal spot short, triangular; margins narrow; fringes of all wings somewhat paler grey.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 118). As stated in the genus description. Gnathos simple; valva elongated, rather narrow, upturned, ventral margin evently curved, dorso-distal part of inner surface without thorn-like setae; coecum penis of phallus very long.</p> <p>Description of the female (Figs 50–51, 80). Distinctly different from male, with bright yellow markings; usually somewhat larger than the male with wingspan 32–37 mm. Specimens reared from larva, however, are considerably smaller with wingspan 20–27 mm. Head with labial palpus basally whitish-yellow, distally orangeyellow, second palpomere laterally with narrow black stripe, tip of third palpomere black; frons and vertex yellow, frons laterally white mottled with orange; vertex occipitally dark brownish-grey, between antenna and ocellus a small white spot; pericephalic scales yellow. Thorax black, between patagia and wing base yellow, dorsally densely mottled with yellow, except for three narrow, longitudinal black stripes and medial part of tegula; patagia yellow, dorsal part posteriorly black; scapular spot yellow; dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax yellow. Abdomen black; segments 1 and 2 with yellow lateral stripe, sternites posteriorly and tergite 2 dorsally yellow, segment four yellow throughout, segments 5 and 6 with broad yellow posterior bands; anal tuft orange-yellow, laterally and ventrodistally mottled with some black scales. Fore leg with coxa whitish-yellow; tegula black, in particular distally mottled whitish-yellow, ventrally as well as first tarsomere pinkish. Mid- and hind leg black; coxa yellow, posteriorly white; femur distally yellow; tibia yellow, basally and subapically black; tarsus of all legs black orange, laterally black; spurs yellow. Wings similar to the male; but darker, forewing with margins of transparent areas, longitudinal scale line of anterior transparent area, veins of external transparent area and vein interspaces of apical area subapically pinkish-red; hindwing black, wing base and dorsum as well as some scales at costal margin and discal spot pinkish-red; underside of all wings dense covered with pink, costal margins yellow; fringes dark grey, at hindwing dorsum yellow.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 128). As characterized in the genus description. Ostium very wide; ductus bursae narrow; ductus seminalis diverges clearly separated from bursa copulatrix.</p> <p>Variation. Older male specimens appear darker due to loss of the paler scales of the abdomen.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Somewhat similar to Felderiola candescens, from which F. karooensis is easily distinguished by the larger transparent areas, the presence of a longitudinal transparent area, the smaller discal spot and the narrower margins of the hindwings. Males differ further by the lack of pinkish-red scales of the body and by the unilaterally pectinate antenna, females by the more extensive yellow coloration of the body and the yellow (not pink) fringe of the hindwing dorsum. The male genitalia differ from that F. candescens by the lack of strongly pointed, lateral projections of the gnathos; the more elongate valva without medial enlargement of the ventral margin, the lack of thorn-like setae of the dorso-distal part of the inner surface and by the longer coecum penis of the phallus; the female genitalia by the wider ostium and the distinctly narrower ductus bursae.</p> <p>Bionomics, distribution and habitat (Figs 81–83). The life history of Felderiola karooensis closely resembles that of F. candescens. The host plant in central Namibia is Melolobium microphyllum (Fabaceae) (Fig. 83) (det. T. Jossberger &amp; S. Seybold), a small, spiny shrub mostly growing on somewhat disturbed places such as way margins or dry fallen creeks. The other 13 species of Melolobium (Harvey &amp; Sander 1894) are also possible hosts. Several larvae often bore together in the upper part of the swollen root, in most cases causing the death of the plant. Fully grown they construct a rather strong exit tube up to the surface. Hatching of the adults takes place during a long period, which minimally extends from September to April. From fully grown laevae found in February one male emerged in May and one female in August of the following year. Adults, pupae, fully grown and young larvae were found together at the same locality in the middle of February. The males were frequently attracted to artificial pheromones from the late morning to the afternoon. A female was observed depositing eggs at the upper part of the host in the early afternoon. Felderiola karooensis seems widely distributed and locally frequent in the south-west of Africa from the cape region, across the Karoos and Namaqualand to central Namibia. The eastern most populations are known from Kimberley and the vicinity of Bloemfontein.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFDC441FFF4FFA2BFB30DDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFDA441CFF4FFD7FFD81DF9B.text	03E587E7FFDA441CFF4FFD7FFD81DF9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Felderiola xanthogaster Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Felderiola xanthogaster new sp.</p> <p>Figs 52–54, 129</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♀ (Figs 52–53), Bronkhorstspruit, Renosterpoort [South Africa, Gauteng Province, 10 km E of Bronkhorstspruit, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.85/lat -25.85)">Farm</a> 498; 25°51 S, 28°51 E], 8.May.1975 (TMPS).</p> <p>Paratypes: ♀ (Fig. 54) S.Rhodesia, Lomagundi [Zimbabwe, Makonde District], 1.Dec.1938, R.H.R. Stevenson leg. (gen. prep. Bartsch 2012–01, Fig. 129) (TMPS); ♀ “Pta.north, Tvl. S.Afr. ” [South Africa, Transvaal, Pretoria north], 1.–8.Sept.1971, Malaise-trap, E. Holm (SANC).</p> <p>The male is unknown. The type specimens are partly damaged and lack parts of their bodies, and the wing apexes are rubbed off. The holotype lacks the labial palpi and the fore legs except for the coxae. The paratype from TMPS lacks the antennae and the mid- and hind legs, the one from SANC lacks the right labial palpus, the left antenna and the mid legs. The pale yellow markings on head, thorax, legs and tergite 4 of the paratype specimens are bleached to creamy white.</p> <p>Etymology. Ancient Greek: xanthos (= yellow); gaster (= belly).</p> <p>Description of the female (Figs 52–54, 129). Wingspan 32–35 mm, forewing length 14–15 mm, antenna 7–8 mm, body 17–21 mm. Head with labial palpus smooth, pale yellow, terminal palpomere interspersed with brown, second and third palpomere of equal length; frons brownish-grey with pearly shine, laterally pale yellow; vertex dark brownish-grey, pericephalic scales white; antenna reddish-brown, covered with black scales. Thorax and abdomen dark brownish-grey; patagia laterally with pale yellow posterior margin; mesothorax with a pale yellow lateral stripe extending from cranial part of tegula below wing base to hindcoxa; tegula posteriorly and on fine inner margin as well as dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax pale yellow; anterior two-thirds of tergite 4 pale yellow; of tergites 4–6 with fine yellow posterior margins; sternites orange-yellow throughout; anal tuft very short, orange. Legs dark brownish-grey; tibia and first tarsomere of hind leg tufted with distad pointing, hair-like scales; hind coxa mixed with pale yellow; ventral edge of mid- and hind femur with pale yellow hair-like scales; hind tibia proximally with a pale yellow, patch at mesal side; hind tarsomeres except for first joint dorsally white. Wings almost hyaline with veins, margins, discal spot as well as costal- and apical area of forewing black, the latter rather narrow, apically broadest; forewing discal spot medially angled.</p> <p>Genitalia. Ostium and antrum broad, the later enlarged and irregularly folded.</p> <p>Variation. The paratype from Pretoria has the abdominal sternites only medially orange-yellow.</p> <p>Diagnosis. F. xanthogaster is well characterized by the very long terminal palpomere of the labial palpus, the unmistakable orange-yellow sternites, the large transparent areas of the wings and the narrow, medially angled forewing discal spot. A. fusca is superficially somewhat similar, but easy to differentiate by the narrow yellow posterior margin of tergite 4 and the dark brownish-grey sternites (tergite 4 anteriorly broad white or yellow, sternites orange-yellow in F. xanthogaster). The female genitalia differ from those of its congeners by the shorter and broader, irregularly folded antrum. The classification of F. xanthogaster is based on the lack of a haustellum and the structure of the female genitalia, especially the same length of anterior and posterior apophyses, the membranous antrum und the shape of the lamella postvaginalis. However, this must be considered provisionally without the knowledge of the male.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFDA441CFF4FFD7FFD81DF9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD9441DFF4FFECFFB5EDFB0.text	03E587E7FFD9441DFF4FFECFFB5EDFB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monopetalotaxis Wallengren 1859	<div><p>Monopetalotaxis Wallengren, 1859</p> <p>Type species. Monopetalotaxis wahlbergi Wallengren, 1859, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Wallengren 1859: 135; Hampson 1919: 58; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 7; Gaede 1929: 520; Naumann 1971: 21; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 105; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 44.</p> <p>Redescription. Medium sized robust clearwing moths of distinct wasp-like appearance. Head with frons 1.5–1.7× the diameter of the eye; haustellum very short, weakly sclerotized and non-functional; labial palpus proximally slightly upturned, distally straight; first and third palpomere equal in length, second one somewhat longer, first and second dorsally somewhat rough, ventrally rough with medially appressed and partially hair-like scales, terminal palpomere smooth; antenna clavate, strong and relative short, in male ciliate, unilaterally pectinate, only anterior row of rami present, rami proximally very long, distally tapering, lacking at tip, densely covered with minute ciliae (Figs 97, 104); female antenna without pectination or ciliae. Thorax and abdomen compact; abdomen cylindrical, all segments with yellow posterior margins; anal tuft developed, but rather small. Legs strong; mid- and hind tibia and first hind tarsomere with tufts of long and rough, hair-like scales; all pairs of spurs with lateral spur half as long as mesal one. Forewing with transparent areas and apical area well developed; longitudinal transparent area extends to discal spot; anterior one with fine longitudinal scale line medially; external one round; discal spot narrow, distally red; hindwing with discal spot short and small. Wing venation (Fig. 89) with forewing veins R1– R3 approximated, R4 and R5 short stalked, veins M1 to CuA1 arise equally spaced from cross vein; hindwing with very short common stalk of M3 and CuA1.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 119). Tegumen short and broad, distally ventrad curved; gnathos absent; uncus ventrad angled about 80°, rather short, somewhat flexibly linked with tegumen, ventro-lateral edges with short rows of thorn-like, basad pointing, in particular proximally extremely long setae; valva distally enlarged, mushroomshaped, ventral margin straight, subdistally constricted, dorsal margin concave, distal margin round, distal margin and dorso-apical part of inner surface covered with basad pointing, thorn-like setae; juxta broad somewhat triangular, manica with numerous short spines; saccus short and broad, apically rounded; phallus thick, slightly s-curved with short, somewhat bilobed coecum penis; vesica dorso-proximally with u-shaped sclerotization.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 130). Papillae anales and segment eight broad; lamella postvaginalis forming a broad, triangular plate; posterior apophyses somewhat longer than anterior pair; ostium bursae broad, funnel-shaped; ductus bursae short with well sclerotized, short, anteriorly wide antrum; bursa copulatrix oval, without signum. The abdomen of the examined female contained more than five-hundred eggs.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Putative synapomorphies are: (1) antenna relative short, unilaterally pectinate only anterior row of rami present, rami basally extraordinaryly long, lacking at tip; (2) tegumen distally angled; (3) setae of uncus extremely long, thorn-like; (4) setae of valva thorn-like, dorso-apically and located at distal margin; (5) unique, mushroom-like shape of valva.</p> <p>Species of Alonina, in particular the superficially similar Alonina luteopunctata and A. pyrocraspis, are easily distinguished by the presence of a functional haustellum and by the longer and narrower, in males slightly serrate and not pectinate antennae. A rather similar structure of the antennae can be found in Lamellisphecia Kallies &amp; Arita, 2004 and Clavisphecia Kallies, 2011 from the Oriental region. However, the genitalia of these two genera are significantly different, showing no close relationship to Monopetalotaxis.</p> <p>Distribution and biology. The range of the only known species, M. doleriformis, extends in the south-eastern parts of Africa, from Natal to southern Zimbabwe. It may also occur in the subtropical regions of Mozambique. The Biology is unknown.</p> <p>Remark. Based on the male genitalia of Alonina luteopunctata (as Monopetalotaxis), but without the knowledge of the type species, Freina (2011) placed Monopetalotaxis in Sesiini. This is confirmed here.</p> <p>In the current understanding Monopetalotaxis contains only a single species, M. doleriformis. Other species, which were previously assigned to this genus by various authors (e.g. Hampson 1919, Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981, Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004, Freina 2011) belong to the genera Alonina, Felderiola and Vespanthedon.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD9441DFF4FFECFFB5EDFB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD84412FF4FFE99FD4CDD93.text	03E587E7FFD84412FF4FFE99FD4CDD93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monopetalotaxis doleriformis (Walker 1856)	<div><p>Monopetalotaxis doleriformis (Walker, 1856)</p> <p>Figs 55–60, 89, 97, 104, 119, 130</p> <p>= Monopetalotaxis wahlbergi Wallengren, 1859</p> <p>= Aegeria taylori Druce, 1899</p> <p>Literature. Walker 1856: 56 (Aegeria); Wallengren 1859: 135; Druce 1899: 204 (Aegeria); Hampson 1919: 58 (Monopetalotaxis); Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 8 (Monopetalotaxis); Gaede 1929: 520 (Monopetalotaxis); Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42 (Monopetalotaxis); Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67 (Monopetalotaxis); Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 45 (Monopetalotaxis).</p> <p>Specimens examined. Type specimens. Aegeria doleriformis. Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 55) “Port Natal” [South Arica, Durban] (BMNH).</p> <p>Monopetalotaxis wahlbergi. Syntype: 1 ♂ (Fig. 57) “In Caffraria orientali” [Southern Africa] (NRMS).</p> <p>Aegeria taylori. Syntype: 1 ♂ (Fig. 56) “ South Africa, Potchefsstroom, Taylor leg.” (BMNH).</p> <p>Neither Wallengren (1859) nor Druce (1899) give concrete informations to the number of type specimens in the original descriptions of Monopetalotaxis wahlbergi and Aegeria taylori respectively. In each case only a single male specimen has been found in the BMNH, whererfore I refrain from the desigantion of lectotypes.</p> <p>Additional specimens. 1 ♂, Transvaal, Lydenburg Distr., Distant coll, 1911-383, 350006 (BMNH); 1 ♀ (Fig. 60), Johannesburg, 18.Dec.1961, H. N. Empey (gen prep. Bartsch 2009 –24, Fig. 130); 1 ♂ (Figs 58–59), Pretoria, 18.Jan.1931, H. K. Munro (gen prep. Bartsch 2009 –23, Fig. 119); 1 ♂, Weenen, Feb.1903, G. Burn (gen prep. Bartsch 2009 –22, wing venation Fig. 89) (TMPS); 1 ♂, Marandelias SR., Jan.1961, P. Bomford; 1 ♂, Zeerust Distr., Lucerne, 15.–25.Nov.1948, Capener; 1 ♂, S Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Epworth Sby., 25.Feb.1973; 1 ♀, Swaziland, Jilobi forest, Lubombo Mts., 9.Mar.1996; 1 ♂, Eastern Cape, Beacon Bay, 28.Feb.1980; 1 ♀, ibid., 4.Nov.1989; 1 ♀, Swaziland, Malololia [? unreadable], 3.Nov.1996; S-Rhodesia, Epwarth Sby., 25.Feb.1973, N.J. Duke (coll. Duke, TMPS); 1 ♀, [South Africa] Pietermaritzburg (SDEI); 1 ♀, South Africa, Gauteng Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.0/lat -25.7)">Ezemvelo</a>, 25°42’S, 29°00’E, 1350–1400 m, at flowers, 11.Dec.2007, leg. D. Bartsch; 1 ♂, South Africa, Limpopo Province, N Makopane, Farm Thabaphaswa, 1290 m, 24°03'12.09"S, 29°02'51.45"E, 25.Feb.2012, at pheromone, leg. D. Bartsch (SMNS).</p> <p>Redescription of the male (Figs 55–59, 97, 104, 119). Wingspan 21–28 mm, forewing length 9–12 mm, antenna 5.5– 7 mm, body 12–15 mm. Haustellum short, weakly sclerotized, most likely non-functional; labial palpus pale yellow, with narrow black stripe or some black scales laterally; frons whitish-yellow, somewhat rough with small, brownish black tuft of short, hair-like scales between antenna and eye; vertex covered with admixture of light grey, short and brownish black, hair-like scales; pericephalic scales dorsally brown with black tip, dorsolaterally yellow, laterally white; antenna orange brown, distally sparsely mottled with black, rami dorsally yellow; scapus ventrally with yellow, hair-like scales. Thorax brownish-black, posteriorly of patagia and between patagia and wingbase yellow, densely mottled with pale yellow, hair-like scales; patagia glossy black, anteriorly yellow, mottled with black and yellow hair-like scales; tegula posteriorly orange; scapular spot at wing base yellow; metathorax dorso-laterally with dense tufts of whitish-yellow, hair-like scales. Abdomen brownish black; tergite 2 yellow, anteriorly, posteriorly and laterally narrow black; other segments with yellow posterior bands: tergite 1 fine and often indistinct, 3 narrow, 4 very broad, 5–7 narrow; sternites 2–7 very broad; anal tuft brownish black to orange, dorso-medially yellow, laterally and ventrally brownish-grey, tip of valva with white scales. Legs brownish black, mottled with yellow, hair-like scales; femurae dorsally narrow orange; tarsi dorsally orange, ventrally yellow, interspersed with some black scales; fore leg with coxa yellow, tibia ventrally and tarsus dorsally orange, the latter ventrally yellow; mid- and hind leg with coxa more or less yellow; tibia and first hind tarsomere with tufts of long hair-like scales, which are laterally bright yellow, subdistally with brownish black ring and latero-distally with orange patch; scale tufts of first hind tarsomere orange-yellow to yellow. Forewing with costal area and fringes brownish-grey, subcosta marked by a red scale line, anal area and basal part of veins red, basal part of anal area black, other wing parts brownish-red, discal spot proximally black, distally red; hindwing with veins and margins brownish-red; fringes brownish-grey, at dorsum orange-yellow; under side of both wings with more prominent orange tinge, costal area of forewing yellowish.</p> <p>Redescription of the female (Figs 60, 130). Similar to the male, but more robust, the yellow markings with bright orange tinge. Head with labial palpus yellow, without black scales; frons medially light grey, laterally white, dorsally yellow, between antenna and eye brownish black; scales of vertex distinctly shorter than in male, dark brownish black; pericephalic scales similar to male, dorso-laterally without yellow; antenna orange brown with some black scales at tip, scapus covered with dark grey and some interspersed yellow scales. Thorax brownish black, without hair-like scales; tegula anteriorly narrow yellow, posteriorly orange-red; scale tufts of meta-thorax yellow. Abdomen similar to the male; tergite 3 with some yellow scales medially, lacking yellow margin; anal tuft brownish black, dorso-medially broad yellow, laterally small orange. Colouration of legs and wings more intensive red, scale tufts of hind leg shorter, that of first hind tarsomere absent; shape of the transparent areas similar to the male f. wahlbergi.</p> <p>Genitalia (Figs 119, 130). See genus description.</p> <p>Variation. In the males are the dimension of the external transparent area and the apical area highly variable, the latter is minimally as broad as the discal spot and maximally as broad as the external transparent area. A female from Pietermaritzburg in SDEI is nearly completely orange-red, except for the brownish-black coloured tip of antenna, mesal part of hind tibia and distal margin of forewing discal spot. There are no significant differences between the genitalia of the most extreme forms of the males.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Unmistakable, see genus description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD84412FF4FFE99FD4CDD93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD74413FF4FFCBAFCCBDE06.text	03E587E7FFD74413FF4FFCBAFCCBDE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hagnogyna Bartsch 2013	<div><p>Hagnogyna new gen.</p> <p>Type species: Homogyna sanguicosta Hampson, 1919, designated here.</p> <p>Etymology. Ancient Greek hagnoia (= mistake) and gyne (= wife), gender is feminine.</p> <p>Description. Head with width of frons about 1.5× the diameter of the eye; haustellum present, but relative short, weakly sclerotized; labial palpus almost straight, proximally somewhat upturned, covered with rather short, dorsally smooth, ventrally rough scales, second palpomere nearly 1.5× the length of other palpomeres; frons smooth, near antenna base somewhat rough; vertex with hair-like rather short and smooth scales, cranially with narrow bald area; male antenna bipectinate, ventral row of rami very short, more or less fused with dorsal row to a transverse ridge, pectination extends to tip, covered with short ciliae (Fig. 98, 105); female antenna without pectination or ciliae, slightly clavate. Thorax and abdomen rather strong, smooth without hair-like scales; dorsolateral scale tufts of metathorax short; anal tuft short and narrow. Legs rather short and strong, covered with smooth scales; mid- and hind tibia dorso-medially and -distally with some erected, bristle-like scales; spurs long, mesal ones somewhat longer than lateral ones. Wings narrow, almost opaque, except for proximal part of hindwing; discal spots not visible or inconspicuous (on hindwing of H. bartschi). Venation of forewing (Fig. 90) with R1–R3 approximated; R4/R5 short stalked; media veins arise equally spaced; hindwing with short common stalk of M3/ CuA1; CuA2 arise somewhat proximal of cross vein; 3A narrow and closely approximated to anal margin.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Figs. 120–121). Rather small with unusually short saccus and large phallus. Tegumen and uncus short and broad, relatively strong, fused; gnathos absent or very small; uncus dorsally and laterally with scarce hair-like, ventro-lateral margins with dense bifurcate setae; valva short and broad, trapezoid to rectangular, dorsally or dorso-distally with a dense area of bifurcate setae; juxta very strong, extremely protruding, well sclerotized; manica simple, without spines or teeth; phallus straight, large and long, laterally flattened, with short coecum penis, dorso-proximally membranous widened, distally tapering; vesica proximally densely covered with short spines.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 131). Papillae anales and segment eight very short and broad; apophyses anteriores and apophyses posteriores of equal length; ostium bursae simple, broad, funnel-shaped; antrum membranous, short, narrow; ductus bursae rather broad, slightly s-curved; bursa copulatrix ovoid, without signum.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Hagnogyna can be characterized by the following putative synapomorphies: (1) valva simple, basally very broad; (2) setae of uncus and valva dense, bifurcate; (3) juxta very large, manica simple, without sclerotized spines; (4) phallus very large and straight with short coecum penis, vesica basely with numerous short teeth; (5) unusual proportion of saccus (very short) and phallus (long and large); (6) ductus bursae of female scurved.</p> <p>Superficially similar species of Erismatica and Homogyna (Osminiini) differ clearly by the lack of rami on the male antenna. Males of Felderiola show a rather similar structure of the antennae, but can be distinguished by the scarcer, thorn-like, not bifurcate setae of the valva and uncus. Females differ by the well developed lamella postvaginalis (reduced in Hagnogyna), the very different length of the anterior and posterior apophyses (of equal length in Hagnogyna) and the straight ductus bursae (s-curved in Hagnogyna).</p> <p>Distribution. H. bartschi seems to be restricted to the south-western part of South Africa, the more widespread H. sanguicosta is known from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Tanzania.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD74413FF4FFCBAFCCBDE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD64413FF4FFE3BFD40D9CC.text	03E587E7FFD64413FF4FFE3BFD40D9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hagnogyna sanguicosta (Hampson 1919)	<div><p>Hagnogyna sanguicosta (Hampson, 1919) new comb. (Homogyna)</p> <p>Figs 61–66, 90, 120, 131</p> <p>Literature. Hampson, 1919: 111; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 175; Gaede 1929: 535; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 43; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 14.</p> <p>Specimens examined. Syntypes: 1 ♂ (Fig. 61), 1 ♀ (Fig. 62), North-west Rhodesia [Zambia], Mwengwa, H. Dollman leg. (BMNH).</p> <p>Additional specimens: 1 $, German East Africa [Tanzania], ex. P. Lathy (BMNH); 1 $ (Figs 63, 66), S. Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Christan Bank, 6.Jan.1962 (gen. prep. Bartsch 2009 –14, Fig. 120); 1 $, 2 #, ibid., 26.Dec.1963 (gen. prep. Bartsch 2009 –15, Fig. 131); 2 #, ibid., 27.Nov.1966; 1 #, ibid., 9.Dec.1978; 1 # (Figs 50– 51), S. Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Hunyani river, A. J. Duke leg. (coll. Duke, TMPS).</p> <p>Redescription male (Figs 61, 63). Wingspan 18–19 mm, forewing length 8 mm, antenna 6 mm, body 8–9 mm. Head with haustellum present, but relative short; scales of labial palpus relative short, distally smooth, ventrally rough; first palpomere white, ventrally brownish black; second and third palpomere brownish black, second dorsally white, third with a few white scales; frons dark grey with indistinct metallic gloss, near base of antennas slightly rough; vertex black, laterally white; pericephalic scales dorsally mixed black and white, laterally pure white; antenna clavate, flagellum black, occipetal side with proximally dense, distally scarce scaled, whitish stripe. Thorax brownish black; patagia laterally with small pinkish-red spot, that is connected with forewing base by a narrow pinkish-red stripe; posterior margin of tegula pinkish-red; dorso-lateral scale tufts of metathorax mixed brownish black and white. Abdomen brownish black with fine, white posterior margin of tergite 2 and broad, white posterior margins of tergites 4 and 5; sternites 2–7 with proximal two-thirds red; anal tuft very small, dorsally and ventrally black, laterally orange. Legs brownish black; fore leg with coxa laterally white and femur ventrally with narrow stripe of white, hair-like scales; other legs with coxa proximally white throughout and femur laterally mottled with white; tarsomeres of all legs distally whitish; spurs white. Forewing brownish black, costal margin and proximal part of anal margin pinkish-red; hindwing with proximal half hyaline; underneath of both wings paler, costal margins and basal area of forewing dusted with white.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 120). Gnathos absent; valva trapezoid, broadest basally, area of bifurcate setae not extend to ventral margin; phallus straight, very long.</p> <p>Female (Figs 65–66). Similar to the male, but labial palpus brownish black, first palpomere laterally white; antenna clavate, black, proximally dusted with white scales; tergite 2 posterior-laterally with white spot, which replaces the narrow posterior margin of the male; anal tuft reduced.</p> <p>Female genitalia (Fig. 131). See genus description.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Both species of Hagnogyna are unmistakable and easy to determine. The typical red pattern of the otherwise black body and wings, the alternate black and red striped sternites and the white posterior margins of tergites 4 and 5 are characteristic for H. sanguicosta.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD64413FF4FFE3BFD40D9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD64410FF4FF887FE2FDD03.text	03E587E7FFD64410FF4FF887FE2FDD03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hagnogyna bartschi (Freina 2011)	<div><p>Hagnogyna bartschi (Freina, 2011) new comb.</p> <p>Figs 67–70, 98, 105, 121</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: ♂, Südafrika, Eastern Cape Province, ca. 30 km SE Lady Grey, Flusstal nahe Lammergeier, 1600 m, 8.–10.XII.2005, leg. J. J. de Freina (CFM).</p> <p>Paratypes: 1♂, South Africa, Cape, East London, Buffalo Pass, 22.Sept.1979, N.J. Duke leg.; 1♀ (Figs 69– 70), “ Impetyeni Forest, Nat’l, Swinny, 12.20, Coll. Janse ” “ Homogyna pulchriventris le Cerf, Type No. 1136”</p> <p>[nomen nudum] (TMPS); 1♂ (Figs 67–68), South Africa, Western Cape, 50 km W Graaf Reinet, E Mount Torberg, 1500 m, 22.Nov.2007; 1♂, same data as holotype (SMNS gen prep. 3040, Fig. 121) (SMNS).</p> <p>In the original description of Homogyna bartschi Freina (2011) alluded to the isolated position of this species within Homogyna and its provisional generic placement. It is here placed in Hagnogyna based on both, the rather similar external appearance and the morphology of the genitalia. The male genitalia have a very small gnathos; the valva somewhat rectangular, ubturned, dorso-distally with short pointed protrusion, the area of bifurcate setae extends to ventral margin; the phallus straight, proximally very broad, membranous. The female genitalia are not dissected.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Hagnogyna bartschi differ from H. sanguicosta by the almost hyaline, not distally opaque hindwings and the white dorso-lateral spots of abdominal tergites 2 and 4 rather than white posterior margins of tergites 4 and 5. Males of H. bartschi are easily distinguished from both sexes of H. sanguicosta by the yellow, not pink marked thorax, wings and sternites. Females of both species have the sternites pinkish-red, but H. bartschi lack the black stripes.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD64410FF4FF887FE2FDD03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD54410FF4FFD37FE22D8A5.text	03E587E7FFD54410FF4FFD37FE22D8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespanthedon Le Cerf 1917	<div><p>Vespanthedon Le Cerf, 1917</p> <p>Type species: Vespanthedon cerceris Le Cerf, 1917, by monotypy.</p> <p>Literature. Le Cerf 1917: 329; Hampson 1919: 77; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 119; Gaede 1929: 527; Naumann 1971: 31; Fletcher &amp; Nye 1982: 168; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 45.</p> <p>Redescription. Medium sized with wingspan 26–30 mm. Head with frons 1.5× the diameter of the eye; haustellum of medium length, weakly sclerotized; labial palpus upturned, reaching at least up to antenna base, second palpomere somewhat longer than other ones, first and second palpomere ventrally with long, hair-like scales; male antenna short, clavate, bipectinate, ciliate, rami short, distally tapering, lacking at tip; female antenna without pectination or ciliae. Thorax and abdomen slender, smooth scaled; abdominal segments 2 and 3 of the male somewhat constricted, forming a weak ‘wasp-waist’; anal tuft narrow, abdomen of the female spindle-shaped. Legs smooth scaled; hind leg as long as abdomen; all pairs of spurs with lateral ones half as long as mesal ones. Wings narrow, partially hyaline; forewing with costal area and costal parts of cell and apical area opaque; discal spots indistinct; that of hindwing very short and small. Wing venation (Fig. 91) with forewing veins R1–R3 approximated, R4 and R5 stalked, veins from common stalk of R4/R5 to CuA2 arise equally spaced from cross vein; hindwing with common stalk of M3 and CuA1.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 116). Tegumen rather slender, medio-distally somewhat laterally constricted; gnathos of unique, triangular, mitre-like shape; uncus short, basally narrow, ventro-lateral margins densely covered with multifurcate, scale-like, basad pointing setae; valva rectangular, margins almost straight, dorsal one somewhat convex, ventral one slightly concave, inner surface of valva distally and dorsally with numerous broad, multifurcate, scale-like setae and medio-ventrally with short, distally with ventral margin connected crista sacculi, which has distally a distinct tooth-like protrusion; juxta broad, very short protruded, manica with numerous sclerotized spines; saccus long, very narrow, apically rounded; phallus straight, narrow with short coecum penis; bulbous dorso-proximal part of vesica with numerous fine spines.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Putative synapomorphies are: (1) antenna very short, bipectinate, rami lacking at tip; (2) gnathos present, with unique, mitre-like shape; (3) setae of valva large, multifurcate, scale-like; (4) wings very narrow, hindwing tornus and anal veins somewhat reduced; (6) costal part of cell opaque.</p> <p>Similar, scale-like setae of the valva are only known in Sphecosesia Hampson, 1910 from Southeast Asia (Kallies &amp; Arita 2004). Species of this genus have also narrow wings and short antennas, but differ distinctly by the strongly wasp-waisted abdomen, the rough and short scales of the first and the smooth scales of the second palpomere rather than long, hair-like scales in Vespanthedon. The male genitalia of Sphecosesia have the uncus lobes very large (small in Vespanthedon) and lack the crista sacculi of the valva (present in Vespanthedon).</p> <p>Distribution. Insufficiently known; Vespanthedon cerceris and V. chalciphora occur in Mozambique and Malawi, respectively.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD54410FF4FFD37FE22D8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFF1BFC6FDCD4.text	03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFF1BFC6FDCD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespanthedon cerceris Le Cerf 1917	<div><p>Vespanthedon cerceris Le Cerf, 1917</p> <p>(Figs 71, 91, 116).</p> <p>Literature. Le Cerf 1917: 330; Hampson 1919: 77; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 119; Gaede 1929: 527; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 45.</p> <p>Specimen examined. Holotype: ♂ (Fig 71) Mozambique, Prov. de Gorongoza, forêt d'Inhanconde, alt. 350 mèt., 1907, ex G. Vasse (Bradley fec., MNHP prep. No. 3113, Fig. 116; wing venation Fig. 91) (MNHP).</p> <p>The original description states: “Type: 1♂ ” (Le Cerf 1917); thus, this specimen in MNHP is the holotype. It is the only known specimen and is very characteristic and unmistakable in pattern and shape of the body, but partially rubbed off, the former bluish-black ground colour is bleached to dull brown and the abdomen was dissected. It was masterly painted in watercolours by Jules Culot (Le Cerf 1917: pl. 479, fig. 3955).</p> <p>Redescription (Fig. 71). Wingspan 30 mm, forewing length 13 mm antenna 6.5 mm. Labial palpus with first palpomere black, other palpomeres yellow; frons yellow, medially grey; vertex black; pericephalic hairs dorsally black, laterally yellow; antenna dorso-proximally pale yellow, dorso-distally black, ventrally brown. Thorax black; patagia and mesothorax laterally, a scapular spot at forewing base and metathorax dorsally yellow. Abdomen (according to the original description) tergites 1–4 laterally with a triangular yellow spot, tergites 5–7 with narrow yellow posterior border; sternites 1–4 whitish yellow, sternites 5–7 laterally with a narrow yellow spot; anal tuft ventro-laterally yellow. Fore leg with coxa and femur black, coxa proximally narrow yellow; tibia and tarsus yellow, the latter ventrally with some black scales; other legs with coxa and femur black; hind coxa medially yellow; tibiae ventro-distally yellow. Forewings with wing base, costal area, costad half cell, a narrow stripe between veins M1 and M2 and veins black, underside yellow, veins black; hindwing opaque, veins black.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 116). As characterized in the genus description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFF1BFC6FDCD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFB83FCF5DAD8.text	03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFB83FCF5DAD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespanthedon chalciphora (Hampson 1919)	<div><p>Vespanthedon chalciphora (Hampson, 1919) new comb. (Monopetalotaxis)</p> <p>Fig. 72</p> <p>Literature. Hampson 1919: 59; Dalla Torre &amp; Strand 1925: 7; Gaede 1929: 521; Heppner &amp; Duckworth 1981: 42; Vári, Kroon &amp; Krüger 2002: 67; Pühringer &amp; Kallies 2004: 45.</p> <p>Specimen examined. Holotype: ♀ (Fig. 72) “ Br. C. Afrika [Malawi], Mt. Mlanje, 30.VIII.1913, S. A. Neave ” (BMNH).</p> <p>Hampson (1919) described this species in Monopetalotaxis from a single female from Malawi. No further specimens are known. There are no significant similarities with the type species of Monopetalotaxis, M. doleriformis, or with any other species discussed here. According to the pattern of the narrow wings and to the configuration of the wing venation a relationship with V. cerceris Le Cerf, 1917 can be assumed. Therefore, V. chalciphora is here provisionally transferred to Vespanthedon.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E7FFD44411FF4FFB83FCF5DAD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bartsch, Daniel	Bartsch, Daniel (2013): Revisionary checklist of the Southern African Sesiini (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) with description of new species. Zootaxa 3741 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.1.1
