taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E28782FFC3FF95BB93F9C2587DF855.taxon	description	(FIG. 1) Brief description: FORM (FIG. 1 A) ElONGAtE OVAl, DORSUM cONVEX AND GlAbROUS. HEAD AND PRONOtUM ORANGE YEllOW. ScUtEllUM blAck. ElYtRA SAtINY WHItE tO cREAMY YEllOW, WItH tHREE lONGItUDINAl blAck StRIPES — ONE DIScAl StRIPE ON EAcH ElYtRON AND ONE SUtURAl, NOt EXtENDING tO APEX, APIcES OF ElYtRA YEllOWISH tO REDDISH bROWN. ANtERIOR clYPEAl MARGIN MEDIAllY EMARGINAtE. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 1 b) cOMPlEtE. LASt VISIblE AbDOMINAl VENtRItE POStERIORlY EMARGINAtE IN MAlE, NARROWlY ROUNDED IN FEMAlE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 1 c – E) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: Brumoides suturalis IS WIDElY DIStRIbUtED IN INDIA AND OccASIONAllY FOUND ON MUlbERRY. UNlIkE MOSt OtHER MEMbERS OF CHIlOcORINI (NOW INclUDED UNDER tHE SUbFAMIlY COccINEllINAE) WHIcH ARE SPEcIAlISt PREDAtORS OF DIASPINE ScAlES, Brumoides SPP. FEED ON A WIDER RANGE OF HOStS tHAt INclUDES MEAlYbUGS, WHItEFlIES, APHIDS, Etc. (lAbEl DAtA).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC0FF96BB93FB86588DF90D.taxon	description	(FIG. 2) Brief description: FORM (FIG. 2 A) ElONGAtE OVAl, cONVEX; DORSUM DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD AND PRONOtUM ORANGE- YEllOW, ElYtRA blAck WItH ORANGE YEllOW OR YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS APIcES. VENtRAl SIDE WItH PROStERNUM ORANGE YEllOW, MESO- AND MEtAVENtRItES DARk bROWN tO blAck; AbDOMEN ORANGE YEllOW. MAlES WItH REDDISH bROWN FORElEGS, MUcH PAlER tHAN tHE OtHER tWO PAIRS; FEMAlES WItH FORElEGS DARk bROWN / blAck, OF tHE SAME cOlOUR AS OtHER PAIRS OF lEGS. ANtENNA (FIG. 2 F) cOMPOSED OF 10 ANtENNOMERES. MAXIllA (FIG. 2 G) WItH tERMINAl SEGMENt StRONGlY SEcURIFORM. PROStERNUM (FIG. 2 b) ANtERIORlY PRODUcED tO cOVER MOUtHPARtS, INtERcOXAl PROcESS (FIG. 2 H) WItH A PAIR OF SHORt cARINAE. HYPOMERAl SHElF PROMINENt (FIG. 2 c). AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINES (FIG. 2 I) cOMPlEtE. TARSI tRIMEROUS. TARSAl clAWS APIcAllY bIFID IN FEMAlE (FIG. 2 D), APPENDIcUlAtE IN MAlE (FIG. 2 E). MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 2 k, l) AND FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIG. 2 j) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS SPEcIES IS OF AUStRAlASIAN ORIGIN AND ONE OF tHE MOSt EFFEctIVE INtRODUcED PREDAtORS OF MEAlYbUG PEStS WORlDWIDE. It IS kNOWN tO FEED ON All StAGES OF M. hirsutus AND IS MORE cOMMON ON OtHER HOSt PlANtS OF M. hirsutus SUcH AS GRAPEVINE AND HIbIScUS tHAN MUlbERRY (lAbEl DAtA). SEVERAl WORkERS HAVE EVAlUAtED It AND FOUND It tO bE ONE OF tHE MOSt EFFEctIVE PREDAtORS OF M. hirsutus ON MUlbERRY (CHONG et al. 2015). THIS SPEcIES HAS bEEN USED IN lARGE-ScAlE bIOlOGIcAl cONtROl PROGRAMS AGAINSt M. hirsutus IN MANY PARtS OF tHE WORlD IN cOMbINAtION WItH tWO ENcYRtID PARASItOIDS, Anagyrus kamali MOURSI AND Gyranusoidea indica SHAFEE, AlAM & AGARWAl (PERSAD & KHAN 2002; CUlIk et al. 2013).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC0FF90BB93F8945ADBFE86.taxon	description	(FIG. 3) Brief description: LENGtH 2.16 – 2.70 MM, WIDtH 1.62 – 2.10 MM. FORM (FIG. 3 A) OVAtE, DORSOVENtRAllY MODERAtElY FlAttENED, DORSUM GlAbROUS. HEAD AND PRONOtUM ORANGE YEllOW; EYES bRIllIANt MEtAllIc GREEN IN lIVE SPEcIMENS. ElYtRA PAlE cREAMY WHItE tO YEllOW, WItH tHREE lONGItUDINAl blAck StRIPES, ONE ON EAcH ElYtRON IN A MID-DORSAl POSItION NOt REAcHING bASAl MARGIN OR APEX AND ONE AlONG SUtURAl lINE REAcHING APEX (FIG. 3 A), ElYtRAl APEX VERY NARROWlY bORDERED blAck; SOMEtIMES All StRIPES jOINED tOGEtHER WItH A SHORt StEM NEAR APEX, FORMING A tRIDENt SHAPED MARkING (FIG. 3 b). POStERIOR MARGIN OF ElYtRA SUbtRUNcAtE, lEAVING AbDOMINAl tIP SlIGHtlY EXPOSED. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 3 c) APIcAllY INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 3 D – H) AS IllUStRAtED. It IS SIMIlAR tO B. suturalis IN GENERAl APPEARANcE, bUt cAN bE EASIlY SEPARAtED FROM tHE lAttER bY ItS SMAllER SIZE, SOMEWHAt ANGUlAR, MORE FlAttENED bODY OUtlINE AND MUcH lARGER ScUtEllUM. Notes: THIS SPEcIES IS WIDElY DIStRIbUtED IN MANY StAtES OF INDIA. CABI’S DAtASHEEt (2017) ON tHE PREDAtORS OF M. hirsutus MENtIONS tHAt It IS PRESENt IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA, bUt MOSt OF tHE PUblISHED lItERAtURE ON tHIS SPEcIES IS FROM tHE INDIAN SUbcONtINENt. REcENtlY, BIRANVAND et al. (2017) SUGGEStED tHAt Hyperaspis vinciguerrae CAPRA (1929), A SPEcIES DEScRIbED FROM NORtH AFRIcA ONlY FOUR MONtHS EARlIER tHAN SIcARD’S DEScRIPtION OF H. maindroni FROM INDIA, IS PRObAblY SYNONYMOUS WItH H. maindroni. THIS APPEARS tO bE UNlIkElY AS H. vinciguerrae EXHIbItS DIStINct SEXUAl DIMORPHISM WItH tHE HEAD DARk IN FEMAlE AND tEStAcEOUS IN MAlE AND tHE PRONOtUM IS blAck, WItH WHItISH YEllOW lAtERAl MARGINS. IN H. maindroni, MAlES AND FEMAlES ARE AlIkE WItH tHE HEAD AND PRONOtUM REDDISH bROWN IN bOtH SEXES, WItH ONlY tHE PRONOtUM OFtEN HAVING A MEDIAN FUScOUS PAtcH. THE MAlE GENItAlIA OF H. vinciguerrae IllUStRAtED bY RAIMUNDO & VAN HARtEN (2000) AND BIRANVAND et al. (2017) ARE SUPERFIcIAllY SIMIlAR tO tHOSE OF H. maindroni, bUt APPEAR tO bE DIFFERENt (FIGS 3 D – H). THE MAlE GENItAlIA OF H. maindroni FROM DIFFERENt PARtS OF INDIA SHOW SOME DEGREE OF VARIAtION (FIGS 3 D – H) IN tHE SHAPE OF tHE PENIS GUIDE AND tHE PENIS APEX. THESE POPUlAtIONS NEED tO bE StUDIED IN MORE DEtAIl tO cONclUDE IF tHESE VARIAtIONS ARE MERElY INtRASPEcIFIc. AlIZADEH et al. (2013) REcORDED H. vinciguerrae AS A PREDAtOR OF M. hirsutus FROM IRAN.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF91BB93FF4E5C6EFDF5.taxon	description	(FIG. 4) Brief description: LENGtH: 3.20 – 4.20 MM. FORM bROADlY OVAl tO cIRcUlAR (FIGS 4 A, b), DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt WItH SIlVERY WHItE HAIRS, UNIFORMlY YEllOWISH tO REDDISH bROWN. ANtENNA cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. MAXIllA WItH tERMINAl PAlPOMERE ElONGAtE cONIcAl, APIcAllY OblIQUElY tRANSVERSE. PROStERNAl PROcESS bROAD, QUADRAtE AND cARINAtE. AbDOMEN WItH FIVE VISIblE VENtRItES, AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINES INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 4 c – F) DIAGNOStIc, PENIS GUIDE ElONGAtE WItH VERY NARROW PARAMERES HAVING DENSE HAIRS IN POStERIOR HAlF AND APEX. Notes: THIS IS cOMMON ON MUlbERRY tHOUGH It IS NEVER FOUND IN lARGE NUMbERS. Jauravia SPP. cAN bE RElIAblY IDENtIFIED ONlY bY tHE MAlE GENItAlIA AS MOSt OF tHE kNOWN SPEcIES OF tHIS GENUS ARE EXtERNAllY SIMIlAR.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF91BB93FDB65D48FB70.taxon	description	(FIG. 5) Brief description: FORM (FIG. 5 A) bROADlY OVAl tO SUbROUNDED, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX, GlAbROUS AND SHINY. GROUND cOlOUR VARIAblE, YEllOW-ORANGE, lIGHt RED, YEllOW OR PINkISH, HEAD WItH A blAck MARkING IN POStERIOR HAlF (FIG. 5 b); PRONOtUM WItH A T-SHAPED MEDIAN MARkING cONNEctED tO A bROAD blAck bAND AlONG POStERIOR MARGIN; IN NOMINAtE FORM, ElYtRA WItH tWO ZIGZAG lINES AND A POStERIOR blAck SPOt, SUtURAl lINE blAck; ElYtRAl PAttERN VARIAblE WItH tHE MARkINGS cOAlEScING AND FORMING bROADER bANDS OR cOMPlEtElY AbSENt OR FUllY blAck. VENtRAl SIDE UNIFORMlY YEllOW. ANtENNA (FIG. 5 c) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. MAXIllA WItH tERMINAl PAlPOMERE SEcURIFORM (FIG. 5 D). PROStERNAl cARINAE (FIG. 5 E) SHORt, SUbPARAllEl. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 5 F) INcOMPlEtE WItH AN ASSOcIAtED OblIQUE lINE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 5 G – I) AND FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIGS 5 j, k) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS tHE MOSt UbIQUItOUS SPEcIES OF lADY bEEtlE IN tHE ORIENtAl REGION, bUt OFtEN MISIDENtIFIED AS It IS HIGHlY POlYMORPHIc. It IS FOUND ON SEVERAl PlANtS, INclUDING MUlbERRY AND IS PRIMARIlY APHIDOPHAGOUS, bUt AlSO FEEDS ON OtHER PREY SUcH AS M. hirsutus WHEN AVAIlAblE (AGARWAlA & GHOSH 1988). THOUGH Cheilomenes sexmaculata IS tHE WIDElY USED NAME FOR tHIS SPEcIES, ŚlIPIŃSkI (2007) USED tHE NAME Menochilus sexmaculatus IN VIEW OF tHE UNRESOlVED GENERIc lIMItS OF tHIS GENUS GROUP, WHIcH IS FOllOWED HERE.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF91BB93FB0A5D9FF920.taxon	description	(FIG. 6) Brief description: FORM (FIGS 6 A, b) SMAll, ElONGAtE OVAl; DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. GROUND cOlOUR PAlE GOlDEN YEllOW tO YEllOWISH bROWN, WItH DARk PURPlISH bROWN MAcUlAE ON ElYtRA; ElYtRA tYPIcAllY WItH AN HOURGlASS-SHAPED lONGItUDINAl MARkING IN bASAl HAlF, WHIcH IS SOMEtIMES MEDIAllY SPlIt AND APPEARS AS tWO DIStINct MAcUlAE; tWO SMAll cIRcUlAR DIScAl SPOtS PRESENt IN POStERIOR HAlF; ElYtRAl PAttERN VARIAblE, SOMEtIMES WItH ONlY POStERIOR SPOtS PRESENt OR UNIFORMlY YEllOWISH, cOMPlEtElY DEVOID OF MAcUlAE. ANtENNA (FIG. 6 c) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. PROStERNAl cARINAE (FIG. 6 E) bROADlY DIVERGENt tOWARDS POStERIOR. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 6 D) cOMPlEtE AND SEMIcIRcUlAR, AREA ADjAcENt tO POStcOXAl lINE SMOOtH. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 6 F – H) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS ONE OF tHE MOSt cOMMON SPEcIES OF Scymnus WItH AN AlMOSt PAN-INDIAN DIStRIbUtION AND It IS AbUNDANt IN tHE MUlbERRY EcOSYStEM. It HAS AlSO bEEN INtRODUcED INtO tHE CARIbbEAN ISlANDS (TRINIDAD AND TObAGO, St. KIttS AND NEVIS) tO cONtROl M. hirsutus (CHONG et al. 2015). SANtHAkUMAR et al. (1995) EVAlUAtED It ON MUlbERRY AND REcOMMENDED tHE RElEASE OF 500 ADUltS / AcRE IN tWO SPlItS FOR EFFEctIVE cONtROl OF tHE MEAlYbUG.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	description	(FIGS 7 – 9)	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: THIS SPEcIES IS EXtERNAllY SIMIlAR tO SEVERAl SPEcIES OF Scymnus AND OtHER RElAtED GENERA FROM EAStERN AND NORtHEAStERN INDIA AND cAN bE RElIAblY IDENtIFIED ONlY bY tHE cOMbINAtION OF GENERIc cHARActERS AND tHE MAlE GENItAlIA. THE MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 7 E – G, 8 E – F) ARE UNIQUE IN HAVING tHE PENIS GUIDE OF tEGMEN (FIGS 7 E, 8 E) bROAD AND RObUSt, SHOVEl-SHAPED, APIcAllY WItH A SHORt, AcUtElY POINtED MEDIAN PROjEctION.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	description	Description: LENGtH: 1.24 – 1.30 MM; WIDtH: 0.92 – 1.00 MM. FORM (FIGS 7 A, b, 8 A) SHORt OVAl, cONVEX, DORSUM WItH DENSE SIlVERY WHItE PUbEScENcE. HEAD AND PRONOtUM DARk cAStANEOUS, ElYtRA DARk bROWN, APIcAl tHIRD lIGHtER, YEllOWISH tO tEStAcEOUS bROWN. VENtRAl SIDE (FIG. 7 c) WItH ANtENNA YEllOWISH bROWN, PROStERNUM AND AbDOMEN YEllOWISH bROWN tO cAStANEOUS, lEGS YEllOWISH bROWN EXcEPt cOXAE SlIGHtlY DARkER, MESO- AND MEtAVENtRItE AND FIRSt AbDOMINAl VENtRItE AND MIDDlE OF VENtRItE 2 DARkER bROWN tO blAck. HEAD EVENlY PUNctAtE, EYES WIDElY SEPARAtED, INtEROcUlAR DIStANcE AbOUt 2 × AS WIDE AS AN EYE. ANtENNA (FIG. 8 c) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES, NEARlY AS lONG AS INtEROcUlAR DIStANcE. PRONOtUM DENSElY PUNctAtE, PUNctURES SEPARAtED bY 1 – 3 DIAMEtERS. ElYtRA MORE DENSElY PUNctAtE tHAN PRONOtUM, PUNctURES SHAllOW AND SEPARAtED bY 1 – 2 DIAMEtERS, INtERSPAcES bEtWEEN PUNctURES cORIAcEOUS. PROStERNAl cARINAE (FIG. 8 b) GRADUAllY DIVERGENt tOWARDS POStERIOR. MEtAVENtRItE WItH DIScRIMEN. AbDOMEN (FIG. 7 D) WItH APPARENtlY FIVE VISIblE VENtRItES, SIXtH ONlY bARElY VISIblE, AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIGS 7 D, 8 D) cOMPlEtE, SHAllOWlY SEMIcIRcUlAR; AREA ENclOSED bY POStcOXAl lINE WItH SPARSE PUNctURES IN ANtERIOR HAlF, POStERIORlY SMOOtH. VENtRItE 5 POStERIORlY SHAllOWlY EMARGINAtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 7 E – G, 8 E – F) WItH PENIS GUIDE OF tEGMEN IN VENtRAl VIEW (FIGS 7 E – F, 8 E) bROAD AND RObUSt, SOMEWHAt U-SHAPED, APIcAllY WItH A SHORt, AcUtElY POINtED MEDIAN PROjEctION; PARAMERES DIStINctlY lONGER tHAN PENIS GUIDE, APIcAllY NARROWED AND DENSElY clOtHED WItH ElONGAtE HAIRS; PENIS (FIGS 7 G, 8 F) WItH A WEll-DEVElOPED cAPSUlE AND A HOOk lIkE APEX. Female: EXtERNAllY SIMIlAR tO MAlE EXcEPt PRONOtUM DARkER; VENtRItE 5 POStERIORlY SUbtRUNcAtE, VENtRItE 6 GENtlY ARcUAtE. FEMAlE GENItAlIA (FIG. 7 H) WItH cOXItES ElONGAtE tRIANGUlAR, SPERMAtHEcA WItH A tUbUlAR cORNU, INFUNDIbUlUM AbSENt.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined: Holotype, male. “ INDIA: WESt BENGAl: CSRTI, BERHAMPORE, 24 ° 05 ' 28.8 " N 88 ° 15 ' 56.4 " E, lAbORAtORY REARED ON MUlbERRY MEAlYbUG, N. LAlItHA ” (NBAIR); Paratypes: FIVE MAlES AND FIVE FEMAlES, WItH tHE SAME DAtA AS HOlOtYPE (NBAIR; NHM); TAMIl NADU: TRIcHY, NRCB FARM, PODAVUR, 4. X. 2017, EX. Ferrisia virgata ON Solanum melongena, R. THANIGAIRAj. Other material: SEVERAl SPEcIMENS FROM tHE SAME lAbORAtORY cUltURE, WItH tHE SAME DAtA.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: THE SPEcIFIc EPItHEt IS AN ADjEctIVE OF LAtIN ORIGIN AND REFERS tO tHE bROAD, SHOVEl-lIkE PENIS GUIDE OF tHE MAlE GENItAlIA.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: INDIA: TAMIl NADU; WESt BENGAl. Taxonomic notes: SPEcIMENS OF tHIS SPEcIES IN tHE cOllEctIONS OF tHE ERStWHIlE COMMONWEAltH INStItUtE OF BIOlOGIcAl CONtROl – INDIAN StAtION At BANGAlORE (NOW ICAR – NAtIONAl BUREAU OF AGRIcUltURAl INSEct RESOURcES) WERE MISIDENtIFIED AS Scymnus apiciflavus MUlSANt. THIS SPEcIES HAS A SUPERFIcIAl RESEMblANcE tO S. apiciflavus, bUt cAN bE SEPARAtED bY tHE cOMPlEtE AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINES AND tHE MAlE GENItAlIA. Scymnus apiciflavus bElONGS tO tHE SUbGENUS Scymnus (Scymnus) KUGElANN AND It HAS bEEN ADEQUAtElY DEScRIbED AND IllUStRAtED bY SEVERAl WORkERS SUcH AS REN et al. (2009). THE cUltURE OF tHIS SPEcIES MAINtAINED At tHE CENtRAl SIlk RESEARcH INStItUtE, BERHAMPORE, WESt BENGAl, WAS MISIDENtIFIED AS ‘ Scymnus pallidicollis (MUlSANt) ’ AND ‘ S. saciformis MOtScHUlSkY’ bY VARIOUS WORkERS AND tHE SAME NAMES HAVE bEEN ERRONEOUSlY APPlIED.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC7FF9FBB93F8DD5A4DFDF9.taxon	biology_ecology	Hosts: THIS SPEcIES WAS FOUND tO FEED ON M. hirsutus AND Paracoccus marginatus WIllIAMS & GRANARA DE WIllINk ON MUlbERRY IN FIElD cONDItIONS. BOtH MEAlYbUGS WERE PREFERRED tO OtHER MEAlYbUGS IN lAbORAtORY StUDIES ON HOSt PREFERENcE AS WEll. It SURVIVED ON OtHER MEAlYbUG PREY SUcH AS Phenacoccus solenopsis TINSlEY, P. madeirensis GREEN AND P. parvus MORRISON IN tHE lAbORAtORY, bUt ONlY PARtIAl PREDAtION OR NIbblING OF tHE ADUltS OF Phenacoccus SPP. WAS ObSERVED, RESUltING IN ADUlt MORtAlItY. THE jUVENIlE StAGES OF tHESE MEAlYbUGS WERE, HOWEVER, FUllY cONSUMED bY tHE cOccINEllID. SPEcIMENS OF tHIS SPEcIES cOllEctED FROM TAMIl NADU, SOUtH INDIA, WERE FOUND FEEDING ON Ferrisia virgata COckEREll ON EGGPlANt. Biology: THE EGGS (FIG. 9 A) ARE EllIPtIcAl, tRANSlUcENt, PAlE YEllOWISH AND MEASURE 0.04 MM × 0.02 MM. THEY ARE lAID SINGlY AMONG tHE HOSt MEAlYbUG EGGS. THE EGG StAGE lAStS FOR 4 – 5 DAYS. THE lARVAl StAGE (FIGS 9 b – D) HAS FOUR INStARS. NEWlY HAtcHED, FIRSt INStAR lARVAE ARE lIGHt YEllOW AND DEVElOP WHItE WAXY StRANDS WItHIN 2 – 3 HOURS AFtER HAtcHING. THE FIRSt INStAR lARVAE ARE PASSIVE cRAWlERS AND PREFER tO FEED ON tHE MEAlYbUG EGGS. THE SEcOND INStAR lARVAE ARE lIGHt YEllOW tO PINkISH WItH WHItE WAXY StRANDS AND ActIVElY FEED ON tHE EGGS AND cRAWlERS OF tHE MEAlYbUGS. THE tHIRD AND FOURtH INStAR lARVAE ARE FUllY AND DENSElY cOVERED WItH WHItE WAXY FIlAMENtS AND ActIVE PREDAtORS ON All StAGES OF tHE HOSt. THE FOUR lARVAl INStARS lASt FOR 1 – 2 DAYS, 1.5 – 2.5 DAYS, 1.5 – 3 DAYS, AND 2 – 4 DAYS, RESPEctIVElY. THE PRE-PUPAl StAGE cEASES FEEDING AND IS SlOW MOVING AND lAStS FOR 1 – 1.5 DAYS. THE PUPA (FIG. 9 E) IS YEllOW AND cOVERED WItH WHItE WAXY FIlAMENtS AND GRADUAl SHEDDING OF WAXY StRANDS FROM tHE PUPAl cASE IS NOtIcED tOWARDS tHE END OF PUPAl PERIOD. THE PUPAl PERIOD lAStS FOR 6 – 9 DAYS. FRESHlY EMERGED ADUlt bEEtlES ARE FUllY lIGHt bROWN AND GRADUAllY tURN DARkER (FIGS 9 F, G). FIRSt MAtING OccURS ON tHE 4 th OR 5 th DAY AFtER EMERGENcE AND cOPUlAtION lAStS FOR 4.5 – 6 MINUtES PER MAtING. PRE-OVIPOSItION PERIOD RANGES FROM 10 tO 12 DAYS AND OVIPOSItION PERIOD lAStS FOR 24 – 36 DAYS. THE ADUlt lONGEVItY IS 90 – 110 DAYS IN FEMAlES AND 80 – 103 DAYS IN MAlES. A SINGlE FEMAlE lAYS 26 – 32 EGGS ON AN AVERAGE DURING ItS lIFEtIME. THE tOtAl lIFE cYclE FROM EGG tO ADUlt IS 23 – 25 DAYS IN SUMMER AND 25 – 28 DAYS IN WINtER IN lAbORAtORY cONDItIONS.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFC9FF98BB93F8E95D30FE6A.taxon	description	(FIG. 10) Brief description: LENGtH 2.0 – 2.8 MM, WIDtH 1.4 – 2.0 MM. FORM (FIG. 10 A) SHORt, OblONG OVAl, DORSUM cONVEX, DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS IN MAlE AND DARkER IN FEMAlE. PRONOtUM blAck, ANtERIOR cORNERS AND ANtERIOR MARGIN lIGHtER. ScUtEllUM blAck. ElYtRA blAck, APIcAllY YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS, YEllOWISH AREA ANtERIORlY cONVEX. VENtRAl SIDE MORE OR lESS blAck, EXcEPt lEGS lIGHtER tEStAcEOUS. ANtENNA (FIG. 10 b) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. PROStERNAl cARINAE (FIG. 10 c) ANtERIORlY cONVERGENt, ENclOSING A FEW PUNctURES INSIDE. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 10 D) cOMPlEtE, SUbtRAPEZOIDAl, SlIGHtlY OblItERAtED tOWARDS APEX AND APPEARS tO bE INcOMPlEtE, AREA ENclOSED bY POStcOXAl lINE cOARSElY PUNctAtE IN MIDDlE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 10 E – G) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS tHE MOSt cOMMON Scymnus SPEcIES IN tHE NORtHEAStERN StAtES OF INDIA WItH A WIDE HOSt RANGE INclUDING MAINlY APHID PREY AND cAN bE RElIAblY IDENtIFIED ONlY bY tHE MAlE GENItAlIA.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFCEFF98BB93F9D05846F810.taxon	description	(FIG. 11) Brief description: LENGtH 2.10 MM, WIDtH 1.50 MM. FORM (FIG. 11 A) OblONG OVAl, cONVEX. HEAD AND PRONOtUM REDDISH tO YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS. PRONOtUM WItH AN Ill-DEFINED MEDIAN blAck MARkING. ElYtRA blAck, APIcAl FOURtH YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS. MOUtHPARtS, ANtENNAE, lEGS, PRONOtAl HYPOMERA, lAtERAl SIDES OF AbDOMINAl VENtRItES I AND II AND POStERIOR VENtRItES YEllOWISH tEStAcEOUS, PROStERNAl PROcESS, MEtAVENtRItE AND MIDDlE OF FIRSt tWO AbDOMINAl VENtRItES PItcHY bROWN tO blAck. ANtENNA cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIGS 11 b, c) cOMPlEtE, bOAt-SHAPED, bUt bROkEN tOWARDS APEX AND APPEARS AS tHOUGH INcOMPlEtE, ENclOSED AREA WItH cOARSE PUNctURES. PROStERNAl PROcESS WItH A PAIR OF APIcAllY DIVERGENt cARINAE. FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIG. 11 D) AND MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 11 E – G) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: It IS EXtERNAllY SIMIlAR tO S. posticalis, tHE MOSt cOMMON SPEcIES OF Scymnus IN NORtHEAStERN INDIA, AND cAN bE SEPARAtED bY tHE MINOR VARIAtIONS IN MAlE GENItAlIA. KAPUR (1958) REcORDED It AS “ A PREDAtOR OF cERtAIN MEAlYbUGS ”.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFCCFF9ABB93FA1F5A8DF872.taxon	description	(FIG. 14) Brief description: LENGtH 1.90 – 2.20 MM, WIDtH 1.30 – 1.50 MM. FORM (FIG. 14 A) ElONGAtE OVAl, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD AND PRONOtUM DARk bROWN tO PIcEOUS. ElYtRA DARk bROWN tO PIcEOUS WItH tWO cIRcUlAR, ORANGE-REDDISH SPOtS IN tHE POStERIOR HAlF. ANtENNA cOMPOSED OF 10 ANtENNOMERES. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 14 b) INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 14 c – E) AND FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIG. 14 F) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS SPEcIES bElONGS tO tHE Nephus bipunctatus- GROUP AS DEFINED bY FüRScH (1965) AND IS WIDElY DIStRIbUtED IN INDIA. THERE IS cONSIDERAblE VARIAtION IN tHIS SPEcIES AND It IS NOt POSSIblE tO IDENtIFY It cONclUSIVElY At PRESENt AS INDIAN SPEcIES OF Nephus ARE bADlY IN NEED OF REVISION. THE MAlE GENItAlIA OF tHIS SPEcIES ARE NEARlY IDENtIcAl tO tHE IllUStRAtIONS GIVEN bY REN et al. (2009) FOR Nephus quadrimaculatus (HERbSt), WHIcH IS MOSt lIkElY tO bE A MISIDENtIFIcAtION. It FEEDS ON A VARIEtY OF MEAlYbUGS INclUDING M. hirsutus IN SOUtH INDIA (lAbEl DAtA) AND tHE SPEcIMENS StUDIED FROM WESt BENGAl WERE cOllEctED ON MUlbERRY MEAlYbUG.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFCCFF9ABB93FF4E5DCAFD44.taxon	description	(FIG. 12) Brief description: LENGtH 1.75 – 2.20 MM, WIDtH 1.30 – 1.65 MM. FORM (FIGS 12 A – c) OblONG OVAl, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD DARk bROWN, lIGHtER IN MAlES. PRONOtUM DARk PItcHY bROWN tO blAck IN MIDDlE, ANtERIOR AND lAtERAl MARGINS REDDISH bROWN AND lIGHtER. ScUtEllUM DARk bROWN. ElYtRA YEllOWISH tO REDDISH bROWN, WItH A DARk bROWN tO blAck SUtURAl StRIPE StARtING FROM bASAl MARGIN AND GRADUAllY NARROWED tOWARDS APEX, lAtERAl bORDERS NARROWlY DARk bROWN tO blAck At MIDDlE. VENtRAl SIDE REDDISH tO YEllOWISH bROWN, EXcEPt PRO-, MESO- AND MEtAVENtRItES AND MIDDlE OF AbDOMINAl VENtRItES DARk bROWN. ANtENNA (FIG. 12 D) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES. PROStERNAl cARINAE (FIG. 12 E) POStERIORlY DIVERGENt. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 12 F) INcOMPlEtE, RUNNING PARAllEl tO POStERIOR MARGIN tO NEARlY 3 / 4 OF ItS lENGtH AND tHEN SlIGHtlY REcURVED, AREA ENclOSED cOARSElY AND DENSElY PUNctAtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 12 G – I) AND FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIG. 12 j) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS SPEcIES IS WIDElY DIStRIbUtED All OVER tHE INDIAN SUbcONtINENt. THE ADUltS ARE cOMMONlY cOllEctED ON MUlbERRY AND SEVERAl OtHER HOStS IN INDIA (lAbEl DAtA). SANtHAkUMAR et al. (1995) REcORDED It AS A PREDAtOR OF M. hirsutus ON MUlbERRY. SANtHAkUMAR & CHAkRAbORtY (1997) StUDIED ItS bIOlOGY ON M. hirsutus.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFCCFF9ABB93FD2C58C9FA94.taxon	description	(FIG. 13) Brief description: FORM (FIGS 13 A, b) ElONGAtE OVAl, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD AND PRONOtUM YEllOWISH, ElYtRA DARk bROWN tO blAck IN ANtERIOR tWO-tHIRDS, APIcAl tHIRD YEllOWISH. VENtRAl SIDE (FIG. 13 c) WItH MESO- AND MEtAVENtRItES AND EPIPlEURA blAck, FIRSt tWO AbDOMINAl VENtRItES MEDIAllY DARkENED, MOUtHPARtS, lEGS AND POStERIOR AbDOMINAl VENtRItES YEllOWISH bROWN. ANtENNA cOMPOSED OF 10 ANtENNOMERES, VERY SHORt WItH A cOMPAct clUb, APIcAl ANtENNOMERE WItH At lEASt 2 – 3 ElONGAtE tERMINAl SEtAE. PROStERNAl PROcESS bROAD WItH A bEll-SHAPED cARINA. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 13 G) cOMPlEtE. TARSI tRIMEROUS. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 13 D – F) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THE INDIAN EXAMPlES OF Scymnus pallidicollis ARE IDENtIcAl WItH Keiscymnus taiwanensis YANG & WU, 1972. THOUGH tHE tYPE OF K. taiwanensis WAS NOt EXAMINED, ObSERVAtIONS ON tHE tYPE OF S. pallidicollis FROM tHE UNIVERSItY OF MOScOW (EXAMINED bY R. G. BOOtH, NHM, in litt.) INDIcAtE tHESE tWO ARE cONSPEcIFIc. HENcE, K. taiwanensis IS PlAcED IN SYNONYMY WItH S. pallidicollis (new synonym). THIS SPEcIES HAS bEEN PlAcED IN Scymnus, Pseudoscymnus CHAPIN (NOW Sasajiscymnus VANDENbERG) AND Keiscymnus SASAjI bY VARIOUS AUtHORS, bUt DOES NOt RIGHtlY bElONG IN ANY OF tHESE GENERA. ItS GENERIc StAtUS WIll bE DIScUSSED AND REVISED IN ANOtHER FORtHcOMING PUblIcAtION (POORANI & BOOtH, IN PREPARAtION). It IS DIStRIbUtED IN INDIA (WESt BENGAl), CHINA, TAIWAN AND MAURItIUS (GOMY 2000).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD2FF85BB93F8885DEEFDFA.taxon	description	(FIG. 15) Brief description: LENGtH 1.6 – 1.8 MM, WIDtH 1.2 – 1.4 MM. FORM (FIGS 15 A, b) SHORt OVAl, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD AND PRONOtUM YEllOWISH bROWN. ElYtRA lIGHt YEllOWISH bROWN, AREA AlONG bASAl MARGINS AND SUtURE APPEARING DARkER. ANtENNA (FIG. 15 c) cOMPOSED OF 10 ANtENNOMERES. MAXIllA (FIG. 15 D) WItH tERMINAl PAlPOMERE APIcAllY SlIGHtlY WIDENED AND OblIQUElY tRANSVERSE. PROStERNAl PROcESS (FIG. 15 E) bROADER tHAN lONG, WItHOUt cARINAE AND FINElY PUNctAtE. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 15 F) INcOMPlEtE, PARAllEl tO POStERIOR MARGIN OF FIRSt AbDOMINAl SEGMENt FOR UP tO 4 / 5 OF ItS lENGtH AND tHEN REcURVED, AREA ENclOSED bY POStcOXAl lINE WItH EVENlY DIStRIbUtED PUNctURES, SlIGHtlY SMAllER NEAR lINE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 15 G – I) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS ONE OF tHE MOSt cOMMON PREDAtORS OF SEVERAl SPEcIES OF MEAlYbUGS IN INDIA. It HAS A SUPERFIcIAl SIMIlARItY tO S. coccivora AND cAN bE IDENtIFIED bY tHE cOMbINAtION OF GENERIc AND GENItAlIA cHARActERS. MAHIMASANtHI et al. (2014) FOUND It tO bE A PREDOMINANt PREDAtOR OF M. hirsutus ON MUlbERRY IN TAMIl NADU AND ADUltS WERE FOUND INSIDE lEAF cURlS FORMED DUE tO ‘ TUkRA’ DISEASE cAUSED bY tHE MEAlYbUG.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD3FF85BB93FA765DADF8A1.taxon	description	(FIG. 16) Brief description: FORM (FIGS 16 A, b) ElONGAtE OVAl, DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND DENSElY PUbEScENt. HEAD AND PRONOtUM DARk bROWN tO blAck, ElYtRA bASAllY AND lAtERAllY blAck, DIScAl AREA REDDISH bROWN. ANtENNA cOMPOSED OF 10 ANtENNOMERES. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 16 D – F) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS SPEcIES WAS cOllEctED FROM WESt BENGAl IN ASSOcIAtION WItH M. hirsutus AND EXtERNAllY It IS SIMIlAR tO S. nubilus AND SEVERAl OtHER SPEcIES OF ScYMNINI. THE MAlE GENItAlIA OF tHIS SPEcIES APPEAR tO bE SIMIlAR tO tHAt OF N. roepkei, bUt tHE ADUlt RESEMblES S. nubilus. THE ADUlt OF tHE tYPIcAl FORM OF N. roepkei IllUStRAtED bY PANG & GORDON (1986) HAS A PAIR OF ElONGAtE SPOtS ON tHE ElYtRA AND It IS NOt clEAR IF tHIS IS A VARIANt OF tHE SAME AS SUFFIcIENt NUMbER OF SPEcIMENS cOUlD NOt bE StUDIED. THE INDIAN SPEcIES OF Nephus ARE POORlY kNOWN AND A lARGER, SYStEMAtIc REVISION OF tHE ENtIRE GROUP IS NEEDED bEFORE All tHE SPEcIES cAN bE RElIAblY IDENtIFIED.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD1FF87BB93F95A5C26F805.taxon	description	(FIG. 17) Brief description: LENGtH 2.50 – 3.50 MM, WIDtH 2.10 – 3.20 MM. FORM (FIG. 17 A) ElONGAtE OVAl, bROADESt AROUND MIDDlE; DORSUM MODERAtElY cONVEX AND GlAbROUS. HEAD AND PRONOtUM YEllOW, PRONOtUM WItH A PAIR OF blAck SPOtS ON POStERIOR MARGIN ON EItHER SIDE OF ScUtEllUM, lAtERAl MARGINS tRANSPARENt. ElYtRA YEllOW tO YEllOWISH bROWN, lAtERAl MARGINS tRANSPARENt. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 17 b – D) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS PRObAblY tHE SMAllESt OF All tHE kNOWN INDIAN SPEcIES OF Illeis. THE NOMINAtE FORM FOUND IN EAStERN AND NORtHEAStERN INDIA HAS A PAIR OF lARGE blAck SPOtS ON tHE PRONOtUM AND IS MUcH SMAllER tHAN OtHER cONGENERIc SPEcIES. THE MAlE GENItAlIA ARE DIAGNOStIc. REN et al. (2009) IllUStRAtED tHIS SPEcIES FROM CHINA.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD6FF80BB93FBD159DCF9D8.taxon	description	(FIG. 18) Brief description: LENGtH 2.70 – 4.35 MM, WIDtH 2.15 – 3.60 MM. FORM (FIGS 18 A, b) bROADlY OVAl AND cONVEX. EYES WIDElY SEPARAtED. PRONOtUM PlAIN YEllOW, WItHOUt ANY bASAl blAck SPOtS, lAtERAl MARGINS tRANSPARENt. ElYtRA lEMON YEllOW, WItH tWO PROMINENt GRAYISH PAtcHES ON DISc, OUtER MARGINS tRANSPARENt. VENtRAl SIDE UNIFORMlY PAlE YEllOW. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 18 c – E) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: Illeis bielawskii bElONGS tO tHE bistigmosa GROUP OF SPEcIES AND It WAS SYNONYMIZED WItH I. bistigmosa bY IAblOkOFF-KHNZORIAN (1979). It cAN bE DIStINGUISHED FROM tHE NOMINAtE FORM OF I. bistigmosa bY ItS lARGER SIZE, bROADER AND MORE ROUNDED bODY OUtlINE, AbSENcE OF PRONOtAl SPOtS, YEllOWISH ElYtRA WItH GREYISH DIScAl PAtcHES AND tHE MAlE GENItAlIA, PARtIcUlARlY tHE tEGMEN WHIcH IS SUbPARAllEl FOR NEARlY tWO-tHIRDS OF ItS lENGtH AND tHEREAFtER GRADUAllY NARROWED tOWARDS APEX IN lAtERAl VIEW (FIG. 18 c) AND tHE PENIS APEX (FIG. 18 E). IN VIEW OF tHESE DIFFERENcES, It IS tREAtED AS A VAlID SPEcIES HERE AND REMOVED FROM SYNONYMY WItH I. bistigmosa (stat. rev.). GHORPADE (1976) REPORtED It AS FEEDING ON POWDERY MIlDEWS (Oidium SP., Phyllactinia SP., AND OtHERS) INFEStING Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, MUlbERRY, cAStOR, SUNFlOWER, cHIllIES, Rosa SP., Xanthium strumarium, Dalbergia sissoo, Etc.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD6FF81BB93F9585D92FE87.taxon	description	(FIG. 19) Brief description: LENGtH 4.00 – 4.68 MM, WIDtH 3.05 – 3.60 MM. FORM (FIGS 19 A, b) ElONGAtE OVAl, MODERAtElY cONVEX, GlAbROUS. HEAD (FIG. 19 c) PAlE cREAM tO cREAMY YEllOW WItH EYES MORE bROADlY SEPARAtED tHAN tHOSE OF I. bistigmosa. ANtENNA (FIG. 19 D) ElONGAtE, cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES WItH A lOOSElY jOINtED 3 - SEGMENtED clUb. MAXIllA (FIG. 19 E) WItH tERMINAl PAlPOMERE APIcAllY GREAtlY EXPANDED AND tRANSVERSE. PRONOtUM WItH A PAIR OF MEDIAN blAck SPOtS ON POStERIOR MARGIN; ANtERIOR AND lAtERAl MARGINS tRANSPARENt, lAtERAl MARGINS SlIGHtlY UPtURNED. ElYtRA bRIGHt lEMON YEllOW WItH tRANSPARENt lAtERAl MARGINS. VENtRAl SIDE UNIFORMlY YEllOWISH. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 19 F) APIcAllY REcURVED, VERY SHORt AND INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 19 H – j) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS tHE MOSt PREDOMINANt SPEcIES OF cOccINEllID ON MUlbERRY IN PENINSUlAR INDIA AND IS MOSt AbUNDANt IN tHE POSt-MONSOON AND WINtER SEASONS. MIXED POPUlAtIONS OF bOtH I. cincta AND I. bielawskii ARE FOUND ON MUlbERRY IN AND AROUND BANGAlORE, KARNAtAkA. It IS cOMMONlY FOUND FEEDING ON VARIOUS POWDERY MIlDEWS cAUSED bY Phyllactinia corylea, Podosphaera (= Sphaerotheca), AND Oidium SPP., INFEStING SUNFlOWER, NIGER, MUlbERRY, Linum usitatissimum, Xanthium strumarium, cOWPEA, cHIllIES, Pedulanthus SP., Etc. (GHORPADE 1976). MAHIMA SANtHI & PRASANNA KUMAR (2010) WRONGlY REPORtED It AS A PREDAtOR OF MUlbERRY MEAlYbUG.	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD8FF8EBB93FF4E5DB1FE49.taxon	description	(FIG. 20) Brief description: LENGtH 4.15 – 5.34 MM, WIDtH 3.00 – 3.96 MM. VERY SIMIlAR tO I. cincta IN GENERAl APPEARANcE (FIGS 20 A, b), PRONOtUM cREAMY WHItE WItH tWO blAck SPOtS, ElYtRAl cOlORAtION VARIAblE FROM PAlE PINkISH tO cREAMY YEllOW tO bRIGHt YEllOW, lAtERAl MARGINS OF PRONOtUM AND ElYtRA tRANSPARENt. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 20 c – F) DIAGNOStIc. Notes: THIS SPEcIES IS WIDElY DIStRIbUtED IN tHE NORtHERN, EAStERN AND NORtHEAStERN REGIONS OF INDIA. It FEEDS ON POWDERY MIlDEWS INFEStING MUlbERRY, Dalbergia sissoo, cHIllI, ROSE, AND OtHER PlANtS (lAbEl DAtA).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD8FF8EBB93FE225D8AFCE5.taxon	description	(FIG. 21) Brief description: LENGtH 4.15 – 5.34 MM, WIDtH 3.00 – 3.96 MM. SIMIlAR tO OtHER Illeis SPP. IN cOlORAtION AND GENERAl APPEARANcE, bUt cAN bE DIFFERENtIAtED bY ItS MORE ElONGAtE bODY (FIGS 21 A, b) WItH tHE ElYtRA cONSPIcUOUSlY NARROWED POStERIORlY. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 21 c – F), ESPEcIAllY PENIS WItH A bIFID APEX (FIGS 21 E, F), ARE DIAGNOStIc. Notes: THIS SPEcIES IS cOMMONlY FOUND IN EAStERN AND PARtS OF NORtHERN AND NORtHEAStERN INDIA. It FEEDS ON POWDERY MIlDEWS INFEStING MUlbERRY, Dalbergia sissoo, cHIllIES, ROSE, AND OtHER PlANtS (lAbEl DAtA).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
03E28782FFD8FF8EBB93FC8C5C5EFA88.taxon	description	(FIG. 22) Brief description: LENGtH 3.2 – 3.5 MM, WIDtH 2.2 – 2.5 MM. FORM (FIG. 22 A) SMAll, NARROW AND ElONGAtE OVAl, HEAD PUbEScENt AND RESt OF tHE bODY GlAbROUS. GROUND cOlOUR PAlE cREAMY YEllOW tO bRIGHt lEMON YEllOW. PRONOtUM WItH A PAlE bROWN, INDIStINct, ROUGHlY M-SHAPED MARkING. ElYtRA WItH 18 blAck SPOtS, ARRANGED IN A 2 - 3 - 3 - 1 PAttERN ON EAcH ElYtRON (FIG. 22 A), SPOtS VARIAblE IN SIZE; lAtERAl MARGINS OF PRONOtUM AND ElYtRA tRANSPARENt. ANtENNA (FIG. 22 b) cOMPOSED OF 11 ANtENNOMERES, tERMINAl ANtENNOMERE bROADlY OVAl. MANDIblE (FIG. 22 c) WItH ADDItIONAl SERRAtIONS AlONG INcISOR EDGE. MAXIllA (FIG. 22 E) WItH tERMINAl PAlPOMERE SEcURIFORM. VENtRAl SIDE UNIFORMlY YEllOWISH bROWN. AbDOMINAl POStcOXAl lINE (FIG. 22 F) VERY SHORt AND INcOMPlEtE. MAlE GENItAlIA (FIGS 22 H – j) AND FEMAlE SPERMAtHEcA (FIG. 22 G) AS IllUStRAtED. Notes: THIS IS A VERY cOMMON MYcOPHAGOUS SPEcIES IN NORtHERN AND NORtHWEStERN INDIA. IN REcENt YEARS, It HAS SlOWlY EXtENDED ItS GEOGRAPHIcAl RANGE tO PENINSUlAR AND SOUtHERN INDIA (UNPUblISHED DAtA), WHERE It IS MUcH lESS cOMMON EXcEPt IN SOME POckEtS OF KARNAtAkA. It IS cOMMONlY cOllEctED IN ASSOcIAtION WItH POWDERY MIlDEWS ON Dalbergia sissoo AND MUlbERRY IN WINtER IN NORtHERN INDIA (KUMAR et al. 2010) AND BANGAlORE (lAbEl DAtA).	en	Poorani, J., Lalitha, N. (2018): Illustrated accounts of coccinellid predators of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) on mulberry in India, with description of a new species of Scymnus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from West Bengal. Zootaxa 4382 (1): 93-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.3
