identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E28B49FF92FFDAFE8EFEDD8B2AF983.text	03E28B49FF92FFDAFE8EFEDD8B2AF983.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Virbia Walker 1854	<div><p>Virbia Walker 1854</p> <p>Bepara Walker 1865a</p> <p>Cathocida Hampson, 1901, misspelling</p> <p>Cothocida Walker, 1865b</p> <p>Crocata authors, misspelling</p> <p>Crocota authors, not Hübner, 1823</p> <p>Cytorus Grote, 1866</p> <p>Eubaphe authors, not Hübner, 1823</p> <p>Holomelina Herrich­Schäffer, 1856 New Synonym</p> <p>Phaeochlaena authors, not Hübner 1823</p> <p>Terna Walker 1865a</p> <p>affinis Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Ecuador, Colombia</p> <p>ampla (Walker 1865a) (Terna) Brazil</p> <p>arbela (Druce 1889) (Brycea) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>aurantiaca (Hübner, 1827) (Eubaphe) USA, New Combination</p> <p>bimaculata (Saunders 1869) USA</p> <p>brevicornis (Walker 1854) (Crocota) USA</p> <p>birchi Druce 1911 (Virbia) Trinidad, Colombia</p> <p>brevilinea (Walker 1854) (Phaeochlaena) Brazil</p> <p>major (Felder 1874) (Terna) Brazil</p> <p>catama Dyar 1913 (Virbia) Peru</p> <p>cetes (Druce 1897a) (Brycea) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>costata (Stretch 1885) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>opelloides (Graef 1887) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>intermedia (Graef 1887) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>parvula (Neumoegen &amp; Dyar 1893) (Crocota) USA, Revised Status, New Combination</p> <p>cocciniceps (Schaus 1901) (Eubaphe) USA, New Combination</p> <p>pallipennis (Barnes &amp; McDonnough 1918) (Eubaphe), New Combination</p> <p>cyana Dognin 1909 (Holomelina) Colombia</p> <p>disparalis (Grote 1866) (Crocota) Cuba</p> <p>divisia (Walker 1865b) (Phaeochlaena) Brazil</p> <p>dotata (Walker 1865a) (Terna) Brazil</p> <p>lativitta (Walker 1866) (Phaeochlaena) Brazil</p> <p>elisca Dyar 1913 (Virbia) Peru</p> <p>endomeleana Dognin 1914 (Virbia) Colombia</p> <p>endophaea Dognin 1910 (Virbia) Bolivia</p> <p>epione Druce 1911 (Virbia) Peru</p> <p>esula (Druce 1889) (Brycea) Mexico</p> <p>fasciata Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Ecuador</p> <p>feronia (Druce 1889) (Brycea) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>ferruginosa (Walker 1854) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>quinaria (Grote 1863) USA, New Combination</p> <p>choriona (Reakirt 1864) USA, New Combination</p> <p>trimaculosa (Reakirt 1864) USA, New Combination</p> <p>bucholzi (Wyatt 1963) USA, New Combination</p> <p>flavifurca Hampson 1916 (Virbia) Venezuela</p> <p>flemmingi Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Ecuador</p> <p>fluminea Schaus 1912 (Virbia) Costa Rica</p> <p>fragilis (Strecker 1878) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>heros (Grote 1866) (Crocota) Cuba</p> <p>hypophaea Hampson 1901 (Virbia) Costa Rica</p> <p>tenuimargo Rothschild 1922 (Virbia) Brazil, Revised Status</p> <p>immaculata (Reakirt, 1864) USA, New Combination</p> <p>inversia (Edwards 1884) (Josiodes) Mexico, Revised Status</p> <p>laeta (Guérin­Méneville 1832) (Lithosia) USA, New Combination</p> <p>treatii (Grote 1865) (Crocota) USA, Revised Status, New Combination</p> <p>rubropicta (Packard 1887) (Lithosia) USA, New Combination</p> <p>lamae (Freeman 1941) USA, New Combination</p> <p>latus (Grote 1866) (Cytorus) Cuba, New Combination</p> <p>lehmanni Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Colombia</p> <p>lunalata Herrich­Schaffer 1855 (Holomelina) South America</p> <p>luteilinea Walker 1854 (Virbia) Venezuela</p> <p>marginata (Druce 1885a) (Eubaphe) Guatemala, Revised Status, New Combination mathani Rothschild 1910a (Holomelina) Colombia</p> <p>medarda Stoll 1781 (Phalaena) Surinam</p> <p>mentiens Walker 1854 (Virbia) Venezuela</p> <p>metazonata Hampson 1901 (Holomelina) Panama, New Combination</p> <p>minuta (Felder 1874) (Terna) Brazil</p> <p>mirma (Druce 1897a) (Brycea) Mexico</p> <p>nigricans (Reakirt, 1864) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>nigrifera (Walker 1865b) (Cothocida) USA, New Combination</p> <p>opella (Grote 1863) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>flava (Barnes &amp; Benjamen 1926) USA, New Combination</p> <p>obscura (Stretch 1885) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>belmaria (Ehrmann 1895) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>rubricosta (Ehrmann 1895) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>orola Dyar 1914 (Virbia) Panama</p> <p>ostenta (Edwards 1881) (Crocota) USA, New Combination calera Barnes 1907 (Holomelina) USA, New Combination</p> <p>ovata Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Brazil</p> <p>pallicornis (Grote 1867) (Crocota) Cuba</p> <p>palmeri Druce 1911 (Virbia) Colombia</p> <p>pamphylia (Druce 1889) (Ptychoglene) Mexico</p> <p>parva Schaus 1904 (Virbia) Brazil</p> <p>phalangia Hampson 1920 (Virbia) Mexico</p> <p>polyphron (Druce 1894 a) (Boenasa) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>pomponia (Druce 1889) (Ptychoglene) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>punctata Druce 1911 (Virbia) Colombia</p> <p>rogersi (Druce 1885a) (Eubaphe) Costa Rica</p> <p>rosenbergi Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Colombia, Brazil</p> <p>rotundata Schaus 1904 (Virbia) Brazil</p> <p>rubicundaria (Hübner 1827) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>belfragei (Stretch 1885) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>diminutiva (Graef 1887) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>rosa (French 1890) (Crocota) USA, New Combination</p> <p>sanguicollis Hampson 1901 (Virbia) Costa Rica</p> <p>ab. subbasalis Strand 1919 (Virbia) Costa Rica</p> <p>satara Seitz 1914 (Virbia) Bolivia</p> <p>schadei Jörgensen 1935 (Virbia) Paraguay</p> <p>semirosea (Druce 1889) (Brycea) Mexico, New Combination</p> <p>strigata Rothschild 1910a (Virbia) Surinam, Brazil</p> <p>subapicalis (Walker 1854) (Phaeochlaena) Brazil</p> <p>egaca (Walker 1865a) (Bepara) Brazil</p> <p>tenuicincta Hampson 1901 a (Holomelina) Peru</p> <p>thersites Druce 1885a (Virbia) Panama</p> <p>trigonifera Schaus 1901 (Holomelina) Mexico</p> <p>underwoodi Druce 1911 (Virbia) Costa Rica</p> <p>varians Schaus 1892 (Virbia) Peru</p> <p>xanthopleura (Hampson 1898) (Ptychoglene) Grenada</p> <p>zonata (Felder 1874) (Terna) Mexico</p> <p>distincta (Edwards 1884) (Josiodes) Mexico</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E28B49FF92FFDAFE8EFEDD8B2AF983	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zaspel, Jennifer M.;Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J.	Zaspel, Jennifer M., Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J. (2006): Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography. Zootaxa 1159 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1159.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1159.1.1
03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C.text	03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Virbia Zaspel & Weller Table Of Contents 2006	<div><p>BIOGEOGRAPHY OF VIRBIA</p> <p>Ancestral areas were calculated for five major clades mapped on one of the 779 MP trees (Fig.114) using Hausdorf’s method (Hausdorf 1998). These clades are present in the strict consensus tree (Fig. 7) and have a Bremer support of at least 3. Individual gain and loss scores are given for each clade for each area as well as the resulting Weighted Area Index (= WAI; Table 4).</p> <p>The ancestral area for Clade 1, comprised of all ingroup taxa, is most likely the southwestern United States and Mexico, Area D (WAI = 1.2; Table 4). Clade 2 includes the type species of Holomelina, H. aurantiaca, and other “typical” Holomelina phenotypes. For this clade, we again recover area D as the most likely ancestral area (WAI = 1.75; Table 4). Clade 3, which includes remaining former Holomelina species and Virbia (Fig. 8, 114), has a reconstructed ancestral area of Central South America excluding Mexico, Area E (WAI = 1.2; Table 4; Figs. 4, Fig. 114). This reconstruction reflects the influence of V. latus and V. cyana as sister to the remaining species in the clade. As the placement of these two species is not stable among jack­knife analyses, this result must await confirmation. We did not reconstruct an ancestral area for Clade 4. Clade 5 consists of species in the V. opella complex and Central American species formerly placed in Holomelina. The reconstructed ancestral area for this clade is the southwestern U.S. and Mexico (WAI = 1; Table 4). Clade 6 consists of typical Virbia species, the area western South America (Andean region) including Colombia receives the highest WAI (1.31; Table 4).</p> <p>Our WAA analysis suggests an ancestral area of the southwestern United States and Mexico for the genus Virbia (Clade 1). The species distributed in North America north of Mexico represent a composite fauna of two lineages (Clade 2, Clade 5) that dispersed northward from the southwestern U.S. and Mexico (Clades 1, 3) with subsequent vicariance events occurring within those clades. These dispersal events could represent responses to glaciation cycles, however, phylogeographic studies of the North American avifauna suggest that current bird species pairs are older than these cycles (Klicka &amp; Zink 1997). Similar studies of North American Virbia are needed to confirm or reject the hypothesis that their speciation was fueled by climate change.</p> <p>The remaining, neotropical Virbia appear to have invaded South America just once, concomitant with the evolution of the black and yellow phenotype. This phenotype coincides with the black and yellow mimicry rings of the notodontid tribe Josiini (Miller 1996), but the chemistry underlying this mimicry (whether Batesian or Müllerian) is unknown.</p> <p>Our biogeographic findings are not surprising given the distribution of species and areas (Fig. 114, Appendix 2). However, any other method of reconstructing areas for this node would result in an ambiguous reconstruction for Clade 1 given the conflicting reconstructions at Clades 2 (Area D) and 3 (Area E) (Fig. 114). Further refinement of biogeographic patterns will require a species level revision of the genus.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Zaspel, Jennifer M.;Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J.	Zaspel, Jennifer M., Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J. (2006): Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography. Zootaxa 1159 (1): 1-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1159.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1159.1.1
