taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E2062CFFC892541498FA5016F4FA5C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differing externally from Eupithecia by the central tuft of erect scales in the longitudinally elongate fore wing disc. The male abdomen has long and narrow apodemes on the second tergite, while those in Eupithecia are short and broad. The male genitalia are distinguished from Eupithecia by the unusually narrow, usually curved, valve with a broadened basal lobe to the sacculus bearing a tuft of long setae, by the replacement of the normal papillae on the anterior arms of the labides by a narrow membranous cushion on the ventral surface bearing a row of setae, and by the more elongate shape of the juxta. The female genitalia have no significant differences from those of representatives of the genus Eupithecia.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC892541498FA5016F4FA5C.taxon	description	Description. Adults (figs 1 – 3). Labial palpi with separate tufts of scales at the base under the eyes. Frons with a short tuft of tight-fitting scales directed forward. Head with double collar of scales behind eyes; distance between scapes of antennae short. Antennae filiform in male and female. Metathorax without crests of scales. Hind leg with two pairs of tibial spurs. Apodemes of the second tergite extremely long and narrow (fig. 31). Venation of fore wing: R 1 long, not uniting or anastomosing with Sc; areole without oblique transverse vein; M 1 and R 2 + 5 arising separately from cell, a short distance from each other. Venation of hind wing: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell (fig. 13). Fore wing relatively narrow and elongate, with almost straight costal margin and narrowly rounded apex, the costal margin with a row of narrow and elongate scales in basal half of fore wing. Pattern in most species very distinct: medial area on the fore wing slightly darker, distinctly bordered by ante- and especially postmedial lines, the latter with a pale external border, and with a patch of protruding black scales on the stalk of the CuA vein; terminal area with distinct light subterminal transverse line; discal dot large, elongate, rather ovate, consisting of an erect black scale-tuft. Hind wing triangular with rounded apex, almost straight terminal margin and right angled tornus; generally paler than fore wing, brownish ochreous, with a much darkened area along the anal margin terminating in a characteristic dark tornal blotch bordered with fine white lines. In one species the upperside pattern is entirely suppressed and replaced with a uniform medium brown, varied only by discal and a few costal spots. Underside of wings pale with distinct but paler transverse postmedial lines and tornal spots, white on the fore wing and black on the hind wing; discal dots not visible. No sexual dimorphism in the size, shape, colouration and pattern of wings. Male genitalia (figs. 17, 18). Uncus with short but prominent basal lobes, its spine-like apical part slightly broadened near apex, with thin and pointed tip. Anal tube relatively broad, covered with numerous short setae in apical part. Tegumen narrow. Valve elongate and narrow, usually slightly curved; sacculus broadened near vinculum with a tuft of long setae. Vinculum very short and relatively narrow, slightly tapered to apex. Coremata present. Labides short and narrow; anterior arms of labides short with narrow membranous cushions on ventral side, covered with a row of setae; posterior arms with larger setaceous papillae connected with each other at the middle. Juxta shaped like an hour-glass, as in Eupithecia, but more longitudinally elongate. Aedeagus usually slim, shorter than length of valve; ductus ejaculatorius attached to anterior end of aedeagus. Vesica covered with numerous longitudinal striations and dense small teeth, armed with one long and narrow styloid cornutus with lancet-shaped apex. Sternite A 8 almost membranous or very lightly sclerotized, with two narrow, apically blunt and slightly broadened arms, connected with each other by a short band at base and divided by a deep membranous hollow. Female genitalia (fig. 25). Bursa copulatrix membranous, small, almost completely covered with small spines. Ductus bursae not distinguishable. Ductus seminalis slightly broadened at base, attached to posterior part of corpus bursae near colliculum on left side. Colliculum short and narrow. Antrum membranous, long and narrow. Two narrow, sclerotized, band-like branches, slightly broadened to apices, arising from basal parts of anterior apophyses. Tergite A 8 elongate, rectangular. Anterior and posterior apophyses narrow, anterior apophyses relatively elongate, posterior apophyses relatively short. Papillae anales small, rounded or slightly elongate, covered mainly with short setae.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC892541498FA5016F4FA5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South and South East Asia, Philippines (Mindanao), Sri Lanka, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Java, Australia, East and South Africa.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFCB92561498FF121777FBAB.taxon	materials_examined	Material Examined. Holotype 3: Kletak Tengger, E. Java, 6000 ’, June 1934 (J. P. A. Kalis), Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 – 1 (BMNH). Paratype 3: Nongkodjadjar, E. Java, 4,000 ’, January 1934 (A. M. R. Wegner), BM Geom. slide no. 220073 (BMNH).	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFCB92561498FF121777FBAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Externally easily distinguished from other known representatives of the genus Mesoptila by the unicolorous wings with large discal spots, and four dark costal spots on the fore wing. Rather similar to the widespread Asian species Eupithecia subtacincta Hampson, in the grey-brown colour of the wings and the red abdomen, but can be distinguished by the large costal spots on the fore wing and larger discal dots on all wings. The male genitalia are very similar to those of M. melanolopha, Swinhoe, but in M. murcida the tip of the uncus is narrower, the valve narrower at the apex and the eighth sternite has pointed basal lobes.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFCB92561498FF121777FBAB.taxon	description	Description. A small species. Wingspan 17 mm; fore wing 8 mm. Thorax and abdomen covered with rusty red scales. Fore wing elongate with slightly bowed costal margin, evenly curved termen and relatively pointed apex; ground colour grey-brown; transverse lines not visible; four very distinct dark costal spots; discal dot large, black, ovoid. Hind wing with straight anal margin, angled termen, and rounded apex; unicolorous with fore wing, with darker shading between anal margin and discal cell; discal dot relatively large but paler than on fore wing, commalike; terminal line on all wings blackish, interrupted by veins; fringes almost unicolorous, grey. Male genitalia (fig. 18). Uncus short, relatively broad, uniapical, with two elongate basal lobes. Valve narrow, evenly narrowed to very narrowly rounded apex; costal margin slightly sinuate; sacculus weakly sclerotized. Vinculum very short, relatively narrow. Apices of anterior arms of labides without papillae, but with a membranous cushion bearing a row of setae along their ventral margin. Aedeagus narrow, shorter than length of valve. Vesica covered with numerous denticules, and armed with one narrow, elongate, clavate cornutus. Sternite A 8 very short and narrow, with two slightly diverging, narrow, apically blunt arms, connected with each other by short basal band; basal lobes pointed; basal hollow very shallow; apical hollow membranous, relatively deep and broad. Female unknown. Range. Indonesia: Java. Evidently a montane species.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC6925A1498FA2D10B4FB42.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Eupithecia spadix Inoue. Gender: feminine.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC6925A1498FA2D10B4FB42.taxon	description	Description. Adults (fig. 5). Labial palpi short, broad, sharply tapered to apices, equal or shorter than diameter of eye; basal segment with elongated scales. Frons with tuft of tight-fitting scales directed forwards. Head with broad colliculum of protruding scales and two latero-dorsal tufts of short scales behind. Antennae bipectinate in male and filiform, ciliated in female. Metathorax with two erect crests of dense short scales. Hind leg with two pairs of tibial spurs. Apodemes of the second tergite short and broad, obtuse. Venation of fore wing: R 1 long, not uniting or anastomosing with Sc; areole with short, oblique transverse vein. Venation of hind wing: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell (fig. 10). Fore wing broad with straight costal margin, pointed apex and evenly curved terminal margin; ground colour grey to dark brown, sometimes with rusty tinge, with broad, dark brown medial area distinctly bordered by fine, black transverse lines; discal dot small but conspicuous. Hind wing broad with evenly curved termen and right angled tornus; ground colour paler with distinct transverse lines and discal dot. Underside of wings pale with distinct blackish postmedial lines and discal dots. Last abdominal segment with two lateral crests of scales at the base, developed in both sexes, especially in the female. No sexual dimorphism in the size, shape, colouration or pattern of wings. Male genitalia (fig. 19). Uncus with ovate-oblong, membranous basal part and elongate, narrow, spine-like apical part, uniapical with seta near tip at ventral side. Anal tube long, narrow, completely covered with dense setae in apical part. Tegumen narrow, covered with long setae along margins. Valve elongate and relatively broad, with slightly curved dorsal margin and narrowly rounded apex, almost completely covered with elongate setae; sacculus thickened, lightly sclerotized, covered with long setae. Transtilla connected with dorso-proximal tips of valvae and with labides at its posterior ends. Vinculum stout, short and broad, rounded. Coremata very short, rounded, placed on the lateral sides of vinculum near bases of valvae, with tufts of long setae. Labides short and broad; anterior arms of labides curved, tapered, with distinct, slightly elongate papillae, covered with long setae; posterior arms very short with two large, setaceous papillae, connected with each other at base. Juxta ovate, short and broad; calcar broad with narrow, crescent-shaped, heavily sclerotized band in the base. Aedeagus slim, slightly curved, short and relatively narrow, shorter than length of valve; ductus ejaculatorius arising almost from the middle of aedeagus. Vesica granulate, armed with ovoid, dense patch of numerous spinules and two small cornuti near ductus ejaculatorius base. Sternite A 8 two biflex, broadly diverging rods, heavily sclerotized and pointed, and connected with each other by a concave band at base. Female genitalia (fig. 29). Bursa copulatrix very large, ovate, membranous but more strongly sclerotized posteriorly, with numerous curved wrinkled striations, three chains of slim pointed spines and a small sclerotized prominence at centre of corpus bursae; inner surface of corpus bursae almost completely covered with numerous minute spines. Ductus bursae not distinguishable. Ductus seminalis very narrow; attached to corpus bursae at centre of dorsal side. Colliculum plate-like, elongate and broad, with oblique anterior margin, two spiniform horns and convex posterior margin. Antrum membranous, short and broad. Sinus consisting of two narrow sclerotized transverse branches from the middle of anterior apophyses to pointed tips of sclerotized antrum. Sternite A 8 sclerotized, broad, horseshoe-shaped. Tergite A 8 rectangular, small, short and broad, with narrowly sclerotized anterior margin. Apophyses very short, relatively narrow, bases of the anterior apophyses broadened. Papillae anales small, short and broad, rounded, covered with short setae.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC6925A1498FA2D10B4FB42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East Asia: far eastern Russia (southern Primorje), Korea, Japan (Honshu), China (Shanxi). Species included	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC6925A1498FA2D10B4FB42.taxon	distribution	Distribution. East Asia: Far East of Russia (southern Primorje), Korea, Japan (Honshu), China (Shanxi).	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC0925D1498FDA1103CF8E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Eupithecia rigida Swinhoe. Gender: feminine.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC0925D1498FDA1103CF8E9.taxon	description	Description. Adults (figs 6, 7). Labial palpi with separate tufts of scales at the base under eyes. Frons with short tuft of scales directed forwards. Antennae multiply indented in male with two rows of elongate ciliae and filiform, ciliate in female. Metathorax without crests of scales. Hind leg with two approximate pairs of tibial spurs. Apodemes of the second tergite large, broad, horseshoe-shaped. Venation of fore wing (fig. 15): R 1 long, not uniting or anastomosing with Sc; areole with oblique short transverse vein. Venation of hind wing: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell. Venation of hind wing: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell (fig. 15). Fore wing relatively narrow and elongate; hind wing triangular with broadly rounded apex; both unicolorous dark brown, the hind wing slightly paler; markings limited to a small fore wing discal dot, and a whitish postmedial line forming pale spots near fore wing apex and tornus of both wings. Underside of wings very dark, pattern similar to upperside. Eighth abdominal segment with two lateral crests of scales at the base in male. No sexual dimorphism in size, shape, coloration and pattern of wings. Male genitalia (figs. 22, 24). Uncus short, broad, uniapical. Valve short with strongly broadened sacculus. Coremata present. Labides generally as in Eupithecia, but anterior arms without papillae at their ends, bearing only a setose membrane on the underside. Fultura inferior broad, jug-shaped: juxta ovoid; caulis heavily sclerotized, trapezoid with longer posterior margin. Aedeagus narrow, with ductus ejaculatorius attached to central part. Vesica with a single cornutus. Sternite A 8 unmodified. Female genitalia (fig. 27). Bursa copulatrix globular or ovate, completely covered with small, slim spines. Ductus bursae weakly sclerotized, short, tapered, spineless. Ductus seminalis short, slightly broadened at base, and attached to ductus bursae near base of colliculum on right side. Colliculum elongate and narrow. Antrum membranous. Sinus consisting of two relatively broad, band-like, sclerotized transverse branches connected with centres of anterior apophyses. Tergite A 8 strongly transverse, its posterior margin covered by short setae. Apophyses relatively short and stout. Papillae anales short and broad.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC0925D1498FDA1103CF8E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South and South East Asia, Borneo, Timor Is., New Caledonia, Rossel Is., Solomon Is., Madagascar, eastern and southern Africa. Inoue (1979) suggested that the African taxon described by Prout as ssp. sporadica (fig. 7) was probably a separate species, having noticeably different male genitalia (fig. 24). We agree with this, and formalise the separation here. Species included Girida rigida Swinhoe (1892) Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (1), 2, pl. I, fig. 6, (Eupithecia). Lectotype 3 (designated by Inoue, 1979, BMNH; examined), [India]: [Khasia Hills] (comb. n.). Distribution. Japan (Ishigakijima, Iriomotejima), Taiwan, India (Nilgiri Hills, Khasia Hills), Thailand, Philippines (Luzon), Borneo, Timor, Rossel I., Solomons, New Caledonia. Girida sporadica Prout (1932) Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, 29 (5), 442, (Eupithecia). Holotype Ƥ (MNHN), Kenya: Taveta, 750 m (comb. and stat. n.). Distribution. Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar).	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC1925F1498F9271665FB2E.taxon	description	Description. Adults (fig. 8). Labial palpi with separate tufts of scales at the base under eyes. Frons with tuft of tight-fitting scales directed forwards. Head with double collar of scales behind eyes. Antennae in both male and female filiform. Metathorax with two erect crests of short and dense scales. Venation of fore wing: R 1 long, not uniting or anastomosing with Sc; areole with short, oblique transverse vein. Venation of hind wing: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell (fig. 16). Hind leg with two pairs of tibial spurs. Apodemes of the second tergite short and stout. Fore wing dark olive-brown with medial and postmedial lines well marked, large discal dot, and orange discal and subtornal streaks. Underside of wings paler with very distinct dark transverse lines and discal dots. The eighth abdominal segment with two lateral crests of scales at the base, developed in both sexes. No sexual dimorphism in the size, shape, colouration and pattern of wings. Male genitalia (fig. 21). Uncus large, stout, with broad basal lobes, uniapical. Anal tube fusiform, almost completely covered by small setae (as in Eupithecia). Tegumen stout with thickened lateral margins, minutely perforated in central part. Valve short and broad with broadened and bowed dorsal margin, rounded basal corners, a large medial, transverse wrinkle on ventral margin, and a rather narrowly rounded apex; inner surface of valve covered with sparse short setae along central part only; sacculus lightly sclerotized. Transtilla broad. Juxta almost ovoid with two long, narrow, broadly diverging posterior arms (caulis). Vinculum short, with shallow medial hollow. Coremata present. Papillae on anterior arms of labides very short, thick, rounded, broadened basally and covered by sparse short setae at apices. Aedeagus relatively large and stout, ductus ejaculatorius attached to anterior end of aedeagus. Vesica armed with a large, heavily sclerotized, plate-like W-shaped cornutus, almost completely embracing the vesica at the centre, and a smaller, folded, irregular cornutus near anterior end of aedeagus. Sternite A 8 large, very broad, with two short, blunt, sclerotized, broadly diverging apical horns. Tergite A 8 large, triangular, basally very broad, tapered to a curved, hook-like apex; base of tergite thickened, narrowly sclerotized with very shallow medial hollow. Female genitalia (fig. 30). Bursa copulatrix membranous, with two long curved chains of small spines, linked at their bases. Ductus bursae not distinguishable. Ductus seminalis short and narrow, attached to ductus bursae near colliculum. Colliculum elongate and very narrow. Antrum membranous. Sinus formed by two narrow transverse branches broadened to apices from apical parts of anterior apophyses. Tergite A 8 almost square, with rounded posterior angles and a slightly depressed medial longitudinal thickening. Anterior and posterior apophyses narrow and short. Papillae anales relatively short and broad, rounded.	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC1925F1498F9271665FB2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. South Western China (SE Tibet and Yunnan). Species included	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC1925F1498F9271665FB2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Tibet, Yunnan).	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
03E2062CFFC292411498F93316BCFA93.taxon	description	Description [Type species Eupithecia absinthiata Clerck]. Adults (fig. 9). Labial palpi variable in length and shape, with separate tufts of scales at the base under eyes. Frons with tuft of tight-fitting scales directed forwards. Head with double collar of scales behind eyes. Antennae normally filiform and ciliated in both sexes, but in the males of some South American species (Rindge, 1987, 1991) and also species of the “ lanceata ” group bipectinate or fasciculate. Fore wing venation: R 1 long, not uniting or anastomosing with Sc; areole with or without oblique transverse vein. Hind wing venation: M 3 and CuA 1 arising separately from cell (figs. 11 and 12). Hind leg with two pairs of tibial spurs. Apodemes of the second tergite short, relatively broad, usually broadened to apices with oblique outer margin. Metathorax without crests of scales. Fore wing variable in shape, usually relatively broad with evenly curved termen and narrowly rounded apex; ground colour very variable from white to brownish black (usually grey or light brownish); all transverse lines usually distinct, including a narrow medial; discal dot usually conspicuous and black, occasionally absent. Hind wing relatively broad, rounded or ovoid; ground colour usually paler, white, off-white or grey; transverse lines and discal dot usually distinct but paler than on the fore wing. Underside of wings usually paler with inconspicuous transverse lines, but in some species with very distinct pattern (eg. E. opistographata Dietze, and some other species of the “ ultimaria ” group). No sexual dimorphism in size, shape, colouration and pattern of wings. Male genitalia (fig. 20). Uncus usually membranous, broadest basally with a sclerotized, rigid, hook-like and pointed apex, with one or two tips (uniapical or biapical); in one species group (the “ haworthiata ” group) the apex is lost leaving the uncus completely membranous and spatulate. Anal tube setose in broadened apical part. Tegumen narrow. Valve variable in size and shape, usually relatively broad and shaped like the segment of an orange, with a thickened and sclerotized dorsal margin and with a ventral process or processes in some species, and very occasionally a dorsal process; sacculus usually thickened and lightly sclerotized. Setation of valves normally very consistent and characteristic, with strongly attached, regularly placed, curved setae lying in the plane of the valve from the ventral to the dorsal edge of the valve. Vinculum variable in shape, but always protruding. Coremata always present, attached to vinculum. Labides elongate, relatively broad; anterior arms of labides curved, normally at the apices with digitiform, membranous papillae of varying length and shape covered with setae; the posterior arms forming two large, setaceous, curved papillae, connected with each other by a short basal band. Juxta ‘ hourglass shaped’, broadest transversely, oval or reniform; calcar bilobed, usually narrow, well curved and slightly broadened apically. Aedeagus variable in size and shape, usually shorter or equal to length of valve; ductus ejaculatorius usually arising from anterior half of aedeagus. Vesica of aedeagus armed with one or more variously shaped cornuti (horn-like, tubular, irregular, dentate or flat and twisted) and sometimes with a patch of small spines. Sternite A 8 (and occasionally tergite A 8) modified with patches of sclerotization, sometimes extending as processes at the posterior edge of the sternite. Female genitalia (fig. 26). Bursa copulatrix membranous to strongly sclerotized; variable in size and shape (globular, subglobular, pouch-like, pear-shaped, etc.), in some species with membranous diverticulum at base. Bursa copulatrix usually covered with numerous spine-like signa, which can be variable in position. Ductus seminalis attached to corpus bursae or ductus bursae in widely varying positions. Colliculum usually well defined, sclerotized, collar-like or plate-like. Antrum from membranous to heavily sclerotized (as in species-group “ centaureata ”). Sinus formed by two narrow branches from basal part of anterior apophyses; these branches are often prominent with more or less enlarged apices, but are sometimes reduced in size. Lamella antevaginalis lacking. Tergite A 8 variable in size and shape (quadrate, rectangular or trapezoid), sometimes with a sclerotized tip or membranous hollow in the middle of posterior margin. Anterior and posterior apophyses very variable in length and width, with expanded and flattened apices in some species. Papillae anales normal, variable in shape, usually setaceous, but in some species covered with numerous pointed spinules. Species included More than 1,300 species worldwide (Parsons et al. 1999).	en	Mironov, Vladimir G., Galsworthy, Anthony C. (2012): A generic level review of Eupithecia Curtis and some closely related genera based on the Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zootaxa 3587: 46-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.283119
