identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E33A5AFFE71361FF42FAF4FE7FFA21.text	03E33A5AFFE71361FF42FAF4FE7FFA21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteroidea de Blainville 1830	<div><p>ASTEROIDEA de Blainville 1830</p> <p>VALVATACEA Blake 1987</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE71361FF42FAF4FE7FFA21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
03E33A5AFFE51365FF42FCE4FEC5F8D7.text	03E33A5AFFE51365FF42FCE4FEC5F8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathymarginaster patriciae (McKnight 2006)	<div><p>Bathymarginaster patriciae (McKnight, 2006) nov. gen, nov. comb.</p> <p>Figure 1a–f</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body weakly stellate to stellate (R/r=1.6–2.1) (Fig. 1a). Body surface, including abactinal, marginal, actinal surface all covered by dermis. Abactinal surface reticulate to imbricate, with coarse granulation/spination on each plate (Fig. 1a, b), single papulae present. Marginal plates lateral facing, approximately 16 per interradius (Fig. 1c), each plate bearing an upper and lower series, each with 2–3 spinelets present, the lower series approximately 2–3 times as large as the upper and present around the actinolateral fringe. Distinct actinolateral edge (Fig. 1e) formed by the inferomarginal plates and the actinal surface. Actinal intermediate region with approximately 16 segments, each with a spine forming a transverse series across each interradius (Fig. 1f). Furrow spines, two covered in dermis (Fig. 1d, f); no other adambulacral spination evident.</p> <p>Comments. Examination of M. patriciae specimens relative to other Marginaster species, including the holotype of Marginaster paucispinus, led to the conclusion that M. patriciae is significantly different from other species assigned to Marginaster. ‘ Marginaster’ patriciae shows a much more stellate body shape, has a much denser and heavier abactinal skeleton that is weakly fenestrate. This contrasts with the skeleton in more typological Marginaster species, which show a more openly arranged mesh with a variably developed dermal covering (Fig. 2). Marginaster patriciae has laterally oriented marginal plates that form a distinct ventrolateral edge with the actinal surface, whereas the marginals, especially the inferomarginal plates, of other Marginaster species are extended from the superomarginals to form a distinct flattened lateral “ledge” or platform with spines.</p> <p>Marginaster patriciae was originally described from New Zealand waters from near Chatham Rise at 900–1130 m.</p> <p>Among poraniids, Bathymarginaster nov. gen. is perhaps closest to Poraniomorpha, which shows a fenestrate skeleton. The abactinal skeleton of the former shows a skeleton with a granular/spinose covering, rather than the more open reticulate skeleton observed in true Marginaster species (e.g. Fig. 2a–d). Bathymarginaster displays a much heavier dermal overlay (Fig. 1b) than Poraniomorpha that obscures the marginal and actinal plate boundaries in the former. Bathyporania similarly displays a granular overlay but possesses a more open, reticulate skeleton.</p> <p>Occurrence. Chatham Rise, central New Zealand, 900–1130 m. Note that McKnight (2006: 107) confused the depth range of M. patriciae with that of M. paucispinus (518–554 m).</p> <p>Australian waters. J1 Seamount near Tasmania, Great Australian Bight. 850–1650 m.</p> <p>Description. Body thick, strongly arched weakly stellate to stellate (R/r=1.6–2.1), arms triangular in shape, cylindrical to triangular in cross-section, actinal surface flat with distinct actinolateral edge. Plates, spines, accessories all covered by dermis (Fig. 1a, b). Arm tips upturned.</p> <p>Abactinal surface fenestrate to imbricate, skeletal plates individually wide, fully enclosed over disk but forming wider, open spaces distally on arms. Individual plates ranging from larger, more irregular in shape proximally, becoming more crescentic along arms. Each plate with short, blunt spines or granules (4–15, but mostly 7–10), widely spaced, number decreasing distally along arm (Fig. 1b). Single papular pores present irregularly scattered on arms and disk on abactinal and lateral surfaces. Madreporite round, flat, adjacent to abactinal plates and slightly overlaid with tissue around edges.</p> <p>Marginal plate boundaries largely obscured by dermis, but approximately 16 per interradius, eight per arm side at R=1.0 cm (Fig. 1c, e). At arm tip dermis sufficiently translucent as to reveal elongate plates, edges rounded, decreasing in width adjacent to arm terminus.</p> <p>Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates each with spines (tips conical and pointed) in upper and lower series, approximately 2–3 in each row. Inferomarginal spines approximately twice as large as those on the superomarginal series, especially those spines on the lower series adjacent to the contact with the actinal plates. Terminal plate quadrate with a circular edge, bearing two small spines.</p> <p>Actinal plates covered by dermis that shows distinct channels (Fig. 1d, f), forming segments that track from the abactinal-lateral surface via the marginal plates to the underside of the actinal surface around the marginals to each adambulacral plate (Fig. 3e). Actinal surface smooth, dermal tissue continuous from marginal plates. Each actinal intermediate segment has approximately 16 dermis-covered cone-like spines. These are single proximally, becoming double adjacent to the spines on the inferomarginal plates. These spines are in three lateral series across the actinal intermediate region.</p> <p>Two furrow spines (Fig. 1d, f), covered by dermis in transverse series. No subambulacrals or other accessory adambulacral structures. Oral plate with two furrow spines, a single prominent spine projecting into mouth (Fig. 1f).</p> <p>Material examined. NMV F84961 84 km SSE of South East Cape, J1 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.33/lat -44.27)">Seamount</a>, Tasmania. - 44.27° S, 147.33° E, 1300–1450 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 27 Jan 1997. 1 wet spec. R=1.3, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F159299 Hill U. top west, Tasmania, Australia. - 44.3257° S, 147.175° E, 1100–1160 m. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.3257" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.175/lat -44.3257)">Coll</a>. CMBAR SS02, April 2 2007. 3 wet specs. R=1.3, r=0.7; R=1.0, r=0.5; R=1.4, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F159300 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.092&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.2585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.092/lat -44.2585)">Pedra West</a>, south of Tasmania, - 44.2585° S, 147.092° E, 850–1000 m, Coll. O’Hara et al, CMAR, 2 April 2007, 1 wet specs. R=1.3, r=0.8.</p> <p>NMV F159301 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.2447" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.164/lat -44.2447)">Mini Matt</a> SSW, Australia.- 44.2447°S, 146.164° E, 1120–1136 m. Coll. O’Hara et al, 4 April 2007, CMAR SS02. 3 wet specs. R=1.1, r=0.6; R=1.2, r=0.7; R=1.2, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F159302 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.2439" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.165/lat -44.2439)">Mini Matt</a> site, S. of Tasmania, - 44.2439° S, 146.165° E, 1120–1310 m, Coll. O’Hara et al, CMAR 4 April, 2007, 2 wet specs. R=1.1, r=0.6; R=1.3, r=0.7.</p> <p>NMV F159303 Pedra West, - 44.1322° S, 146.144° E, 1140– 1180 m, Coll. O’Hara et al. CMAR 5 April 2007, 1 wet spec. R=0.9, r=0.5.</p> <p>NMV F240386, Great Australian Bight - 33.3366° S, 130.257° E, 188–191 m, Coll. IN 2015_C02 GAB BP Expedition – Ichthyology Team, IN 2015_C02 GAB BP Expedition – Marine Invertebrates Team, 15 Dec 2015. 1 wet spec. R=0.6, r=0.4.</p> <p>NMV F240376, 82.6 km SSE of South East Cape, J1 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.36/lat -44.24)">Seamount</a>, Tasmania, - 44.24° S, 147.36° E, 1200–1450 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 27 Jan 1997. 4 wet specs. R=1.1, r=0.6; R=1.2, r=0.7; R=1.1, r=0.6; R=1.1, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F 241095, 85.8 km SSE of South East Cape,“B1” seamount, -4431° S, 147.27° E, 1150–1550 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 28 Jan 1997. 3 wet specs. R=1.2 r=0.5 R=1.1 r=0.5 R=0.9 r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F241096, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.27/lat -44.33)">87.8 km SSE of South East</a> Cape, “A1” seamount, - 44.33° S, 147.27° E, 1200–1300 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 30 Jan 1997, 1 wet spec. R=1.1 r=0.5.</p> <p>NMV F241097, 94.5 km SSE of South East Cape, “ V ” Seamount, - 44.4° S, 147.15° E, 1400–1650 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.15/lat -44.4)">Coll</a>. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 31 Jan 1997. 1 wet spec. R=1.0 r=0.6</p> <p>NMV F241098, K1 seamount, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.41/lat -44.29)">89.5 km SSE of South East Cape</a>, Tasmania, Australia, - 44.29° S, 147.41° E, 1225 m, Coll. Tim N. Stranks, CSIRO aboard RV Southern Surveyor, 25 Jan 1997. 4 wet specs. R=1.0, r=0.7; R=1.0, r=0.5; R=0.9, r=0.4; R=0.7, r=0.3.</p> <p>NMV F241099, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.38/lat -44.23)">81.6 km SSE of South East</a> Cape, “38” seamount, Tasmania. - 44.23° S, 147.38° E, 1200–1400 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO 30 Jan 1997, 1 wet spec. R=1.2, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F241100 “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.29/lat -44.27)">Sister</a> 1” seamount, 82.9 km SSE of South East Cape, - 44.27° S, 147.29° E, 1100–1122 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 23 Jan 1997, 2 wet specs. R=1.1, r=0.5; R=1.0, r=0.6.</p> <p>NMV F241101 “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.29/lat -44.27)">Sister</a> 1” seamount, 82.9 km SSE of South East Cape, - 44.27° S, 147.29° E, 1100–1122 m, Coll. T. Stranks et al. CSIRO, 1 wet spec. R=1.0, r=0.4</p> <p>NMV F241102 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.2554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.114/lat -44.2554)">Mongrel</a> seamount, Tasmania. - 44.2554° S, 147.114° E, 898 m. Coll. R. Thrasher and D. Staples, 23 Dec 2008. 1 wet spec. R=1.0, r=0.5.</p> <p>NMV F241103 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.114&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.2554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.114/lat -44.2554)">Mongrel</a> seamount, Tasmania. - 44.2554° S, 147.114° E, 899 m. Coll. R. Thrasher and D. Staples, 13 Oct 2008. 1 wet spec. R=0.4 r=0.2.</p> <p>NMV F241573 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.377&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.1206" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.377/lat -44.1206)">Patience</a> seamount, Huon Commonwealth Marine Reserve, Tasmania, Australia, - 44.1206° S, 147.377° E, 1087 m, Coll. D. Bray, RV Investigator 12 April 2015. 2 wet specs. R=1.0, r=0.3; R=1.2, r=0.4.</p> <p>NMV F270826 Punch’s Hill, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.18834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-44.185555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.18834/lat -44.185555)">Tasmanian</a> seamounts, Tasmania, - 44.185556° S, 147.188333° E, 919–1085 m. Coll. A. Williams, A.A. Weber and R-L. Erickson, 13 Dec 2018. 2 wet specs. R=0.9, r=0.6; R=0.9, r=0.4.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE51365FF42FCE4FEC5F8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
03E33A5AFFE31366FCE0FF56FDE3FE8F.text	03E33A5AFFE31366FCE0FF56FDE3FE8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marginaster Perrier 1881	<div><p>Marginaster Perrier 1881</p> <p>Marginaster Perrier 1881: 16.— 1884: 229.— Sladen 1889: 364.— Perrier 1894: 164–165.— Ludwig 1897: 189.— Verrill 1914: 18–19.— 1915: 75–76.— Downey 1973: 82.— Clark 1984: 25–27.— McKnight 2006: 106.</p> <p>Cheilaster Bell 1893: 81 (superfluous replacement name for Marginaster Perrier)</p> <p>Poranisca Verrill 1914: 19.— Clark 1984: 25 [type: P. lepidus Verrill 1914]</p> <p>Marginaster sp. McKnight 1968: 513.— Clark 1970: 5.— Clark and McKnight 2001: 166.</p> <p>Type Species. Marginaster paucispinus Fisher 1913 (by subsequent designation)</p> <p>Diagnostic comments. Marginaster has historically been considered a “provisional genus” (Clark and Downey, 1992: 205), and as such most recent diagnoses (Clark and Downey, 1992; McKnight, 2006) have been brief and incomplete. This account disagrees with prior accounts that assume Marginaster is a juvenile of other poraniid taxa, and as such, attempts to incorporate characters from known species, exclusive of Marginaster (now Bathymarginaster) patriciae and the asterinid Marginaster (now Patiriella) littoralis Dartnall 1970.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body small, R &lt;2.5 cm, overall shape pentagonal to weakly stellate (R /r=1.4–2.0). Body covered by variably thickened dermis, ranging from relatively thin (Fig. 2a) to very thick and fleshy (Fig. 2e, f). Abactinal plates reticulate, forming widely open papular regions between rod-like ossicles (Fig. 2a, c, d). Plates variably with pointed, conical spinelets. Marginal plates wide, dorsal-facing, forming broad periphery (Fig. 2a, c, d), each plate series bearing 2 –6 short spinelets. Inferomarginal spinelets flattened, larger than those on superomarginal plates. Actinal plates imbricate, tissue covered, relatively few overall (Fig. 2b, d, f). One to three short, pointed furrow spines. One to three subambulacral spines.</p> <p>Comments. Marginaster Perrier 1881 has been met with skepticism throughout its taxonomic history, beginning with Verrill (1914) and later with Downey (1973) and Clark and Downey (1992), who argued Marginaster is the juvenile or small form of a larger, possibly unknown, poraniid. Mah and Foltz (2014) argued that Marginaster is a separate but smallsized taxon, and that none of the North Atlantic genera or any of the known Southern Hemisphere poraniidae, such as Glabraster at comparable sizes, were morphologically consistent with Marginaster. No other known poraniids are distributed with a comparably occurring geographic and/or bathymetric distribution (Mah, unpublished data), making it seem unlikely that Marginaster is the juvenile form of some other Poraniidae.</p> <p>Including B. patriciae, addressed herein, there are four known species: Marginaster capreensis (Gasco, 1876), M. paucispinus Fisher 1913, and M. pectinatus Perrier, 1881. Marginaster capreensis and M. pectinatus occur in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, whereas M. paucispinus occurs in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean (Reunion Island). Although a comprehensive generic review is beyond the scope of the present study, cursory examination suggests relatively few character differences among species, particularly of inferomarginal spine number and marginal plate number, expression of the reticulate abactinal skeleton and abactinal spination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE31366FCE0FF56FDE3FE8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
03E33A5AFFE01366FF5DFEE8FCAAFDA1.text	03E33A5AFFE01366FF5DFEE8FCAAFDA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marginaster paucispinus Fisher 1913	<div><p>Marginaster paucispinus Fisher, 1913</p> <p>Marginaster paucispinus Fisher 1913: 407.— Jangoux and Aziz 1988: 633, 646.— McKnight 2006: 107.— Lee et al. 2017: 274.</p> <p>Marginaster sp. McKnight 1968: 513.—H.E.S. Clark 1970: 5.— McKnight in H.E.S. Clark and McKnight 2001: 166.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body pentagonal to weakly stellate (R/r=1.1–1.7), body thick, arms triangular, interradial arcs weakly curved. Abactinal skeleton reticulate with relatively wide openings (Fig. 2c). Transverse ribs on arms projecting from radial series (Fig. 2a, c). Marginal plates, 10–11 per interradius (Fig. 2a, c, d), each plate with 1–4 short, blunt, conical spinelets (Fig. 2a, b). Superomarginals and inferomarginals (6–7), inferomarginals forming flange-like ambitus, each with 4–5 webbed, flattened spatulate spines. Upper inferomarginal plate surface with 3–4 small spinelets. Actinal plates forming reticulate arrays that track from adambulacral plates to the inferomarginals to the abactinal surface. Open meshes between these plates. Furrow spines (1–2) (Fig. 2b, c), two subambulacral spinelets, narrowly spatulate.</p> <p>Comments. Marginaster paucispinus has been widely recorded geographically and in depth (155–700 m) across the Indo-Pacific. Some characteristics – such as marginal plate number and marginal plate spine number, as well as abactinal plate arm patterns – appear to be consistent among individuals surveyed, whereas the two MNHN specimens from the Austral Islands and the South Pacific appear to show a more developed dermal layer. The reticulate skeleton pattern shows a similar pattern to other Indo-Pacific individuals, including the holotype. McKnight (2006) remarked on the similarity between individual M. paucispinus and also with other Marginaster spp.</p> <p>This species is distinguished from the Atlantic Marginaster species based primarily on the lower marginal plate number per interradius (approximately 10–11) than in Marginaster pectinatus (15–20) and M. capreensis (approximately 12 or more). Number and position of marginal spines also differed but did show some overlap. A full overview was beyond the scope of this work, but based on taxonomic summaries of these species (e.g. Clark and Downey, 1992), their characteristics are very similar, suggesting further sampling could blur boundaries between established species concepts.</p> <p>Occurrence. Australia. The Great Australian Bight, South Australia, 155–191 m.</p> <p>Outside Australia. South China Sea, near Hong Kong (183 m), Korea, Reunion Island and Kermadec Islands (179– 227 m), northern New Zealand (518–554 m). 179–554 m.</p> <p>New Records: Austral Islands and the South Pacific, 480– 700 m.</p> <p>Material examined. NMV F 240386, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.257&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.3366" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.257/lat -33.3366)">Great Australian Bight</a>, South Australia, - 33.3366° S, 130.257° E, 188–191 m. Coll. IN 2015_C02 GAB BP Expedition – Ichthyology Team, IN 2015_C02 GAB BP Expedition – Marine Invertebrates Team. 15 Dec 2015. 1 wet spec. R=0.5, r=0.3.</p> <p>IE-2013-1518 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-144.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.566668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -144.27/lat -27.566668)">Austral Islands</a>, northeast of Rapa Its, South Pacific - 27.566667° S, 144.27° W, 480–700 m. Coll. BENTHAUS DW 1897. 2 wet spec. R =1.6, r=1.4; R=0.4, r=0.35.</p> <p>IE-2013-4675 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-168.93333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -168.93333/lat -25.283333)">South Pacific</a>, south of Niue, - 25.283333° S, - 168.933333° W, 609–691 m. Coll. NORFOLK 2 DW 2064. 1 wet spec. R =0.7, r=0.4.</p> <p>Holotype, M. paucispinus. USNM 32641 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.217/lat -21.55)">Approximately</a> 250 km southeast of Hong Kong, South China Sea. 21.55° S, 116.217° E, 183 m. Coll. USFC Steamer Albatross, 4 Nov 1908. 1 wet spec. R =1.1, r=0.8.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE01366FF5DFEE8FCAAFDA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
03E33A5AFFE01366FCF8FD8DFC63F91B.text	03E33A5AFFE01366FCF8FD8DFC63F91B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poraniomorpha Danielssen and Koren 1881	<div><p>Poraniomorpha Danielssen and Koren 1881</p> <p>Poraniomorpha Danielssen and Koren 1881: 189.—1884: 67– 70.— Verrill 1895: 139.— Grieg 1907: 41–42.— Fisher 1911: 248 (in key).—1919: 407.— Koehler 1924: 157.— Mortensen 1927: 92.— Gallo 1937: 1664–1667.— Djakonov 1950: 58–59 (1968: 48–49).— Spencer and Wright 1966: U70.— Clark 1984: 33–41.— Clark and Downey 1992: 212.— Mah and Foltz 2014: 350.</p> <p>Rhegaster Sladen 1883: 155.— 1889: 367.— Bell 1893: 80.— Verrill 1914: 17.</p> <p>Lasiaster Sladen, 1889: 371–372.— Bell 1893: 81.— Verrill 1899: 198.</p> <p>Diagnostic comments. The diagnosis herein follows Mah and Foltz (2014), who recognised Poraniomorpha as a separate genus from Culcitopsis, disagreeing with Clark and Downey (1992), who argued that Culcitopsis was a subgenus of Poraniomorpha. This includes taxa with polygonal, imbricate, fenestrate plates and a solid abactinal skeleton as separate from species within Culcitopsis, which demonstrate strongly expressed fleshy tissue as part of their body wall.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body shape ranges from pentagonal to strongly stellate (R/r=1.2–2.75, 3.7–3.9 in this case), arms triangular, variably short to elongate. Characterised by compact, imbricate, fenestrate abactinal plates irregular in shape, but weakly convex, mound-like in overall appearance. Body surface overlaid by thick dermal tissue invested with granules bearing pointed tips, variable in abundance, density and homogeneity, covering abactinal marginal and actinal surface, obscuring plate boundaries. In other species, actinolateral fringe discrete with larger, thicker spines variably present. Actinal regions relatively large, plates imbricate in transverse series. Adambulacral armature prominent, forming a spiny fringe along tube foot groove. Two to five furrow spines.</p> <p>Comments. Four species of Poraniomorpha are currently recognised: P. abyssicola (Verrill, 1895), P. bidens Mortensen 1932, P. hispida (Sars, 1872), and P. tumida (Stuxberg, 1878), all of which occur in the North Atlantic and adjacent waters. This is the first occurrence of Poraniomorpha in the Southern Hemisphere.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE01366FCF8FD8DFC63F91B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
03E33A5AFFE0136AFCF8F974FD01FDE9.text	03E33A5AFFE0136AFCF8F974FD01FDE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poraniomorpha tartarus Mah 2023	<div><p>Poraniomorpha tartarus n. sp.</p> <p>Figure 3a–e.</p> <p>Etymology. The species epithet is named for Tartarus, the mythical Greek underworld, alluding to this species’ occurrence at great depth. Noun held in apposition.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body strongly stellate (Fig. 3a). Actinolateral fringe rounded with rounded edge (Fig. 3c, d). Abactinal surface hard, very resistant to the touch. Surface covered by minute, pointed granules embedded in dermal integument (Fig. 3b, d). Drying of specimen suggests flattened marginals are polygonal plates, approximately 48 per interradius. Actinal region narrow, surface is flat, with approximately 50 shallow segments corresponding with adambulacral and marginal plates but also bisecting the actinal intermediate region extending to the oral plate. Actinal surface also covered by small granules, covered by dermis, 5–30 per actinal segment, each with a hyaline tip invested in the dermal integument. Dark brown colour adjacent to the adambulacral spination on the disk and along the arms (Fig. 3c, d, e). One or two furrow spines, with 1–2 enlarged subambulacral spines, each approximately twice the thickness of and more elongate than the furrow spines (Fig. 3d, e).</p> <p>Comments. Although P. tartarus n. sp. possesses a rounded actinolateral edge, unlike other Poraniomorpha species, several other characters – including irregular imbricate plates, the pointed granules invested in the dermal tissue, and the distinctively enlarged subambulacral and furrow spination on the adambulacral plates (Fig. 3d, e) – support placement within Poraniomorpha.</p> <p>Poraniomorpha tartarus n. sp. invites comparison with Atlantic species such as P. abyssicola (Verrill, 1895) and P. tumida (Stuxberg, 1878), which it resembles very closely. They share similar abactinal plate morphology, displaying closely articulated irregular-shaped, imbricate, mound-like plates bearing a cover of spinose granules covering the surface such that plate boundaries are obscured. The disk in these species is strongly arched and arms are similarly elongate and tapering. Furrow spines are relatively few in both species (1–2 in P. tartarus n. sp. versus 2–3 in P. abyssicola but 3–5 in P. tumida). Poraniomorpha tartarus n. sp. is distinguished by the enlarged subambulacral spine, the absence of most papulae from the abactinal surface, and the difference in actinal plate texture, which possesses distinct transverse segments and lacks the numerous pointed spinelets seen in P. abyssicola. Neither P. abyssicola nor P. tumida are known to display the distinct colouration of P. tartarus n. sp.</p> <p>Poraniomorpha tartarus n. sp. is the first known occurrence of this genus in the Southern Hemisphere and is also the deepest known species of the genus (3850–3853 m). Poraniomorpha abyssicola occurs at comparable depth in the Atlantic (2976–3740 m).</p> <p>Although very little is known about the biology of Poraniomorpha spp., the NOAA vessel Okeanos Explorer observed P. abyssicola feeding on a sponge at 3403 m (Mah, 2020). Poraniomorpha tartarus n. sp. may feed on similar prey.</p> <p>Occurrence. Known only off East Gippsland, Victoria, Tasman Sea, 3850–3853 m.</p> <p>Description. Body strongly stellate (R/r=3.7–3.9) (Fig. 3a, c) with elongate arms, round in cross-section. Disk and arms confluent, disk strongly convex, rms thick, tips strongly upturned. Interradial arcs acute. Actinolateral fringe rounded with no distinct edge.</p> <p>Disk plates not evident, thick integument covers all of body surface (Fig. 3a, b). Body texture hard to touch. General surface topology rough, presenting a wrinkled appearance, covered by minute, pointed granules invested in dermal integument (Fig. 3b). Individual plates irregular in shape, surface texture mound-like. Granular cover is complete, evenly distributed, approximately 5–6 along a 1.0 mm line. Papulae mostly absent from abactinal surface with some occurring interradially (5–8 observed between arms in each interradius), with few present proximally on the lateral sides of each arm. Anus at center of disk, flanked by 8–10 angular granules around edge. Dermal granules around anus slightly larger than those elsewhere. Madreporite convex, outline circular, large, approximately 1.5 (smaller specimen) to 3.0 (larger specimen) cm in diameter (Fig. 3a, b). On the holotype, madreporite adjacent to contact with superomarginal plates. Basal portion of madreporite covered by small dermal granules. No pedicellariae observed. Interradii each with a discrete fold each bearing 10–15 slender grooves that synchronise with those on marginal to actinal plates. Shallow transverse fasciolar channels extend from abactinal surface along lateral surface aligned with those on actinal surface and adambulacral plates.</p> <p>Marginal plates completely obscured by dermal integument. Drying shows marginal plates, flattened, polygonal, approximately 48 per interradius (armtip to armtip), boundaries are obscured, exact count uncertain. Single row of approximately 5–8 papulae, in mostly single pores, along lateral surface of arm.</p> <p>Actinal surface flat with approximately 50 shallow transverse grooves tracking from marginal to adambulacral plates forming segments. These grooves bisecting the actinal intermediate region tracking from the oral plate (Fig. 3d, e). Actinal surface covered by small granules, 5–30 per actinal segment, covered by dermis, each with a hyaline tip invested in the dermal integument. A dark colour pattern, especially evident on NMV F241811 (Fig. 3c), present adjacent to the adambulacral spine series and around the mouth extending interradially on to the disk.</p> <p>Furrow spines (1–2) large and prominent, covered by dermal integument, conical tip, blunt spines widely spaced interlacing with furrow spines on opposing side (Fig. 3b, d, e). Subambulacral spine mostly single, but two are present on approximately 40% of adambulacrals, especially on NMV F241811, approximately twice the thickness of each furrow spine arranged transversely relative to the furrow spine. Remaining adambulacral plates with single, short subambulacral spine, variably blunt and smooth, a minority of spines with notched or roughened tip. At least one of the larger subambulacral spines comparable in size with one of the furrow spines. Those secondary subambulacrals spines smaller, less than half the height and thickness of the furrow spine. Dermal integument covers the adambulacral plate; no other accessories are present.</p> <p>Oral plates with four furrow spines and one spine from each oral plate projecting into the mouth (two total). Oral plate surface, with a total of 4–6 suboral spines (two or three per half).</p> <p>Colour in life white to dark brown on disk, arms mottled, dark brown to white, interradii dark brown. Underside is white with dark brown in each interradius around mouth (Fig. 3c, d, e). Dark colouration present in patches along adambulacral series.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype. NMV F 241811 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.479" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.185/lat -38.479)">East Gippsland</a>, Victoria, Tasman Sea, Australia, - 38.479° S, 150.185° E, 3850–3853 m, Coll. O’Hara et al. aboard RV Investigator 24 May 2017, 1 wet spec. R =5.4, r=1.3.</p> <p>Paratype. NMV F 241807 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.479" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.185/lat -38.479)">East Gippsland</a>, Victoria, Tasman Sea, Australia, - 38.479° S, 150.185° E, 3850–3853 m, Coll. O’Hara et al. aboard RV Investigator 24 May 2017, 1 wet spec. R=5.7, r=1.3.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E33A5AFFE0136AFCF8F974FD01FDE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mah, Christopher L.	Mah, Christopher L. (2023): New occurrence of Poraniidae (Valvatacea, Asteroidea) in Australia with a new genus and species from deep-sea settings. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 82: 119-131, DOI: 10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2023.82.06
