identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF.text	03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes Amsel 1956	<div><p>Asturodes Amsel, 1956 (Figs. 1–30)</p><p>Type species: Astura fimbriauralis Guenée, 1854: 319 . Type locality: Brazil? By original designation (Amsel, 1956:168).</p><p>Diagnosis.—Body with ground color yellow and dark brown markings, forewing with silver adterminal line; male genitalia with an uncus head, not caplike, and setation two parallel lines; androconial organs on parateguminal sclerite with petaloid scale.</p><p>Redescription.—Adults (Figs. 1–11): Forewing length: 6– 11 mm; forewing elongated, termen straight; hindwing round. Ground coloration yellow, antemedial and postmedial lines dark brown. Thorax and abdomen yellow with dark brown or black patterns. Head: Frons smooth, yellow with dark brown spots at ventral corners; vertex with upright yel- low scales with various amounts of dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Antenna filiform with yellow scape. Labial palpus (lp) (Figs. 6–7) with first and second segments yellow and a dark band anteriorly, entire width or only dorsally, third segment minute, dark brown on male, yellow on female. Proboscis well-developed, with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under the head. Ocellus prominently protruding, black. Chaetosemata absent. Thorax: Prothoracic notum dark brown, meso- and metathoracic notum yellow. Collar dark brown medially, yellow laterally. Tegula long, extending to first abdominal segment with dark brown spots parallel to base of wings, with flat and seta-like scales. Foreleg with coxa ventrally dark brown, yellow and black again, femur white with medial dark brown spot, tibia with dark brown "knee," then alternating yellow and dark brown. Forewing venation (Fig. 24): Sc to at least middle of costa. R from about middle or distal third of discal cell; Rs 1, Rs 2+3, and Rs 4 close together from anterior angle of cell, Rs 4 running parallel for a short distance, then diverging toward apex. M 1 displaced toward radial sector; base of M 2 and M 3 close to CuA 1. CuA 2 from apical third of Cu. CuP illdefined at basal half, not longer than discal cell. 1A+2A well marked; 3A a loop one third the length of 1A+2A. Forewing pattern and color (Figs. 1–4, 8–11):yellow with dark brown basal and antemedial lines; orbicular spot a circle or a spot and claviform or a circle, or absent; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in center, three circles with a center spot or an “upside down U” over a “right-side up U”; median line black or dark brown complete or almost complete to posterior margin; postmedial line zigzag from costa to posterior margin with a line extending towards outer margin and meeting two subterminal spots to appear like an “broadly open C ̎ facing outward between M 2 and M 3; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 of various widths or a spot, second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 of various lengths; with or without dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; subterminal line dark brown spots between veins; antemedial line complete or incomplete; adterminal line small dark brown triangles at end of veins; fringe with three layers, a basal row of silver, crenate scales same width throughout length, a second row with distally expanded (i.e., thinner at base), crenate scales, mostly brown at tip, two-thirds length of the third row, third row with distally expanded, crenate scales, mostly all yellow; ventrally as dorsum, except silver fringe visible as a dark grey. Retinaculum dark brown and yellow "tube" of scales. Hindwing venation (Fig. 24): Sc+R 1 and Rs stalked for a short distance beyond cell. Origin of M 1 from Rs; origin of M 2 and M 3 close to CuA 1. Anal veins well marked. Hindwing color and pattern (Figs. 1–4, 8–11) yellow with dark brown spots basally and distally in discal cell, a line of spots from CuA 2 to 3A; postmedial line brown, discontinuous from costa to anal angle; subterminal line dark brown, discontinuous spots from costa to CuA 2; adterminal line small, dark brown spots; fringe same as forewing. Frenulum 1 bristle in male, 2 bristles in female. Abdomen (Fig. 1–4): Yellow dorsally, white ventrally; first tergite dark brown anteromedially and laterally; second tergite yellow; third tergite dark brown anteriorly or three brown spots; fourth tergite brown anteriorly, or only anteromedially, and laterally; fifth tergite silver posteriorly with two brown triangles; sixth tergite poste- riorly with a silver, transverse band with no triangles; seventh tergite posteriorly with a silver, transverse band; eighth tergite posteriorly with silver and dark brown laterally with sclerotized patterns when descaled, female the same except eighth tergite with a dark brown spot posteriorly, no silver. In males, the parateguminal sclerite (pts) is an androconial organ with scales dark brown, black, or white, visible only if everted; each sclerite mostly with filiform scales (fs) and two large petaloid scales (ps) that laterally cover filiform scales when extruded (see Discussion, Figs. 25–30). Male genitalia (Figs. 12–19): Uncus base slightly wider than neck; uncus body or neck of same width; uncus apex or head with two very short parallel lines of setae; uncus tip if present, usually upturned. Tegumen loosely connected with vinculum; anterior corners expanded into triangular flaps and spatially adjacent to base of parateguminal sclerite. Parateguminal sclerite with androconial organs oblong, ear-shaped, connected to tegumen and vinculum with membrane about one-fourth surface area of valva; each androconial organ mostly with filiform scales and one large petaloid scale from just inside the outside margin, base about half the length of parateguminal sclerite, multiple scale bases coalesce to form each petaloid structure. Vinculum U-shaped, saccus long and thin. Gnathos a pair of very short, slightly sclerotized mesally separated arms. Subscaphium sclerotized. Valva ear-shaped with membranous costa and a sclerotized line adjacent to costa, sacculus sclerotized, mediotransverse sclerotized arch, ventrally extending into a fibula, or sclerotized, thin, finger-like process basally along saccular margin. Transtilla wide, short, mesially separated. Juxta elongated, ventrally wide, medially a sin- gle rod-like structure perpendicular to another rod-like structure. Phallus slender, vesica proximally covered with spinules, without large spines; ductus ejaculatorius at anterior end of phallus. Female genitalia (Figs. 20–23): Papillae anales thin, very setose. Posterior apophysis half as long or shorter than anterior apophysis. Ostium bursae membranous, almost as broad as 7th segment. Ductus bursae with a square-like antrum, followed by a slightly sclerotized area, either an incomplete ring or complete band, remainder membranous, same width or wider to corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis arising slightly after antrum or between ostium bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, signum absent, round, oval, or two longitudinal lines.</p><p>Comparison to Omiodes .— Asturodes and Omiodes have many characteristics in common. On the head, both genera have filiform antennae in both sexes, chaetosemata are absent, and the ocelli protrude prominently. On the wings, the venation is identical in both genera; ground color is yellow with dark brown markings in Asturodes, but homogenous brown with darker brown patterns or bluish-black with white patterns in Omiodes; and Asturodes has silver scales on the forewing and abdomen that are never present in Omiodes . The morphology of the genitalia is very similar in both genera, but there are subtle differences. In the male genitalia, the uncus head is globular or caplike in Omiodes, and in Asturodes it is broad, but not cap-like, only about twice as wide as uncus neck. In Omiodes uncus head setation varies among species, but in Asturodes it is two simple lines in all species. In Omiodes the phallus has a spine that is half the total length of the phallus, and in Asturodes there are no large spines; both gen- era have a patch of short spinules. The androconial organs of the parateguminal sclerite in Asturodes have petaloid scales, in addition to filiform scales; this structure is unique to Asturodes (see Discussion). The female genitalia are similar, except that the ductus bursae in Omiodes is narrower than in Asturodes; signa are absent in Omiodes (Gentili and Solis 1998, Solis and Gentili 2000), and absent or present in Asturodes .</p><p>Nomenclatural and placement remarks.— Amsel (1956) created the monotypic Asturodes for Astura fimbriauralis, described from Brazil. He recognized that it was unlike other species in Astura Guenée, 1854, a genus that is now a junior synonym of Polygrammodes Guenée, 1854 . Asturodes is in the subfamily Spilomelinae and recently was placed in the resurrected tribe Margaroniini Swinhoe and Cotes, 1889 (Mally et al. 2019). Further, they found Asturodes to be a well-supported sister group to Maruca Walker, related to a clade that includes Omiodes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF268A3DFD11A402FB07FB5C.text	03E087B3DF268A3DFD11A402FB07FB5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes Amsel 1956	<div><p>KEY TO ASTURODES SPECIES</p><p>1. Forewing with dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line (Figs.1, 3, 8, 10); male genitalia with fibula sclerotized, finger-like process curving toward costal margin (Figs. 12, 16); female genitalia without signa (Figs. 20, 22) ............................... 2</p><p>– Forewing without dark brown markings in radial area between discal spot and postmedial line (Figs. 2, 4, 9, 11); male genitalia with fibula short, not curving toward costal margin (Figs. 14, 18); female genitalia with signa (Figs. 21, 23) ................................................ 3</p><p>2. A light brown smudge in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1/4 as long as first lengthwise line (Figs. 1, 8); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third not of equal width</p><p>throughout (Fig. 20) ................................ ............... A. junkoshimurae, new species</p><p>– A dark brown line in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1/2 as long as the first lengthwise line (Figs. 3, 10); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third of equal width throughout (Fig. 22) .................................. ............................ A. bioalfae, new species</p><p>3. Forewing with a “C” pattern on both sides of M 2 near outer margin (Fig. 9, see red circle) with a dark brown line to reniform spot; reniform spot with three dark brown circles (Figs. 2, 9); male genitalia with uncus tip round (Fig. 14); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae a small circle (Fig. 21); food plant only Colubrina ............................. ................................. A. fimbriauralis Guenée</p><p>– Forewing with a dark brown line on M 2 near margin, only a spot on M 1 with no dark brown bar to reniform spot, reniform spot a</p><p>dark brown “upside down U” over a “rightside up U” (Figs. 4, 11); male genitalia with uncus tip pointed (Fig. 18); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae in two dorsal longitudinal lines (Fig. 23) .............................. ............................ A. encisoensis, new species .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF268A3DFD11A402FB07FB5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.text	03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes fimbriauralis Guenee 1854	<div><p>Asturodes fimbriauralis Guenée (Figs. 2, 5, 6, 9, 14‒15, 21, 25–26)</p><p>Diagnosis.—Forewing with a “C” pattern on both sides of M 2 near outer margin with a dark brown line to reniform spot; reniform spot with three dark brown circles (Figs. 2, 9); male genitalia with uncus tip round (Fig. 14); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae a small circle (Fig. 21).</p><p>Description.—Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly across entire width. Thorax: Average forewing length 10.7 mm (n = 10) in males, 9.8 mm (n = 10) in females. Forewing pattern as in Figures 2 and 9, a “C” pattern on both sides of M 2 near outer margin (Fig. 9, see red circle), connected with a dark brown band to reniform spot with three dark brown circles; no dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 broad; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M</p><p>3 / 1 4</p><p>as long as first lengthwise line; antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third and fourth tergite dark brown anteriorly, spot anteromedially, triangles laterally; fifth tergite with silver transverse band posteriorly and two triangles lateromedially (Fig. 2). Male genitalia (Figs. 14–15) uncus with very short, lateral setae; uncus tip not prominent. Androconial organ on parateguminal sclerite oblong, ear-shaped (Fig. 25–26) with petaloid (ps) and filiform scales (fs). Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, thin, finger-like process only slightly extending beyond saccular margin, sclerotized from saccular margin to center of valva. Juxta medially with a single rod-like structure perpendicular to another rod-like structure. Phallus with vesica proximally covered with two prominent lines of spinules, without large spines. Female genitalia (Fig. 21) ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a lightly sclerotized band and two triangular sclerotized structures within that are wider than the band, remainder membranous, almost same width to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, oval, signum small, round. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.</p><p>Type Material.— HOLOTYPE: Brazil (BMNH) [examined] (Fig. 5).</p><p>Material examined.— BRAZIL: 1♀, Parana, F. Johnson, [USNMENT01116063]; 1♀, Rondonia, 62 km S Arquemes, 165 m Faz. Rancho Grande, 10 ° 32 ̍ S, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 27.VIII– 8. IX.1994, R. Leuschner . COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Area de Conservación Guanacaste: 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.27495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90187" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.27495/lat 10.90187)">Sector Rincon Rain Forest</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.27495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90187" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.27495/lat 10.90187)">Estación Caribe</a>, 415 m, 10.90187, -85.27495, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 25.IX. 2009, coll. 8.IX. 2009, 09-SRNP-42469 [USNMENT01469974], 09-SRNP-42470 [USNMENT01469977]; 1♂, ecl. 22. III. 2010, coll. 8. III. 2010, 10-SRNP-40826 [USNMENT01462885]; 3♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.3177&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.94076" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.3177/lat 10.94076)">Jacobo</a>, 461 m, 10.94076, -85.3177, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 1. X. 2009, coll. 18. IX. 2009 [USNMENT01462889]; ecl. 18. V. 2012, coll. 1. V. 2012 [USNMENT01462891];</p><p>ecl. 18. VI. 2012, coll. 3. VI. 2012 [USN MENT01462892]. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.30274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90376" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.30274/lat 10.90376)">Puente Rio Negro</a>, 340 m, 10.90376, -85.30274, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 23. V. 2010, coll. 11. V. 2010, 10-SRNP- 41767 [USNMENT01469969]. 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.27486&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.89928" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.27486/lat 10.89928)">Quebrada Escondida</a>, 420 m, 10.89928, -85.27486, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 11. III. 2010, coll. 18. II. 2010, 10-SRNP-40653 [USN- MENT01469949]; ecl. 14. VIII. 2010, coll. 8. VII. 2010, 10-SRNP-42506 [USNMENT- 01462894]. 4♀♀, 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.37254&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90037" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.37254/lat 10.90037)">Rio Blanco Abajo</a>, 500 m, 10.90037, 85.37254, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 19. VII. 2000, coll. 4. VII. 2000, 00-SRNP-11840 [USNMENT01469963]; ecl. 23. VII. 2000, coll. 4. VII. 2000, 00- SRNP-11843 [USNMENT01469966]; ecl. 31. VII. 2000, coll. 15. VII. 2000, 00-SRNP- 11997 [USNMENT01462890]; ecl. 7. III. 2002, coll. 14. II. 2002, 02-SRNP-962 [US NMENT01462888]; ecl. 2. XI. 2009, coll. 12. X. 2009, 09-SRNP-5316 [USNMENT- 01469954]; ecl. 29. XI. 2009, coll. 16. XI. 2009, 09-SRNP-6020 [USNMENT0146- 9953]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.30338&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.91847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.30338/lat 10.91847)">San Lucas</a>, 320 m, 10.91847, 85.30338, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 11. XI. 2009, coll. 28. X. 2009, 09-SRNP-43102 [USN- MENT01469952]; 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.27882&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.27882/lat 10.90528)">Sendero Anonas</a>, 405 m, 10.90528, 85.27882, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 25. VI. 2010, coll. 7. VI. 2010, 10- SRNP-42102 [USNMENT01469961]; ecl. 28. I. 2001, coll. 11. I. 2001, 01-SRNP-4057 [USNMENT01469979]. 1♀, 3♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.28784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90661" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.28784/lat 10.90661)">Sendero Juntas</a>, 400 m, 10.90661, -85.28784, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 1. VII. 2007, coll. 12. VI. 2007, 07-SRNP-41680 [USNMENT01462893]; ecl. 11. III. 2010, coll. 23. II. 2010, 10-SRNP- 40700 [USNMENT01469971]; ecl. 14. III. 2010, coll. 23. II. 2010, USNM slide # 1154 9110-SRNP-40703 [USNMENT01462903]; ecl. 10. VII. 2005, coll. 25. VI. 2005, USNM slide #115728, 05-SRNP-41655 [USNMENT01462897]; 1♂, 1♀, Above El Gavilan, N. slope of Volcan Rincon de La Vieja, Las Bromelias lodge, 4‒ 7. IX. 2005, App. 800 m., A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 5♂♂, 2♀♀, Bosque Nuevo, 5 km E. Santa Cecilia, 11 ° 03.165 ̎ N 85 ° 21.283 ̍ W, 18 ‒ 20. VI. 2005, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 2♂♂, Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Las Bromelias, 13– 16. IX. 2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; Alajuela: 1♀, Upala, Estación San Gerardo, 550 m, 17‒ 21. VII. 2005, J. B. Sullivan, B. Espinosa, UV trap &amp; sheet [USNMENT01469944]; San Jose: 1♂, San Jose, 4000 ft, XI. 1906, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116034]; Guanacaste: 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.38503&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.9867" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.38503/lat 10.9867)">Bullas</a>, 440 m, 10.9867, 85.38503, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 4. VIII. 2009, coll. 22. VII. 2009, 09-SRNP-71447 [USN- MENT01462884]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.40271&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.99339" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.40271/lat 10.99339)">Charia</a>, 530 m, 10.99339, 85.40271, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 7. VIII. 2009, coll. 20. VII. 2009, 09- SRNP-71434 [USNMENT01469951]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.39666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.99697" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.39666/lat 10.99697)">Estación Quica</a>, 470 m, 10.99697, -85.39666, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 7. VII. 2009, coll. 2. VI. 2009, 09-SRNP-70692 [USN- MENT01469959]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.42041&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.00311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.42041/lat 11.00311)">Ingas</a>, 580 m, 11.00311, 85.42041, ecl. 2. III. 2004, coll. 13. II. 2004, USNM slide #115727, 04- SRNP-30695 [USNMENT01462896]; 4♀♀, Monte Cristo, 525m, 11.01373, Long . -85.42531, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09-SRNP- 21831 [USNMENT01469968]; ecl. 18. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09-SRNP- 21835 [USNMENT01469956]; ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09-SRNP- 21840 [USNMENT01469958]; ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09-SRNP- 21843 [USNMENT01469973]; 2♀♀, 2♂♂, Pasmompa, 440 m, 11.01926, -85. 40997, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 30. VI. 2009, coll. 17. VI. 2009, 09-SRNP-31996 [USN- MENT01469972]; ecl. 10.VII.2009, coll. 17.VI.2009, 09-SRNP-31997 [USN- MENT01469978]; ecl. 5.VII.2009, coll. 17.VI.2009, 09-SRNP-31999 [USN- MENT01469948]; ecl. 28.II.2007, coll. 3.II.2007, USNM slide #115632, 07- SRNP-31104 [USNMENT01469947]; 4♀♀, 2♂♂, Puente Mena, 280m, 11. 04562, 85.45742, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 29.VI.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, 09-SRNP- 21396 [USNMENT01469957]; ecl. 30. VI.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, 09-SRNP- 21 397 [USNMENT01469964]; ecl. 23. VI.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, 09-SRNP-21398 [USNMENT01462887]; ecl. 26.VI.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, 09-SRNP-21399 [USN- MENT01469962]; ecl. 2.VII.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, 09-SRNP-21409 [USN- MENT01462904]; ecl. 29.IX.2009, coll. 11.VI.2009, USNM slide #115490, 09- SRNP-21426 [USNMENT01462904]; 1♀, Sendero Paleta, 570 m, 11.00434, -85. 41646, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 22.IV.2004, coll. 6.III.2004, 04-SRNP-31090 [USNMENT- 01469967]; 1♂, El Bosque Nuevo, Santa Cecilia, 22.VI.1905, D.S. Lewis [MG- CL]; Costa Rica Oeste: 1♂, Guapiles, 850 ft, V.1907, W. Schaus [USNMENT01- 116029]; 1♂, II.1907, [USNMENT01- 116035]; 1♀, Juan Vinas, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116030]; 1♀, no date, Schaus and Barnes [USNMENT0- 1116032]; 1♀, Banana River, III.1907, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116031]; Limón: 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.1129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.5532" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.1129/lat 9.5532)">Veragua Rainforest Campamiento</a>, -83.1129 W, 9.5532 N, 400-500m, 12‒ 15.III. 2010, J.B. Sullivan, UV trap [USN- MENT01116033]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.015&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.404" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.015/lat 9.404)">Hitoy Cerere Reserve</a>, -83.015w, 9.404N, 354 ̍, 1‒4.VII. 2008, J.B. Sullivan, UV trap, sheet, [USNMENT01116048]; 1♂, Six [a]ola River, IX, Schaus and Barnes [USN- MENT01116042]; 1♀, NW Guapiles, Rio Blanco, 11.III. 86, G. and A. Austin [MGCL]; Heredia: 1♀, 11 km ESE La Virgen, 84 ° 03 ̍ W, 10 ° 21 ̍ N, 250–350m, 8.IV.2004, D. R. Davis, InBio-OET-ALAS transect, Estación Cartagena, @ light sheet [USNMENT01116037]; 1♀, El Ceibo, 10 km SE La Virgen, 84 ° 05 ̍ W, 10 ° 20 ̍ N, 450‒550 m, D. R. and M.M. Davis, primary forest, trap 05/L/00/057, INBio-OET-ALAS, 11.IV.2003 [USN- MENT01116036]; 1♀, 9.IV.2003 [USN- MENT01116038]; 1♀, 11.IV.2003 [USNMENT01116039]; 1♂, 11.IV.2003 [USNMENT01116040]; 1♂, 3♀, Chilamate, 100 m, 11.VIII.1986, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116041, USN- MENT01469938, USNMENT01469939, USNMENT01469943]; 1♀, Chilamate, 7.IX.1988, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MHNG]; 1♀, Finca Holbrook, Silva Verde nr. Chilamate, 84 ° 05 ̍ W, 10 ° 27 ̍ N, 500 ft, 24–26.IX.1986, Gaskin, GC:20,327c [USNMENT01116044]; 1♀, GC:20,327d [USNMENT01116045]; 1♂, GC:20,327 [USNMENT01116046]; 1♀, Puerto Viejo, light on sheet behind Hotel Bambu, 12 V, J.D. Hedbor [MGCL]; Cartago: 1♀, Turrialba, 27.I.1970, Colubrina, Pupated: 31.I.70; ecl. 9.II.70 [USNMENT01116047]; 1♀, Colubrina, Pupated: 26-I-70, ecl. 6.II.70 [USNMENT01116049]; 1♂, Tuis, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116043]. Puntarenas: 1♂, 1♀, Finca Selva Verde, 2.IX.88; 2.IX.88, L. Kasarov [MGCL]; 1♀, Monteverde, 5.IX.1988, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]; 1♀, Puntarenas, Monteverde, 16.IX.1986, G. and A. Austin [MGCL]. CUBA: 1♂, 1♀, Santiago, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116050, USNMENT01116051]; 1♂, Matanzas, Cienaga Zapata, nr. Playa Largo, 3 m, 10–11.II.1981, D. R. Davis [USNMENT- 01116053]; 1♂, San Blas, Sta. Clara, X.1931, G. C. Rowe, Ento No 10075 [USNMENT01116052]; 1♀, S[an]tiago, Turguino, 470 m, 27.VII.1990, V. O. Becker, Co. Becker 73256 [USNMENT- 01116064]. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La Vega: 1♂, vic. Jarabaccoa, 28.VI. 1981, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT- 01469941]; Barahona: 1♂, nr. Filipinas, Larimar Mine, at light, 26.VI‒7.VII. 1992, R. E. Woodruff, P.E. Skelley [MGCL]; 1♂, nr. Filipinas, Larimar Mine, mercury vap. Light, 11.VI. VII-1993, R. E. Woodruff, diss #02810 [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Napo: 1♂, Yasuni Research Station, Rios Tivacuso &amp; Tiputini, 0 ° 38 ̍ S, 76 ° 30 ̍ W, 250 m, 18‒23.X.1998, C. V. Covell, Jr., at lights [USNMENT- 01116028]. JAMAICA: St. Catherine Parrish: 1♀, Worthy Park Est., 9‒19.XI. 1968, R. E. Woodruff, Blacklight Trap [USNMENT01116054]. NICARAGUA: Chontales: 1♂, Pte. Quinama E. Villa Somoza, 29.VII.1967, O.S. Flint, Jr. [USNMENT01116027]; Jinotega: 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.05/lat 12.24)">El Jaguar Pl</a> [a]nt[atio]n, 86.05 ° W, 12.24 ° N, 4200 ft, 3‒8.XII.2005, D. Marqua [MGCL]. PANAMA: Canal Zone: 1♂, 1♀, Corozal, C.E. Crafts, XI.1912 [USNMENT01116018, USN- MENT01116020]; 1♀, Barro Colorado Isl [and], 22.III.1978, Silberglied and Aiello, at light [USNMENT01116021]; 1♂, 3.IV.1978 [USNMENT01116022]; 1♀, Madden Dam, 10‒13.VII.1967, O.S. Flint, Jr. [USNMENT01116024]; Panamá Oeste: 1♂, La Chorrera, A. Busck, V.1912 [USNMENT01116019]; Capiro: 1♀, Rio Trinidad, 1‒10.VI.1912, A. Busck [USNMENT01116023]; Unknown province: 1♀, La Couna [sic?], 5 km from Pan Am Hwy, MV and black light, 24.IX.1982, D.H. Habeck (MGCL). PERU: Chanchamayo: 1♂, no date, Dognin, [USNMENT01116025]; Loreto: 1♂, Callicebus Res. Station Mishana, Rio Nanay, 25 km SW Iquitos, 120 m, 10‒ 17.I.1980, J.B. Heppner, tropical wet forest [USNMENT01116026]. Puerto Rico: 4♀♀, Quebradilias, 17.XI.1940, L.F. Martorell, P. R. Acc. No. 778-40, Larvae leaf-rollers on C. colubrina [USNMENT01116055, USNMENT01116056, USNMENT01116057, USNMENT01116058]; 1♂, Guajataca Forest, Isabella, 22.VII.1955, Ramos and Maldonado, collected at light [USNMENT01116059]; 2♂♂, Reserva Forestal Guajataca, 360 m, 18‒28.III.1971, C.P. Kimball [USNMENT01116060, USNMENT01116061]; 1♂, 1‒13.IV. 1971 [USNMENT01116062]. VENEZUELA: Anzoátegui: 2♀♀, San Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas [USNMENT01469988, USNMENT01469990].</p><p>Distribution.—Broadly distributed from Brazil to Nicaragua; in the Caribbean it has been collected in Cuba, Dominican</p><p>Republic, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, but probably occurs on other islands. Recently, this species has been collected as far north as Monroe County, Florida, United States (Hayden 2017).</p><p>Biological remarks.—Wild-collected larvae have been found only on the leaves of Colubrina spinosa Donn. Sm. in Costa Rica (DHJ and WH), with 655 larval rearing records (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). From the literature and USNM specimens, this species has been reared only from Colubrina (Rhamnaceae) in Puerto Rico: “Reared from leaves [of Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.] mined by caterpillars of this species collected at Guajataca and San Sebastián, Oct. to Dec.1940, at 15 to 450 feet altitude (Martorell 1945, 1976; Wolcott 1951).” Host plant data in the USNM collection are four voucher specimens collected by Martorell (1945) that have the following label: “Larvae a leaf-roller on Colubrina colubrina .” and other specimens from Costa Rica with labels “ Colubrina sp.” (see Material Examined for this species).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.text	03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes junkoshimurae Guanacaste & Alma Solis & Rodríguez & Hallwachs & Dapkey 2020	<div><p>Asturodes junkoshimurae Solis,</p><p>new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 47710B91-6A10- 45AB-AD48-412AFBDFD040 (Figs. 1, 8, 12–13, 20)</p><p>Diagnosis.—A light brown smudge in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/4 as long as first lengthwise line (Figs. 1, 8, see red circle); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third not of equal width throughout (Fig. 20).</p><p>Description.—Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus as in A. fimbriauralis (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly, entire width. Thorax: Forewing pattern as in Figures 1 and 8, dark brown line posterior to M2 near margin; only a spot on M1 with no dark brown band to postmedial line; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in the center, only a light brown smudge in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line (Fig. 8, see red circle); first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs3 and Rs4 thin; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/4 as long as first lengthwise line; antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite anteriorly with dark brown transverse band, fourth with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with silver transverse posteriorly (Fig. 1). Male genitalia (Figs. 12–13) with uncus head very short, with lateral setae, and basally with dorsomedial setae; uncus tip upturned, prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, trapezoid. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, finger-like process curving toward costal margin. Juxta slightly sclerotized. Phallus with vesica proximally covered with many, small spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 20) ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a sclerotized band and two small, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, remainder membranous, then ductus bursae a quarter wider than antrum, slightly constricted before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, signum absent. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.</p><p>Etymology.—The species epithet ” junkoshimurae ” is a noun in honor of Dr. Junko Shimura, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations, for her decades of energetic, dedicated and high-quality support coordinating CBD activities in an enormous number of international meetings.</p><p>Distribution.—From Mexico south to northern South America (French Guiana and Surinam). This species has not been collected in the Caribbean. It is often difficult to distinguish from the following new species; it is recommended that specimens that are rubbed or in poor condition be dissected or barcoded for confirmation.</p><p>Biological remarks.— Asturodes junkoshimurae has been reared 163 times by DHJ and WH from larvae feeding on leaves of Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. and Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb. (Rhamnaceae) in the ACG dry forest, rain forest, and intergrades (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). The Gouania food plants occur side by side in the ACG rain forest with Colubrina spinosa, the rhamnaceous food plant of A. fimbriauralis .</p><p>Type Material.— HOLOTYPE ♀: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain forest, Palomo, 96 m, Lat. 10.96187, Long. -85.28045, pupa eclosed 10/26/2009, larva collected 10/12/2009, fp: Gouania lupuloides , v. 09 -SRNP-68338 [USN- MENT01462908]. PARATYPES: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1♀, Estación Caribe, 415 m, 10.90187, -85.27495, ecl. 27.VII.2009, coll. 27.VII.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-41612 [USN- MENT01462916]; 2♀♀, same data as holotype, ecl. 30.X.2009, coll. 12.X.2009, 09-SRNP-68339 [USNMENT01462921]; USNM slide #115488, 09-SRNP-68340 [USNMENT01462902]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.37869&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.9163" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.37869/lat 10.9163)">Puente Palma</a>, 460 m, 10.9163, -85.37869, ecl. 25.IX.2009, coll. 13.IX.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-4772 [USNMENT01462915]; 1♂, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500 m, 10.90037, -85.37254, ecl. 22.XII.2009, coll. 3.XII.2009, 09-SRNP-6584 [USNMENT01462913]; 1♀, San Lucas, 320 m, 10.91847, -85.30338, ecl. 1.VIII.2009, coll. 20. VII.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP- 41763 [USNMENT01462927]; 3♀♀, Sendero Anonas, 405 m, 10.90528, -85.27882, ecl. 10.XI.2009, coll. 26.X. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-43074 [USNMENT01462932]; ecl. 23.XI.2009, coll. 9.XI.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09- SRNP-43184 [USNMENT01462922]; ecl. 18.VIII.2012, coll. 26.VII.2012, fp: G. polygama, 12-SRNP-43799 [USN- MENT01462924]; 3♂♂, 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.37223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.9305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.37223/lat 10.9305)">Sendero Huerta</a>, 527 m, 10.9305, -85.37223, ecl. 6.III.2009, coll. 11.II.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-717 [USNMENT01462938]; ecl. 31.I.2010, coll. 11.I.2010. USNM slide #115489, 10-SRNP-294 [USN- MENT01462901]; ecl. 30.I.2010, coll. 11.I.2010, 10-SRNP-295 [USNMENT- 01462917]; ecl. 14.II.2011, coll. 31.X. 2011, 11-SRNP-4248 [USNMENT- 01462923]; Guanacaste: 2♀♀, Area Administrativa, 295 m, 10.83764, 85. 61871, coll. 15.VIII.2010, 10-SRNP- 13096 [USNMENT01462931]; coll. 15.VI.2010, 10-SRNP-13176 [USN- MENT01462920]; 1♀, Estación Quica, 470 m, 10.99697, -85.39666, 30.VI.2009, ecl. 30.VI.2009, coll. 2.V.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-70735 [USN- MENT01462930]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.42874&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.77074" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.42874/lat 10.77074)">Mamones</a>, 365 m, 10.77074, -85.42874, ecl. 20.VII.2011, coll. 3.VII.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11- SRNP-55945 [USNMENT01462919]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.48669&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-85.48669" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.48669/lat -85.48669)">Quebrada Raiz</a>, 280 m, -85.48669, -85.48669, ecl. 3.X.2004, coll. 22. IX.2004, fp: G. polygama, 04-SRNP-24787 [USN- MENT01462934]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.42979&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.76261" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.42979/lat 10.76261)">Quebrada Tibio Perla</a>, 330 m, 10.76261, -85.42979, ecl. 21.XI.2009, coll. 5.XI.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-57854 [USNMENT01462912]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.43465&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.76901" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.43465/lat 10.76901)">Sendero Aguacate</a>, 335 m, 10.76901, -85.43465, ecl. 11.XI.2011, coll. 29.X.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP-57135 [USN- MENT01462929]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.52531&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.02097" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.52531/lat 11.02097)">Sendero Congos</a>, 290 m, Lt. 11.02097, -85.52531, ecl. 13.IX.2011, coll. 1.IX.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP-22290 [USN- MENT01462914]; 2♀♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.48817&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.01087" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.48817/lat 11.01087)">Sendero Puertas</a>, 400 m, 11.01087, -85.48817, ecl. 11.IX.2009, coll. 25.VII.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-22563 [USN- MENT01462933]; 09-SRNP-22565 [USNMENT01462936]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.39117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.75533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.39117/lat 10.75533)">Vado Huacas</a>, 490 m, 10.75533, -85.39117, ecl. 12.VIII.2011, coll. 29. VII.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP-56172 [USN- MENT01462925]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.41225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.77222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.41225/lat 10.77222)">Vado Licania</a>, 470 m, 10.77222, -85.41225, ecl. 20.VIII.2011, coll. 2.VII.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP-56261 [USN- MENT01462928].</p><p>Other specimens examined: BELIZE: 3♀♀, 1♂, San Ignacio, 17–18.V.1990, 17.VI.1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 2♀♀, 4♂♂, 6.IV.1989 [MGCL]; 1♂, San Ignacio, Maya Mt. Lodge, 3.IV.1989, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 1♀, 1♂, Chiquibul For [est]., 5.IV.89, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 2♂♂, M[oun]t[ai]n. Pine Ridge, Thompson ̍ s Line, 10.IV. IV.89, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 2♀, 2♂, 14.V.1990; 8.V.1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 1♀, M[oun]t[ai]n Pine Ridge, Privassion Line, 12.IV. 89, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 2♀, 1♂, M[oun]t[ai]n Pine Ridge, Granite Cairn, 22.V.1990; 19.V. 1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; Cockscomb W.S., Jaguar Pres ., 3♀♀, 1 ♂, 14.IV.89; 1♂, 1♀, 10–12.V.1990; 4♀, 4.VI.1990; 1♂, 26-27.V.1990; 1♀, 18–19.VI.1990; 1♂, 4.VI.1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]. BRAZIL: Bahia: 1♀, 1♂, Camacan, Res. Serra Bonita, 800 m, 15 ° 23’ S, 39 ° 33 ̍ W, 24.XI‒2.XII. 2013, uvl, B. Landry and V. Becker [MNHG]; 1♂, 24.III.2011 [MNHG]; 1♂, 25.III.2011 [MNHG]; 1♀, 5.IV.2011 [MNHG]. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1♀, dissection #02811, El Bosque Nuevo, 11 ° 03.165" N, 85 ° 21.283 ̍ W, 17‒18.IX.2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 1♂, 1♀, 5 km E Santa Cecilia, Bosque Nuevo, 11 ° 03.165" N (incomplete), 7‒17.IX.2007, C. Whelan [MGCL]; Guanacaste: 1♀, Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Las Bromelias, app. 10 ° 52 ̍ N, 85 ° 19 ̍ W, 640 m, 13‒16.IX.2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Los Rios: 1♀, Quevado, mercury vapor light, 3.V.1986, D.H. Habeck [MGCL]. FRENCH GUIANA: 1♂, St. Laurent du Maroni, no date, Dognin [USNMEN- T 01116237]; 1♂, ch. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.1233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.535633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.1233/lat 4.535633)">Forestier sur Route de Kaw</a> @ pk 40, 264 m, N 04 ° 32.138’, W 052 ° 07.398’, 26.II.2008, uvl, B. Landry, C. Reuteler [MNHG]; 2♂♂, 280 m, N 04 ° 32.523’, W 052 ° 07.508’, 02.IV.2008, MVL [MNHG]; 1♂, 303 m, N 04 ° 34.259’, W 052 ° 12.803’, 05.IV.2008, MVL, B. Landry, C. Reuteler, D. Néron, P. Arnaud, L. Riolon [MNHG]. GUATE- MALA: Suchitepequez: 1♀, Finca Los Tarrales, 1100 m, at light, 6.VI.05, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]. HONDURAS: Atlántida: Pico Bonito Lodge, 15 ° 41 ̍ 48"N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04"W, MVL, D. Matthews and J.Y. Miller [data provided by D. Matthews]: 13.V. 2010 [MGCL 220964]; 12.V.2010 [MGCL 220965]; 12.VIII.2010 [MGCL 220966]; 10.V.2010 [MGCL 220967]; 8.VIII.2010 [MGCL 220968; MGCL 220975; MGCL 220976]; 7.V.2010 [MGCL 220969]; 13.V.2010 [MGCL 220 - 970]; 7.V.2010 [MGCL 220971; MGCL 220972; MGCL 220974]; 9.VIII.2010 [MGCL 220973]; 15.XI.2009 [MGCL 220977; MGCL 220979]; 9.V.2010 [MG- CL 220978]; 13.VIII.2010 MGCL 220 - 980]; 14.V.2010 [MGCL 220981]; 13. VIII.2010 [MGCL 220982]; 13.XI.2009 [MGCL 22097283]; 13.VI.2012 [MGCL 223460]; 15.VI.2012 [MGCL 223745; MGCL 223773]; D. Matthews, J.Y. Miller, L. B. Martinez Pineda, 30.V.2011 [MGCL 220984]; 1♀, Pico Bonito Lodge, coll. At MVL; 15 ° 4 1 ̍ 48"N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04"W, 25.VI.2010, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]; 1♂, Pico Bonito Lodge, coll. At MVL; 15 ° 4 1 ̍ 48"N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04"W, 26.VI.2010, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]. MEXICO: Chiapas: 1♂, Palenque, 13.X.17, H.L. King [MGCL]; Durango: 1♀, El Salto, at blacklight, 2.VII.1968, D. Weems [MGCL]. PANAMA: Canal Zone: 1♀, Barro Colo . I[s]l[an]d, 4927, Lot No. 42-4149; at light, 20.III.1942, J. Zetek [USN- MENT01116246]; 1♀, no date, J. Zetek [USNMENT01116068]; 1♀, Rio Trinidad, 15‒31.III.1912, A. Busck [USN- MENT01116235]. Surinam: Brokopondo: 2♀, Brownsberg, rainforest camp, UV Light, 29.I.1982, O. Pellmyr [USN- MENT01116232, USNMENT01116233]. VENEZUELA: Aragua: 1♀, PN H. Pittier, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.687935&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.347517" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.687935/lat 10.347517)">Paso de Portachuelo</a>, 1136 m, N 10 ° 20.851’, W067 ° 41.276’, uvl, 19. VII.2009, B. Landry [MHNG]; 1♂, Est. Rancho Grande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.683914&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.350333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.683914/lat 10.350333)">Sendero A. Field</a>, 1208 m, N 10 ° 21.020’, W067 ° 41.035’, uvl, 23.VII.2009, B. Landry [MHNG]; Monagas: 1♀, streamside Caripe Road, 2 km up from Cumane-Maturia Highway, est. 1000 m, 3.II.1994, J.D. and E. R. Hedbor [MGCL]; Zulia: 2♀♀, Guasare coal camp, 45 km W Carrasquero, Sierra Perija, 80‒140 m, 19‒25.VIII.1981, J. Heppner [MGCL].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.text	03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes bioalfae Guanacaste & Alma Solis & Rodríguez & Hallwachs & Dapkey 2020	<div><p>Asturodes bioalfae Solis, new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ 496C5234-EF12- 4BF9-AF4D-6AFA7E12FBA4 (Figs. 3, 10, 16‒17, 22)</p><p>Diagnosis.—A dark brown line in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/2 as long as the first lengthwise line (Figs. 3, 10, see red circle); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third of equal width throughout (Fig. 22).</p><p>Description.—Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus as in A. fimbriauralis (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly, entire width. Thorax: Forewing pattern as in Figures 3 and 10, a dark brown line posterior to M2 near margin, only a spot on M1 with no dark brown band to postmedial line; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in the center, a dark brown line on radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs3 and Rs4 broad; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/2 as long as first lengthwise line (Fig. 10, see red circle); antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite anteriorly with a dark brown transverse band, fourth with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with a silver transverse band posteriorly (Fig. 3). Male genitalia (Figs. 16–17) with uncus head short, lateral setae, and basally dorsomedial setae; uncus tip not prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, trapezoid, not wide. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, thin, scoop-like process curving toward costal margin. Juxta slightly sclerotized. Phallus with vesica proximally with thick spines in two square-like patterns. Female genitalia (Fig. 22) with ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a sclerotized band and two small, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, remainder membranous, then ductus bursae twice as wide as antrum, then constricted again, similar to antrum width to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae round, signum absent. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.</p><p>Etymology.—The species epithet ” bioalfae ” is a noun named for Costa Rica’s new plan to become the first bioliterate tropical nation; BioAlfa is derived from BioAlfabetizado, which in Spanish means to be bioliterate.</p><p>Distribution.— Mexico south to South America, including Trinidad. This species is often difficult to distinguish from A. junkoshimurae; it is recommended that specimens that are rubbed or in poor condition be dissected or barcoded for confirmation.</p><p>Biological remarks.—This species has been reared 95 times from wild collected caterpillars on G. polygama (Rhamnaceae) in the ACG rain forest by DHJ and WH (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). DNA barcodes of this species are so similar to those of A. junkoshimurae that the BIN algorithm puts them in the same BIN (BOLD:AAA0406), but the distinctive shallow split within the BIN led to detailed examination of their genitalia. This examination confirmed that the BIN contained two similar species that can be distinguished by genitalia and minimal differences in barcodes. It is also notable that A. bioalfae has been found only in the ACG rain forest, while A. junkoshimurae occurs throughout the ACG dry forest, rain forest and intergrades, wherever Gouania occurs.</p><p>Type Material.— HOLOTYPE ♀: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Sendero Huerta, 527 m, pupa eclosed 11/14/2011, larva collected 10/31/2011, fp: Gouania polygama , 11- SRNP-4249 [USNMENT01462909]. PARATYPES: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.25964&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.90383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.25964/lat 10.90383)">Camino Porvenir</a>, 383 m, 10.90383, -85.25964, ecl. 11.II.2011, coll. 26.I.2011, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide #115636, 11-SRNP-40462 [USNMENT01462946]; 1♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.26631&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.91589" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.26631/lat 10.91589)">Conguera</a>, 420 m, 10.91589, -85.26631, ecl. 14.III.2010, coll. 17.II.2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide #115634, 10- SRNP-40612 [USNMENT01462940]; 1♀, Estación Caribe, 415 m, 10.90187, -85.27495, ecl. 30.IX.2009, coll. 11. IX.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP- 42529 [USNMENT01462954]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.31501&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.94741" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.31501/lat 10.94741)">Flecha</a>, 491 m, 10.94741, -85.31501, ecl. 11.VIII.2009, coll. 27.VII.2009, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide #115492, 09- SRNP-69657 [USNMENT01462895]; 2♂♂, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.26671&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.89492" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.26671/lat 10.89492)">Llano Conostegia</a>, 430 m, 10.89492, -85.26671, ecl. 17.X.2011, coll. 27. IX.2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP- 44365 [USNMENT01462941]; 2♀♀, Quebrada Escondida, 420 m, 10.89928, -85.27486, ecl., coll. 22.IX.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-42658 [USN- MENT01462956]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.38174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.91407" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.38174/lat 10.91407)">Rio Areno</a>, 460 m, 10.91407, -85.38174, ecl. 18.IX. 2009, coll. 4.IX.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-4636 [USNMENT01462951]; 2♀♀, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500 m, 10.90037, -85.37254, ecl. 11.IV.2009, coll. 29.III.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP- 1225 [USNMENT01462957]; ecl. 1.XII.2009, coll. 16.XI.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-6047 [USN- MENT01462953]; 1♀, Rio Francia <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.29003&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.89666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.29003/lat 10.89666)">Arriba</a>, 400 m, 10.89666, -85.29003, ecl. 13.VIII.2012, coll. 25.VII.2012, fp: G. polygama, 12-SRNP-43772 [USN- MENT01462939]; 1♀, 3♂♂, San Lucas, 320 m, 10.91847, -85.30338, ecl. 1.X.2009, coll. 18.IX.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09- RNP-42578 [USNMENT01462952]; ecl. 30.X.2009, coll. 7.X.2009, fp: G. polygama, 09-SRNP-42790 [USNMENT- 01462955]; ecl. 24.VI.2010, coll. 11. VI.2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide #115493, 10-SRNP-42150 [USNMENT- 01462900]; ecl. 30.VI.2010, coll. 14.VI. 2010, fp: G. polygama, 10-SRNP-42226 [USNMENT01462944]; 2♀♀, same data as holotype, ecl. 5.II.2010, coll. 11.I. 2010, 10-SRNP-297 [USNMENT- 01462950]; ecl. 7.XI.2011, coll. 22.X. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11-SRNP-4164 [USNMENT01462935]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.27001&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.89678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.27001/lat 10.89678)">Sendero Venado</a>, 420 m, 10.89678, -85.27001, ecl. 20.IV.2010, coll. 3.IV.2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide #115637, 10- SRNP-41302 [USNMENT01462942]; 1♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-85.41531&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.86472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -85.41531/lat 10.86472)">Tajo Angeles</a>, 540 m, 10.86472, -85.41531, ecl. 27.VII.2010, coll. 12.VII.2010, fp: G. polygama, 10-SRNP-3827 [USN- MENT01462948].</p><p>Other specimens examined: BELIZE: Cayo: 1♀, M[oun]t[ai]n. Pine Ridge, Granite Cairn, 15.VI.1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 1♂, 1♀, San Ignacio, 22. VI. 1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]; 1♂, 10-11. VI.1990 [MGCL]; Stan Creek: 1♀, Cockscomb Wildlife Sanct [uary]., Jaguar Preserve, 10-12.V.1990, L.C. Dow [MGCL]. BRAZIL: Rondonia: 3♂♂, 62 km S Ariquemes, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 0 ° 32 ̍ S, 165 m, 18‒26.IV.1991, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT01116069, USNMENT01116070, USNMENT01116071]; 2♂♂, Faz. Rancho Grande, Vic. Cacaulândia, 16.III.91, C.V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116081]; 15.III.91 [USNMENT01116076]; 1♂, Porto Velho, 180 m, 30.IV.1989, V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116072]; 1♂, 24- 30.IV.1989 [USNMENT01116077]; Para: 2♂, Belem, 20 m, I.1984, V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116073, USNMENT01- 116078]; 4♂♂, Maraba, 50 m, 9.I.1977, V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116074, USN- MENT01116075, USNMENT01116079, USNMENT01116080]; Maranhao: 1♂, Acailandia, 150 m, 19‒27.XI.1990, V. O. Becker and G. S. Dubois [USNME- NT01116236]; abdomen missing, Rondonia, 62 km S Ariquemes, 165 m, Faz. Rancho Grande, 10 ° 32 ̍ S, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 27.VIII‒8.IX.1994, R. Leuschner [MGCL]. COLOMBIA: Valle: 1♂, Calima Dam, 76 ° 34 ̍, 3 ° 53 ̍, 100 m, 11.I.1992, J.B. Sullivan [USNMENT01469976]; 1♂, Narino, Las Marias, Rio Satinga, 20.VIII.1977, R.W. Hutchings [MGCL]. COSTA RICA: Limón: 1 ♀, Six [a]ola Riv [er], IV.1907, W. Schaus [USN- MENT01116105]; Heredia: 2 ♀♀, Chilamate, 100 m, 11.VIII.1986, C.V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116104, USNMENT01116105]; Cartago: 1♂, 1 ♀, Turrialba, 15‒19.VII.1965, P.J. Spangler [USNMENT01116238, USN- MENT01116239]; Guanacaste: 1 ♀, Rio La Vieja nr. Lagarto, 2‒3.VII.1967, Flint &amp; Ortiz [USNMENT011162402]; 1♀, Hacienda Los Inocentes, 350 m, 11 ° 2 ̍ 0.67", 85 ° 30 ̍ 14.29", 8‒9.IX.2005, A. Sourakov [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Morona Santiago: 1♀, Macas, no date, E.W. Rorer [USNMENT01116096]; Napo: 1♀, Limoncocha, el. 240, 24‒ 27.VI. 1980, C.V. Covell, Jr. [USN- MENT01116102]; 1♂, Jct. Rio Napo &amp; Misahualli, 77 ° 664 ̍ W, 1.034 ° S, 366 m, 6‒18.IX.1998, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT01116100]; Orellana: 1♂, Rio Shripuno, Shiripuno Lodge, 26 km SE bridge on rd. from Coca, 76 ° 43.54 ̍ W, 1 ° 06.17 ° S, 230 m, 20‒22.I.2009, J.S. Miller, D. Wagner, E. Tapia, and W. Simbana [USNMENT01116101]; 1♀, Coca, Rio Napo, 20.VI.1986, L. Kasarov [MGCL]; Pichincha: 1♂, Sto Domingo de los Colorados, 22.IX.1970, R.E. Dietz [USNMENT01116095]; 2♂♂, 1♀, 600 m, 6‒11.V.1990, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT01116097, USNMENT01116098, USNMENT01116099]. FRENCH GUI- ANA: Saint-Laurent-du Maroni: 1♂, St. Jean, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116092]; Cayenne: 2♂♂, vic. Cacao, 30.III.1986, C.V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116093, USNMENT01116094]; 1♂, Roura, 40 km E, R. dePatawa, 20.XII.1997, W.H. Russell [MGCL]. GUATEMALA: Izabal: 2♀♀, Cayuga, IV, Schaus and Barnes [USN- MENT01116257, USNMENT01116258]; 2♀♀, Biotopo Chocon Machacas, 5 m, at MV Light, 18‒20.VI.2002, J.C. Schuster and R.E. Woodruff [MGCL]; 1♀, Matis de Galvez, 14‒16.VIII.1965, Flint and Ortiz [USNMENT01116262]; 1♀, 5 mi. S. Guatemala City, 7.VIII.1965, no collector [USNMENT01116259, USN- MENT01116260]; Suchitepequez: 1♂, Cuyotenango, 10‒20.VI.1966, Flint and Ortiz, [USNMENT01116261]. HONDURAS: 1♀, 18 km west of La Ceiba, 2.VI.1979, R. Lehman [USN- MENT01116289]. MEXICO: Chiapas: 1♂, Chiapas, no date, Hoffman [USNMENT01116263]; Veracruz: 1♀, Cordoba, 6.V.08, F. Knab [USN- MENT01116267]; 1♂, 19.VI.1966, A.B. Lau [USNMENT01116268]; Orizaba: 1♀, Orizaba, I.1911, R. Muller [USN- MENT01116264]; 1♂, Orizaba, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116265]; San Luis Potosi: 1♂, 25 mi. N. Tamazunchale, 400 ft, 3‒4.VIII.1963, Duckworth and Davis [USNMENT01116270]; 1♂, 2 mi. N. Tamazunchale, 400 ft, 16‒ 18.VII.1963, Duckworth and Davis [USN- MENT01116271]; Tabasco: 1♀, Reforma, 2.VI.1938 [USNMENT01116266]. PAN- AMA: Cabima: 1♂, Cabima, 16.V.1911, A. Busck [USNMENT01116066]; Canal Zone: 1♂, Fort Clayton, Q[uar]t[er]s. 426, 9.VII.1951, no collector [USN- MENT01116067]; 1♀, Ft. Clayton, F.S. Blanton [USNMENT01116256]; 2♀♀, Rio Trinidad, 15‒31.III.1912, A. Busck [USN- MENT01116244, USNMENT01116243]; 1♀, Barro Colo. I[s]l[an]d, Z. No. 4725, Lot No. 41-4653, at light, 21.III.1942, J. Zetek [USNMENT01116247]; 1♀, Z. No. 4927, Lot No. 42-4149; at light, 2.III.1942, no collector [USNMENT01116248]; 1♀, Barro Colo. I[sland], Z. No. 4683, Lot No. 40-21578, 10.X.1940, no collector [USNMENT01116249]; 1♂, San Lorenzo, 79 ° 58 ̍ W, 9 ° 17 ̍ N, 22.X.2003, CAN1, R. L. Kitching [USNMENT01116252]; 1♂, GRND 3, 13.X.2003 [USNMEN- T01116251]; 1♂, Canopy 2, 27.IX.2003 [USNMENT01116252]; 1♂, Canopy 2, 27.IX.2003, no collector [USNMENT- 01116253]; 1♂, Canopy 1, 5.I.2003, no collector [USNMENT01116254]; Bocas del Toro: 1♂, Bocasdelton [sic], I.1914, no collector [USNMENT01116245]. PERU: 1♂, Madre de Dios: Rio Tambopata Res; 30 air km SW P[uer]to Maldonado, 290 m, subtropical moist forest, 6‒10.XI.1979, J.B. Heppner [USNMENT01116091]; Manu: 1♀, Pakitza, Trail 2, m[ar]k[e]r. 9, 71 ° 18 ̍ W, 11 ° 56 ̍ S, 250 m, 21-22.IX. 1989, D. Adamski and M. Epstein [UN- MENT01116065]; Maynas: 1♂, Iquitos, 24.III.1987, L. Kasarov [MGCL]. TRI- NIDAD: 1♀, Mornebleu, 9.I.1982, O. Pellmyr [USNMENT01116241]; 1 ♀, Arima Valley, Andrew Trace, sec. forest UTM 848 844, Uv light, 10.I.1982, O. Pellmyr [USNMENT01116242]; 1♂, Asa Wright Nature C[en]t[e]r, 6 mi. N of Arima, 1000 ̍, 2‒7.IX.2000, R. Leuschner [USNMENT01469975]; 1♀, St. Augustine, Pax Guest House, blacklight trap, 3‒10.XI.2000, R.E. Woodruff [MGCL]. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: 1♂, Cerro de la Neblina Basecamp, 66 ° 10 ̍ W, 0 ° 50 ̍ N, 140 m, At black light in rainforest clearing near Rio Baria, 27.I.1985, P.J. and P.M. Spangler, R. Faitoute, W. Steiner [USNMENT0- 1116090]; Aragua: Rancho Grande: 1 ♀, 1100 m, 22‒31.VIII.1967, R. W. Poole [USNMENT01116085]; 2♂♂, 1100 m, cloud forest, 16-20.VII.1981, J. Heppner [USNMENT01116278, USNMENT- 01116279]; 1♂, 1100 m, 22‒23.VI.1984, C.V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01469942]; Barinas: 1♂, Barrancas Research Sta [tion]. Rio Yuca, 400 ft, seasonal forest, black light, 1.II.1978, J.B. Heppner [USNMENT0- 1116083]; Bolivar: 1 ♀, 14 km S of El Dorado, lowland rain forest, black-light, 19.III.1978, J.B. Heppner [USNMENT- 01116084]; 1 ♀, Kanarakuni, 450 m, 8.II.1967, F. Fernandez and A.D. Ascoli [USNMENT01116266]; Carabobo: 3♂♂, 1 ♀, San Esteban, 1–20.XII.1939, P.J. Anduse [USNMENT01116087, USNMENT01116- 088, USNMENT01116089, USNMEN- T01116272]; Merida: 1♂, 5 km SW Santa Maria de Caparo, 500 ft, lowland seasonal forest, 23.II.1978, J.B. Heppner [USN- MENT01116086]; Yaracuy: 3♂♂, 2 ♀, Aroa, no date, W. Schaus [USN- MENT01116273, USNMENT01116274, USNMENT01116275, USNMENT01116276, USNMENT01116277]; Zulia: 3♂♂, 2 ♀, Guasare coal camp, 45 km W. Cassasquero, Sierra Perija, 80-140 m, 19-25.VIII.1981, J. Heppner [USNMENT01116280, USN- MENT01116281, USNMENT01116282, USNMENT01116283, USNMENT01116284, USNMENT01116285]; 1♂, Yurubi Nat [iona]l. Park 20 km SE Yumare, montane seasonal forest, 9.III.1978, J. B. Heppner [USNMENT01116082].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.text	03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asturodes encisoensis Guanacaste & Alma Solis & Rodríguez & Hallwachs & Dapkey 2020	<div><p>Asturodes encisoensis Solis,</p><p>new species</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ ACB16A3F-6593- 4AED-9150-5526F0AE7136 (Figs. 4, 7, 11, 18–19, 23)</p><p>Diagnosis.—Forewing with a dark brown line on M2 near margin, only a spot on M1 with no dark brown bar to reniform spot, reniform spot a dark brown “upside down U” over a “right-side up U” (Figs. 4, 11, see red circle); male genitalia with uncus tip pointed (Fig. 18); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae in two dorsal longitudinal lines (Fig. 23).</p><p>Description.—Adult. Head: Scape posteriorly with a few dark brown scales, vertex only with yellow scales. Labial palpus (Fig. 7) with first and second segments yellow and with a dark brown band anteriorly, only dorsally, third segment minute, dark brown on male, yellow on female. Proboscis with yellow scales throughout, without dark brown scales as proboscis curves under. Thorax: Average forewing length 8.25 mm (n = 8) in males, 8.42 mm (n = 7) in females. Forewing pattern as in Figures 4 and 11, a dark brown line posterior to M2 near margin, only a spot on M1 with no dark brown line to reniform spot, reniform spot a dark brown “upside down U” over a “right-side up U” (Fig. 11, see red circle); no dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs3 and Rs4 shortened, almost a spot; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 very short, a spot; antemedial line incomplete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite with anteromedial dark spot and two lateral triangles, fourth tergite with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with silver transverse band posteriorly (Fig. 4). Male genitalia (Figs. 18–19) uncus with very short, lateral setae; uncus "tip" pointed and prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, broader anteriorly. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, fingerlike process extending only slightly beyond saccular margin. Juxta medially with a lightly sclerotized, single line. Phallus vesica with large spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 23) with ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by two elongate, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, strongly constricted and then ductus bursae three times as wide as antrum forming a lightly sclerotized pouchlike structure, then constricted at entrance to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae round, signum two longitudinal lines, half the length of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis originating shortly after antrum.</p><p>Etymology.—The species epithet “ encisoensis ” is a noun derived from the name of the type locality, Teniente Agripino Enciso National Park in Paraguay, and “ ensis,” a Latin suffix meaning place. Distribution.—This species is found in one of the protected natural areas of the Paraguayan Chaco in the Teniente (Lieutenant) Agripino Enciso National Park in northwestern Paraguay, in the Argentinian Chaco in Las Brenas in northern Argentina, and in northern Venezuela just to the west and outside of Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito.</p><p>Biological remarks.—Adults are attracted to lights. Nothing is known about the larval biology of this species.</p><p>Type Material.— HOLOTYPE ♂: PARAGUAY: Dep [ar]tamento Nueva Asuncion, Parque Nacional Teniente Enciso, 61 ° 39 ̍ W, 21 ° 13 ̍ S, M. Pogue and M.A. Solis, 26‒28 March, 1986 [USN- MENT01116302]. PARATYPES: 1♂, same data as holotype [USNMENT01116303]. ARGENTINA: Chaco, 1♂, Las Brenas, Lot No. 40-25771, 18.XII.1940, H.L. Parker, [USNMENT01116300]. VEN- EZUELA: Guarico: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.58/lat 8.57)">Hato Masaguarat</a>: 2♀♀, 45 km S <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.58/lat 8.57)">Calabozo</a>, 67.58W 8.57N, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.58/lat 8.57)">Gal</a> [le]ry <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.58/lat 8.57)">Forest</a>, uv light, 25.V.1988, M. Epstein and C. Canaday, USNM slide #115503 [USNMENT01116288, USNMENT01116293]; 1♂, 1♀, 13‒ 16.V.1988, M. Epstein and R. Blahnik USNM slide #115504, #115501 [USN- MENT01116290, USNMENT0111 6294]; 1♂, 1♀, 20.V.1988, M. Epstein and R. Blahnik, USNM slide #115639 [USNMENT01116296; USNMENT0- 1116295]; 2♂♂, 3‒5.VI.1988, M. Epstein [USNMENT01116291, USN- MENT01116292]; 1♀, 5‒7.VII.1989, M. Epstein [USNMENT01116297]; 1♀, 13‒14.VII.1989, M. Epstein, USNM slide #115638 [USNMENT01116301]; 1♀, 20‒21.IX.1990, M. Epstein and J. Wilterding III [USNMENT01116298]; [ Hato Flores Morades, but same data as above], 1♂, 5‒7.VII.1989, M. Epstein and M. Deza, USNM slide #115502 [USN- MENT01116299].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Solis, M. Alma;Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-;Hallwachs, Winnie;Dapkey, Tanya;Janzen, Daniel H.	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
