taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Body with ground color yellow and dark brown markings, forewing with silver adterminal line; male genitalia with an uncus head, not caplike, and setation two parallel lines; androconial organs on parateguminal sclerite with petaloid scale.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF.taxon	description	Redescription. — Adults (Figs. 1 – 11): Forewing length: 6 – 11 mm; forewing elongated, termen straight; hindwing round. Ground coloration yellow, antemedial and postmedial lines dark brown. Thorax and abdomen yellow with dark brown or black patterns. Head: Frons smooth, yellow with dark brown spots at ventral corners; vertex with upright yel- low scales with various amounts of dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Antenna filiform with yellow scape. Labial palpus (lp) (Figs. 6 – 7) with first and second segments yellow and a dark band anteriorly, entire width or only dorsally, third segment minute, dark brown on male, yellow on female. Proboscis well-developed, with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under the head. Ocellus prominently protruding, black. Chaetosemata absent. Thorax: Prothoracic notum dark brown, meso- and metathoracic notum yellow. Collar dark brown medially, yellow laterally. Tegula long, extending to first abdominal segment with dark brown spots parallel to base of wings, with flat and seta-like scales. Foreleg with coxa ventrally dark brown, yellow and black again, femur white with medial dark brown spot, tibia with dark brown " knee, " then alternating yellow and dark brown. Forewing venation (Fig. 24): Sc to at least middle of costa. R from about middle or distal third of discal cell; Rs 1, Rs 2 + 3, and Rs 4 close together from anterior angle of cell, Rs 4 running parallel for a short distance, then diverging toward apex. M 1 displaced toward radial sector; base of M 2 and M 3 close to CuA 1. CuA 2 from apical third of Cu. CuP illdefined at basal half, not longer than discal cell. 1 A + 2 A well marked; 3 A a loop one third the length of 1 A + 2 A. Forewing pattern and color (Figs. 1 – 4, 8 – 11): yellow with dark brown basal and antemedial lines; orbicular spot a circle or a spot and claviform or a circle, or absent; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in center, three circles with a center spot or an “ upside down U ” over a “ right-side up U ”; median line black or dark brown complete or almost complete to posterior margin; postmedial line zigzag from costa to posterior margin with a line extending towards outer margin and meeting two subterminal spots to appear like an “ broadly open C ̎ facing outward between M 2 and M 3; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 of various widths or a spot, second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 of various lengths; with or without dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; subterminal line dark brown spots between veins; antemedial line complete or incomplete; adterminal line small dark brown triangles at end of veins; fringe with three layers, a basal row of silver, crenate scales same width throughout length, a second row with distally expanded (i. e., thinner at base), crenate scales, mostly brown at tip, two-thirds length of the third row, third row with distally expanded, crenate scales, mostly all yellow; ventrally as dorsum, except silver fringe visible as a dark grey. Retinaculum dark brown and yellow " tube " of scales. Hindwing venation (Fig. 24): Sc + R 1 and Rs stalked for a short distance beyond cell. Origin of M 1 from Rs; origin of M 2 and M 3 close to CuA 1. Anal veins well marked. Hindwing color and pattern (Figs. 1 – 4, 8 – 11) yellow with dark brown spots basally and distally in discal cell, a line of spots from CuA 2 to 3 A; postmedial line brown, discontinuous from costa to anal angle; subterminal line dark brown, discontinuous spots from costa to CuA 2; adterminal line small, dark brown spots; fringe same as forewing. Frenulum 1 bristle in male, 2 bristles in female. Abdomen (Fig. 1 – 4): Yellow dorsally, white ventrally; first tergite dark brown anteromedially and laterally; second tergite yellow; third tergite dark brown anteriorly or three brown spots; fourth tergite brown anteriorly, or only anteromedially, and laterally; fifth tergite silver posteriorly with two brown triangles; sixth tergite poste- riorly with a silver, transverse band with no triangles; seventh tergite posteriorly with a silver, transverse band; eighth tergite posteriorly with silver and dark brown laterally with sclerotized patterns when descaled, female the same except eighth tergite with a dark brown spot posteriorly, no silver. In males, the parateguminal sclerite (pts) is an androconial organ with scales dark brown, black, or white, visible only if everted; each sclerite mostly with filiform scales (fs) and two large petaloid scales (ps) that laterally cover filiform scales when extruded (see Discussion, Figs. 25 – 30). Male genitalia (Figs. 12 – 19): Uncus base slightly wider than neck; uncus body or neck of same width; uncus apex or head with two very short parallel lines of setae; uncus tip if present, usually upturned. Tegumen loosely connected with vinculum; anterior corners expanded into triangular flaps and spatially adjacent to base of parateguminal sclerite. Parateguminal sclerite with androconial organs oblong, ear-shaped, connected to tegumen and vinculum with membrane about one-fourth surface area of valva; each androconial organ mostly with filiform scales and one large petaloid scale from just inside the outside margin, base about half the length of parateguminal sclerite, multiple scale bases coalesce to form each petaloid structure. Vinculum U-shaped, saccus long and thin. Gnathos a pair of very short, slightly sclerotized mesally separated arms. Subscaphium sclerotized. Valva ear-shaped with membranous costa and a sclerotized line adjacent to costa, sacculus sclerotized, mediotransverse sclerotized arch, ventrally extending into a fibula, or sclerotized, thin, finger-like process basally along saccular margin. Transtilla wide, short, mesially separated. Juxta elongated, ventrally wide, medially a sin- gle rod-like structure perpendicular to another rod-like structure. Phallus slender, vesica proximally covered with spinules, without large spines; ductus ejaculatorius at anterior end of phallus. Female genitalia (Figs. 20 – 23): Papillae anales thin, very setose. Posterior apophysis half as long or shorter than anterior apophysis. Ostium bursae membranous, almost as broad as 7 th segment. Ductus bursae with a square-like antrum, followed by a slightly sclerotized area, either an incomplete ring or complete band, remainder membranous, same width or wider to corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis arising slightly after antrum or between ostium bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, signum absent, round, oval, or two longitudinal lines.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF208A3FFEEDA3C0FC1AFBFF.taxon	discussion	Comparison to Omiodes. — Asturodes and Omiodes have many characteristics in common. On the head, both genera have filiform antennae in both sexes, chaetosemata are absent, and the ocelli protrude prominently. On the wings, the venation is identical in both genera; ground color is yellow with dark brown markings in Asturodes, but homogenous brown with darker brown patterns or bluish-black with white patterns in Omiodes; and Asturodes has silver scales on the forewing and abdomen that are never present in Omiodes. The morphology of the genitalia is very similar in both genera, but there are subtle differences. In the male genitalia, the uncus head is globular or caplike in Omiodes, and in Asturodes it is broad, but not cap-like, only about twice as wide as uncus neck. In Omiodes uncus head setation varies among species, but in Asturodes it is two simple lines in all species. In Omiodes the phallus has a spine that is half the total length of the phallus, and in Asturodes there are no large spines; both gen- era have a patch of short spinules. The androconial organs of the parateguminal sclerite in Asturodes have petaloid scales, in addition to filiform scales; this structure is unique to Asturodes (see Discussion). The female genitalia are similar, except that the ductus bursae in Omiodes is narrower than in Asturodes; signa are absent in Omiodes (Gentili and Solis 1998, Solis and Gentili 2000), and absent or present in Asturodes. Nomenclatural and placement remarks. — Amsel (1956) created the monotypic Asturodes for Astura fimbriauralis, described from Brazil. He recognized that it was unlike other species in Astura Guenée, 1854, a genus that is now a junior synonym of Polygrammodes Guenée, 1854. Asturodes is in the subfamily Spilomelinae and recently was placed in the resurrected tribe Margaroniini Swinhoe and Cotes, 1889 (Mally et al. 2019). Further, they found Asturodes to be a well-supported sister group to Maruca Walker, related to a clade that includes Omiodes.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	description	(Figs. 2, 5, 6, 9, 14 ‒ 15, 21, 25 – 26)	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Forewing with a “ C ” pattern on both sides of M 2 near outer margin with a dark brown line to reniform spot; reniform spot with three dark brown circles (Figs. 2, 9); male genitalia with uncus tip round (Fig. 14); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae a small circle (Fig. 21).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	description	Description. — Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly across entire width. Thorax: Average forewing length 10.7 mm (n = 10) in males, 9.8 mm (n = 10) in females. Forewing pattern as in Figures 2 and 9, a “ C ” pattern on both sides of M 2 near outer margin (Fig. 9, see red circle), connected with a dark brown band to reniform spot with three dark brown circles; no dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 broad; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 3 / 1 4 as long as first lengthwise line; antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third and fourth tergite dark brown anteriorly, spot anteromedially, triangles laterally; fifth tergite with silver transverse band posteriorly and two triangles lateromedially (Fig. 2). Male genitalia (Figs. 14 – 15) uncus with very short, lateral setae; uncus tip not prominent. Androconial organ on parateguminal sclerite oblong, ear-shaped (Fig. 25 – 26) with petaloid (ps) and filiform scales (fs). Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, thin, finger-like process only slightly extending beyond saccular margin, sclerotized from saccular margin to center of valva. Juxta medially with a single rod-like structure perpendicular to another rod-like structure. Phallus with vesica proximally covered with two prominent lines of spinules, without large spines. Female genitalia (Fig. 21) ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a lightly sclerotized band and two triangular sclerotized structures within that are wider than the band, remainder membranous, almost same width to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, oval, signum small, round. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. — HOLOTYPE: Brazil (BMNH) [examined] (Fig. 5). Material examined. — BRAZIL: 1 ♀, Parana, F. Johnson, [USNMENT 01116063]; 1 ♀, Rondonia, 62 km S Arquemes, 165 m Faz. Rancho Grande, 10 ° 32 ̍ S, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 27. VIII – 8. IX. 1994, R. Leuschner. COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Area de Conservación Guanacaste: 2 ♀♀, Sector Rincon Rain Forest, Estación Caribe, 415 m, 10.90187, - 85.27495, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 25. IX. 2009, coll. 8. IX. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 42469 [USNMENT 01469974], 09 - SRNP- 42470 [USNMENT 01469977]; 1 ♂, ecl. 22. III. 2010, coll. 8. III. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 40826 [USNMENT 01462885]; 3 ♂♂, Jacobo, 461 m, 10.94076, - 85.3177, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 1. X. 2009, coll. 18. IX. 2009 [USNMENT 01462889]; ecl. 18. V. 2012, coll. 1. V. 2012 [USNMENT 01462891]; ecl. 18. VI. 2012, coll. 3. VI. 2012 [USN MENT 01462892]. Puente Rio Negro, 340 m, 10.90376, - 85.30274, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 23. V. 2010, coll. 11. V. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 41767 [USNMENT 01469969]. 2 ♂♂, Quebrada Escondida, 420 m, 10.89928, - 85.27486, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 11. III. 2010, coll. 18. II. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 40653 [USN- MENT 01469949]; ecl. 14. VIII. 2010, coll. 8. VII. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 42506 [USNMENT- 01462894]. 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500 m, 10.90037, 85.37254, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 19. VII. 2000, coll. 4. VII. 2000, 00 - SRNP- 11840 [USNMENT 01469963]; ecl. 23. VII. 2000, coll. 4. VII. 2000, 00 - SRNP- 11843 [USNMENT 01469966]; ecl. 31. VII. 2000, coll. 15. VII. 2000, 00 - SRNP- 11997 [USNMENT 01462890]; ecl. 7. III. 2002, coll. 14. II. 2002, 02 - SRNP- 962 [US NMENT 01462888]; ecl. 2. XI. 2009, coll. 12. X. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 5316 [USNMENT- 01469954]; ecl. 29. XI. 2009, coll. 16. XI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 6020 [USNMENT 0146 - 9953]; 1 ♀, San Lucas, 320 m, 10.91847, 85.30338, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 11. XI. 2009, coll. 28. X. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 43102 [USN- MENT 01469952]; 2 ♀♀, Sendero Anonas, 405 m, 10.90528, 85.27882, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 25. VI. 2010, coll. 7. VI. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 42102 [USNMENT 01469961]; ecl. 28. I. 2001, coll. 11. I. 2001, 01 - SRNP- 4057 [USNMENT 01469979]. 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂, Sendero Juntas, 400 m, 10.90661, - 85.28784, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 1. VII. 2007, coll. 12. VI. 2007, 07 - SRNP- 41680 [USNMENT 01462893]; ecl. 11. III. 2010, coll. 23. II. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 40700 [USNMENT 01469971]; ecl. 14. III. 2010, coll. 23. II. 2010, USNM slide # 1154 9110 - SRNP- 40703 [USNMENT 01462903]; ecl. 10. VII. 2005, coll. 25. VI. 2005, USNM slide # 115728, 05 - SRNP- 41655 [USNMENT 01462897]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Above El Gavilan, N. slope of Volcan Rincon de La Vieja, Las Bromelias lodge, 4 ‒ 7. IX. 2005, App. 800 m., A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Bosque Nuevo, 5 km E. Santa Cecilia, 11 ° 03.165 ̎ N 85 ° 21.283 ̍ W, 18 ‒ 20. VI. 2005, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 2 ♂♂, Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Las Bromelias, 13 – 16. IX. 2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; Alajuela: 1 ♀, Upala, Estación San Gerardo, 550 m, 17 ‒ 21. VII. 2005, J. B. Sullivan, B. Espinosa, UV trap & sheet [USNMENT 01469944]; San Jose: 1 ♂, San Jose, 4000 ft, XI. 1906, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116034]; Guanacaste: 1 ♂, Bullas, 440 m, 10.9867, 85.38503, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 4. VIII. 2009, coll. 22. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 71447 [USN- MENT 01462884]; 1 ♀, Charia, 530 m, 10.99339, 85.40271, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 7. VIII. 2009, coll. 20. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 71434 [USNMENT 01469951]; 1 ♂, Estación Quica, 470 m, 10.99697, - 85.39666, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 7. VII. 2009, coll. 2. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 70692 [USN- MENT 01469959]; 1 ♀, Ingas, 580 m, 11.00311, 85.42041, ecl. 2. III. 2004, coll. 13. II. 2004, USNM slide # 115727, 04 - SRNP- 30695 [USNMENT 01462896]; 4 ♀♀, Monte Cristo, 525 m, 11.01373, Long. - 85.42531, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21831 [USNMENT 01469968]; ecl. 18. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21835 [USNMENT 01469956]; ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21840 [USNMENT 01469958]; ecl. 21. VII. 2009, coll. 3. VII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21843 [USNMENT 01469973]; 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Pasmompa, 440 m, 11.01926, - 85. 40997, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 30. VI. 2009, coll. 17. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 31996 [USN- MENT 01469972]; ecl. 10. VII. 2009, coll. 17. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 31997 [USN- MENT 01469978]; ecl. 5. VII. 2009, coll. 17. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 31999 [USN- MENT 01469948]; ecl. 28. II. 2007, coll. 3. II. 2007, USNM slide # 115632, 07 - SRNP- 31104 [USNMENT 01469947]; 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Puente Mena, 280 m, 11. 04562, 85.45742, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 29. VI. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21396 [USNMENT 01469957]; ecl. 30. VI. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21 397 [USNMENT 01469964]; ecl. 23. VI. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21398 [USNMENT 01462887]; ecl. 26. VI. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21399 [USN- MENT 01469962]; ecl. 2. VII. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 21409 [USN- MENT 01462904]; ecl. 29. IX. 2009, coll. 11. VI. 2009, USNM slide # 115490, 09 - SRNP- 21426 [USNMENT 01462904]; 1 ♀, Sendero Paleta, 570 m, 11.00434, - 85. 41646, fp: C. spinosa, ecl. 22. IV. 2004, coll. 6. III. 2004, 04 - SRNP- 31090 [USNMENT- 01469967]; 1 ♂, El Bosque Nuevo, Santa Cecilia, 22. VI. 1905, D. S. Lewis [MG- CL]; Costa Rica Oeste: 1 ♂, Guapiles, 850 ft, V. 1907, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01 - 116029]; 1 ♂, II. 1907, [USNMENT 01 - 116035]; 1 ♀, Juan Vinas, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116030]; 1 ♀, no date, Schaus and Barnes [USNMENT 0 - 1116032]; 1 ♀, Banana River, III. 1907, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116031]; Limón: 1 ♂, Veragua Rainforest Campamiento, - 83.1129 W, 9.5532 N, 400 - 500 m, 12 ‒ 15. III. 2010, J. B. Sullivan, UV trap [USN- MENT 01116033]; 1 ♀, Hitoy Cerere Reserve, - 83.015 w, 9.404 N, 354 ̍, 1 ‒ 4. VII. 2008, J. B. Sullivan, UV trap, sheet, [USNMENT 01116048]; 1 ♂, Six [a] ola River, IX, Schaus and Barnes [USN- MENT 01116042]; 1 ♀, NW Guapiles, Rio Blanco, 11. III. 86, G. and A. Austin [MGCL]; Heredia: 1 ♀, 11 km ESE La Virgen, 84 ° 03 ̍ W, 10 ° 21 ̍ N, 250 – 350 m, 8. IV. 2004, D. R. Davis, InBio-OET-ALAS transect, Estación Cartagena, @ light sheet [USNMENT 01116037]; 1 ♀, El Ceibo, 10 km SE La Virgen, 84 ° 05 ̍ W, 10 ° 20 ̍ N, 450 ‒ 550 m, D. R. and M. M. Davis, primary forest, trap 05 / L / 00 / 057, INBio-OET-ALAS, 11. IV. 2003 [USN- MENT 01116036]; 1 ♀, 9. IV. 2003 [USN- MENT 01116038]; 1 ♀, 11. IV. 2003 [USNMENT 01116039]; 1 ♂, 11. IV. 2003 [USNMENT 01116040]; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Chilamate, 100 m, 11. VIII. 1986, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT 01116041, USN- MENT 01469938, USNMENT 01469939, USNMENT 01469943]; 1 ♀, Chilamate, 7. IX. 1988, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MHNG]; 1 ♀, Finca Holbrook, Silva Verde nr. Chilamate, 84 ° 05 ̍ W, 10 ° 27 ̍ N, 500 ft, 24 – 26. IX. 1986, Gaskin, GC: 20,327 c [USNMENT 01116044]; 1 ♀, GC: 20,327 d [USNMENT 01116045]; 1 ♂, GC: 20,327 [USNMENT 01116046]; 1 ♀, Puerto Viejo, light on sheet behind Hotel Bambu, 12 V, J. D. Hedbor [MGCL]; Cartago: 1 ♀, Turrialba, 27. I. 1970, Colubrina, Pupated: 31. I. 70; ecl. 9. II. 70 [USNMENT 01116047]; 1 ♀, Colubrina, Pupated: 26 - I- 70, ecl. 6. II. 70 [USNMENT 01116049]; 1 ♂, Tuis, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116043]. Puntarenas: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Finca Selva Verde, 2. IX. 88; 2. IX. 88, L. Kasarov [MGCL]; 1 ♀, Monteverde, 5. IX. 1988, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]; 1 ♀, Puntarenas, Monteverde, 16. IX. 1986, G. and A. Austin [MGCL]. CUBA: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Santiago, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116050, USNMENT 01116051]; 1 ♂, Matanzas, Cienaga Zapata, nr. Playa Largo, 3 m, 10 – 11. II. 1981, D. R. Davis [USNMENT- 01116053]; 1 ♂, San Blas, Sta. Clara, X. 1931, G. C. Rowe, Ento No 10075 [USNMENT 01116052]; 1 ♀, S [an] tiago, Turguino, 470 m, 27. VII. 1990, V. O. Becker, Co. Becker 73256 [USNMENT- 01116064]. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La Vega: 1 ♂, vic. Jarabaccoa, 28. VI. 1981, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT- 01469941]; Barahona: 1 ♂, nr. Filipinas, Larimar Mine, at light, 26. VI ‒ 7. VII. 1992, R. E. Woodruff, P. E. Skelley [MGCL]; 1 ♂, nr. Filipinas, Larimar Mine, mercury vap. Light, 11. VI. VII- 1993, R. E. Woodruff, diss # 02810 [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Napo: 1 ♂, Yasuni Research Station, Rios Tivacuso & Tiputini, 0 ° 38 ̍ S, 76 ° 30 ̍ W, 250 m, 18 ‒ 23. X. 1998, C. V. Covell, Jr., at lights [USNMENT- 01116028]. JAMAICA: St. Catherine Parrish: 1 ♀, Worthy Park Est., 9 ‒ 19. XI. 1968, R. E. Woodruff, Blacklight Trap [USNMENT 01116054]. NICARAGUA: Chontales: 1 ♂, Pte. Quinama E. Villa Somoza, 29. VII. 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. [USNMENT 01116027]; Jinotega: 1 ♀, El Jaguar Pl [a] nt [atio] n, 86.05 ° W, 12.24 ° N, 4200 ft, 3 ‒ 8. XII. 2005, D. Marqua [MGCL]. PANAMA: Canal Zone: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Corozal, C. E. Crafts, XI. 1912 [USNMENT 01116018, USN- MENT 01116020]; 1 ♀, Barro Colorado Isl [and], 22. III. 1978, Silberglied and Aiello, at light [USNMENT 01116021]; 1 ♂, 3. IV. 1978 [USNMENT 01116022]; 1 ♀, Madden Dam, 10 ‒ 13. VII. 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. [USNMENT 01116024]; Panamá Oeste: 1 ♂, La Chorrera, A. Busck, V. 1912 [USNMENT 01116019]; Capiro: 1 ♀, Rio Trinidad, 1 ‒ 10. VI. 1912, A. Busck [USNMENT 01116023]; Unknown province: 1 ♀, La Couna [sic?], 5 km from Pan Am Hwy, MV and black light, 24. IX. 1982, D. H. Habeck (MGCL). PERU: Chanchamayo: 1 ♂, no date, Dognin, [USNMENT 01116025]; Loreto: 1 ♂, Callicebus Res. Station Mishana, Rio Nanay, 25 km SW Iquitos, 120 m, 10 ‒ 17. I. 1980, J. B. Heppner, tropical wet forest [USNMENT 01116026]. Puerto Rico: 4 ♀♀, Quebradilias, 17. XI. 1940, L. F. Martorell, P. R. Acc. No. 778 - 40, Larvae leaf-rollers on C. colubrina [USNMENT 01116055, USNMENT 01116056, USNMENT 01116057, USNMENT 01116058]; 1 ♂, Guajataca Forest, Isabella, 22. VII. 1955, Ramos and Maldonado, collected at light [USNMENT 01116059]; 2 ♂♂, Reserva Forestal Guajataca, 360 m, 18 ‒ 28. III. 1971, C. P. Kimball [USNMENT 01116060, USNMENT 01116061]; 1 ♂, 1 ‒ 13. IV. 1971 [USNMENT 01116062]. VENEZUELA: Anzoátegui: 2 ♀♀, San Esteban Valley, Las Quiguas [USNMENT 01469988, USNMENT 01469990].	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — Broadly distributed from Brazil to Nicaragua; in the Caribbean it has been collected in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, but probably occurs on other islands. Recently, this species has been collected as far north as Monroe County, Florida, United States (Hayden 2017).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF248A36FD05A4E6FD96FBD9.taxon	biology_ecology	Biological remarks. — Wild-collected larvae have been found only on the leaves of Colubrina spinosa Donn. Sm. in Costa Rica (DHJ and WH), with 655 larval rearing records (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). From the literature and USNM specimens, this species has been reared only from Colubrina (Rhamnaceae) in Puerto Rico: “ Reared from leaves [of Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.] mined by caterpillars of this species collected at Guajataca and San Sebastián, Oct. to Dec. 1940, at 15 to 450 feet altitude (Martorell 1945, 1976; Wolcott 1951). ” Host plant data in the USNM collection are four voucher specimens collected by Martorell (1945) that have the following label: “ Larvae a leaf-roller on Colubrina colubrina. ” and other specimens from Costa Rica with labels “ Colubrina sp. ” (see Material Examined for this species).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	description	new species http: // zoobank. org / 47710 B 91 - 6 A 10 - 45 AB-AD 48 - 412 AFBDFD 040 (Figs. 1, 8, 12 – 13, 20)	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — A light brown smudge in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1 / 4 as long as first lengthwise line (Figs. 1, 8, see red circle); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third not of equal width throughout (Fig. 20).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	description	Description. — Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus as in A. fimbriauralis (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly, entire width. Thorax: Forewing pattern as in Figures 1 and 8, dark brown line posterior to M 2 near margin; only a spot on M 1 with no dark brown band to postmedial line; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in the center, only a light brown smudge in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line (Fig. 8, see red circle); first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 thin; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1 / 4 as long as first lengthwise line; antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite anteriorly with dark brown transverse band, fourth with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with silver transverse posteriorly (Fig. 1). Male genitalia (Figs. 12 – 13) with uncus head very short, with lateral setae, and basally with dorsomedial setae; uncus tip upturned, prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, trapezoid. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, finger-like process curving toward costal margin. Juxta slightly sclerotized. Phallus with vesica proximally covered with many, small spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 20) ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a sclerotized band and two small, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, remainder membranous, then ductus bursae a quarter wider than antrum, slightly constricted before corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, signum absent. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The species epithet ” junkoshimurae ” is a noun in honor of Dr. Junko Shimura, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations, for her decades of energetic, dedicated and high-quality support coordinating CBD activities in an enormous number of international meetings.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — From Mexico south to northern South America (French Guiana and Surinam). This species has not been collected in the Caribbean. It is often difficult to distinguish from the following new species; it is recommended that specimens that are rubbed or in poor condition be dissected or barcoded for confirmation. Biological remarks. — Asturodes junkoshimurae has been reared 163 times by DHJ and WH from larvae feeding on leaves of Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. and Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb. (Rhamnaceae) in the ACG dry forest, rain forest, and intergrades (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). The Gouania food plants occur side by side in the ACG rain forest with Colubrina spinosa, the rhamnaceous food plant of A. fimbriauralis.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF2F8A2BFF6FA4BCFE39FBD9.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. — HOLOTYPE ♀: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain forest, Palomo, 96 m, Lat. 10.96187, Long. - 85.28045, pupa eclosed 10 / 26 / 2009, larva collected 10 / 12 / 2009, fp: Gouania lupuloides, v. 09 - SRNP- 68338 [USN- MENT 01462908]. PARATYPES: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1 ♀, Estación Caribe, 415 m, 10.90187, - 85.27495, ecl. 27. VII. 2009, coll. 27. VII. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 41612 [USN- MENT 01462916]; 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype, ecl. 30. X. 2009, coll. 12. X. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 68339 [USNMENT 01462921]; USNM slide # 115488, 09 - SRNP- 68340 [USNMENT 01462902]; 1 ♂, Puente Palma, 460 m, 10.9163, - 85.37869, ecl. 25. IX. 2009, coll. 13. IX. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 4772 [USNMENT 01462915]; 1 ♂, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500 m, 10.90037, - 85.37254, ecl. 22. XII. 2009, coll. 3. XII. 2009, 09 - SRNP- 6584 [USNMENT 01462913]; 1 ♀, San Lucas, 320 m, 10.91847, - 85.30338, ecl. 1. VIII. 2009, coll. 20. VII. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 41763 [USNMENT 01462927]; 3 ♀♀, Sendero Anonas, 405 m, 10.90528, - 85.27882, ecl. 10. XI. 2009, coll. 26. X. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 43074 [USNMENT 01462932]; ecl. 23. XI. 2009, coll. 9. XI. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 43184 [USNMENT 01462922]; ecl. 18. VIII. 2012, coll. 26. VII. 2012, fp: G. polygama, 12 - SRNP- 43799 [USN- MENT 01462924]; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, Sendero Huerta, 527 m, 10.9305, - 85.37223, ecl. 6. III. 2009, coll. 11. II. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 717 [USNMENT 01462938]; ecl. 31. I. 2010, coll. 11. I. 2010. USNM slide # 115489, 10 - SRNP- 294 [USN- MENT 01462901]; ecl. 30. I. 2010, coll. 11. I. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 295 [USNMENT- 01462917]; ecl. 14. II. 2011, coll. 31. X. 2011, 11 - SRNP- 4248 [USNMENT- 01462923]; Guanacaste: 2 ♀♀, Area Administrativa, 295 m, 10.83764, 85. 61871, coll. 15. VIII. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 13096 [USNMENT 01462931]; coll. 15. VI. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 13176 [USN- MENT 01462920]; 1 ♀, Estación Quica, 470 m, 10.99697, - 85.39666, 30. VI. 2009, ecl. 30. VI. 2009, coll. 2. V. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 70735 [USN- MENT 01462930]; 1 ♂, Mamones, 365 m, 10.77074, - 85.42874, ecl. 20. VII. 2011, coll. 3. VII. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 55945 [USNMENT 01462919]; 1 ♀, Quebrada Raiz, 280 m, - 85.48669, - 85.48669, ecl. 3. X. 2004, coll. 22. IX. 2004, fp: G. polygama, 04 - SRNP- 24787 [USN- MENT 01462934]; 1 ♂, Quebrada Tibio Perla, 330 m, 10.76261, - 85.42979, ecl. 21. XI. 2009, coll. 5. XI. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 57854 [USNMENT 01462912]; 1 ♀, Sendero Aguacate, 335 m, 10.76901, - 85.43465, ecl. 11. XI. 2011, coll. 29. X. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 57135 [USN- MENT 01462929]; 1 ♂, Sendero Congos, 290 m, Lt. 11.02097, - 85.52531, ecl. 13. IX. 2011, coll. 1. IX. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 22290 [USN- MENT 01462914]; 2 ♀♀, Sendero Puertas, 400 m, 11.01087, - 85.48817, ecl. 11. IX. 2009, coll. 25. VII. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 22563 [USN- MENT 01462933]; 09 - SRNP- 22565 [USNMENT 01462936]; 1 ♀, Vado Huacas, 490 m, 10.75533, - 85.39117, ecl. 12. VIII. 2011, coll. 29. VII. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 56172 [USN- MENT 01462925]; 1 ♀, Vado Licania, 470 m, 10.77222, - 85.41225, ecl. 20. VIII. 2011, coll. 2. VII. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 56261 [USN- MENT 01462928]. Other specimens examined: BELIZE: 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, San Ignacio, 17 – 18. V. 1990, 17. VI. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 2 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂, 6. IV. 1989 [MGCL]; 1 ♂, San Ignacio, Maya Mt. Lodge, 3. IV. 1989, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Chiquibul For [est]., 5. IV. 89, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 2 ♂♂, M [oun] t [ai] n. Pine Ridge, Thompson ̍ s Line, 10. IV. IV. 89, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 2 ♀, 2 ♂, 14. V. 1990; 8. V. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 1 ♀, M [oun] t [ai] n Pine Ridge, Privassion Line, 12. IV. 89, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 2 ♀, 1 ♂, M [oun] t [ai] n Pine Ridge, Granite Cairn, 22. V. 1990; 19. V. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; Cockscomb W. S., Jaguar Pres., 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 14. IV. 89; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 10 – 12. V. 1990; 4 ♀, 4. VI. 1990; 1 ♂, 26 - 27. V. 1990; 1 ♀, 18 – 19. VI. 1990; 1 ♂, 4. VI. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]. BRAZIL: Bahia: 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Camacan, Res. Serra Bonita, 800 m, 15 ° 23 ’ S, 39 ° 33 ̍ W, 24. XI ‒ 2. XII. 2013, uvl, B. Landry and V. Becker [MNHG]; 1 ♂, 24. III. 2011 [MNHG]; 1 ♂, 25. III. 2011 [MNHG]; 1 ♀, 5. IV. 2011 [MNHG]. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1 ♀, dissection # 02811, El Bosque Nuevo, 11 ° 03.165 " N, 85 ° 21.283 ̍ W, 17 ‒ 18. IX. 2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 5 km E Santa Cecilia, Bosque Nuevo, 11 ° 03.165 " N (incomplete), 7 ‒ 17. IX. 2007, C. Whelan [MGCL]; Guanacaste: 1 ♀, Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Las Bromelias, app. 10 ° 52 ̍ N, 85 ° 19 ̍ W, 640 m, 13 ‒ 16. IX. 2009, A. Sourakov [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Los Rios: 1 ♀, Quevado, mercury vapor light, 3. V. 1986, D. H. Habeck [MGCL]. FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♂, St. Laurent du Maroni, no date, Dognin [USNMEN- T 01116237]; 1 ♂, ch. Forestier sur Route de Kaw @ pk 40, 264 m, N 04 ° 32.138 ’, W 052 ° 07.398 ’, 26. II. 2008, uvl, B. Landry, C. Reuteler [MNHG]; 2 ♂♂, 280 m, N 04 ° 32.523 ’, W 052 ° 07.508 ’, 02. IV. 2008, MVL [MNHG]; 1 ♂, 303 m, N 04 ° 34.259 ’, W 052 ° 12.803 ’, 05. IV. 2008, MVL, B. Landry, C. Reuteler, D. Néron, P. Arnaud, L. Riolon [MNHG]. GUATE- MALA: Suchitepequez: 1 ♀, Finca Los Tarrales, 1100 m, at light, 6. VI. 05, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]. HONDURAS: Atlántida: Pico Bonito Lodge, 15 ° 41 ̍ 48 " N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04 " W, MVL, D. Matthews and J. Y. Miller [data provided by D. Matthews]: 13. V. 2010 [MGCL 220964]; 12. V. 2010 [MGCL 220965]; 12. VIII. 2010 [MGCL 220966]; 10. V. 2010 [MGCL 220967]; 8. VIII. 2010 [MGCL 220968; MGCL 220975; MGCL 220976]; 7. V. 2010 [MGCL 220969]; 13. V. 2010 [MGCL 220 - 970]; 7. V. 2010 [MGCL 220971; MGCL 220972; MGCL 220974]; 9. VIII. 2010 [MGCL 220973]; 15. XI. 2009 [MGCL 220977; MGCL 220979]; 9. V. 2010 [MG- CL 220978]; 13. VIII. 2010 MGCL 220 - 980]; 14. V. 2010 [MGCL 220981]; 13. VIII. 2010 [MGCL 220982]; 13. XI. 2009 [MGCL 22097283]; 13. VI. 2012 [MGCL 223460]; 15. VI. 2012 [MGCL 223745; MGCL 223773]; D. Matthews, J. Y. Miller, L. B. Martinez Pineda, 30. V. 2011 [MGCL 220984]; 1 ♀, Pico Bonito Lodge, coll. At MVL; 15 ° 4 1 ̍ 48 " N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04 " W, 25. VI. 2010, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]; 1 ♂, Pico Bonito Lodge, coll. At MVL; 15 ° 4 1 ̍ 48 " N, 86 ° 54 ̍ 04 " W, 26. VI. 2010, C. V. Covell, Jr. [MGCL]. MEXICO: Chiapas: 1 ♂, Palenque, 13. X. 17, H. L. King [MGCL]; Durango: 1 ♀, El Salto, at blacklight, 2. VII. 1968, D. Weems [MGCL]. PANAMA: Canal Zone: 1 ♀, Barro Colo. I [s] l [an] d, 4927, Lot No. 42 - 4149; at light, 20. III. 1942, J. Zetek [USN- MENT 01116246]; 1 ♀, no date, J. Zetek [USNMENT 01116068]; 1 ♀, Rio Trinidad, 15 ‒ 31. III. 1912, A. Busck [USN- MENT 01116235]. Surinam: Brokopondo: 2 ♀, Brownsberg, rainforest camp, UV Light, 29. I. 1982, O. Pellmyr [USN- MENT 01116232, USNMENT 01116233]. VENEZUELA: Aragua: 1 ♀, PN H. Pittier, Paso de Portachuelo, 1136 m, N 10 ° 20.851 ’, W 067 ° 41.276 ’, uvl, 19. VII. 2009, B. Landry [MHNG]; 1 ♂, Est. Rancho Grande, Sendero A. Field, 1208 m, N 10 ° 21.020 ’, W 067 ° 41.035 ’, uvl, 23. VII. 2009, B. Landry [MHNG]; Monagas: 1 ♀, streamside Caripe Road, 2 km up from Cumane-Maturia Highway, est. 1000 m, 3. II. 1994, J. D. and E. R. Hedbor [MGCL]; Zulia: 2 ♀♀, Guasare coal camp, 45 km W Carrasquero, Sierra Perija, 80 ‒ 140 m, 19 ‒ 25. VIII. 1981, J. Heppner [MGCL].	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	description	http: // zoobank. org / 496 C 5234 - EF 12 - 4 BF 9 - AF 4 D- 6 AFA 7 E 12 FBA 4 (Figs. 3, 10, 16 ‒ 17, 22)	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — A dark brown line in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1 / 2 as long as the first lengthwise line (Figs. 3, 10, see red circle); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third of equal width throughout (Fig. 22).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	description	Description. — Adult. Head: Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus as in A. fimbriauralis (Fig. 6) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly, entire width. Thorax: Forewing pattern as in Figures 3 and 10, a dark brown line posterior to M 2 near margin, only a spot on M 1 with no dark brown band to postmedial line; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in the center, a dark brown line on radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 broad; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 1 / 2 as long as first lengthwise line (Fig. 10, see red circle); antemedial line complete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite anteriorly with a dark brown transverse band, fourth with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with a silver transverse band posteriorly (Fig. 3). Male genitalia (Figs. 16 – 17) with uncus head short, lateral setae, and basally dorsomedial setae; uncus tip not prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, trapezoid, not wide. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, thin, scoop-like process curving toward costal margin. Juxta slightly sclerotized. Phallus with vesica proximally with thick spines in two square-like patterns. Female genitalia (Fig. 22) with ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a sclerotized band and two small, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, remainder membranous, then ductus bursae twice as wide as antrum, then constricted again, similar to antrum width to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae round, signum absent. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The species epithet ” bioalfae ” is a noun named for Costa Rica’s new plan to become the first bioliterate tropical nation; BioAlfa is derived from BioAlfabetizado, which in Spanish means to be bioliterate.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	distribution	Distribution. — Mexico south to South America, including Trinidad. This species is often difficult to distinguish from A. junkoshimurae; it is recommended that specimens that are rubbed or in poor condition be dissected or barcoded for confirmation. Biological remarks. — This species has been reared 95 times from wild collected caterpillars on G. polygama (Rhamnaceae) in the ACG rain forest by DHJ and WH (Janzen and Hallwachs 2019). DNA barcodes of this species are so similar to those of A. junkoshimurae that the BIN algorithm puts them in the same BIN (BOLD: AAA 0406), but the distinctive shallow split within the BIN led to detailed examination of their genitalia. This examination confirmed that the BIN contained two similar species that can be distinguished by genitalia and minimal differences in barcodes. It is also notable that A. bioalfae has been found only in the ACG rain forest, while A. junkoshimurae occurs throughout the ACG dry forest, rain forest and intergrades, wherever Gouania occurs.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF328A2FFF51A4BCFE6CFD89.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. — HOLOTYPE ♀: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Sector Rincon Rain Forest: Sendero Huerta, 527 m, pupa eclosed 11 / 14 / 2011, larva collected 10 / 31 / 2011, fp: Gouania polygama, 11 - SRNP- 4249 [USNMENT 01462909]. PARATYPES: COSTA RICA: Alajuela: 1 ♂, Camino Porvenir, 383 m, 10.90383, - 85.25964, ecl. 11. II. 2011, coll. 26. I. 2011, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide # 115636, 11 - SRNP- 40462 [USNMENT 01462946]; 1 ♂, Conguera, 420 m, 10.91589, - 85.26631, ecl. 14. III. 2010, coll. 17. II. 2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide # 115634, 10 - SRNP- 40612 [USNMENT 01462940]; 1 ♀, Estación Caribe, 415 m, 10.90187, - 85.27495, ecl. 30. IX. 2009, coll. 11. IX. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 42529 [USNMENT 01462954]; 1 ♀, Flecha, 491 m, 10.94741, - 85.31501, ecl. 11. VIII. 2009, coll. 27. VII. 2009, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide # 115492, 09 - SRNP- 69657 [USNMENT 01462895]; 2 ♂♂, Llano Conostegia, 430 m, 10.89492, - 85.26671, ecl. 17. X. 2011, coll. 27. IX. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 44365 [USNMENT 01462941]; 2 ♀♀, Quebrada Escondida, 420 m, 10.89928, - 85.27486, ecl., coll. 22. IX. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 42658 [USN- MENT 01462956]; 1 ♀, Rio Areno, 460 m, 10.91407, - 85.38174, ecl. 18. IX. 2009, coll. 4. IX. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 4636 [USNMENT 01462951]; 2 ♀♀, Rio Blanco Abajo, 500 m, 10.90037, - 85.37254, ecl. 11. IV. 2009, coll. 29. III. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 1225 [USNMENT 01462957]; ecl. 1. XII. 2009, coll. 16. XI. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 6047 [USN- MENT 01462953]; 1 ♀, Rio Francia Arriba, 400 m, 10.89666, - 85.29003, ecl. 13. VIII. 2012, coll. 25. VII. 2012, fp: G. polygama, 12 - SRNP- 43772 [USN- MENT 01462939]; 1 ♀, 3 ♂♂, San Lucas, 320 m, 10.91847, - 85.30338, ecl. 1. X. 2009, coll. 18. IX. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - RNP- 42578 [USNMENT 01462952]; ecl. 30. X. 2009, coll. 7. X. 2009, fp: G. polygama, 09 - SRNP- 42790 [USNMENT- 01462955]; ecl. 24. VI. 2010, coll. 11. VI. 2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide # 115493, 10 - SRNP- 42150 [USNMENT- 01462900]; ecl. 30. VI. 2010, coll. 14. VI. 2010, fp: G. polygama, 10 - SRNP- 42226 [USNMENT 01462944]; 2 ♀♀, same data as holotype, ecl. 5. II. 2010, coll. 11. I. 2010, 10 - SRNP- 297 [USNMENT- 01462950]; ecl. 7. XI. 2011, coll. 22. X. 2011, fp: G. polygama, 11 - SRNP- 4164 [USNMENT 01462935]; 1 ♀, Sendero Venado, 420 m, 10.89678, - 85.27001, ecl. 20. IV. 2010, coll. 3. IV. 2010, fp: G. polygama, USNM slide # 115637, 10 - SRNP- 41302 [USNMENT 01462942]; 1 ♀, Tajo Angeles, 540 m, 10.86472, - 85.41531, ecl. 27. VII. 2010, coll. 12. VII. 2010, fp: G. polygama, 10 - SRNP- 3827 [USN- MENT 01462948]. Other specimens examined: BELIZE: Cayo: 1 ♀, M [oun] t [ai] n. Pine Ridge, Granite Cairn, 15. VI. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, San Ignacio, 22. VI. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]; 1 ♂, 10 - 11. VI. 1990 [MGCL]; Stan Creek: 1 ♀, Cockscomb Wildlife Sanct [uary]., Jaguar Preserve, 10 - 12. V. 1990, L. C. Dow [MGCL]. BRAZIL: Rondonia: 3 ♂♂, 62 km S Ariquemes, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 0 ° 32 ̍ S, 165 m, 18 ‒ 26. IV. 1991, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116069, USNMENT 01116070, USNMENT 01116071]; 2 ♂♂, Faz. Rancho Grande, Vic. Cacaulândia, 16. III. 91, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT 01116081]; 15. III. 91 [USNMENT 01116076]; 1 ♂, Porto Velho, 180 m, 30. IV. 1989, V. O. Becker [USNMENT 01116072]; 1 ♂, 24 - 30. IV. 1989 [USNMENT 01116077]; Para: 2 ♂, Belem, 20 m, I. 1984, V. O. Becker [USNMENT 01116073, USNMENT 01 - 116078]; 4 ♂♂, Maraba, 50 m, 9. I. 1977, V. O. Becker [USNMENT 01116074, USN- MENT 01116075, USNMENT 01116079, USNMENT 01116080]; Maranhao: 1 ♂, Acailandia, 150 m, 19 ‒ 27. XI. 1990, V. O. Becker and G. S. Dubois [USNME- NT 01116236]; abdomen missing, Rondonia, 62 km S Ariquemes, 165 m, Faz. Rancho Grande, 10 ° 32 ̍ S, 62 ° 48 ̍ W, 27. VIII ‒ 8. IX. 1994, R. Leuschner [MGCL]. COLOMBIA: Valle: 1 ♂, Calima Dam, 76 ° 34 ̍, 3 ° 53 ̍, 100 m, 11. I. 1992, J. B. Sullivan [USNMENT 01469976]; 1 ♂, Narino, Las Marias, Rio Satinga, 20. VIII. 1977, R. W. Hutchings [MGCL]. COSTA RICA: Limón: 1 ♀, Six [a] ola Riv [er], IV. 1907, W. Schaus [USN- MENT 01116105]; Heredia: 2 ♀♀, Chilamate, 100 m, 11. VIII. 1986, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT 01116104, USNMENT 01116105]; Cartago: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Turrialba, 15 ‒ 19. VII. 1965, P. J. Spangler [USNMENT 01116238, USN- MENT 01116239]; Guanacaste: 1 ♀, Rio La Vieja nr. Lagarto, 2 ‒ 3. VII. 1967, Flint & Ortiz [USNMENT 011162402]; 1 ♀, Hacienda Los Inocentes, 350 m, 11 ° 2 ̍ 0.67 ", 85 ° 30 ̍ 14.29 ", 8 ‒ 9. IX. 2005, A. Sourakov [MGCL]. ECUADOR: Morona Santiago: 1 ♀, Macas, no date, E. W. Rorer [USNMENT 01116096]; Napo: 1 ♀, Limoncocha, el. 240, 24 ‒ 27. VI. 1980, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USN- MENT 01116102]; 1 ♂, Jct. Rio Napo & Misahualli, 77 ° 664 ̍ W, 1.034 ° S, 366 m, 6 ‒ 18. IX. 1998, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116100]; Orellana: 1 ♂, Rio Shripuno, Shiripuno Lodge, 26 km SE bridge on rd. from Coca, 76 ° 43.54 ̍ W, 1 ° 06.17 ° S, 230 m, 20 ‒ 22. I. 2009, J. S. Miller, D. Wagner, E. Tapia, and W. Simbana [USNMENT 01116101]; 1 ♀, Coca, Rio Napo, 20. VI. 1986, L. Kasarov [MGCL]; Pichincha: 1 ♂, Sto Domingo de los Colorados, 22. IX. 1970, R. E. Dietz [USNMENT 01116095]; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 600 m, 6 ‒ 11. V. 1990, R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116097, USNMENT 01116098, USNMENT 01116099]. FRENCH GUI- ANA: Saint-Laurent-du Maroni: 1 ♂, St. Jean, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116092]; Cayenne: 2 ♂♂, vic. Cacao, 30. III. 1986, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT 01116093, USNMENT 01116094]; 1 ♂, Roura, 40 km E, R. dePatawa, 20. XII. 1997, W. H. Russell [MGCL]. GUATEMALA: Izabal: 2 ♀♀, Cayuga, IV, Schaus and Barnes [USN- MENT 01116257, USNMENT 01116258]; 2 ♀♀, Biotopo Chocon Machacas, 5 m, at MV Light, 18 ‒ 20. VI. 2002, J. C. Schuster and R. E. Woodruff [MGCL]; 1 ♀, Matis de Galvez, 14 ‒ 16. VIII. 1965, Flint and Ortiz [USNMENT 01116262]; 1 ♀, 5 mi. S. Guatemala City, 7. VIII. 1965, no collector [USNMENT 01116259, USN- MENT 01116260]; Suchitepequez: 1 ♂, Cuyotenango, 10 ‒ 20. VI. 1966, Flint and Ortiz, [USNMENT 01116261]. HONDURAS: 1 ♀, 18 km west of La Ceiba, 2. VI. 1979, R. Lehman [USN- MENT 01116289]. MEXICO: Chiapas: 1 ♂, Chiapas, no date, Hoffman [USNMENT 01116263]; Veracruz: 1 ♀, Cordoba, 6. V. 08, F. Knab [USN- MENT 01116267]; 1 ♂, 19. VI. 1966, A. B. Lau [USNMENT 01116268]; Orizaba: 1 ♀, Orizaba, I. 1911, R. Muller [USN- MENT 01116264]; 1 ♂, Orizaba, no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT 01116265]; San Luis Potosi: 1 ♂, 25 mi. N. Tamazunchale, 400 ft, 3 ‒ 4. VIII. 1963, Duckworth and Davis [USNMENT 01116270]; 1 ♂, 2 mi. N. Tamazunchale, 400 ft, 16 ‒ 18. VII. 1963, Duckworth and Davis [USN- MENT 01116271]; Tabasco: 1 ♀, Reforma, 2. VI. 1938 [USNMENT 01116266]. PAN- AMA: Cabima: 1 ♂, Cabima, 16. V. 1911, A. Busck [USNMENT 01116066]; Canal Zone: 1 ♂, Fort Clayton, Q [uar] t [er] s. 426, 9. VII. 1951, no collector [USN- MENT 01116067]; 1 ♀, Ft. Clayton, F. S. Blanton [USNMENT 01116256]; 2 ♀♀, Rio Trinidad, 15 ‒ 31. III. 1912, A. Busck [USN- MENT 01116244, USNMENT 01116243]; 1 ♀, Barro Colo. I [s] l [an] d, Z. No. 4725, Lot No. 41 - 4653, at light, 21. III. 1942, J. Zetek [USNMENT 01116247]; 1 ♀, Z. No. 4927, Lot No. 42 - 4149; at light, 2. III. 1942, no collector [USNMENT 01116248]; 1 ♀, Barro Colo. I [sland], Z. No. 4683, Lot No. 40 - 21578, 10. X. 1940, no collector [USNMENT 01116249]; 1 ♂, San Lorenzo, 79 ° 58 ̍ W, 9 ° 17 ̍ N, 22. X. 2003, CAN 1, R. L. Kitching [USNMENT 01116252]; 1 ♂, GRND 3, 13. X. 2003 [USNMEN- T 01116251]; 1 ♂, Canopy 2, 27. IX. 2003 [USNMENT 01116252]; 1 ♂, Canopy 2, 27. IX. 2003, no collector [USNMENT- 01116253]; 1 ♂, Canopy 1, 5. I. 2003, no collector [USNMENT 01116254]; Bocas del Toro: 1 ♂, Bocasdelton [sic], I. 1914, no collector [USNMENT 01116245]. PERU: 1 ♂, Madre de Dios: Rio Tambopata Res; 30 air km SW P [uer] to Maldonado, 290 m, subtropical moist forest, 6 ‒ 10. XI. 1979, J. B. Heppner [USNMENT 01116091]; Manu: 1 ♀, Pakitza, Trail 2, m [ar] k [e] r. 9, 71 ° 18 ̍ W, 11 ° 56 ̍ S, 250 m, 21 - 22. IX. 1989, D. Adamski and M. Epstein [UN- MENT 01116065]; Maynas: 1 ♂, Iquitos, 24. III. 1987, L. Kasarov [MGCL]. TRI- NIDAD: 1 ♀, Mornebleu, 9. I. 1982, O. Pellmyr [USNMENT 01116241]; 1 ♀, Arima Valley, Andrew Trace, sec. forest UTM 848 844, Uv light, 10. I. 1982, O. Pellmyr [USNMENT 01116242]; 1 ♂, Asa Wright Nature C [en] t [e] r, 6 mi. N of Arima, 1000 ̍, 2 ‒ 7. IX. 2000, R. Leuschner [USNMENT 01469975]; 1 ♀, St. Augustine, Pax Guest House, blacklight trap, 3 ‒ 10. XI. 2000, R. E. Woodruff [MGCL]. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: 1 ♂, Cerro de la Neblina Basecamp, 66 ° 10 ̍ W, 0 ° 50 ̍ N, 140 m, At black light in rainforest clearing near Rio Baria, 27. I. 1985, P. J. and P. M. Spangler, R. Faitoute, W. Steiner [USNMENT 0 - 1116090]; Aragua: Rancho Grande: 1 ♀, 1100 m, 22 ‒ 31. VIII. 1967, R. W. Poole [USNMENT 01116085]; 2 ♂♂, 1100 m, cloud forest, 16 - 20. VII. 1981, J. Heppner [USNMENT 01116278, USNMENT- 01116279]; 1 ♂, 1100 m, 22 ‒ 23. VI. 1984, C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT 01469942]; Barinas: 1 ♂, Barrancas Research Sta [tion]. Rio Yuca, 400 ft, seasonal forest, black light, 1. II. 1978, J. B. Heppner [USNMENT 0 - 1116083]; Bolivar: 1 ♀, 14 km S of El Dorado, lowland rain forest, black-light, 19. III. 1978, J. B. Heppner [USNMENT- 01116084]; 1 ♀, Kanarakuni, 450 m, 8. II. 1967, F. Fernandez and A. D. Ascoli [USNMENT 01116266]; Carabobo: 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, San Esteban, 1 – 20. XII. 1939, P. J. Anduse [USNMENT 01116087, USNMENT 01116 - 088, USNMENT 01116089, USNMEN- T 01116272]; Merida: 1 ♂, 5 km SW Santa Maria de Caparo, 500 ft, lowland seasonal forest, 23. II. 1978, J. B. Heppner [USN- MENT 01116086]; Yaracuy: 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀, Aroa, no date, W. Schaus [USN- MENT 01116273, USNMENT 01116274, USNMENT 01116275, USNMENT 01116276, USNMENT 01116277]; Zulia: 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀, Guasare coal camp, 45 km W. Cassasquero, Sierra Perija, 80 - 140 m, 19 - 25. VIII. 1981, J. Heppner [USNMENT 01116280, USN- MENT 01116281, USNMENT 01116282, USNMENT 01116283, USNMENT 01116284, USNMENT 01116285]; 1 ♂, Yurubi Nat [iona] l. Park 20 km SE Yumare, montane seasonal forest, 9. III. 1978, J. B. Heppner [USNMENT 01116082].	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	description	new species http: // zoobank. org / ACB 16 A 3 F- 6593 - 4 AED- 9150 - 5526 F 0 AE 7136 (Figs. 4, 7, 11, 18 – 19, 23)	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Forewing with a dark brown line on M 2 near margin, only a spot on M 1 with no dark brown bar to reniform spot, reniform spot a dark brown “ upside down U ” over a “ right-side up U ” (Figs. 4, 11, see red circle); male genitalia with uncus tip pointed (Fig. 18); female genitalia with signa on corpus bursae in two dorsal longitudinal lines (Fig. 23).	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	description	Description. — Adult. Head: Scape posteriorly with a few dark brown scales, vertex only with yellow scales. Labial palpus (Fig. 7) with first and second segments yellow and with a dark brown band anteriorly, only dorsally, third segment minute, dark brown on male, yellow on female. Proboscis with yellow scales throughout, without dark brown scales as proboscis curves under. Thorax: Average forewing length 8.25 mm (n = 8) in males, 8.42 mm (n = 7) in females. Forewing pattern as in Figures 4 and 11, a dark brown line posterior to M 2 near margin, only a spot on M 1 with no dark brown line to reniform spot, reniform spot a dark brown “ upside down U ” over a “ right-side up U ” (Fig. 11, see red circle); no dark brown markings in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 3 and Rs 4 shortened, almost a spot; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs 4 and M 1 very short, a spot; antemedial line incomplete. Abdomen: Third abdominal tergite with anteromedial dark spot and two lateral triangles, fourth tergite with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with silver transverse band posteriorly (Fig. 4). Male genitalia (Figs. 18 – 19) uncus with very short, lateral setae; uncus " tip " pointed and prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, broader anteriorly. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, fingerlike process extending only slightly beyond saccular margin. Juxta medially with a lightly sclerotized, single line. Phallus vesica with large spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 23) with ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by two elongate, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, strongly constricted and then ductus bursae three times as wide as antrum forming a lightly sclerotized pouchlike structure, then constricted at entrance to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae round, signum two longitudinal lines, half the length of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis originating shortly after antrum.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The species epithet “ encisoensis ” is a noun derived from the name of the type locality, Teniente Agripino Enciso National Park in Paraguay, and “ ensis, ” a Latin suffix meaning place. Distribution. — This species is found in one of the protected natural areas of the Paraguayan Chaco in the Teniente (Lieutenant) Agripino Enciso National Park in northwestern Paraguay, in the Argentinian Chaco in Las Brenas in northern Argentina, and in northern Venezuela just to the west and outside of Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito. Biological remarks. — Adults are attracted to lights. Nothing is known about the larval biology of this species.	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
03E087B3DF368A2EFF13A283FEF4FA6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type Material. — HOLOTYPE ♂: PARAGUAY: Dep [ar] tamento Nueva Asuncion, Parque Nacional Teniente Enciso, 61 ° 39 ̍ W, 21 ° 13 ̍ S, M. Pogue and M. A. Solis, 26 ‒ 28 March, 1986 [USN- MENT 01116302]. PARATYPES: 1 ♂, same data as holotype [USNMENT 01116303]. ARGENTINA: Chaco, 1 ♂, Las Brenas, Lot No. 40 - 25771, 18. XII. 1940, H. L. Parker, [USNMENT 01116300]. VEN- EZUELA: Guarico: Hato Masaguarat: 2 ♀♀, 45 km S Calabozo, 67.58 W 8.57 N, Gal [le] ry Forest, uv light, 25. V. 1988, M. Epstein and C. Canaday, USNM slide # 115503 [USNMENT 01116288, USNMENT 01116293]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 13 ‒ 16. V. 1988, M. Epstein and R. Blahnik USNM slide # 115504, # 115501 [USN- MENT 01116290, USNMENT 0111 6294]; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 20. V. 1988, M. Epstein and R. Blahnik, USNM slide # 115639 [USNMENT 01116296; USNMENT 0 - 1116295]; 2 ♂♂, 3 ‒ 5. VI. 1988, M. Epstein [USNMENT 01116291, USN- MENT 01116292]; 1 ♀, 5 ‒ 7. VII. 1989, M. Epstein [USNMENT 01116297]; 1 ♀, 13 ‒ 14. VII. 1989, M. Epstein, USNM slide # 115638 [USNMENT 01116301]; 1 ♀, 20 ‒ 21. IX. 1990, M. Epstein and J. Wilterding III [USNMENT 01116298]; [Hato Flores Morades, but same data as above], 1 ♂, 5 ‒ 7. VII. 1989, M. Epstein and M. Deza, USNM slide # 115502 [USN- MENT 01116299].	en	Solis, M. Alma, Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips-, Hallwachs, Winnie, Dapkey, Tanya, Janzen, Daniel H. (2020): Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 122 (1): 147-171, DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147
