identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E087F2FFC3FFAC3099FF07FB5FF828.text	03E087F2FFC3FFAC3099FF07FB5FF828.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleroderma venenatum Y. Z. Zhang, C. Y. Sun & Hai J. Li 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scleroderma venenatum Y.Z. Zhang, C.Y. Sun &amp; Hai J. Li ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 5b and 6c) </p>
            <p>MycoBank: MB826961</p>
            <p>Diagnosis:—Basidiome sessile, opening through an irregular, lacerate apical pore. Peridium thin, consisting of two layered, brown to greyish brown, surface with scattered, small and thin scales. Presence of moniliform hyphae in gleba and middle size basidiospores, 9–13μm diam, with dense narrow pyramidal warts.</p>
            <p>  Holotype:— CHINA. Guizhou Province, Qiandongnan Miao and  Dong Autonomous Prefecture , Huangping County,  Xinzhou Town ,  Taiweng Village , on ground of  Pseudostellaria heterophylla , 31 May 2017, GZ170619-01. </p>
            <p> Etymology:—  venenatum (Lat.) refers to the poisonous basidiomes. </p>
            <p>Basidiome. Basidiome epigeous, globose to subglobose, 0.8–3.5 cm in diam., sessile, rhizomorphs well developed, white to cream, ca. 0.5−1.2 cm height. Peridium 0.4–0.7 mm thick when fresh, leathery, surface with scattered, small and thin scales, brown to greyish brown, consisting of two layers. The outer layer consists of thick-walled, yellowish to yellowish brown hyphae, simple septa, 3–6 µm in diam. (Fig. 3g). The inner layer consists of thick-walled, hyaline, branched hyphae with simple septa, absence of clamp connections, 4–10 µm in diam. (Fig. 3f). Dehiscence by an irregular, lacerate apical pore. Gleba dark greyish brown, dark grey to back and pulverulent when mature, composed of hyaline hyphae, 3−5 µm in diam. (Fig. 3e), with branched and moniliform hyphae (Fig. 3c), occasionally swollen up to 8 µm (Fig. 3d). Basidia not observed. Basidiospores golden yellowish to yellowish brown in water or KOH, mostly globose, rarely subglobose, IKI−, 9–13 μm in diam. (n = 60/2) including ornamentation (Figs. 3b, 5b and 6c), echinulated, covered with dense narrow pyramidal warts, spine 1–2.5 μm in length and 1–2 μm thick at the base.</p>
            <p>Additional specimen examined. CHINA. Beijing, Miyun District, Jugezhuang Town, Dongkanggezhuang Village, on angiosperm ground, 01 August 2017, MY20170801-01.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Scleroderma venenatum is characterized by its globose to subglobose, sessile basidiome, with white to cream, well developed rhizomorphs, thin, two layered peridium, brown to greyish brown surface with scattered, small and thin scales, presence of moniliform hyphae in gleba and middle size basidiospores with dense narrow pyramidal warts.  Scleroderma verrucosum shares thin peridium with small scales on the surface and similar echinulate basidiospores (8–11 μm) with  S. venenatum , but can easily differ from the latter species by its brown to pale yellowish peridium surface and well-developed pseudostipe (Li 2003; Liu 2005; Li et al. 2015). </p>
            <p> Scleroderma venenatum var. macrosporum Y.Z. Zhang, C.Y. Sun &amp; Hai J. Li ,  var. nov. (Figs. 4, 5c and 6b) MycoBank: MB826962 </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:—Compared with  S. venenatum var. venenatum ,  S. venenatum var. macrosporum has distinctly smaller basidiome, 0.5–1.4 cm in diam., larger basidiospores, 12–16 μm, and clamped connections occasionally present in the inner layer of the peridium. </p>
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                  Holotype:— CHINA. Yunnan Province, Lincang,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.07389/lat 23.904444)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.07389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.904444">Qi Mount</a>
                 , alt. 1630 m, 23°54′16″ N, 100°04′26″ E, on ground of  Delonix regia , 29 August 2015, Li 150829-04. 
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            <p> Etymology. macrosporum (Lat.) refers to the lager basidiospores compared to  S. venenatum . </p>
            <p>Basidiome. Basidiome epigeous, globose to subglobose, 0.5–1.4 cm in diam., sessile, rhizomorphs well developed, white to cream, ca. 0.5–0.8 cm length. Peridium 0.2–0.3 mm thick when fresh, leathery, surface with scattered, small and thin scales, brown to greyish brown, consisting of two layers. The outer layer consists of thick-walled to subsolid, yellowish to golden hyphae, simple septa, 3–7 µm in diam (Fig. 4f). The inner layer consists of thick-walled, hyaline, frequently branched hyphae mostly with simple septa and rarely with clamp connections, 3–6 µm in diam. and occasionally swollen up to 10 µm (Fig. 4e). Dehiscence by an irregular, lacerate apical pore. Gleba ash grey, grey to dark grey and pulverulent when mature, composed of hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled and frequently branched hyphae with simple septa, 3.5–6 µm in diam. (Fig. 4c), branched and moniliform hyphae also present (Fig. 4d). Basidia not observed. Basidiospores golden yellowish to yellowish brown in water or KOH, mostly globose, rarely subglobose, IKI−, 12–16 (–17) μm in diam. (n = 90/3) including ornamentation (Figs. 4b, 5c and 6b), echinulated, covered with dense narrow pyramidal warts, spine 1–3 μm in length and 1–2.5 μm thick at the base.</p>
            <p>Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Yunnan Province, Honghe, Mile County, Miyang Town, Weihu Village, Sanqidi Mountain, alt. 1790m, 24°23′17″ N, 103°32′47″ E,on angiosperm ground, 08August 2016, MLMY20160808009 &amp; MLMY20160808016.</p>
            <p> Remarks. Morphologically,  Scleroderma venenatum var. macrosporum is similar to  S. venenatum var. venenatum , but the former species has small basidiome (0.5–1.4 cm in diam.), distinctly larger basidiospores (12–16 μm VS 9–13 μm), and clamp connections occasionally present in the inner layer of the peridium. Based on the surface characteristics of basidiospores,  S. venenatum belongs to  Scleroderma sect. Scleroderma (Guzmán et al. 2013) . No clamp connections were observed in  S. venenatum var. venenatum and most parts of  S. venenatum var. macrosporum . It was interesting that few clamp connections were discovered in the inner layer of the peridium from the latter species.  Scleroderma areolatum also has sessle basidiome, similar echinulated basidiospores (11–17 μm) with dense narrow pyramidal warts up to 2.8 μm in length, its’ larger basidiome (1–4 cm length), brownish violet to dark olivaceous with abundant yellowish trama veins gleba can easily differentiate from  S. venenatum var. venenatum (Liu 2005) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087F2FFC3FFAC3099FF07FB5FF828	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Yi-Zhe;Sun, Cheng-Ye;Sun, Jian;Zhang, Kai-Ping;Zhang, Hong-Shun;Guo, Xiang;Zhou, Ya-Juan;Zheng, De-Sheng;Li, Hai-Jiao	Zhang, Yi-Zhe, Sun, Cheng-Ye, Sun, Jian, Zhang, Kai-Ping, Zhang, Hong-Shun, Guo, Xiang, Zhou, Ya-Juan, Zheng, De-Sheng, Li, Hai-Jiao (2020): Scleroderma venenatum sp. nov., S. venenatum var. macrosporum var. nov. and S. suthepense new to China. Phytotaxa 438 (2): 107-118, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.438.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.438.2.4
03E087F2FFCCFFAD3099FC71FA2CF82B.text	03E087F2FFCCFFAD3099FC71FA2CF82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleroderma Persoon 1801	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to known species of  Scleroderma in China </p>
            <p>1. Basidiospores echinulated, neither subreticulated, nor reticulated ...................................................................................................2.</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores subreticulated or reticulated .......................................................................................................................................9.</p>
            <p>2. Peridium thick, usually&gt; 1 mm ........................................................................................................................................................3.</p>
            <p>- Peridium thin, usually &lt;1 mm ..........................................................................................................................................................5.</p>
            <p>3. Basidiospores 7−10 μm, peridium do not change colour when hurt.................................................................................................4.</p>
            <p> - Basidiospores 8−12 μm, peridium turn to pale pink, pale pinkish brown to pale brown when hurt........................................  S. cepa</p>
            <p> 4. Basidiome dirty whitish to yellowish with large scales ................................................................................................  S. yunnanense</p>
            <p> - Basidiome yellowish to apricot with small dark brown scales...........................................................................................  S. flavidum</p>
            <p>5. Basidiome pseudostipitate .................................................................................................................................................................6.</p>
            <p>- Basidiome sessile...............................................................................................................................................................................7.</p>
            <p> 6. basidiospores 8–11 μm ..................................................................................................................................................  S. verrucosum</p>
            <p> - basidiospores 6–8.5 μm .......................................................................................................................................................  S. nitidum</p>
            <p> 7. Gleba brownish violet to dark olivaceous with abundant yellowish trama veins, basidiospores 11–17 μm ..................  S. areolatum</p>
            <p>- Gleba ash grey, grey to dark grey without yellowish trama veins.....................................................................................................8.</p>
            <p> 8. Basidiospores 9–13 μm .........................................................................................................................  S. venenatum var. venenatum</p>
            <p> - Basidiospores 12–16 μm ..................................................................................................................  S. venenatum var. macrosporum</p>
            <p>9. Basidiospores reticulated.................................................................................................................................................................10.</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores subreticulated ...........................................................................................................................................................12.</p>
            <p> 10. Basidiospores small, 5.5–9 μm...................................................................................................................................  S. dictyosporum</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores larger, 8–16 μm ........................................................................................................................................................11.</p>
            <p> 11. Basidiospores 8–13 μm, basidiome greyish yellow to greyish brown with small and thin scales.................................  S. suthepense</p>
            <p> - Basidiospores 10–16 μm, basidiome whitish or pale yellowish-brown to dark brown with smooth to something verrucose with dark minute scales or cracked.......................................................................................................................................................  S. bovista</p>
            <p> 12. Basidiospores tan, 9–16 μm, with hyaline, petaloid membrane....................................................................................  S. paradoxum</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores not like above ...........................................................................................................................................................13.</p>
            <p> 13. Basidiospores small, 2.5–7.5 μm..............................................................................................................................  S. sinnamariense</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores larger, 7–14 μm ........................................................................................................................................................14.</p>
            <p> 14. Basidiospores 11–14 μm, spines up to 2.5 μm ...................................................................................................................  S. citrinum</p>
            <p>- Basidiospores 7–14 μm, spines 0.5–1 μm .......................................................................................................................................15.</p>
            <p> 15. Basidiome bright yellow to straw yellow, with imbricate scales and tomentose on the surface, Basidiospores 10.4–13.6 μm.......... ........................................................................................................................................................................................  S. floridanum</p>
            <p>- Basidiome without imbricate scales and tomentose on the surface ................................................................................................16.</p>
            <p> 16. Basidiome whitish to grayish yellow, endoperidium white............................................................................................  S. polyrhizum</p>
            <p> - Basidiome darker, yellowish or some orange, endoperidium rubescent ..............................................................................  S. texense</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087F2FFCCFFAD3099FC71FA2CF82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zhang, Yi-Zhe;Sun, Cheng-Ye;Sun, Jian;Zhang, Kai-Ping;Zhang, Hong-Shun;Guo, Xiang;Zhou, Ya-Juan;Zheng, De-Sheng;Li, Hai-Jiao	Zhang, Yi-Zhe, Sun, Cheng-Ye, Sun, Jian, Zhang, Kai-Ping, Zhang, Hong-Shun, Guo, Xiang, Zhou, Ya-Juan, Zheng, De-Sheng, Li, Hai-Jiao (2020): Scleroderma venenatum sp. nov., S. venenatum var. macrosporum var. nov. and S. suthepense new to China. Phytotaxa 438 (2): 107-118, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.438.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.438.2.4
