identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E087FAFF90B04CC43947A7FA60FD5A.text	03E087FAFF90B04CC43947A7FA60FD5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helicidae	<div><p>Helicidae species present in Australia</p> <p>In the present study three Helicidae species were verified as being currently established in Australia: C. aspersum, C. apertus, T. pisana. A fourth species, E. vermiculata, became locally established twice, in NSW and Tasmania, but now appears locally extinct in both locations. No evidence for any additional species in Australia referred to in previous literature (see above and Table 1) were found. Indeed, reference collection specimens were not located in the present study to support previous literature records for E. vermiculata from northern Tasmania (Petterd &amp; Hedley, 1909) or for O. lactea from NSW (Smith, 1992). It appears likely that previous NSW records of O. lactea were actually misidentified E. vermiculata (Shea, unpublished data) and that E. vermiculata was formerly known from northern Tasmania (K. Bonham, pers. comm.), but is not represented in reference collections. A number of other exotic Helicidae species are regularly intercepted at the nation’s border (e.g., Table 3), with more than 900 interceptions occurring between 2002 and 2015, including at least 14 different Helicidae species (L. Watson, pers. comm.); however, none of these are known to have led to additional Helicidae species becoming established in Australia. Images, and adult shell sizes, of some exotic species commonly misidentified or intercepted at the border are shown in Fig. 4.</p> <p>Morphological identification of Helicidae in Australia</p> <p>Most native terrestrial snail species are small, subglobose, and not domestic in habit (Kershaw, 1991; Smith, 1992; Stanisic et al., 2010). An up-to-date family key for eastern Australia is available to aid in identification (Stanisic et al., 2010). A number of introduced species of Hygromiidae and Bradybaenidae are morphologically and ecologically similar to species of Helicidae (Stanisic et al., 2010). Bradybaenidae is currently represented by a single species in Australia, the Asian Trampsnail Bradybaena similaris (illustrated in Stanisic et al., 2010). Hygromiidae is a large Western Palearctic family with numerous species now established in Australia (e.g., Smith, 1992; Stanisic et al., 2010). Hygromids vary widely in shell shape, but their shells do not usually possess a reflected lip or have a differentiation between the lip edge and the columella, the external soft body is similar in appearance to Helicidae but usually has a narrower foot (Stanisic et al., 2010). Other more detailed descriptions of diagnostic Helicidae / Hygromiidae characters are outlined in Schileyko (2005, 2006), and a large number of potential exotic species are covered by Welter-Schultes (2012).</p> <p>Some native snails, including many species of Camaenidae, which is one of the largest families in Australia and the dominant group in the tropics, could potentially be confused with Helicidae snails in being both globose and large in size (Stanisic et al. 2010). Species of Camaenidae differ from Helicidae / Hygromiidae in not possessing a dart sac and in having an eversible “head wart” (which emits an attractant pheromone) situated between the two superior tentacles (Stanisic et al., 2010).</p> <p>Specimens of the four Helicidae Garden Snail species collected from Australia, that are larger than c. 10 mm in diameter (specimens smaller than this often have fewer whorls and variable coloration), can be identified using the diagnostic images presented here (Figs 2, 5–7) and the following key:</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF90B04CC43947A7FA60FD5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
03E087FAFF97B04CC51B406AFA94F88C.text	03E087FAFF97B04CC51B406AFA94F88C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helicidae	<div><p>Key to Helicidae species in Australia</p> <p>1 Shell globose, with whorls increasing rapidly in width, 3–5 whorls, body-whorl greatly flared, aperture large and rounded, umbilicus closed, shell colour brown or green either with brown spiral bands or without a pattern (Figs 5–7, A and B).............................................................. 2</p> <p>—— Shell subglobose, with whorls increasing gradually in width, 5 whorls, body-whorl moderately flared, aperture small to medium, umbilicus narrow or closed, shell colour pale with brown spiral bands (Figs 5–7, C and D).................................................................................... 3</p> <p>2 Shell large size (up to 4 cm in diameter, axial view), light brown colour with darker spiral bands and yellow flecks, raised spire, 4–5 whorls, aperture large relative to body. In adults spire more developed and lip of shell thickened white and strongly reflected out. During aestivation possesses either thin and clear or thickened and greyish green epiphragm that is not convex positioned inside aperture (Figs 2, 5–7, A)...................................................... Cornu aspersum</p> <p>—— Shell medium size (up to 3 cm in diameter, axial view), olivegreen (juveniles) to olive-brown (adults) colour with no banding pattern, low spire, 3–4 whorls, aperture extremely large relative to body. In adults lip of shell only thickened and white internally and not reflected out. During aestivation possesses distinctive convex white thick epiphragm (Fig. 2F) extending from edge of aperture (Figs 2, 5–7, B)................................................................................ Cantareus apertus</p> <p>3 Shell relatively depressed, medium size (up to 3 cm in diameter, axial view), light brown to yellow usually with continuous thick dark brown and white spiral bands and yellow flecks, rounded whorls, usually closed umbilicus, aperture small compressed shape. In adults lip of shell thickened white and strongly reflected out (Figs 5–7, C)............................................................... (locally extinct) Eobania vermiculata</p> <p>—— Shell relatively tall, small size (up to 2 cm in diameter, axial view), white usually with broken thin dark brown spiral bands and chevrons, whorls angulate in juveniles rounded in adults, narrow umbilicus, aperture medium size rounded. In adults lip of shell internally thickened and pink not thickened externally or reflected out (Figs 5–7, D)................................................................................ Theba pisana</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF97B04CC51B406AFA94F88C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
03E087FAFF9DB046C4E743A3FA4DFB93.text	03E087FAFF9DB046C4E743A3FA4DFB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cantareus apertus (Born 1778)	<div><p>Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778)</p> <p>Objective synonym— Helix aperta.</p> <p>Common names—Green Garden Snail, Green Snail, Singing Snail.</p> <p>Material examined. Victoria: Cobram VAITC 3032–3036, 3103, 3104, VAIC ×10; Cobram South VAITC 3014, 3018, 3019, 3020, 3021, 3066–3070, VAIC ×9. Western Australia: AM C135546 Wanneroo, north of Perth; VAICNeerabup ×2.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell: medium (up to 3 cm), very thin, low spire, globose, 3–4 whorls increasing rapidly with bodywhorl greatly flared, aperture extremely large and rounded, umbilicus closed, shell lip thickened white internally only and not reflected out in adults, rounded whorls in both adults and juveniles. Shell colour: olive green to brown with no banding pattern. During aestivation: possesses convex white thick epiphragm, extending from edge of aperture. Live animal: can make a distinctive noise when disturbed. Soft body: usually cream to dark-grey coloured, with dark dorsal stripes. Adults: identified by size and degree of thickening of the shell-lip.</p> <p>Distribution in Australia. Present in WA at Wanneroo, Neerabup NP, Herne Hill and Bayswater, Perth; and in northeastern Victoria, near Cobram.</p> <p>Remarks. The species identification of VAITC specimens (above) was confirmed in the present study through DNA barcoding (ITS2 &amp; COI) and comparison with validated AM specimens. Formerly regarded as belonging to Helix, it is now considered to be in the genus Cantareus (Schileyko, 2006), see ICZN comments above under Cornu. Cantareus currently contains a single species (Schileyko, 2006).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF9DB046C4E743A3FA4DFB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
03E087FAFF9DB046C647420AFCD5F839.text	03E087FAFF9DB046C647420AFCD5F839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cantareus aspersum (Muller 1774)	<div><p>Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774)</p> <p>Objective synonyms— Helix aspersa, Cantareus aspersa, Cryptomphalus aspersus.</p> <p>Common names — Brown Garden Snail, Common Garden Snail.</p> <p>Material examined. New South Wales: AM C121130 Jenolan Caves; AM C430603 St. Peters, Sydney; AM C430605 Seal Rocks headland south of Forster; AM C430607 Timor Caves camping ground, Upper Hunter River; AM C456977 east of Glen Davis at end of Capertee River track; AM C430602 Swansea, south of Newcastle. Victoria: Blackburn South VAITC 3037, VAIC ×1; Cobram VAITC 3072, 3073; Doncaster VAITC 3022, VAIC ×3; Knoxfield VAITC 3015, 3071, VAIC ×7; Irymple VAITC 3077, 3078, 3080, VAIC ×11; Preston VAITC 3076, VAIC ×4; Ringwood East VAITC 3047, 3048, VAIC ×5.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell: large (up to 4 cm), thin, raised spire, globose, 4–5 whorls increasing rapidly with body-whorl greatly flared, aperture large and rounded, umbilicus closed, shell lip thickened white and strongly reflected out in adults, rounded whorls in both adults and juveniles. Shell colour: light brown with darker spiral bands and yellow flecks. During aestivation: possesses either thin and clear or thickened and greyish green epiphragm, that is not convex positioned inside the aperture. Soft body: greenish-grey with a pale dorsal stripe. Adults: identified by the presence of a thickened reflected lip, indicating maturity and the cessation of growth (sensu Madec et al., 2003).</p> <p>Distribution in Australia. Present in parts of all Australian states and territories.</p> <p>Remarks. The species identification of VAITC specimens (above) was confirmed in the present study through DNA barcoding (ITS2 &amp; COI) and comparison with validated AM specimens. In this study we employed the generic name Cornu, as is currently accepted (ICZN Case 3518—ICZN, 2015). Phylogenetic estimates of relationships within Helicidae show that Green and Brown Garden snails are closely related based on both 16S (Manganelli et al., 2005; Groenenberg et al., 2011; Razkin et al., 2015) and ITS2 (Wade et al., 2006; Régnier et al., 2011; Razkin et al., 2015) DNA sequences, with most of these previous studies placing these two species in the same genus, Cantareus, as proposed by Guisti et al. (1996), on the basis of a shared morphological internal synapomorphy. However, the majority of recent studies place Brown Garden Snails in Cornu (as in the present study). Indeed, in the present study Brown and Green Garden Snails do appear to be substantially genetically distinct based on COI variation (Table 5, Fig. 9), adding some support to the placement of these species in different genera. The placement of Brown Garden Snails in the genus Helix is not supported by molecular evidence, with species of Helix now placed in a different tribe from C. aspersum and C. apertus (e.g., Razkin et al., 2015). Cornu currently contains a single species (CABI species datasheet, http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26821).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF9DB046C647420AFCD5F839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
03E087FAFF9DB047C4FD4640FE1BFEA7.text	03E087FAFF9DB047C4FD4640FE1BFEA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eobania vermiculata (Muller 1774)	<div><p>Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774)</p> <p>Objective synonym— Helix vermiculata.</p> <p>Common names—Chocolate Banded Snail, Chocolate-band Snail.</p> <p>Material examined. New South Wales: Sydney, Bronte, Waverley Cemetery AM C407051 ×18 (adults); Sydney, Ryde AM C089089 ×4 (juveniles); Sydney, Ryde AM C112764 ×4 (juveniles with damaged lips).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell: medium (up to 3 cm), thick to thin, short and wide, raised spire, subglobose, 5 whorls, bodywhorl moderately flared, aperture small and compressed, umbilicus closed, shell lip thickened white and strongly reflected out in adults, rounded whorls in both adults and juveniles. Shell colour: light brown to yellow usually with continuous thick dark brown and white spiral bands and yellow flecks. Soft body: cream with a dark mantle (Stanisic et al., 2010). Adults: identified by strongly reflected lip and a well-developed columellar plait covering the umbilicus (Stanisic et al., 2010).</p> <p>Distribution in Australia. Locally extinct, formerly present in NSW, near Sydney, and Leven River, Ulverstone Tasmania, but no longer occurs at either location.</p> <p>Remarks. Validated AM specimens were used for species identification in the present study. Eobania currently contains a single species (Schileyko, 2006), with several subspecies present in the natural range of E. vermiculata (e.g., Rada et al., 2012). The sub-specific designation of the Australian specimens is not yet determined.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF9DB047C4FD4640FE1BFEA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
03E087FAFF9CB047C65D42B9FB7DFB78.text	03E087FAFF9CB047C65D42B9FB7DFB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Theba pisana (Muller 1774)	<div><p>Theba pisana (Müller, 1774)</p> <p>Objective synonym— Helix pisana.</p> <p>Common names—White Garden Snail, White Gardensnail, White Italian Snail.</p> <p>Material examined. New South Wales: AM C088901 Nelson Bay, Port Stephens; AM C206180 Redhead Beach, Newcastle; AM C168582 Avalon Beach, Sydney; AM C407047 Waniora Point, Bulli; AM C348456 Cunjurong Point, E of Lake Conjola; AM C404152 Cudmirrah Beach near Sussex Inlet; AM C334544 Aslings Beach, Twofold Bay, Eden. Victoria: Venus Bay VAITC 3831–3837, VAIC ×10; Port Campbell VAIC ×3, 3 km North Port Campbell VAIC ×3.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Shell: small (up to 2 cm), thick to thin, tall and narrow, raised spire, subglobose, 5 whorls, body-whorl moderately flared, aperture medium and rounded, narrow umbilicus, shell lip thickened pink internally only and not reflected out in adults, whorls rounded in adults angulate in juveniles. Shell colour: white usually with broken thin dark brown spiral bands and chevrons. Soft body: pale overall. Adults: identified by the presence of rounded body-whorls (Stanisic et al., 2010).</p> <p>Distribution in Australia. Present in southern Australia: NSW, Tas., Vic., SA, WA.</p> <p>Remarks. The species identification of VAITC specimens (above) was confirmed in the present study through DNA barcoding (ITS2 and COI) and comparison with validated AM specimens. The genus Theba contains at least 18 species in its natural range (Greve et al., 2010), but only Theba pisana pisana occurs worldwide (e.g., Cowie et al., 2009; Greve et al., 2010; Däumer et al., 2012). Australian specimens belong to T. p. pisana (Däumer et al., 2012; current study). CABI species datasheet: http://www.cabi. org/isc/datasheet/62094.</p> <p>AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT. All authors were involved in the conception and design of this research, identifying diagnostic specimens during the initial eastern Australian detection of Green Garden Snails, and contributing to the systematics section. MB conducted the morphometric and molecular experimental work, and produced the specimen images (apart from Figs 2 and 4). MS provided expert support through validating identifications of reference specimens, providing unpublished background information and assisting with the morphometrics section. All authors collected snails for this study and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.</p> <p>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This work was funded by the Victorian Department of Primary Industries (DEDJTR, formerly DEPI). We would like to thank Gordon Berg, Sharon Dorsett &amp; Emily Crawford (Biosecurity DEDJTR) for field information; Gordon Berg, Andrew Henderson, Jane Moran, Harry Cleaver and David Madge (DEDJTR) for collecting specimens, advice and assistance; Gordon Berg, Andrew Henderson for live snail images. Helicidae specimen records were checked on the APPD (Australian Plant Pest Database) and the ALA (Atlas of Living Australia), as well on specific museum databases: Australian Museum, Sydney (Michael Shea), Museum Victoria, Melbourne (Adnan Moussalli), Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart (Simon Grove), Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston (Robert Mesibov). We thank Luke Watson (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources) for information on Helicidae border interceptions and for permission to include records from the OSP Bulletins (Table 3). We thank the Australian Museum for specimen loans, for allowing images to be taken of E. vermiculata, as well as for the images produced by Des Beechey for Fig. 4. We also thank Alan Yen (DEDJTR) for use of photographic equipment for imaging shell specimens, Michael Nash (SARDI) for suggestions, advise and providing access to an unpublished SARDI survey report, and the Western Australian Museum (Terry Houston) for donation of two Western Australian C. apertus specimens to the VAIC. Finally, we thank the RAM journal editors, Shane McEvey and Don Colgan and anonymous reviewers for providing useful suggestions and corrections that improved this manuscript.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087FAFF9CB047C65D42B9FB7DFB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Blacket, Mark J.;Shea, Michael;Semeraro, Linda;Malipatil, Mallik B.	Blacket, Mark J., Shea, Michael, Semeraro, Linda, Malipatil, Mallik B. (2016): Introduced Helicidae Garden Snails in Australia: Morphological and Molecular Diagnostics, Species Distributions and Systematics. Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 99-116, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1648
