taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E0D24454634929DCDE99EFA24BFBAC.taxon	description	Herbs, 0.4 – 3 m. Rhizome present, aerial stem 0.5 – 5.0 cm long. Rosette leaves persistent or deciduous when flowering, linear to lanceolate, flat, patent to contort, 1.5 – 35.0 × 0.1 – 3.0 cm, glabrous or hairy on both surfaces, margin entire, ciliate or glabrous, apex rounded to acuminate. Reproductive axis elongate, erect, 17 – 295 cm long, 0.2 – 2.0 cm diam., glabrous; reproductive axis bracts linear to lanceolate, chartaceous, recurved to erect 1.5 – 15.0 × 0.3 – 2.0 cm, glabrous or hairy on both surfaces, apex round to acuminate, margin entire, ciliate or glabrous, base semi-amplexicaul to amplexicaul. Spathes 2.0 – 8.5 cm long, glabrous, apex opening oblique, acute. Scapes 10 – 850, arranged in spherical to obconical umbels, 18 – 32 cm long, glabrous. Capitula 0.5 – 1.5 cm diam., discoid to semi-spherical; involucral bracts in 3 to 5 series, light-brown to dark-brown, obovate to ovate, concave, ca. 0.3 cm long., glabrous, margin ciliate or glabrous, apex obtuse to acute; receptacle semi-spherical, hairy. Flowers dimerous, 50 to 350 per capitulum; floral bracts linear, light-brown to dark-brown, concave, hairy or glabrous on the abaxial surface, ciliate or glabrous toward the apex, apex acute; staminate flowers ca. 0.3 cm long; pedicel ca. 0.1 cm long, with long hairs; sepals navicular, lightbrown to golden, hairy or glabrous on the abaxial surface, ciliate toward the apex, apex rounded to acute; anthophore carnose, elongated; corolla tubular, hyaline, membranaceous; stamens free; anthers dithecoustetrasporangiate, pistillodes 2, papillose; pistillate flowers disposed in concentric bands, ca. 0.3 cm, sessile; sepals dolabriform, light-brown to golden, hairy or glabrous on abaxial surface, ciliate toward the apex, apex obtuse; petals obovate, membranaceous to carnose, hyaline, hairy or glabrous on abaxial surface, ciliate or glabrous toward the apex, apex rounded to acute; gynoecium with bifid stigmatic branches and simple nectariferous branches; staminodes absent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with reticulate surface, red to brown.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454634929DCDE99EFA24BFBAC.taxon	discussion	Bongard (1831) described the first six Brazilian species of Eriocaulon L. as bearing dimerous flowers, three of them under the Staminibus duobus [unranked] taxon. Koernicke (1863) described Paepalanthus subgen. Dimeranthus Koernicke (1863: 312) to accommodate these species. Koernicke (1863) also described five new species, reduced to the status of synonym under those described earlier by Kunth (1841) and Steudel (1855), and constructed the first identification key for the species of this group. In this key, Koernicke (1863) distributed all into three groups: plants with short stems, plants with robust and elongated stems, and plants with gracile and elongated stems. The species belonging to Paepalanthus subgen. Dimeranthus were placed by Ruhland (1903) into three categories of his Paepalanthus subgen. Paepalocephalus Ruhland (1903: 122) (which should be correctly named Paepalanthus subgen. Paepalanthus, as it includes the type of Paepalanthus): Paepalanthus sect. Conodiscus Ruhland (1903: 181), Paepalanthus sect. Eriocaulopsis [unranked] Dimeri Ruhland (1903: 166), and P. sect. Diphyomene, the latter being subdivided into two categories: Paepalanthus [unranked] Vestiti Ruhland (1903: 184), with equal-sized leaves along the stem, and Paepalanthus [unranked] Foliosi Ruhland (1903: 184), with leaves of different sizes on both the stem and the basal rosette. Besides the supra-specific categories, Ruhland (1903) also described three new species and three new varieties. Later, most taxonomic papers dealing with P. section Diphyomene were descriptions of new taxa. Herzog (1924) described Paepalanthus chiquitensis Herzog, from Bolivia, besides extending the distribution of the group. Silveira (1908, 1928) described four species and three varieties based on his own collections from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Moldenke (1952, 1964, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1987) described two species, seven varieties and two forms, the majority occurring in Brazilian savannas. Schultes (1954) described Paepalanthus moldenkeanus R. E. Schultes collected in Colombian savannas. Sano (2004) proposed a new name for the homonym Paepalanthus speciosus (Bong.) Koern. Finally, Trovó & Sano (2010) designated a lectotype for Paepalanthus neocaldensis Moldenke, and considered this name as synonymous of Paepalanthus flaccidus (Bong.) Kunth.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454634929DCDE99EFA24BFBAC.taxon	discussion	Paepalanthus section Diphyomene comprises 10 species distributed throughout savannas and rocky outcrops in tropical South America. The center of species diversity is located in the savannas of the Brazilian state of Goiás. Most species are narrowly distributed and the limit of geographical distribution is given only by the distribution of Paepalanthus chiquitensis and Paepalanthus erectifolius Silveira. In Paepalanthus section Diphyomene, inflorescences are spherical to obconical umbellate, arranged in a tribotryum with a terminal dibotryum, terminal basic unit and pherophylls (Trovó et al. 2010). The inflorescence structure in this group seems to be unique within Eriocaulaceae and represents a possible synapomorphy for this group. The following features are also important to distinguish this section from other groups in the Paepalanthus: dimerous flowers, pistillate flowers with dolabriform sepals, bifid stigmatic branches and absent staminodes, and staminate flower with an elongated anthophore. The necessary typifications and taxonomic changes are presented below.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454604929DCDE9DA1A3CDFABA.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Goiás: “ Entre Rio Torto et Sobradinho, dans le sable, 25 May 1895, Glaziou 22323 (holotype: B!, isotypes: B!, C!, G!, K!, LE!, NY!, P!).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454604929DCDE9C4EA033F8D4.taxon	discussion	Silveira (1928) refers to the specimen Silveira 348, which corresponds to Paepalanthus amoenus var. curralensis, from a list of his own collections of Eriocaulaceae. This specimen was found at R and contains a detailed description in Silveira’s handwriting. However, this description has never been published. According to article 32.1 and recommendation 50.1 of the ICBN (McNeill et al. 2006), the name must be treated as nomen nudum.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454604928DCDE9EA4A222F914.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BOLIVIA. Chiquitos: “ Häufig in den Kämpen des Cerro de Santiago, 700 – 800 m, May 1907, Herzog 114 (holotype: L!, incomplete). Epitype (here designated): BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz: “ Velasco Province, 19 May 1995, J. R. Abbott 16850 (SPF! in 2 sheets).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454604928DCDE9EA4A222F914.taxon	discussion	Herzog (1924) described P. chiquitensis on the basis of field observations, but he stated in the protologue that only fragments (parts of an inflorescence, Herzog 114) is the holotype at L. However, the original description and type specimen are insufficient to distinguish the species unambiguously without additional evidence. Thus, on the basis of article 9.7 of the ICBN (McNeill et al. 2006), we hereby designate an epitype. Paepalanthus chiquitensis is the most widespread and variable species in section Diphyomene, therefore several formerly described species are treated here as synonyms. Sano (2004) proposed Paepalanthus giganteus as a new name for the later homonym Paepalanthus speciosus (Bong.) Koern. In the protologue, Sano (2004) indicated the collection Riedel 2300 in LE as the holotype of the basionym. However, this material was collected 4 years after the species publication and thus cannot be the holotype. As Bongard (1831) did not clearly indicate a type specimen and no original collection belonging to the same species has been found in LE, we consider the original material lost and designate the specimen cited by Sano (2004) as a neotype for the species.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D24454614928DCDE9FE4A36DF8FF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Goiás: “ Chapadão de Porto Seguro dans le campo sec., 26 December 1894, Glaziou 22324 (holotype: B!, isotypes: C!, G!, K!, LE!, P!)	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445466492FDCDE999CA3F4FD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ In partis siccis in Serra do Cipó ”, April 1905, Silveira 367 (holotype: R!).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445466492FDCDE999CA3F4FD5E.taxon	discussion	Ruhland (1903) described Paepalanthus speciosus var. glabrus based on eight collections. Careful fieldwork and herbarium analysis lead to the conclusion that these specimens correspond to several formerly described species. The collection Glaziou 19977 best fits the original description, and is thus designated here as the lectotype. Ruhland (1903) also briefly described Paepalanthus speciosus var. angustifolius based on two collections. The specimen Mathieu Libon 534 in C fits the original description most adequately and is therefore designated here as the lectotype.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445466492EDCDE9FDCA063FF70.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ In campis arenosis in serra da Babylonia, April 1925, Silveira 428 (holotype: R!), syn. nov.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445466492FDCDE9AB1A575FC53.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: “ In arenosis in serra do Chapadão, April 1925, Silveira 742 (holotype: R!).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445466492FDCDE9D2EA471FB71.taxon	materials_examined	Type: BRAZIL. Goiás: “ Serra dos Veadeiros, dans campo sec, 15 January 1895, Glaziou 22318 (holotype: B!, isotypes: BR!, C!, G!, K!, LE!, NY!, P!).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
03E0D2445467492EDCDE9807A401FE68.taxon	discussion	Koernicke (1963) described Paepalanthus strictus based on two collections. The specimen Gardner 5258 in B is more complete and contains annotations by the author, thus is here designated as the lectotype.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Sano, Paulo Takeo (2010): Taxonomic survey of Paepalanthus section Diphyomene (Eriocaulaceae). Phytotaxa 14: 49-55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.4, URL: http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.14.1.4
