identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E187C6FF96412BFF72FF4FFE46B039.text	03E187C6FF96412BFF72FF4FFE46B039.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anatrichus	<div><p>Anatrichus Clade</p><p>The monophyly of this clade is supported (BrS = 1, Fig. 1 A) by seven homoplasious characters: the arista more than twice as long as the height of the third antennal segment (17:1), reduced ocellar bristles (23:1), inner vertical bristles absent (25:1), mesonotum longer than wide (27:1), postpronotal bristle absent (38:1), wing with a pattern (53:2) and wing much longer than wide (55:1).</p><p>Disciphus is the basal member of the Anatrichus clade and is not closely related to Elachiptera, as previously hypothesized (Andersson, 1977; Kanmiya, 1983). It is supported (BrS = 4, Figs 1A; 2A) by one uniquely derived synapomorphy: one orbital bristle longer than the others (20:1), and three homoplasious characters: interfrontal bristles on the inner margin of the frontal triangle (21:2), a pair of long apical scutellar tubercles (35:2), and reduced cerci in lateral view (66:1). Disciphus subelongatus Kanmiya was nested within Elachiptera in the analysis, not with the other described species of Disciphus .</p><p>The sister clade of Disciphus is comprised of Allomedeia, Alombus, Anatrichus and Sepsidoscinis . It is supported (BrS = 3, Fig. 1A) by a long pronotum (26:2), the postpronotum obviously longer than wide (28:1), second costal sector shorter than the third (56:2) and the abdomen at least 1.5 times longer than the thorax (58:1).</p><p>Allomedeia is supported (BrS = 1, Figs 1 A; 2 A) by the margin of the frons diverging dorsally (3:1), the ocellar bristles much shorter than the postvertical bristles (24:1), subapical scutellar bristles absent (47:0), femoral organ absent (48:3), wings shaded at least along the veins (53:1), reduced anal angle (54:1) (Fig. 6), all bristles on cerci equal (68:1), medially fused cerci (67:1), wide surstylus (70.1), parallel-sided (71.1), with a flattened tip (75:1). The structure of the male genitalia (Figs 8–10), especially the fused cerci, is a strong defining character for this group. Although medially fused male cerci is probably an apomorphy for the subfamily Chloropinae, it is an unusual character in oscinellines. Three species of Allomedeia were included in the matrix as A. prolata, A. xanthotes and A. stuckenberg . The genus and included species (all previously undescribed) were formally described by Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler (2010b).</p><p>The remaining genera of the Anatrichus clade ( Alombus, Sepsidoscinis and Anatrichus) form a strongly supported monophyletic clade (BrS = 8, Bootstrap = 60, Fig. 1A) supported by 11 characters: head longer than high (1:2), postgena at least 0.5 times the length of the short axis of eye (9:2), palpus parallel-sided and ending bluntly (10:1), third antennal segment round (16:0), pronotum noticeable but short (26:1), postpronotum wider than long (28:0), scutellum triangular (30:2), no scutellar tubercles (36:0), but if present then on ventral to dorsal margin (37:1), and tergites 1+2 fully sclerotized (62:1) including one uniquely derived synapomorphy, the basally constricted abdomen (61:1, Figs 18; 56–57).</p><p>Alombus is a strongly supported monophyletic genus (BrS = 19, Figs 1 A; 2 A), probably partly due to several morphological changes associated with the loss of flight in this group. Ten characters: ocellar bristles as long as post-vertical bristles (24:0), scutellum dorsally convex (31:0), anterior notopleural absent (40:3), postsutural dorsocentral bristles absent (43.1), subapical scutellar bristles absent (47:0), wings absent (52:2), halters absent (57:1), tergites 1+2 more than half the length of the abdomen but not covering it completely (59:1), cerci evenly rounded (69:0), unbranched arms of the hypandrium (74:1) support its monophyly including one that is uniquely derived, the absence of an anterior notopleural bristle (40:3). Four additional character state changes in characters 53–56 were plotted by TNT as state changes in the genus, but all are inapplicable wing characters that were coded in the matrix as missing states. These have been omitted from the cladogram in Fig. 2 A.</p><p>The two remaining genera of the Anatrichus clade, Sepsidoscinis and Anatrichus, are supported as a monophyletic group (BrS = 3 Figs. 1 A, 2B) by four characters: ocellar bristles shorter than post-vertical bristles (24:1), mesonotum as long as wind (27:0), femoral organ absent (48:3), hypandrium massive in lateral view (73:1). Although Sepsidoscinis is a monotypic genus and is the well-supported sister group to Anatrichus, we have retained it as a separate genus to maintain stability with previous nomenclature. Given the lack of research on Oriental Chloropidae, it is likely that additional species of both genera remain to be described. Sepsidoscinis is supported by 12 characters: frons dorsally diverging (3:1), frontal triangle margins straight (4:1), palpus very small and inconspicuous (12:2), interfrontal setulae on the inside margin of the the frontal triangle (21:2), ocellar bristles proclinate (22:1), scutellar tubercles more than half the length of the scutellum (35:2), four or more scutellar bristles (36:2), anterior notopleural at most half the size of the posterior notopleural (40:1), absent postsutural intraalar bristle (44:1), wings shorter than abdomen (52:1), cerci fused (67:1)with one uniquely derived synapomorphy, a bilobed surstylus (76:1, Figs 55, 64). An additional character state change related to the shape of the surstylus (71:?) was plotted by TNT as an apomorphy for Sepsidoscinis, but that character state is inapplicable because of the highly modified surstylus in this genus and the character state change was omitted from the cladogram (Fig. 2B).</p><p>The limits of Anatrichus have been expanded to include the species previously assigned to Myrmecosepsis . It is supported (BrS = 3) by 16 apomorphies scutellum longer than wide at base (32:1), scutellar tubercles absent (35:0), no scutellar tubercles (36:0), many dorsal posterior notopleurals (39:3), many anterior notopleurals (40:2), thoracic spines present (41:1), scutellar spines present (42:1), many postsutural intra-alar bristles (44:2), postsutural supra-alar bristles present (45:1), wings clear (53:0), C2 costal sector longer thand C3 (56:0), one large sclerite covering the abdomen (59:2), Tergites 1+2 fused (60:1), abdomen basally rugose (63:1), abdominal sternites broken into many small pieces (65:1), surstylus with a pointed tip (75:2), of which seven are uniquely derived: many posterior and anterior notopleurals (39:3, 40:2), the modification of bristles into spines on the thorax (41:1, 44:2), the modification of the abdomen into one large sclerotized syntergite covering the entire length of the abdomen (59:2, 60:1) and the sternites divided into many pieces (65:1).</p><p>Elachiptera Clade</p><p>The monophyly of this clade is supported (BrS = 1, Fig. 1 A) by an arista less than twice the length of the third antennal segment (17:0), the rugose surface of the scutellum (33:1) and a well sclerotized hypandrium in lateral view (73:1).</p><p>Goniaspis is the basal lineage of this group. Its monophyly is supported (BrS = 4, Fig. 3 A) by the presence of a short to long apical hind tibial spur (51:1) and the second costal sector as long as the third (56:1). Two of the ten described species in this genus were included in the analysis as well as an additional undescribed species (new species A) that was potentially referable to Goniaspis . That species is the sister group to the rest of the genus.</p><p>The sister group to Goniaspis includes Ceratobarys, Melanochaeta and Elachiptera. Support is low (BrS = 1, Fig. 1A) and assumes many reversals. This clade of three genera is monophyletic based on the presence of a thick arista (18:1) that is heavily pubescent (19:1) and two orbital bristles longer than the rest (20:2).</p><p>The traditional limits of Elachiptera have changed as a result of this analysis (Figs 1A,B), with the species previously assigned to Elachiptera divided into two monophyletic groups separated by a monophyletic Melanochaeta .</p><p>Although Wheeler &amp; Forrest (2002) synonymized Ceratobarys with Elachiptera, we have reinstated it for the clade that is the sister group to Melanochaeta plus Elachiptera ( sensu stricto). Ceratobarys is a weakly supported genus (BrS = 1, Figs 1A; 3A) based on a dorsally elongated third antennal segment (15:1), although this character state is independently derived within Elachiptera . Wheeler &amp; Forrest (2002) synonymized Ceratobarys with Elachiptera based on the observation that the type species, C. eulophus (Loew), was closely related to a group of yellow Neotropical species of Elachiptera with a trapezoidal scutellum. While these species are congeneric, the yellow species are all part of this clade, for which Ceratobarys is the oldest available name.</p><p>Andersson (1977) considered Melanochaeta and Elachiptera closely related. This has been supported in this analysis (BrS = 1, Figs 1B, 3A) by two characters: ocellar bristles shorter than the postvertical bristles (24:1) and a round scutellum (30:0, Figs 35, 46).</p><p>Melanochaeta is a monophyletic group supported (BrS = 3, Figs 1B, 3 A) by four characters: the frontal triangle shorter than three-quarters of the length of the frons (5:1), the reduced dorsal posterior notopleural (31:0), the dorsally convex scutellum (33:0) that is smooth in appearance (39:2).</p><p>Under our revised definition, Elachiptera is supported (BrS = 1, Fig. 1B) by a dorsally elongated third antennal segment (15:1) and the presence of 4 or more tubercles on the scutellum (36:2). As noted above, several species previously assigned to Elachiptera have been transferred to Ceratobarys . In addition, Elachiptera now includes all of the species that were previously placed in Cyrtomomyia and Togeciphus, as well as Disciphus subelongatus . Cyrtomomyia was treated as a subgenus of Elachiptera by Sabrosky (1951) but he subsequently reinstated it to a genus (Sabrosky, 1980). The four exemplar species of Cyrtomomyia are monophyletic, but nested within Elachiptera along with Disciphus subelongatus (Figs 1B, 3B). Consequently, Cyrtomomyia is considered a synonym of Elachiptera, and D. subelongatus is transferred from Disciphus to Elachiptera . The type species of Togeciphus, T. katoi Nishijima, was also nested within Elachiptera (Figs 1B, 3B), and thus Togeciphus is synonymized with Elachiptera .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF96412BFF72FF4FFE46B039	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF99412AFF72FD85FD03B75C.text	03E187C6FF99412AFF72FD85FD03B75C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Allomedeia Mlynarek & Wheeler 2010	<div><p>Allomedeia Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2010</p><p>(Figs 4–10)</p><p>Allomedeia Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2010b: 465 . Type species: Allomedeia xanthotes Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2010 (original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium sized oscinelline with vertex of head rounded in lateral view, small trapezoidal scutellum with short or undifferentiated sub-apical scutellar bristles, anal angle of wing reduced, elongated and narrowed abdomen, and male cerci fused medially into a single sclerite male cerci fused medially into a single sclerite.</p><p>Description. This genus was described by Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler (2010b) and thus a detailed description is not included here.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Species of Allomedeia are restricted to the Afrotropical region, with known species from South Africa, Nigeria, Uganda and Kenya.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF99412AFF72FD85FD03B75C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF99412DFF72FB87FC5BB206.text	03E187C6FF99412DFF72FB87FC5BB206.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alombus Becker 1914	<div><p>Alombus Becker, 1914</p><p>(Figs 11–15; 56)</p><p>Alombus Becker, 1914: 129 . Type species: Alombus politus Becker, 1914 (monotypy).</p><p>Diagnosis. Very small, black Oscinellinae with wings and halteres completely absent, reduced bristling, one long posterior notopleural, very small scutellum, syntergite 1+2 large and sclerotized.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 56); frontal triangle shining and bare; frons bare to microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate short postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, of equal size; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere round-reniform, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, and slender (Fig. 11); proboscis and palpus short, black.</p><p>Scutum as wide as long; thoracic chaetotaxy: 0 anterior, 1 posterior notopleural, 0 postsutural supra-alar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum rounded dorsally, triangular, usually wider than long, inclined at a 45° angle with scutum (Fig. 12); 1 pair long apical scutellar bristles, 0–1 pair lateral scutellar bristles almost indistinguishable. Wing and halteres absent. Legs slender; male femoral organ present as two rows of 3–5 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur absent; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.2–0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly shining, large; sternites small, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view and wider than high in posterior view; surstylus simple, clavate or quadrate; hypandrium closed posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, round, projecting ventrally (Figs 13–14).</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Species of Alombus are restricted to the Afrotropical region, at high elevations in central Africa.</p><p>Remarks. Alombus is a genus of highly modified chloropids, primarily because of the complete loss of wings. However, its monophyly and family placement have never been questioned.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF99412DFF72FB87FC5BB206	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF9F412EFF72FA5DFEC5B053.text	03E187C6FF9F412EFF72FA5DFEC5B053.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anatrichus Loew, Ceratobarys Coquillett 1860	<div><p>Anatrichus Loew, 1860</p><p>(Figs 16–21)</p><p>Anatrichus Loew, 1860: 97 . Type species: Anatrichus erinaceus Loew, 1860 (monotypy).</p><p>Myrmecosepsis Kertesz, 1914: 244 . Type species: Myrmecosepsis hystrix Kertesz, 1914 (monotypy) syn.n.</p><p>Echinia Paramonov, 1961: 97 . Type species: Echinia bisegmenta Paramonov, 1961 (original designation).</p><p>New combinations. Anatrichus hystrix (Kertesz, 1914) comb.n. ( Myrmecosepsis); Anatrichus taprobane (Andersson, 1977) comb.n. ( Myrmecosepsis).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with numerous long, stout, straight spines on thorax and scutellum, abdominal tergites fused into one large dorsal plate, and slender arista.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view; frontal triangle shining and bare; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae long and on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, of equal size; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, as long as wide, arista longer than width of frons, and slender (Fig. 16); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum square, as wide as long; covered in stout, straight spines, thoracic chaetotaxy: modified into spines, many anterior and posterior notopleurals, postsutural supra-alars and dorsocentrals; scutellum round to flat dorsally, triangular, rounded at apex, usually longer than wide, covered in spines (Fig. 17); thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing present or absent, short or long, narrow, with or without markings, second costal sector longer than third costal sector when wings long, or shorter than third costal sector when wings reduced, distance between crossveins r-m and dm-cu 2–3 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale (Fig. 21); halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ absent or present as two rows of 5 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur absent or present, usually apical; tibial organ oval, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites 1+2+3 fused into large plate covering the abdomen, setulose laterally, with textured base or dorsal region, tergites 4 and 5 very narrow, hidden under large fused tergite (Fig. 18); abdominal tergites can have enlarged setae on abdomen; sternites divided into many small sclerotized regions, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergites.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 19); surstylus simple, parallel sided with a pointed apex (Fig. 20); hypandrium closed posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus wide, rectangular to triangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Anatrichus is mostly restricted to the Afrotropical and Oriental realms. Anatrichus pygmaeus has been introduced into Northern Australia (Paramonov, 1961) and A. erinaceus extends into the southern Palearctic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF9F412EFF72FA5DFEC5B053	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF9D4130FF72FCBFFCDDB2EB.text	03E187C6FF9D4130FF72FCBFFCDDB2EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratobarys Coquillett 1898	<div><p>Ceratobarys Coquillett, 1898</p><p>(Figs 22–26)</p><p>Ceratobarys Coquillett, 1898: 45 . Type species Hippelates eulophus (original designation).</p><p>New combinations. Ceratobarys attenuata (Adams, 1908) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys cultrata (Wheeler &amp; Forrest, 2002) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys flavida (Williston, 1896) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys melinifrons (Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2008) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys fucosa (Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2008) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys queposana (Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler, 2008) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys rubida (Becker, 1912) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys sacculicornis (Enderlein, 1911) comb.n. ( Elachiptera); Ceratobarys willistoni (Sabrosky, 1948) comb.n. ( Elachiptera).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with a trapezoidal scutellum with 2 small tubercles, first flagellomere elongated dorsally, and thick arista.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 22); frontal triangle long, shining and bare; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae long and on or slightly inside inner margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, long, sometimes 2 slightly longer than the others; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, dorsal region elongate, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, and thick (Fig. 23); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum rectangular, longer than wide; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 1 posterior notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum flat dorsally, trapezoidal, usually wider than long (Fig. 24); 1 pair apical scutellar bristles on small tubercles, 1 pair of lateral scutellar bristles; thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing long, narrow, usually clear (patterned in C. fucosa), second costal sector equal to or shorter than third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 2.5–3 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale or darkened; halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ present as 1–3 rows of 3–5 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur present or absent, usually apical, length variable; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.25 to 0.3 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly microtomentose; sternites narrow, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view (Fig. 26) and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 25); surstylus simple, very narrow; hypandrium closed posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, triangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. C eratobarys is restricted to the Neotropical region except for C. eulophus and C. willistoni from the southern Nearctic region.</p><p>Remarks. The genus was synonymized with Elachiptera by Wheeler &amp; Forrest (2002) because the type and only included species ( C. eulophus) was considered closely related to the other Neotropical Elachiptera with a yellow, trapezoidal scutellum. The only distinguishing character was the long hind tibial spur in Ceratobarys (small or absent in Elachiptera). Although our analysis confirmed that C. eulophus is congeneric with those Neotropical species, it is not congeneric with the type species of Elachiptera . Thus, we have reinstated Ceratobarys as the valid name for this mostly Neotropical clade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF9D4130FF72FCBFFCDDB2EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF804133FF72FF4FFCFAB662.text	03E187C6FF804133FF72FF4FFCFAB662.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Disciphus Becker, Elachiptera Macquart 1911	<div><p>Disciphus Becker, 1911</p><p>(Figs 27–32)</p><p>Disciphus Becker, 1911: 98 . Type species: Disciphis peregrinus Becker, 1911 (subsequent designation by Sabrosky, 1941: 752).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with a patterned wing, a trapezoidal scutellum with a pair of long tubercles and long slender arista.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 27); frontal triangle shining and bare; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical setae, interfrontal setulae long and on inner margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, one longer than others; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, and slender (Fig. 28); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum square, as wide as long; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 1 posterior notopleurals, 1 postsutural supraalar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum flat dorsally, trapezoidal, usually wider than long, with a pair of very long scutellar tubercles (Fig. 30); 1 pair apical scutellar bristles, 1 pair of lateral scutellar bristles; thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing long, narrow, with a pattern, second costal sector equal or longer than third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 3.5 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins dark; halter white (Fig. 29). Legs long and slender; male femoral organ present as 1–3 rows of 8–10 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur absent; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdomen slender, abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly microtomentose; sternites slender, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view (Fig. 32) and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 31); surstylus simple, parallel sided; hypandrium open posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, rectangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Disciphus is restricted to the Oriental realm. As previously defined, the distribution of Disciphus also included the Palearctic region (Japan); however, based our analysis, the Japanese species ( Disciphus subelongatus) has been transferred to Elachiptera .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF804133FF72FF4FFCFAB662	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF804135FF72FAB5FB5DB068.text	03E187C6FF804135FF72FAB5FB5DB068.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elachiptera Macquart, Melanochaeta Bezzi 1835	<div><p>Elachiptera Macquart, 1835</p><p>(Figs 33–38)</p><p>Elachiptera Macquart, 1835: 621 . Type species: Chlorops brevipennis Meigen (original designation).</p><p>Crassiseta von Roser, 1840: 63 . Type species: Oscinis cornuta Fallen, 1820 (subsequent designation by Corti, 1909: 121).</p><p>Pachychaeta Loew, 1845: 50 . Type species: Oscinis cornuta Fallen, 1820 (monotypy).</p><p>Macrochetum Rondani, 1856: 127 . Type species: Oscinis cornuta Fallen, 1820 (original designation).</p><p>Myrmecomorpha Corti, 1909: 141 . Type species: Chlorops brevipennis Meigen, 1830 (monotypy).</p><p>Cyrtomomyia Becker, 1913: 166 . Type species: Cyrtomomyia pulchra Becker 1913 (subsequent designation by Sabrosky, 1941: 751) syn.n.</p><p>Doliomyia Johannsen 1924: 89 . Type species: Melanochaeta longiventris Johannsen, 1924 (original designation).</p><p>Neoelachiptera Séguy 1938: 360 . Type species: Neoelachiptera lerouxi Séguy, 1938 (original designation).</p><p>Chaetaspis Nishijima 1954: 84 . Type species: Chaetaspis katoi Nishijima, 1954 (original designation).</p><p>Togeciphus Nishijima 1955: 53 . (Replacement name for Chaetaspis Nishijima, preocc. Bollman, 1887). Type species: Chaetaspis katoi Nishijima, 1954 . syn.n.</p><p>New combinations. Elachiptera ensifer (Sabrosky, 1951) comb.n. ( Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera ericius (Kanmiya, 1983) comb.n. ( Togeciphus); Elachiptera katoi (Nishijima, 1955) comb.n. ( Togeciphus); Elachiptera maculinervis (Becker, 1910) comb.n. ( Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera punctulata (Becker, 1912) comb.n. ( Cyrtomomyia); Elachiptera subelongata (Kanmiya, 1983) comb.n. ( Disciphus); Elachiptera truncatus (Liu &amp; Yang, 2012) comb.n. ( Togeciphus); Elachiptera tuberculata (Adams, 1905) comb.n. ( Cyrtomomyia).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with a reniform third antennal segment slightly elongated dorsally, a thick arista and a dorsally flattened, rugose scutellum with rounded apex and with multiple tubercles.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 33); frontal triangle shining and bare; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae long and on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, of equal size or with 2 longer than the rest; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, and thick (Fig. 34); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum square to longer than wide; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 1 posterior notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum flat dorsally, usually rugose, usually wider than long, round (Fig. 35), sometimes elongate with round apex; 1 pair apical scutellar bristles on tubercles, 1 or 2 pairs of lateral scutellar bristles on tubercles; thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing long, narrow, clear or with markings, second costal sector equal to or shorter than third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 2.4 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale; halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ present as 1–3 rows of 3–5 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur usually absent or short and apical; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly microtomentose; sternites slender, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view (Fig. 37) and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 36); surstylus simple, clavate or quadrate; hypandrium open posteriorly (Fig. 38); pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, triangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Elachiptera is widespread in the Nearctic, Palearctic and Afrotropical regions.</p><p>Remarks. All Neotropical species previously assigned to Elachiptera are now in Ceratobarys .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF804135FF72FAB5FB5DB068	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF864134FF72FCACFD4DB3BE.text	03E187C6FF864134FF72FCACFD4DB3BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniaspis Duda, Melanochaeta Bezzi 1930	<div><p>Goniaspis Duda, 1930</p><p>(Figs 39–43)</p><p>Goniaspis Duda, 1930: 59 . Type species: Cadrema rubra Becker, 1916 (subsequent designation by Duda 1931: 165). Paleoenderleiniella Duda, 1930: 57. Type species: Cadrema rubra Becker, 1916 (subsequent designation by Sabrosky 1941: 761).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with an apicoventral, hind-tibial spur, trapezoidal scutellum and long slender arista.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 39); frontal triangle shining and bare; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae long and on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, of equal size; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, and slender (Fig. 40); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum square, as wide as long; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 1 posterior notopleurals, 1 postsutural supraalar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum usually flat dorsally, trapezoidal, usually wider than long (Fig. 41); 1 pair apical scutellar bristles on small tubercles, 1 or 2 pairs of lateral scutellar bristles; thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing long, narrow, hyaline, second costal sector equal to or shorter than third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 2.4 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale; halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ present as two rows of 3–5 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur present, usually apical, length usually more than twice diameter of hind tibia; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly microtomentose; sternites slender, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view (Fig. 43) and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 42); surstylus simple, clavate or quadrate; hypandrium closed posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, triangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Species of Goniaspis have been recorded only from the Neotropical region including the Caribbean.</p><p>Remarks. Goniaspis has recently been revised (Mlynarek &amp; Wheeler 2009). As a result of this analysis, the generic limits have been expanded to include an undescribed Puerto Rican species with a short hind tibial spur. That species is the sister group to the rest of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF864134FF72FCACFD4DB3BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF844136FF72FF4FFEFEB7AF.text	03E187C6FF844136FF72FF4FFEFEB7AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanochaeta Bezzi 1906	<div><p>Melanochaeta Bezzi, 1906</p><p>(Figs 44–49)</p><p>Pachychoeta Bezzi, 1895: 72 . Type species: Elachiptera atterima Strobl, 1880 = capreolus (Haliday, 1838) (original designation).</p><p>Melanochaeta Bezzi, 1906: 50 (replacement name for Pachychoeta Bezzi 1895, preocc. Bigot, 1857).</p><p>Pachychaetina Hendel, 1907: 98 (unnecessary replacement name for Pachychoeta Bezzi, 1895)</p><p>Lasiochaeta Corti, 1909: 147 . Type species: Elachiptera pubescens Thalhammer, 1898 (monotypy).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with round, smooth scutellum, reniform third antennal segment, slender to thick arista with heavy pubescence and two orbital bristles longer than the others.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view (Fig. 44); frontal triangle shining, bare to pollinose; frons microtomentose; cephalic chaetotaxy: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal bristles long and on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, 2 longer than others; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, higher than wide, arista longer than width of frons, slender to flat and wide, heavily pubescent (Fig. 45); proboscis short, palpus short to longer.</p><p>Scutum square, as wide as long; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 2 posterior notopleurals (upper posterior sometimes weak), 1 postsutural supra-alar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum rounded dorsally, round, wider than long (Fig. 46); 1 pair apical scutellar bristles, 1 pair of lateral scutellar bristles; thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing long, narrow, hyaline, second costal sector equal to third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 2–4 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale; halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ present as 1–3 rows of 4–6 tubercles; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur absent; tibial organ oval, sometimes very narrow, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites setulose laterally and with sparse setae posteriorly, mostly microtomentose; sternites slender, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 47); surstylus simple, narrow, parallel sided (Fig. 48); hypandrium closed posteriorly (Fig. 49); pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus elongate, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus small, triangular, projecting posteroventrally.</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Melanochaeta is distributed in the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental and Nearctic realms, with highest species richness in the Afrotropical and Palearctic realms.</p><p>Remarks. Melanochaeta capreolus was consistently placed within the other Melanochaeta species in our analyses, and not close to the species of Oscinella treated as an outgroup. In the absence of additional supporting evidence (e.g. molecular sequence data), and because their decision was not based on explicit phylogenetic methods, Nartshuk and von Tschirnhaus’s (2012) reassignment of M. capreolus is not supported, for the time being. Therefore Melanochaeta should no be considered a synonym of Oscinella . If, with further evidence using different characters and further analyses, Melanochaeta is more closely related to Oscinella, and then the ICZN ruling (opinion 2336 (case 3576) 2014) will be in effect. Until that time, Melanochaeta is valid and Lasiochaeta is a junior synonym.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF844136FF72FF4FFEFEB7AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
03E187C6FF854139FF72FAE4FCCDB1B6.text	03E187C6FF854139FF72FAE4FCCDB1B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sepsidoscinis Hendel 1914	<div><p>Sepsidoscinis Hendel, 1914</p><p>(Figs 50–55; 57)</p><p>Sepsidoscinis Hendel, 1914: 247 . Type species: Sepsidoscinis maculipennis Hendel, 1914 (original designation).</p><p>Diagnosis. Oscinellinae with a dorsoventrally compressed head, an elongated postpronotum, contracted abdomen at base, triangular scutellum with long tubercles, short, patterned wings and long slender arista.</p><p>Description. Chloropidae, Oscinellinae . Vertex rounded in lateral view, head dorsoventrally compressed (Fig. 57); frontal triangle shining and bare; frons shining; cephalic chaetotaxy reduced: long peristomal bristles, cruciate postocellar bristles, cruciate short ocellar bristles, long outer vertical bristles, interfrontal setulae long and on margin of frontal triangle, orbital bristles reclinate, of equal size; eye sparsely and microscopically pubescent; gena narrow, vibrissal angle rounded, indistinct, vibrissa with 2 similar bristles; face flat, wide, carina absent; first flagellomere reniform, as long as wide, arista longer than width of frons, slender (Fig. 50); proboscis and palpus short.</p><p>Scutum wider posteriorly, as wide as long; thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 anterior, 1 posterior weak notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar bristle, 1 dorsocentral bristle; scutellum dorsally flat, inclined at a 45° angle with scutum, giving impression of a triangular point, usually wider than long (Figs 52–53; 57); 1 pair apical scutellar bristles, 1– 2 pairs of lateral scutellar bristles on long tubercles (Figs 52–53); thoracic pleurites bare except for a row of setulae on katepisternum. Wing short, narrow, with a wide dark spot at center (Fig. 51), second costal sector equal to or shorter than third costal sector, distance between crossvein r-m and dm-cu 2.4 times length of dm-cu, anal angle reduced, alula small, much longer than wide; veins pale; halter white. Legs long and slender; male femoral organ absent; small, apical ventral spur on mid tibia; hind tibial spur absent; tibial organ narrow, 0.2 to 0.25 times length of hind tibia.</p><p>Abdominal tergites shining, tergites 1+2 very narrow dorsally, tergite 3 enlarged (Fig. 57); sternites slender, with sparse setae; male spiracles 3–5 in membrane near lateral margin of tergite.</p><p>Male postabdomen: pregenital sclerites narrow; spiracles 6 and 7 in membrane ventral to lateral margin of dorsal sclerite; epandrium rounded, usually higher than long in lateral view (Fig. 55) and wider than high in posterior view (Fig. 54); surstylus bilobed, upper lobe clavate, lower lobe ending in pointed tip; hypandrium open posteriorly; pregonite fused with postgonite, weakly sclerotized; basiphallus short, weakly sclerotized; distiphallus short, membranous; phallapodeme simple; phallic guide sclerotized; cercus fused with two projections, thin, projecting posteroventrally (Fig. 54).</p><p>Female terminalia not modified, cerci separate, cylindrical, setulose.</p><p>Geographic distribution. This monotypic genus is restricted to the Oriental realm in southern China, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam.</p><p>Remarks. Although Sepsidoscinis is monotypic and is closely related to Anatrichus we have retained it as a separate genus for ease of recognition and nomenclatural stability.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187C6FF854139FF72FAE4FCCDB1B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mlynarek, Julia J.;Wheeler, Terry A.	Mlynarek, Julia J., Wheeler, Terry A. (2018): Phylogeny and revised classification of the tribe Elachipterini (Diptera: Chloropidae). Zootaxa 4471 (1): 1-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.1.1
