identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E187EFFFB5AE4AFCA9BCA81C071C6C.text	03E187EFFFB5AE4AFCA9BCA81C071C6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium kiewmaepanense	<div><p>Simulium kiewmaepanense</p> <p>The banding patterns of all seven chromosomally prepared larvae (three females and four males) were fully analyzed, including one female and two males infected with an unidentified, probably new, species of microsporidium (Fig. 1) characterized by individual spores 3.5–4.0 times longer than wide in clusters of eight. Chromosomal homologs were 98–100% paired along their lengths. The centromere regions were expanded and the nucleolar organizer was in the standard subgeneric position in IIIL. The chromosomal banding sequence differed from that of the Simulium subgeneric standard by three novel fixed inversions— IIS-1, IIS-2, and IIS-3 —plus IIIL-1 (Fig. 2) of Adler and Kachvorian (2001). One hypothesis for resolution of IIS relative to the subgeneric standard is shown in Fig. 2. Alternative hypotheses involve the choice of breakpoints for IIS-2 and IIS-3. For instance, breakpoints for IIS-3, although shown as c/e and d/g, could also be given as h/f (subsequent to inversion of IIS-2) and g/d. The correct interpretation could be resolved by discovery of an intermediate condition, i.e., a related species that has one or two of the IIS inversions. Sex chromosomes were cytologically undifferentiated (X 0 Y 0) and autosomal polymorphisms were lacking.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187EFFFB5AE4AFCA9BCA81C071C6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Adler, Peter H.;Srisuka, Wichai;Low, Van Lun;Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Saeung, Atiporn	Adler, Peter H., Srisuka, Wichai, Low, Van Lun, Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Saeung, Atiporn (2019): High-Elevation Chromosomal Diversity of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3 (2019), No. 1: 1-10, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz004
03E187EFFFB5AE49FCA9B93B19B21CB1.text	03E187EFFFB5AE49FCA9B93B19B21CB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium undecimum Takaoka, Srisuka & Saeung 2018	<div><p>Simulium undecimum</p> <p>The banding patterns of all 54 chromosomally prepared larvae (28 females and 26 males) were fully analyzed, including two females infected with mermithid nematodes. The patterns corresponded precisely with the banding sequence of S. malayense cytoform B described by Thaijarern et al. (2018) as having the following fixed inversions: IIS-1, IIS-2, IIS-3, IIL-1, IIIL-3, IIIL-5, IIIL-6, and IIIL- 10. Among the nuclei in individual larvae, ectopic pairing was absent or expressed among any or all combinations of the thick, darkly staining centromere bands. Homologs were 98–100% paired along their lengths. We found a small, glassy band, not previously reported,</p> <p>a Identification confirmed by association of gill histoblasts from one mature larva with two pupal exuviae.</p> <p>b The larva of this species is undescribed; identification was made based on the gill histoblast of one mature larva. in section 66 of IIL in all larvae (Fig. 2C), possibly reflecting enhanced polytenization or nucleotide content. Sex chromosomes were microscopically undifferentiated (X 0 Y 0) and polymorphisms were absent.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187EFFFB5AE49FCA9B93B19B21CB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Adler, Peter H.;Srisuka, Wichai;Low, Van Lun;Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Saeung, Atiporn	Adler, Peter H., Srisuka, Wichai, Low, Van Lun, Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Saeung, Atiporn (2019): High-Elevation Chromosomal Diversity of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3 (2019), No. 1: 1-10, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz004
03E187EFFFB6AE49FF09B84E1D5B1CF1.text	03E187EFFFB6AE49FF09B84E1D5B1CF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium tenebrosum	<div><p>Simulium tenebrosum</p> <p>The banding patterns of all 107 chromosomally prepared larvae were analyzed completely, including two males infected with a microsporidium resembling Amblyospora varians (Léger) sensu Vávra and Undeen (1981) (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae) and</p> <p>one female infected with an unidentified mermithid nematode (Mermithidae). Homologs were tightly paired (98–100%). All larvae had the standard chromosomal banding sequence for the Southeast Asian S. tuberosum lineage (sensu Adler et al. 2016c) and were also fixed for IIIL-8, IIIL-11, and IIIL-13 (Fig. 3). All larvae additionally had either of two mutually exclusive fixed-inversion sequences in the IIIL arm: IIIL-64 or IIIL-96 (Fig. 3). The complete absence of individuals heterozygous for either of these inversions indicated the presence of two separate breeding populations (i.e., species): 57.9% (35 females and 27 males) with IIIL-64 and 42.1% (24 females and 21 males) with IIIL-96 (Table 2). A presorted subsample of 33 final-instar larvae yielded 82% correct assignment to one or the other chromosomal sequences, with IIIL-64 representing the largest larvae (94% correct, n = 18) and IIIL-96 the smallest (67% correct, n = 15). Larvae of intermediate size carried either IIIL-64 or IIIL-96, indicating considerable size overlap; only the extreme sizes agreed reasonably well with the two chromosomal sequences.</p> <p>A small subterminal inversion, IIIL -10 (Fig. 3D), was distributed nonrandomly among larvae (Table 3). Most of the 27 males (90.9%) with the IIIL-64 sequence carried IIIL -10 heterozygously. The remaining 9.1% of males with IIIL-64, plus all males with IIIL-96 and all females, lacked the inversion. IIIL -10, therefore, marked a differentiated Y chromosome (Y 1) in males with IIIL-64; the remainder (9.1%) of the males with IIIL-64 were, thus, Y 0. IIIL- 64 females (n = 35) were either standard (X 0, 77.1%) for section 100 of IIIL or had heteroband 100hb1 (X 1, 22.9%). Two males were heterozygous for IIIL -10 and IIIL 100 hb1, but on different homologs, and were, therefore, X 1 Y 1. All individuals with IIIL-96 had cytologically undifferentiated sex chromosomes (X 0 Y 0).</p> <p>Autosomal polymorphisms were limited to one inversion (IS-33, Fig. 2A), six different secondary nucleolar organizers (Figs. 3C and 4), three of which were in a single female larva, and two different heterobands (Fig. 3A, C, E); all polymorphisms had frequencies less than or equal to 0.02 (Table 2). Heteroband 100hb1, which was X-linked in individuals with IIIL-64, was expressed heterozygously as an autosomal polymorphism (Fig. 3C and E) in two female larvae with IIIL-96 at an overall frequency of 0.02.</p> <p>We assigned informal handles to the two groups of S. tenebrosum: cytospecies A for individuals fixed for IIIL-64 and cytospecies B for individuals fixed for IIIL-96.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187EFFFB6AE49FF09B84E1D5B1CF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Adler, Peter H.;Srisuka, Wichai;Low, Van Lun;Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Saeung, Atiporn	Adler, Peter H., Srisuka, Wichai, Low, Van Lun, Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Saeung, Atiporn (2019): High-Elevation Chromosomal Diversity of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3 (2019), No. 1: 1-10, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz004
03E187EFFFB7AE48FF09BA861B961CF6.text	03E187EFFFB7AE48FF09BA861B961CF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simulium tuberosum (Lundstrom 1911)	<div><p>S. tuberosum Group</p> <p>Seven larvae scored with IIIL-64 (cytospecies A) and eight larvae scored with IIIL-96 (cytospecies B) fell indiscriminately in a clade with S. rosliramlii (Fig. 5). This clade was the sister taxon of S. doipuiense Takaoka &amp; Choochote, with genetic distances of 1.7– 6.3%. It was separated from S. arisanum by 6.1–8.2%, S. weji by 8.8–11.9%, S. yuphae by 9.3–11.5%, and S. tani by 11.1–14.4%.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E187EFFFB7AE48FF09BA861B961CF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Adler, Peter H.;Srisuka, Wichai;Low, Van Lun;Takaoka, Hiroyuki;Saeung, Atiporn	Adler, Peter H., Srisuka, Wichai, Low, Van Lun, Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Saeung, Atiporn (2019): High-Elevation Chromosomal Diversity of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Insect Systematics and Diversity 3 (2019), No. 1: 1-10, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixz004, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixz004
