taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EE87AEFFA7FF8AFD27F7F489400061.taxon	discussion	was found to comprise two clades: Aublysodontinae and Tyrannosaurinae. Potential phylogenetic taxonomic definitions for the clades in question might be: Tyrannosauridae, all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Tyrannosaurus and Aublysodon; Aublysodontinae, Aublysodon and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with Tyrannosaurus; and Tyrannosaurinae, Tyrannosaurus and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with Aublysodon. However, these definitions must be provisional, as the type species of Aublysodon, A. mirandus, is known only from isolated premaxillary teeth, while the somewhat more complete A. molnari is known only from skull elements and may eventually prove to be a different genus. Similar problems would result from using Alectrosaurus rather than Aublysodon as the anchor taxon for Aublysodontrnae.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA7FF8AFD27F7F489400061.taxon	discussion	(Note that the phylogenetic taxonomy proposed by Sereno [1998] is problematic as well: his " Tyrannosauridae " is defined as all taxa closer to Tyrannosaurus thanto Alectrosaurus, Aublysodon, and Nanotyrannus. The latter specimen is very likely a juvenile Tyrannosaunts rex [Carr 1999; see also below], rendering his " Tyrannosauridae " as a subgroup within the species T. rex [all specimens sharing a more recent common ancestor with the type specimen of T. rex than with the " type " of Nanotyrannus]. Furthermore, Sereno's [1998] " Tyrannosaurinae, " all taxa closer to Tyrannosaurus than to Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, or Gorgosaurus, would be limited to the genus Tyrannosaurus itself foilowing the phylogeny presented here. It is recommended that until such time as the more complete Mongolian specimens currently referred to Alectrosaurus olseni [see below], which seem to represent the best materiai of primitive tyrannosaur, are more adequately described, that the provisional phylogenetic taxonomy proposed here be used for tyrannosaurid systematics.)	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA6FF8DFEEAF5FF898F06C3.taxon	discussion	The type species of Aublysodon mirandus is a set of isolated premaxillary teeth from the Tudith River Formation of north-central Montana. Currie (1987) referred primitive triangular tyrannosaurid frontals from Dinosaur Park Formation to cf. Aublysodon. A second species of Aublysodon, A. molnari, was proposed for material from the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana, formally known under the label " the Jordan theropod " (Molnar 1978). Currie (1987), Paul (1988) and Molnar and Carpenter (1989) referred this material to Aublysodon. Olshevsky et al. (1995 b) went further to use this specimen as the type of a new genus, " Stygivenator, " distinguishing it from A. mirandus in having premaxillary teeth which are narrower in lateral view: whether this is taxonomically significant or due to allometry or even different tooth positions in the premaxilla has yet to be determined.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA6FF8AFEEDFBAC8E9C0DDE.taxon	discussion	is comprised at present of only incompletely known taxa. These forms are united by two dental synapomorphies: 76. I and 77.1 (unserrated premaxillary teeth with prominent vertical ridges on the caudal surface). These derived features are not present on other tyrannosaurids, including the oldest confirmed tyrannosaurid premaxillary tooth (from the Early Cretaceous Jobu Formation of Japan: Manabe 1999). Although Molnar and Carpenter (1989) separated Aublysodon from Tyrannosauridae as Family Aublysodontidae, the presence of Aublysodon-llke teeth in specimens of Alectrosaurus olseni, a taxon with tyrannosaurid synapomorphies (Mader and Bradley 1989) led Currie et al. (1990) to include this group as a subfamily within Tyrannosauridae, a nomenclatural practice followed here. Other than the specialized premaxillary teeth, aublysodontines generally retain more primitive coelurosaurian features lost in other tyrannosaurids: for example, the skulls of aublysodontines are longer and lower, the tooth count higher, and the lateral teeth less labiolingually expanded than in derived tyrannosaurines (Currie in press). Aublysodon and Alectrosaurus (but not the Kirtland Shale taxon) are smaller than typical tyrannosaurines: however the ontogenetic status of known aublysodontine specimens is hindered by the incompleteness of their fossils, and these might represent juvenile individuals of taxa which reached larger sizes. Aithough Aublysodon is provisionally recognized as a valid name here, Currie et al. (1990) caution that this may not be a taxon, but instead an ontogenetic stage or a sexual dimorph. It might be further added that tooth wear in life, postmortem abrasion, and digestion might also conceivably render a typical tyrannosaurid premaxilla tooth into a nonserrated one. In such a case, the synapomorphies uniting " Aublysodontinae " would be lost, and the remaining resemblances between these taxa would be symplesiomorphies.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA1FF8DFD2DFD028EAD0258.taxon	discussion	Atyrannosaurid from the Iren Dabasu Formation of Inner Mongolia (People's Repubiic of China) and the Bayn Shire Formation of Mongolia, units of uncertain Late Cretaceous age (most probably younger than Cenomanian, and possibly as young as Campanian: Currie and Eberth 1993). Forelimb elements in Gilmore's type material have since proven to come from a therizinosauroid (Mader and Bradley 1989). The type specimen from China is drfficult to diagnose relative to other tyrannosaurids: however, material from the Mongolian Republic referred to this taxon by Perle (1977) is more complete. This material indicates that the skull was long and low and that the premaxilla contained Aublysodon-like teeth. The skull is generally plesiomorphic relative to other tyrannosaurids, but Currie (in press) documents the following synapomorphy: 78.2 Cranialmost 2 to 3 maxillary teeth incisiform. This material is currently under review and Currie (in press) states that the postcranium demonstrates additional (undescribed) diagnostic features. Additional study may indicate that the Mongolian material may not be referable to Alectrosaurus olseni (Mader and Bradley 1989) ..	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA1FF8CFD30F65B890F0735.taxon	discussion	In some ways, this taxon is relatively primitive, retaining a higher tooth count, lower snout, and long, more slender dentary than other tyrannosaurines. However, the ontogenetic stage of this specimen is uncertain, and these features are found in juvenile specimens of other tyrannosaurs to be lost in adulthood (Carr 1999). In the present study Alioramus was most parsimoniously supported in a position outside the better-known and larger tyrannosaurinesl however, Currie (in press) suggests it may have shared a more recent common ancestor with Tyrannosaurus and Daspletosaurus than with Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus. It possesses an interesting suite of primitive tyrannosaurid, derived tyrannosaurine, and autapomorphic character states (appendix 7.3). It is known only from a partial skull and associated metatarsals from the Nogon Tsav beds of the Ingeni Khoboor valley, Mongolia. The reconstruction of Kurzanov (1976) fails to correct for dorsolateral crushing of the braincase; restorations in Paul 1988 and Olshevsky 1995 a correct for this and use a short rather than a pointed premaxilla.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA0FF8CFEF6F91F8BB40CE2.taxon	discussion	A taxon at present only known from the Early Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. The juvenile tyrannosaurid specimen from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation referred by Russell (1970) to Daspletosaurus (a taxon otherwise unknown from the Maastrichtian) may in fact be a juvenile Albertosaurus. More recently discovered material, as yet unpublished, helps to better document the rest of the anatomy of this dinosaur. Albertosaurus is comparable to Gorgosaurus in size, and like that taxon lacks many derived features shared by Daspletosaurus and Tyrannosaurus,	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA0FF8FFEFBF7228F1E05A2.taxon	discussion	This taxon is known from more numerous and more complete specimens than any other North American species of tyrannosaurid. The ontogeny of this species includes many parts of the growth series (Carr 1999). It is presently only confirmed from the Late Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta: as the isolated postcranial material from other formations referred to this taxon do not show features unique to Gorgosaurus libratus, these assignments are tentative at best. A large but incomplete tyrannosaurid skull from the Judith River, FMNH PR 308, has formed the basis of many restorations of Gorgosaurus libratus (Russell 1970, fig. 1; Paul 1988, 335; Carpenter 1992, frgs. 1,2 E), but lacks Gorgosaurus synapomorphies and in fact almost certainly represents a specimen of Daspletosaurus torosus (Carr 1999).	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA3FF8FFD33FE678C840062.taxon	discussion	the Two Medicine tyrannosaurine, and Tyrannosaurus share several derived features lacking in other tyrannosaurids. Many of the synapomorphies of this clade suggest a more forcefully built and muscular skull and neck than in other tyrannosaurids, In some of the most parsimonious trees Daspletosaurus torosus and a presently unnamed tyrannosaurine from the upper Two Medicine Formation were united by a potential synapomorphy: 53.1 Lacrimal horn directly dorsal to descending ramus. However, in other trees Daspletosaurzs is closer to Tyrannosaurus than to the Two Medicine form, and in still others the Two Medicine form is closer to Tyrannosaurus. Daspletosaurus torosus Russell 1970:	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA3FF8FFD33FE678C840062.taxon	discussion	From the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, this form is more robustly and powerfully constructed than the sympatric Gorgosaurus libratus (Russell 1970).	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA3FF8EFD32F9488E47059E.taxon	discussion	As used here, this species includes several specimens previously referred to other taxa: Tarbosaurus efremoui Maleev 1995 b, Gorgosaurus lancinator Maleev 1955 b, and Maleevosaurus novojilovi (Maleev 1955 b). As with Currie (in press), and Carr (1999), the present study considers these taxa a growth series of a single species, rather than two (Carpenter 1992) or three (Olshevsky et al., 1995 a, b) different genera. Tyrannosaurus bataar is from the Nemegt Formation (Early Maastrichtian) of Mongolia: numerous isolated elements and teeth from comparable aged units in China might be referable to T. bataar. The hypothesis of Olshevsky et al. (1995 a, b) that T bataar isless closely related to Tyrannosaurus rex than the latter is to other North American tyrannosaurines is not supported: instead numerous synapomorphies strongly unite the Asian taxon with Tyrannosaurus rex. Given the number of these similarities, the original name Tyrannosaurus bataar is retained. However the use of the name Tarbosaurus bataar (as in Russell 1970; Molnar et al. 1990; Currie in press) would be no less appropriate phylogenetically. The juvenile and subadult material demonstrates some of the autapomorphies found in the adults: the type skull of " Gorgosaurus lancinator " shows 12.0 and 73.1; the type material of " Maleeuosauruzs " shows 84.2 and 102.1. T. bataar is characterized by the most reduced foreiimbs known within Tyrannosauridae: the general theropod reduction in digital and metacarpal elements from digit V toward digit I (Wagner and Gauthier 1999) is seen developed further in this species than in other tyrannosaurids.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA2FF81FEE7F66789C602F8.taxon	discussion	: This small dinosaur is known only from apartial skull and associated postcrania from the Subashi Formation of the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, a unit thought to be from the Maastrichtian Age by Lucas and Estep (1998). Paul (1988) and Olshevsky et al. (1995 a, b) considered it to be aublysodontine (in the present taxonomy). The material does document several tyrannosaurid synapomorphies, but because the premaxillary teeth are unknown all remaining similarities with Aublysodontinae are symplesiomorphies, and thus are not helpful in establishing positive phylogenetic relationships. When included in the analysis, it is found to lie as a tyrannosaurine more advanced than Alioramus in the possession of a reduced maxillary (45.1) and dentary (75.1) tooth count: at 8 and 12, respectively, these values are as iow or lower than Tyrannosaurus rex. If a tyrannosaurid, however, it is the only form with a retroarticular process (- 13.0) and with somewhat procoelous cervical vertebrae (89.1).	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA2FF8EFEE7F8888B600DA5.taxon	discussion	Buffetaut et al. (1996) considered this fragmentary form from the Barremian Sao Khua Formation of northeastern Thailand to be a primitive tyrannosaurid. It was found here to lie outside Tyrannosauridae proper (aublysodontines and tyrannosaurines), but shares with it the following synapomorphies: 24.1, 25.1., 27.1., 28.1, and 3 L. 1. Instead of the single midline crest on the ilium in tyrannosaurids, however, the Thai taxon has a pair of crests. Siamotyrannus may indeed be an ancestral member of the tyrannosaur lineage, but lacking additional material (in particular, the skull) such a position remains uncertain.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
03EE87AEFFA2FF8EFEE7FE3F8E330242.taxon	discussion	The last and largest known tyrannosaurid, T. rex is represented by numerous skulls and postcrania from the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota, the Lance Formation of Wyoming, and equivalent beds in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and other localities in the North American West. This species is characterized by numerous autapomorphies. Gilmore (1946) described CMNH 7541, a 572 mm long skull from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, as a new species of Gorgosaurus, G. lancensis. This taxon was later (Bakker et al. 1988) referred to its own genus, Nanotyrannus, Because of some similarities with adult Tyrannosaurus rex, these authors and others (Russell 1970; Carpenter 1992) have voiced suspicion that this skull might represent a juvenile of that larger sympatric species. Carr (1999) documents the presence of juvenile striated cortical bone over most of the skull's surface, and cannot verify the presence of cranial fusions previously used to indicate the adult nature of this skull. Additionally, the changes in lateral tooth shape and maxillary tooth number used to distinguish " Nanotyrannus " from Tyrannosaurus also occur in the growth series of Gorgosaurus. Furthermore, the skull of " Nanotyrannus " demonstrates several T. rex autapomorphies: 103.1, 104.1, 105.1, 106.1, 108.1, and 109.1. In light of this, and pending the discovery of a skull of different morphology which can be more clearly demonstrated to be a juvenile T. rex, " Nanotyrannus " is here considered to be a young individual of Tyrannosaurus and not a distinct taxon.	en	Holtz, T. R. (2001): The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke D. H., Carpenter K. (Eds): Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: 64-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3245327
