taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EF87B8FFE8FF90FF0CF8F6C542902F.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 37.98 Mya (33.43 – 43.47). The clade is composed of the living genus Bradypus and Eufolivora. It was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except in par _ EW consensus, in which Pseudoglyptodon, Bradypus and Eufolivora were arranged in a polytomy. The clade was supported by nine synapomorphies (two for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): a large basin for the modified orthodentine core; ovate cf 1 cross-section (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate Mf 1 crosssection (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate mf 1 cross-section (B 1); bilobate Mf 2 and Mf 3 cross-section (BI); bilobate mf 2 cross-section (BI); ascending ramus of mandible not covering the posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); presence of posterior external opening of mandibular canal; and maximum length of nasal bones greater than, or equal to, twice the width of both nasals, but less than three times (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF6FF91FF0CFB60C0C3918D.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 34.25 Mya (30.81 – 38.47). All sloths excluding Pseudoglyptodon and Bradypus. It is composed of two major clades, Mylodontoidea and Megatherioidea, and was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Eufolivora was supported by eight synapomorphies (five for both methods and three exclusively for BI): parallel lateral edges of the mandibular spout (BI); orbital portion of lacrimal greater than facial portion; presence of middle process of jugal; tip of zygomatic process of squamosal extends anterior to frontoparietal suture (BI); nuchal and exoccipital crests diverge distally (BI); tympanohyal wide distally, contributing to the formation of the stylohyal fossa; fusion of the acromion with the coracoid process of the scapula; and femoral entepicondyle and ectepicondyle strongly projected beyond condyles.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF6FF92FF0CF93CC04B97B8.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 29.46 Mya (26.67 – 32.60). The clade is composed of Scelidotheriidae, Mylodontidae and three stem mylodontoid genera, Octomylodon, Octodontotherium and Paroctodontotherium, with this pattern being consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Those three genera are recovered as successive sister groups to (Scelidotheriidae, Mylodontidae) in analyses with all H, UN _ p and some A models. On the other hand, Octodontotherium and Paroctodontotherium are sister taxa and more closely related to (Scelidotheriidae, Mylodontidae) in MP analyses, and in some A models. In other analyses, using UN _ e and other A models, the three genera were recovered as a clade and sister to Mylodontidae or to Mylodontinae, depending on the analysis. Mylodontoidea was supported by eight synapomorphies (four for both methods and four exclusively for BI): absence of a mediolateral bulge in horizontal ramus of mandible, at toothrow (BI); absence of a medial ridge running along anterior edge of coronoid process; short and deep angular process (BI); condyles at or just above level of toothrow; mandibular symphysis longer than molariform toothrow (BI); snout elevated anteriorly; absence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and dorsal edge of entotympanic with a strong concave curvature in lateral view, with dorsal projection at anterior end (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF5FF93FC86FA3AC09E938F.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 19.84 Mya (16.56 – 22.90). This taxon, composed of the clades Urumacotheriinae and Mylodontinae, was recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except the analysis using the UN _ e model, in which Urumacotheriinae was recovered as sister to a clade composed of stem mylodontoids and Mylodontinae. Mylodontidae was supported by 29 synapomorphies (13 for both methods and 16 exclusively for BI): Cf 1 larger than the largest molariform (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate Mf 2 and Mf 3 cross-section (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate mf 2 cross-section (BI); elongate and irregularly lobate mf 3 cross-section (BI); presence of a corkscrew-like rotation in the plane of articulation of mandibular condyle; presence of buccinator fossa of maxilla; frontal and parietal flattened anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally; frontal sinus extends into nasal and parietal bones (BI); ectotympanic oriented anteromedially; absence of styliform process of ectotympanic; mastoid broadly exposed laterally (BI); stylomastoid canal ventrolaterally directed (BI); absence of entepicondylar notch (BI); lateral and medial epicondyles equally expanded in anterior view; olecranon quadrate in lateral view, with anterior and posterior margins parallel or diverging proximally; oval shape of radial head, in proximal view (BI); straight posterior border of radius, in lateral view; roughly straight radial diaphysis (BI); quadrangular laterodistal corner of scaphoid, in dorsal view; intermediate tibial length, more than two times the width, but less than three times; lateral facet of anterior border of tibial proximal epiphysis located posterior to medial facet (BI); two deep grooves for tendons of m. flexor hallucis longus, m. flexor digitorum longus and m. tibialis caudalis; fibular facet of astragalus restricted to anterior surface (BI); discoid process of astragalus flat or roughly so, in lateral view; proximodistal length of the astragalus greater than or equal to anteroposterior length (BI); calcaneus tuberous and expanded, with distal apex rounded (BI); confluence between sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus (BI); presence of an oblique crest on plantar side of calcaneus (BI); and broadly contiguous facets for cuboid and metatarsal III, in metatarsal IV.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FEACC5DC95BE.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 18.60 Mya (16.85 – 20.28). This clade contains the genera Nematherium and Analcitherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. Nematheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies, all recovered with both methods: anteroposteriorly ovate Mf 4 cross-section; snout depressed anteriorly; external nares not greatly enlarged; absence of pterygoid inflation; presence of lacrimal eminence; presence of prominent lateral walls in lacrimal foramen; and jugal and lacrimal anteriorly overlapping facial portion of maxilla.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF5FF92FF3EFCDAC5109676.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 21.28 Mya (18.99 – 23.42). This taxon, which is composed of the clades Nematheriinae and Scelidotheriinae, was recovered in all H and UN model analyses, and in some A models, and par _ EW and par _ IW 100 topologies. For other A models, Nematheriinae was recovered as sister to (Scelidotheriinae (Mylodontinae (stem mylodontoids ))), whereas for par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5 analyses, it was recovered as sister to the clade uniting Scelidotheriinae and Mylodontinae. Scelidotheriidae was supported by 21 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and 14 exclusively for BI): long axis of molariforms oblique to toothrow along its entire length; molariform morphology of Cf 1 / cf 1 (BI); subtriangular cf 1 cross-section (BI); ellipsoid mf 1 cross-section (BI); subtriangular Mf 2 and Mf 3 cross-section (BI); S-shaped mf 3 crosssection (BI); presence of a medial ridge running along anterior edge of coronoid process (BI); presence of symphysial keel (BI); snout length greater than, but no more than twice its width; uniform snout in dorsal view; large supraoccipital exposure on cranial roof, expanded anteriorly at midline; absence of fossa at the anterior edge of maxilla, lateral to external nares; equivalent anterior extent of lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla (BI); external occipital protuberance immediately posterior to dorsal nuchal crest (BI); circular shape of ectotympanic in lateral view (BI); lateral process of entotympanic extending above anterior portion of tympanic, forming a portion of the roof of tympanic cavity (BI); promontorium dorsoventrally elongate, flat anteriorly and globose posteriorly (BI); deltoid crest facing anteriorly, reaching the medial side of the humerus in anterior view; humeral head widely exposed, raised above the tubercules (BI); posterior end of pubic cornu reaching half of anteroposterior length of acetabulum, less extended than ischiatic cornu (BI); and concave cuboid facet of astragalus.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF5FF92FF3EFEF1C1D595A1.taxon	discussion	PP = 98, age = 24.11 Mya (21.90 – 25.95). As stated above, the group uniting the two clades was recovered in most of our analyses, except for UN _ e and some A models, in which Mylodontidae (or Mylodontinae) is more closely related to Octomylodon, Octodontotherium and Paroctodontotherium than to Scelidotheriidae. The clade was supported by four synapomorphies, all exclusive to BI ancestral state reconstructions: Cf 1 closer to Mf 1 than to anterior edge of maxilla (BI); presence of fossa anterior to Cf 1 (BI); Mf 1 straight in lateral view (BI); and a high and narrow braincase (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF5FF92FC86FCF4C52892FD.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 17.55 Mya (14.03 – 20.82). The clade includes the genera Neonematherium, Sibyllotherium, Valgipes, Proscelidodon, Catonyx and Scelidotherium, and was recovered in all analyses performed in this study. The relationships among those genera were consistent among analyses: (Neonematherium, (Sibyllotherium, (Valgipes, (Proscelidodon, (Catonyx, Scelidotherium ))))). It was recovered in all but one analysis, par _ EW, in which Neonematherium and Sibyllotherium are in a polytomy with the remaining scelidotheriines. Scelidotheriinae was supported by six synapomorphies, all but one recovered by both methods: flat occlusal surface of molariforms; subtriangular Mf 1 cross-section (BI); roughly horizontal profile of dorsal surface of the skull, in lateral view; presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; medial palatal process of maxilla extending anterior to lateral process; and well-developed, free-standing paracondylar processes.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF4FF94FC94FA06C0439614.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 7.06 Mya (5.32 – 9.16). The clade is composed of Lestodon and Bolivartherium and was recovered in all analyses. Lestodontini was supported by 11 synapomorphies (six for both methods and five exclusively for BI): presence of a well-developed diastema between Cf 1 / cf 1 and molariforms; Cf 1 closer to anterior edge of maxilla than to Mf 1; Cf 1 / cf 1 displaced laterally relative to molariform toothrow; anteroposteriorly ovate mf 1 cross-section (BI); anteroposteriorly ovate mf 2 crosssection (BI); maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); attachment of the base of jugal to skull dorsal to Mf 2 (BI); well-developed buccinator fossa of maxilla, with a deep depression; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine; dorsally situated infraorbital canal; and posteroventrally inclined occipital condyle in lateral view (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FF06C4B5931F.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 14.01 Mya (12.85 – 16.46). This clade is composed of the genus Brievabradys and the clades Lestodontini (sensu Gaudin, 2004) and Mylodontini. Mylodontinae is present in trees from all analyses, with the arrangement: (Brievabradys, (Lestodontini / ‘ Lestodontini’, Mylodontini )). Nevertheless, Lestodontini was not recovered as monophyletic in our reference topology, nor in the majority of analyses of this study. The exceptions were UN and A models with ACRV modelled per partition (_ p) and par _ IW 5. Because of that, we recognized two clades, Thinobadistini and Lestodontini (sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997). The clade which is more closely related to Mylodontini varies among analyses — (Thinobadistes, Lestobradys) in some, (Lestodon, Bolivartherium) in others. In par _ EW, Thinobadistini is not recovered and Thinobadistes and Lestobradys are both in a polytomy with Lestodontini and Mylodontini. Mylodontinae was supported by ten synapomorphies (three for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): cf 1 larger than largest molariform (BI); Cf 1 equidistant from the anterior edge of the maxilla and from Mf 1 (BI); absence of fossa anterior to Cf 1 (BI); presence of anterior projection of alveoli of Cf 1 / cf 1; Mf 1 recurved posteriorly in lateral view (BI); trigonal Cf 1 crosssection (BI); trigonal cf 1 cross-section (BI); mandibular symphysis shorter or roughly equal to molariform toothrow; presence of symphysial keel (BI); and length of symphysial spout shorter than or equal to its width.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF4FF93FC94FB55C45492CC.taxon	discussion	PP = 81, age = 9.38 Mya (7.52 – 11.26). The clade is composed of Thinobadistes and Lestobradys and was recovered in all analyses, with the exception of par _ EW. Thinobadistini was supported by a single synapomorphy, obtained with both methods: the presence of a diastema between Mf 1 and Mf 2.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF4FF93FF0CFAC9C0179031.taxon	discussion	PP = 60, age = 17.82 Mya (14.03 – 21.51). This clade was originally proposed with fewer taxa (Negri & Ferigolo, 2004), but was expanded here to include both Urumacotherium and Pseudoprepotherium. It did not receive high node support, despite being present in trees from all analyses. Urumacotheriinae was supported by seven synapomorphies (five for both methods and two exclusively for BI): molariform morphology of Cf 1 / cf 1 (BI); posterior edge of mandibular condyle inclined posterodorsally; eversion of lateral edge of symphyseal spout (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal or longer than the length of molariform toothrow; presence of a distinct neck at the base of occipital condyles; occipital condyles elongated anteroposteriorly in ventral view; and lesser tubercle of humerus proximally projected as much as greater tubercle.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF3FF94FF3EFAA6C44D91B7.taxon	discussion	PP = 99, age = 26.32 Mya (21.32 – 30.99). The clade, composed of Pelecyodon, Schismotherium, Megalonychidae and Megatheriidae, was recovered in all analyses using MP methods and all Bayesian analyses using H models. In analyses with UN and A models, it was recovered as paraphyletic, with Mylodontoidea closely related to Megatheriidae or Megatheriinae. When Megatherioidea was recovered as monophyletic, Pelecyodon and Schismotherium emerged as successive sister taxa of a clade containing megalonychids and megatheriids (H models, par _ EW and par _ IW 100), or, together with Hapalops, composing a clade that is more closely related to megatheriids than to megalonychids (par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5). When Megatherioidea was paraphyletic (A models), Pelecyodon and Schismotherium compose a sister clade to all other eufolivorans. Megatherioidea was supported by 43 synapomorphies (18 for both methods and 25 exclusively for BI): left and right molariform toothrows parallel in occlusal view (BI); cementum slightly thicker than the orthodentine; occlusal surface of molariforms with strong transverse crests (BI); Mf 4 curved anteriorly in lateral view; circular Mf 1 crosssection (BI); mediolaterally ovate to rectangular mf 1 cross-section (BI); mediolaterally ovate to rectangular Mf 2 and Mf 3 cross-section (BI); mediolaterally ovate to rectangular mf 2 cross-section (BI); circular mf 3 cross-section; inferior edge of mandible with strongly convex ventral bulge (BI); presence of a constriction at the junction of horizontal and ascending rami of mandible (BI); elongate and narrow angular process (BI); symphysis ending well anterior to the level of mf 1; presence of symphysial keel (BI); symphysial spout equal to, or slightly shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); eversion of lateral edge of symphyseal spout (BI); lateral edges of the spout converging anteriorly (BI); presence of a mandibular fossa posterior to cf 1; roughly horizontal dorsal surface of the skull; temporal lines meet in the dorsal midline to form a sagittal crest; presence of fossa at the root of zygoma, anterodorsal to paroccipital process; presence of buccinator fossa of maxilla; presence of maxillary fossa behind last upper tooth; palate concave anteriorly, and convex posteriorly to dentition (BI); interpterygoid region broader than interpalatine region (BI); absence of pterygoid inflation (BI); presence of lacrimal eminence; anterior overlap of jugal and lacrimal over facial portion of maxilla; short and deep middle process of jugal (BI); tip of zygomatic process of squamosal at or posterior to frontoparietal suture (BI); presence of a marked postorbital constriction (BI); occipital condyle elongated anteroposteriorly, in ventral view; absence of a median ridge of basisphenoid (BI); ventral edge of entotympanic extended into anteroventral process; posteroventral stylomastoid canal (BI); rugose posterior surface of glenoid; well-developed entoglenoid process; convex posterior margin of ulnar diaphysis, in lateral view (BI); presence of deep notch for medial cruciate (posterior) ligament in femur (BI); equivalent transverse diameters of discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus, in dorsal view (BI); posterior surface of fibular facet of astragalus greatly reduced dorsoventrally (BI); roughly right-angled facets for cuboid and metatarsal IV, in metatarsal V; and laterally oriented expansion of metatarsal V.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF3FF94FF3EFE4DC0F89267.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 8.19 Mya (6.54 – 9.95). This clade is composed of ten genera, with the following arrangement in all analyses using H models: (Pleurolestodon, (( Simomylodon, Glossotheridium), (Ocnotherium, (Glossotherium, (Paramylodon, (Oreomylodon, (Mylodonopsis, (Archaeomylodon, Mylodon )))))))). For UN and A models not accounting for ACRV (_ e), and MP trees, several alternative arrangements can be observed, regarding the positions of Pleurolestodon, Ocnotherium, Oreomylodon, Glossotherium and Paramylodon, whereas the clades (Simomylodon, Glossotheridium) and (Mylodonopsis, (Archaeomylodon, Mylodon )) are stable. Mylodontini was supported by 11 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and four exclusively for BI): Cf 1 smaller than the smallest molariform; cf 1 smaller than the smallest molariform (BI); ovate Cf 1 crosssection; presence of internal ridge running obliquely or vertically from ventral edge of ascending ramus, near the base of the angle, towards the last tooth; length of coronoid process greater than its height (BI); absence of a mandibular fossa posterior to cf 1 (BI); temporal lines laterally situated, do not approximate midline of skull roof; posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest; medial palatal processes of maxilla anterior to lateral process; presence of osteoderms; and a slightly obtuse (around 120 °) angle formed by discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus, in distal view (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF3FF95FC86F8ECC21D924D.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 22.14 Mya (19.08 – 25.29). The clade, which includes all megatherioids excepting the genera Pelecyodon and Schismotherium, was recovered in all Bayesian analyses using H models, and in par _ EW and par _ IW 100, although in these MP analyses, Hapalops was not recovered closely associated with megalonychids, but as sister to the clade uniting all other megalonychids and megatheriids. In par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5, a distinct arrangement was obtained, with a clade (Hapalops, (Pelecyodon, Schismotherium )) recovered as sister to Megatheriidae. In trees from analyses with UN and A models, in which Megatherioidea was recovered as paraphyletic, the clade uniting Megalonychidae and Megatheriidae is also absent. The clade was supported by 16 synapomorphies (11 for both methods and five exclusively for BI): Cf 1 and cf 1 slightly depressed ventrally relative to molariforms; presence of a well-developed diastema between Cf 1 / cf 1 and molariforms; ovate mediolaterally to rectangular Mf 1 cross-section (B 1); mandibular symphysis longer than molariform toothrow; horizontal orientation of spout, in lateral view; external opening of mandibular canal opens anterolaterally, on ascending ramus (B 1); tip of zygomatic process anterior to frontoparietal suture; nuchal crest splits dorsally into anterior and posterior crests, with a raised triangular area in the dorsal surface of the skull roof (B 1); nuchal crest overhangs occiput posteriorly; presence of a distinct neck at the base of occipital condyles (B 1); rugose ectotympanic external surface; presence of an ectotympanic medial expansion; presence of pterygoid lateral groove for m. tensor veli palatini; medial extent of trochlear notch of ulna equal to or less than that of the olecranon (B 1); straight posterior margin of ulnar diaphysis in lateral view; and lateroproximal process of tuber calcis more distal than medioproximal process.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF2FF95FF0CFA8CC3CE9018.taxon	discussion	PP = 63, age = 20.88 Mya (18.61 – 23.61). The position of Hapalops as a stem megalonychid was recovered in all BI analyses, but was poorly supported. The clade containing all other Megalonychidae will be detailed below. Megalonychidae was supported by seven synapomorphies (one for both methods and six exclusively for BI): Cf 1 closer to anterior edge of maxilla than to Mf 1 (BI); maximum height of coronoid process greater than its anteroposterior length (BI); large supraoccipital exposure on cranial roof, expanded anteriorly at midline; triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); presence of paroccipital process foramen (BI); eustachian tube opening formed by entotympanic and ectotympanic (BI); and absence of a deep notch for medial cruciate (posterior) ligament in femur (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF2FF95FC94FF06C46393B6.taxon	description	This clade is composed of the Santacrucian genera Hyperleptus, Megalonychotherium and Eucholoeops, along with the Megalonychinae. In all BI analyses and in par _ IW, those three genera diverge successively, following the arrangement (Hyperleptus, (Megalonychotherium, (Eucholoeops, Megalonychinae ))). In par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5, they form a clade (Megalonychotherium, (Hyperleptus, Eucholoeops )), which is sister to Megalonychinae, and in par _ EW, Megalonychotherium and Hyperleptus are in a polytomy with Eucholoeops and Megalonychinae. The clade was supported by 18 synapomorphies (11 for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): Cf 1 within size range of molariforms; presence of fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to Cf 1; maximum height of coronoid process shorter than its anteroposterior length (BI); snout elevated anteriorly; snout flared anteriorly, in dorsal view (BI); maximum length of nasal bones less than twice the width of both nasals; uniform nasal width in its anterior half, with lateral margins parallel (BI); well-developed buccinator fossa of maxilla, with a deep depression (BI); mediolateral width of premaxillary lateral rami greater than the anteroposterior length of incisive foramen; presence of a plate-like area anterior to incisive foramen; presence of pterygoid inflation (BI); elongate, triangular middle process of jugal (BI); dorsally situated infraorbital canal; deep zygomatic process, almost covers the entire squamosal exposure; pointed free end of zygomatic process; postorbital process of frontal roughly at the level of maxillary foramen; uniformly wide nuchal crest (BI); and medial expansion of entotympanic dorsal to basicranium.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF2FF96FC94FAECC5AA9584.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 10.82 Mya (8.60 – 13.21). This clade is composed of the genera Megalonyx (Megalonychini) and Pliometanastes, plus a clade uniting Pliomorphus, Antillean megalonychines and Choloepus (Choloepodini) and a clade of intertropical megalonychids (Ahytheriini). Alternative arrangements were observed for the relationships among Megalonyx, Pliometanastes and the other megalonychines: as successive sister taxa, diverging earlier than all other megalonychines — Megalonyx earliest (H models EW and IW 100, par _ EW and par _ IW 100), Pliometanastes earliest (UN and A models, especially those including ACRV); Megalonyx and Pliometanastes as sister taxa to each other, and this clade sister to all other megalonychines (A models with equal rates, excepting A 1 _ e); or as sister to Ahytheriini (H models IW 10 and IW 5, par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5). Megalonychinae was supported by 59 synapomorphies (24 for both methods and 35 exclusively for BI): Cf 1 and cf 1 strongly depressed relative to molariforms; Cf 1 smaller than smallest molariform (BI); long axis of molariforms oblique to toothrow along its entire length; trapezoidal Mf 2 and Mf 3 cross-section; trapezoidal mf 2 cross-section; trigonal Mf 4 cross-section; mandibular horizontal ramus length less than two times its depth (BI); ascending ramus of mandible completely covers the posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); three processes of ascending mandibular ramus equidistant (BI); absence of a medial ridge running along anterior edge of coronoid process (BI); maximum height of coronoid process shorter than its anteroposterior length (BI); intermediate development of angular process; symphysial spout much shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); posterior external opening of mandibular canal opens laterally on horizontal ramus (BI); low and broad braincase (BI); reflexed basicranial / basifacial axis; nuchal crest continuous with dorsal edge of zygomatic process of squamosal (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal to, or longer than molariform toothrow (BI); presence of fossa at the anterior edge of maxilla, lateral to external nares (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli (BI); ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli only posteriorly (BI); jugal does not participate in rim of maxillary foramen (BI); absence of dorsal process of premaxilla; presence of a crest at median suture of palatine (BI); presence of alisphenoid-parietal contact (BI); anteroventrally inclined zygomatic process of squamosal; absence of a marked postorbital constriction (BI); postorbital process well anterior to maxillary foramen; semicircular occiput, in posterior view (BI); hypoglossal foramen smaller than jugular foramen (BI); basioccipital narrow and convex mediolaterally (BI); median fusion of posterior alae of vomer; ectotympanic fused dorsally; carotid foramen fully exposed in ventral view (BI); anteroposteriorly oriented entotympanic (BI); dorsal edge of entotympanic with a strong concave curvature in lateral view, with dorsal projection at anterior end (BI); lateral process of entotympanic extending above anterior portion of tympanic, forming a portion of the roof of tympanic cavity (BI); bulbous, mediolaterally expanded paroccipital process; absence of paroccipital process foramen (BI); nuchal and exoccipital crests diverge proximally and converge distally (BI); posteroventrolateral stylomastoid canal; entotympanic, ectotympanic and pterygoid composing eustachian tube opening (BI); hypoglossal foramen recessed dorsally, lies at same level as jugular foramen; presence of a groove connecting the internal opening of the posterior lacerate foramen to foramen magnum; glenoid fossa ventral to superficies meatus; mediolaterally widened glenoid fossa (BI); smooth posterior surface of glenoid; glenoid fossa wellseparated from porus acusticus (BI); laterally directed root of zygoma; deltoid crest faces anteriorly, reaching the medial side of the humerus in anterior view (BI); strongly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus (BI); quadrangular laterodistal corner of scaphoid, in dorsal view (BI); fusion of trapezium and metacarpal I, forming the carpal-metacarpal complex; absence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); moderately developed lesser trochanter of femur, with a laminar projection; femoral patellar trochlea isolated or only abuts the condylar surfaces; medial trochlear ridge protruded anteriorly to lateral trochlear ridge (BI); distal epiphyses of femur twisted with respect to the main axis; and an obtuse (around 120 °) angle formed by facets for cuboid and metatarsal IV, in metatarsal V.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF1FF96FC86FCC2C5D09283.taxon	discussion	PP = 69, age = 8.66 Mya (6.84 – 10.85). This clade was recovered in most of the analyses performed in this study but was not well supported. The exceptions for the presence of the clade were two H models — IW 10 and IW 5, par _ IW 10 and par _ IW 5 — in which the intertropical megalonychids were recovered more closely related to a clade uniting Megalonyx and Pliometanastes. The clade was supported by 11 synapomorphies (seven for both methods and four exclusively for BI): mandibular symphysis extends posterior or to the level to mf 1; lateral edge of symphyseal spout not everted; temporal lines approximate midline, but do not meet to form a sagittal crest (BI); presence of a contact between maxilla and lacrimal, within orbit; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine; interpterygoid region narrower than interpalatine region (BI); presence of pterygoid inflation; presence of a median ridge of basisphenoid (BI); jugular foramen well separated from hypoglossal foramen; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; and convex posterior margin of ulnar diaphysis in lateral view (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF1FF97FC86F9C2C212949B.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 4.44 Mya (1.93 – 6.98). This clade, composed of the intertropical megalonychids Australonyx, Ahytherium, Megistonyx, Nohochichak and Xibalbaonyx, was consistently recovered in all of our analyses, with two alternative arrangements: (Australonyx, (( Ahytherium, Megistonyx), (Nohochichak, Xibalbaonyx ))) in all BI analyses and in par _ EW, and (Australonyx, (Xibalbaonyx, (Nohochichak, (Ahytherium, Megistonyx )))) for IW parsimony analyses. Ahytheriini was supported by 23 synapomorphies (13 for both methods and ten exclusively for BI): absence of fossa on palatal surface of maxilla posterior to Cf 1; circular Mf 1 cross-section (BI); ascending ramus of mandible partially covers posterior teeth in lateral view (BI); coronoid process not hooked posteriorly (BI); posterior external opening of mandibular canal opens anterolaterally, on ascending ramus; high and narrow braincase (BI); nasal uniform width in its posterior half, lateral margins parallel (BI); interpterygoid and posterior interpalatine regions of roughly equal width (BI); large sinus in pterygoid; ventrally situated infraorbital canal; absence of alisphenoidparietal contact (BI); presence of a marked postorbital constriction; postorbital process of frontal roughly at the level of maxillary foramen (BI); triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition (BI); anteromedially orientation of entotympanic (BI); weakly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus (BI); humeral head almost hidden behind the tubercles; anconeal process of ulna not extended anteriorly, not overhanging trochlear notch; widest extension of pronator ridge at the proximal half of radial diaphysis (BI); proximal half of femur narrower than distal half; intermediate tibial length, more than two times the width, but less than three times; and fusion of metatarsal I with entocuneiform.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CFBD1C07491D6.taxon	discussion	PP = 98, age = 7.07 Mya (5.67 – 8.93). This clade is composed of the genus Pliomorphus; the Antillean megalonychines Megalocnus, Parocnus, Neocnus and Acratocnus; and the living sloth genus Choloepus. It was consistently recovered in our analyses with the arrangement (Pliomorphus, (( Megalocnus, Parocnus), (Neocnus, (Acratocnus, Choloepus )))). In one exception — in par _ EW — Neocnus, Acratocnus and Choloepus were recovered in a polytomy. Choloepodiniwassupportedbyeightsynapomorphies (six for both methods and two exclusively for BI): snout downturned anteroventrally, in lateral view; evenly convex dorsal surface of the skull; minimum width of palate between toothrows equal or less than width of Mf 2; absence of postorbital process of zygomatic arch; occiput wider than deep; presence of recessus meatus (BI); presence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur (BI); and patellar trochlea confluent with lateral, but not with medial condylar surface.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF0FF97FF0CF90CC40D941E.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 20.43 Mya (18.28 – 22.99). This clade is composed of the genus Analcimorphus and the clades Prepotheriinae, Nothrotheriinae and Megatheriinae. Megatheriidae was recovered in all MP analyses and all BI analyses with H models, and was absent in all analyses with UN and A models, given the nested position of Mylodontoidea in this clade. Analcimorphus was consistently recovered as a stem member of this clade. Megatheriidae was supported by 12 synapomorphies (eight for both methods and four exclusively for BI): presence of fossa anterior to Cf 1 (BI); snout length greater than its width, but no longer than two times the width; uniform nasal width in its posterior half, with lateral margins parallel (BI); premolariform portion of palate roughly equal or longer than molariform toothrow; absence of a crest at median suture of palatine (BI); absence of a marked postorbital constriction; well-developed ventral nuchal crest; carotid foramen fully covered in ventral view; entotympanic dorsal edge with a strong concave curvature in lateral view, and a dorsal projection at anterior end; entotympanic forming almost the entire floor of the tympanic cavity medial wall; nuchal and exoccipital crests parallel (BI); and lateral expansion of metatarsal V proximolaterally oriented.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFF0FF98FC94FC54C36297B8.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 18.47 Mya (16.97 – 20.24). This clade is composed of the clades Prepotheriinae, Nothrotheriinae and Megatheriinae, which were recovered in two alternative arrangements: (Prepotheriinae, (Nothrotheriinae, Megatheriinae )) for H models, par _ IW 10 and par IW 5, and (Megatheriinae, (Nothrotheriinae, Prepotheriinae )) for par _ EW and par _ IW _ 100. For A models that contain the clade, both arrangements were observed. The clade was supported by 17 synapomorphies (ten for both methods and seven exclusively for BI): Cf 1 closer to Mf 1 than to anterior edge of maxilla (BI); deep zygomatic process almost covers the entire squamosal exposure; occiput vertical or slightly inclined posterodorsally; sessile occipital condyles (BI); median fusion of posterior alae of vomer; medial expansion of entotympanic dorsal to basicranium; occipital artery passes through a closed canal in mastoid; absence of intertrochanteric ridge; moderately developed lesser trochanter of femur, with a laminar projection (BI); distal epiphyses of femur twisted with respect to the main axis (BI); lateral facet of anterior border of tibial proximal epiphysis located posterior to medial facet (BI); distal fibular articulation for tibia posterolaterally positioned; odontoid process well defined only on distal half of proximodistal length of tibial surface (BI); slightly obtuse (around 120 °) angle formed by discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus, in distal view; process for navicular on astragalus at the level of the odontoid facet; transverse diameter of discoid facet of astragalus smaller than that of odontoid facet (BI); and obtuse (around 120 °) angle formed by facets for cuboid and metatarsal IV, in metatarsal V.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFFFF99FC86FA90C30F95E7.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 15.28 Mya (13.30 – 17.45). The clade, which was recovered in all of our analyses, is composed of the stem genera Diabolotherium and Megathericulus and the clades Thalassocnini and Megatheriini. The arrangement (Diabolotherium, (Megathericulus, (Thalassocnini, Megatheriini ))) was recovered in all BI analyses and in par _ IW 10. In par _ EW and par _ IW 100, the order of divergence between Diabolotherium and Megathericulus is reversed, whereas in par _ IW 5, Aymaratherium and Thalassocnus are successively sister taxa to Megatheriini, not forming a clade. Megatheriinae was supported by 16 synapomorphies (11 for both methods and five exclusively for BI): Cf 1 and cf 1 dorsoventrally aligned with molariforms; absence of a well-developed diastema between Cf 1 / cf 1 and molariforms; Cf 1 within size range of molariforms; cf 1 within size range of molariforms; molariform morphology of Cf 1 / cf 1; trapezoidal Cf 1 cross-section; trapezoidal cf 1 cross-section; absence of a mandibular fossa posterior to cf 1; nuchal crest continuous with dorsal edge of zygomatic process of squamosal (BI); anteroventrally inclined zygomatic process of squamosal; postorbital process roughly at the level of maxillary foramen (BI); distinct neck present at the base of occipital condyles (BI); carotid foramen partially covered ventrally by entotympanic and ectotympanic, in ventral view; glenoid fossa well separated from porus acusticus (BI); absence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and medial (trochlear) portion of trochlear notch extends proximal to lateral (capitular) portion (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFB5BC067917D.taxon	discussion	PP = 54, age = 17.96 Mya (16.39 – 19.87). This clade, which unites the clades Nothrotheriinae and Megatheriinae, was recovered only for H models and par _ IW 10 and par IW 5, as stated above, and was poorly supported. The clade was supported by four synapomorphies, recovered with both methods: presence of lingual and labial grooves in mf 3; temporal lines approximate midline but do not meet to form a sagittal crest on skull roof; well-developed buccinator fossa of maxilla, with a deep depression; and Glaserian fissure opening into a distinct groove in squamosal lying medial to entoglenoid process.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EF9A6C281926A.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 15.44 Mya (13.02 – 17.76). The clade is composed of five genera consistently recovered in all analyses with the following arrangement: (( ‘ Xyophorus’, Mionothropus), (Pronothrotherium, (Nothrotherium, Nothrotheriops ))). Nothrotheriinae was supported by 24 synapomorphies (12 for both methods and 12 exclusively for BI): trapezoidal Mf 2 and Mf 3 crosssection (BI); absence of a corkscrew-like rotation in the plane of articulation of mandibular condyle, in dorsal view (BI); presence of angle at the junction of symphysis and lower edge of horizontal ramus of mandible in lateral view (BI); large supraoccipital exposure on cranial roof, expanded anteriorly at midline; posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest (BI); nasal expands posteriorly, lateral margins divergent (BI); lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla of equivalent length; interpterygoid and posterior interpalatine regions of roughly equal width; presence of pterygoid / vomer contact (BI); large sinus in pterygoid; alisphenoid-parietal contact present (BI); external occipital protuberance ventral to dorsal nuchal crest, in line with ventral nuchal crest (BI); posterior edge of occipital condyles ends at or anterior to posterior edge of foramen magnum superior border; large exposure of vomer in nasopharynx, covers presphenoid and much of basisphenoid; pterygoid does not participate in bony wall of tympanic cavity; anteroventral process of tegmen tympani as a large bony mass; occipital artery passes through a short canal in mastoid, perforating paroccipital process; glenoid fossa well separated from porus acusticus (BI); anteriorly directed root of zygoma; humeral head widely exposed, raised above the tubercles (BI); proximolateral process of metacarpal II does not extensively overlap metacarpal III proximally, contacting magnum (BI); absence of a detached sulcus delimitating, both medially and laterally, the articular surface of the femoral head in anterior view (BI); absence of a strong concavity between greater trochanter and the head of femur; and femoral patellar trochlea isolated or only abuts the condylar surfaces.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFFFF98FF3EFEF1C354932E.taxon	discussion	PP = 99, age = 17.11 Mya (16.20 – 18.61). The clade is composed of the genera Prepotherium, Planops and Prepoplanops and was consistently recovered in all of our analyses. Planops was recovered as the sister taxon to a clade uniting the other two genera in all but four analyses, those with H models — IW 10 _ e, IW 10 _ p, IW 5 _ e and IW 5 _ p. In these cases, Prepotherium assumed a stem position. Prepotheriinae was supported by 14 synapomorphies (ten for both methods and four exclusively for BI): absence of fossa anterior to Cf 1 (BI); posterior segments of temporal lines run anterior to but closely parallel the nuchal crest (BI); postorbital process roughly at the level of maxillary foramen; triangular occiput in posterior view (BI); condyles lie just posterior, almost continuous with hypoglossal foramina (BI); absence of styliform process of ectotympanic; anteroposterior orientation of entotympanic; ventrolateral orientation of stylohyal articulation; presence of glenoid posterior shelf; strongly marked brachiocephalicus crest of humerus; medial epicondyle of humerus rounded to slightly pointed laterally; proximal half of femur wider than distal half; calcaneus tuberous and expanded, with distal apex rounded; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFEFF99FC94FF06C5519442.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 9.85 Mya (9.07 – 10.67). This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study with an invariable arrangement: (Anisodontherium, (Pyramiodontherium, (Megatheriops, (Megatherium, (Proeremotherium, Eremotherium ))))). Megatheriini was supported by eight synapomorphies, all but one, recovered with both methods: thickness of cementum much larger than orthodentine; mf 3 smaller than next smallest molariform; reflexed basicranial / basifacial axis; profile of nasal region and braincase relatively horizontal, but nasal region depressed relative to braincase; maximum length of nasal bones greater than or equal to three times the width of both nasals (BI); presence of ventral extension in maxilla for dental alveoli; concave mediolateral contour of palate; and occipital condyles situated well dorsal to the dentition.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFD1CC0AB9207.taxon	discussion	PP = 99, age = 12.03 Mya (10.56 – 13.75). This clade was consistently recovered in all analyses performed in this study although, as stated above, a monophyletic Thalassocnini is absent from par _ IW 5. The clade was supported by nine synapomorphies (seven for both methods and two exclusively for BI): premolariform portion of palate much shorter than the length of molariform toothrow (BI); lateral and medial palatal processes of maxilla of equivalent length; ectotympanic fused dorsally; hypoglossal foramen recessed dorsally, lies at same level as jugular foramen (BI); hemispherical glenoid fossa; three shallow grooves for tendons of m. flexor hallucis longus, m. flexor digitorum longus and m. tibialis caudalis; odontoid process of astragalus well defined along entire proximodistal length of tibial surface; discoid and odontoid facets of astragalus roughly at right angles to one another in distal view; and proximodistal length of astragalus greater than or equal to anteroposterior length.	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
03EF87B8FFFEFF99FF0CFABDC30B9028.taxon	discussion	PP = 100, age = 7.67 Mya (5.60 – 9.67). This clade was recovered in all analyses performed in this study, except, as stated above, in par _ IW 5, in which Aymaratherium and Thalassocnus are successive sister taxa to Megatheriini. Thalassocnini was supported by five synapomorphies (one for both methods and four exclusively for BI): horizontal ramus of mandible length greater than or equal to two times the depth, but less than three times (BI); straight anterior edge of symphysis, in lateral view (BI); lesser tubercle of humerus less proximally projected than greater tubercle (BI); presence of entepicondylar foramen of humerus; and confluence of sustentacular facet and cuboid surface of calcaneus (BI).	en	Casali, Daniel M, Boscaini, Alberto, Gaudin, Timothy J, Perini, Fernando A (2022): Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (4): 1505-1551, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/4/1505/6617197
