taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EC87DADB3CF34CFF4DFA08FD9EF985.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Hobbs (1991), p. 801.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	description	Zoobank: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 DB 07615 - B 8 C 7 - 466 A- 9 E 2 D- 6 C 4 DABCB 233 E	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Ƌ, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São José dos Ausentes, Apuaê-Inhandava Basin, Silveira river (28 ° 35 ’ 54.45 ” S; 49 ° 59 ’ 1.36 ” W), 07 / IX / 1999, col. L. & T. Buckup (MZUSP 34288). Paratypes. 1 – 3: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul — two Ƌ and one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 2704); 4 – 5: two Ƌ, São José dos Ausentes, affluent of Silveira river, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28 ° 35 ’ 53.40 ” S; 49 ° 58 ’ 55.99 ” W), 28 / IV / 1996, col. P. B. Araujo (UFRGS 2294); 6 – 7: two Ƌ, São José dos Ausentes, Fazenda Potreirinhos, 02 / V / 1997, col. O. R. Naches (UFRGS 2295); 8 – 9: two Ƌ, São José dos Ausentes, affluent of Silveira river, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28 ° 35 ’ 53.40 ” S; 49 ° 58 ’ 55.99 ” W), 14 / V / 2014, col. K. M. Gomes, F. B. Ribeiro & D. C. Kenne (UFRGS 6195); 10 – 11: two Ƌ, São José dos Ausentes, margin of Silveira River, near the gap of Silveira and Divisa rivers, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28 ° 36 ’ 21.29 ” S; 49 ° 58 ’ 41.74 ” W) 15 / V / 2014, col. K. M. Gomes, F. B. Ribeiro & D. C. Kenne (UFRGS 6107); 12: one ♀, São José dos Ausentes, Marco river (28 ° 36 ’ 42.99 ” S; 49 ° 55 ’ 11 ”) (UFRGS 2236); 13 – 15: two Ƌ and one ♀, Bom Jesus, Fazenda Sr. Argemiro P. Borges, 28 / I / 1979, col. O. Camargo (UFRGS 1363). Comparative material analyzed. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Parastacus pilimanus — one Ƌ and one ♀, Rio Grande, Taim, 09 / VI / 1975, col. L. Buckup (UFRGS 277); one ♀, Dom Pedrito, 05 / III / 1957, col. C. P. Coreto (UFRGS 1374); one Ƌ and one ♀, São Gabriel (30 ° 34 ’ 16.86 ’’ S; 54 ° 29 ’ 42.22 ’’ W), 21 / IX / 2012, col. K. M. Gomes (UFRGS 5756); one Ƌ, Ibirapuitã river, Alegrete, 25 / II / 1982, col. B. Irgang (UFRGS 542); Parastacus brasiliensis — three Ƌ, Mariana Pimentel (30 ° 20 ’ 41 ” S; 51 ° 33 ’ 55 ” W), 12 / IV / 2010, col. W. Beduchaud, K. M. Gomes & S. Santos (UFRGS 4890); one Ƌ and one ♀, Porto Alegre, Praça da Vila Jardim Renascença, Zona Sul (30 ° 5 ’ 79 ” S; 51 ° 11 ’ 30.62 ” W), 10 / VII / 2013, col. K. M. Gomes, F. B. Ribeiro & G. C. Dalló (UFRGS 5860); Santa Catarina: P. laevigatus — one ♀ and five juveniles, Estrada da Cidra, Chacara dos Ipês, Joinville, 05 / 08 / 1961, col. Rosenberg (UFRGS 1369).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The Latin epithet fluviatilis alludes to the riverine habitats where this species was found. We suggest the common name “ the highland streams crayfish ” for this new species.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Narrow front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted “ U ”, with blunt spine. Postorbital ridges present and easily distinguished only in anterior portion. Cervical groove strongly V-shaped. Areola narrow and with no lateral elevation on branchiostegite grooves. Cutting-edge surface of fixed finger and dactylus with dense cover of simple and pappose setae. Telson subtriangular with small blunt lateral spines. Mandible with caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Ventral surface of lateral process of thoracic sternites 6 and 7 strongly concave.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	description	Description. Rostrum: triangular, wider than long (RL 98.7 % of RW), short (12.4 % of CL), reaching middle of second article of antennular peduncle (Fig. 3 A, B, C). Dorsum slightly concave, apex inverted “ U ” - shaped, ending in straight blunt spine. Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral sides slightly convergent and rostral basis slightly divergent. Carinae almost straight, prominent and wide, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 3 B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 63.9 % of CL. Eyes small (CMW 64.4 % of OW); suborbital angle 90 °, unarmed (Fig. 3 C). Front narrow (FW 40 % of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 62.6 % of POCL), conspicuous anteriorly and barely discernible posteriorly. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation. Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 50.8 % of CL; CW 44.1 % of CL). Cervical groove strongly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves conspicuous and without carina (Fig. 3 A). Areola narrow, 3.1 x as long as wide (29.3 % of CL) (Fig. 3 A). Abdomen: lacking spines or tubercles, long and wide (AL 79 % of CL; AW 80.3 % of CW), smooth, with few small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 3 A, D). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S 1 pleurae with small distal lobe not overlapped by S 2 pleurae. S 2 pleurae with shallow groove parallel to margin, high and moderately long (Fig. 3 E, F). Tailfan: telson calcified in the proximal portion and weakly calcified in the distal margin, subtriangular, longer than wide (TeW 81.6 % of TeL), with small blunt spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and a dorsomedian longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 3 G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin unarmed, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in small spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with two dorsolateral spines (outer) and one dorsolateral spine (inner) on each of right and left exopodites. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in spine, lateral margin with small spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 3 G). Epistome: anterolateral section with three marginal tubercles, posteriormost tubercle smallest; also with single keel and small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section with cluster of squamose setiferous tubercles. Anteromedian lobe irregularly pentagonal, 1.03 x longer than wide, reaching midlength of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; lateral margins keeled; ventral surface slightly concave and basis deeply grooved (Fig. 4 A). Thoracic sternites: SLP 4 small and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP 5 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP 6 larger than SLP 4 and SLP 5 and with concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP 7 largest and with surface strongly concave, median keel inflated and rhomboidal, bullar lobes absent; SLP 8 smaller than SLP 6 and concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges widely separated, bullar lobes separated and clearly visible (Fig. 4 B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with sharp spine (Fig. 4 A). Antenna: when extended back reaching second somite of pleon. Antennal scale widest at midlength, reaching midlength of third antennal article, ASW 40.8 % of ASL (Fig. 4 A, D), lateral margin slightly curved, spine strong and distal margin emarginate. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore, with strong blunt dorsolateral spine. Basis unarmed (Fig. 4 A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior is the largest. (Fig. 4 E). Third maxilliped: ischium bearing several setiferous puctuations but with numerous short smooth simple setae on outer margin and on ventrolateral surface, but some tufts presents longer setae (Fig. 4 F) and the dorsal surface presents few setiferous punctuations (Fig. 4 G). Merum ventral surface entirely covered by long smooth simple setae (Fig. 4 F). Crista dentata of right and left ischium each with 28 teeth. Merus, entire ventral surface densely covered with simple setae. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 4 F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 23.2 % of RPrL; LPrT 22.6 % of LPrL) (Fig. 3 A). Ischium ventral surface with 11 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 48.2 % of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 49.5 % of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 15 tubercles, outer 12 and mesial 16, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 11 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 15, arranged irregularly on left merus. Dorsal and midventral spines absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove (Fig. 3 A; Fig. 4 I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 1 – 2 small mesial tubercles. Carpal spine absent (Fig. 4 I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 39.61 % of length in right cheliped and 41.75 % in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with two rows of tubercles (Fig. 4 H, I). Inner margin bearing few small tubercles. Ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching beginning of fixed finger (Fig. 4 H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 54.6 % of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 58.4 % of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles, but with rows of bristle tufts (Fig. 4 I). Cutting edge of fingers covered with tufts of pappose setae; fixed finger with eight teeth and dactylus with nine teeth, uniformly distributed, decreasing in size distally (Fig. 4 H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple setae (Fig. 4 J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.5 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 4 B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipodite of the first maxiliped with rudimentary podobranchia filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 38.66 mm and TL 76.66 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 18.25 to 40.88 mm (27.96 ± 7.04 mm). Female paratypes larger than males. FW / CW: 0.44 ± 0.04 (min: 0.39; max: 0.51). RL / RW: 1.00 ± 0.19 (min: 0.74; max: 1.35). CMW / OW: 0.67 ± 0.11 (min: 0.5; max: 0.83). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW / AW: 1.16 ± 0.12 (min: 1.04; max: 1.51). AuW / RW: 1.18 ± 0.35 (min: 0.71; max: 1.72).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	materials_examined	Color of live specimens. Rostrum greenish brown. Cephalothorax anterior region brown, lateral region light brown. First pair of pereiopods brown with greenish-brown fingers and whitish setae coverture on cutting edge. Pereiopod pairs 2 – 5 light brown. Dorsal pleon brown to greenish with light-brown to greenish-brown marks on lateral margins. Tailfan brown with shades of light brown to greenish brown on dorsal surface of telson (Fig. 5 E, F).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Female paratypes differ from holotype in their larger sizes, narrower rostrum, larger pleurae of abdominal somites (Fig. 3 D, E, F) and shorter chelipeds. Allometric differences between males and females, as found in other crayfishes, are possible (Reynolds 2002), but were not analyzed here. All paratypes presents both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semiellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.24 ± 0.37 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Female paratypes presents female gonopores ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.88 ± 0.31 mm) covered by a thin and less calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in males and females.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	description	The specimens were collected with traps in first- and third-order streams, and in backwaters, with dip nets. Shallow burrows were found on the streambanks, usually with one simple opening; when present, the chimney was short (4 – 5 cm high) (Fig. 5 C). P. fluviatilis sp. nov. is ecologically similar to P. brasiliensis in that both inhabit streams and build shallow burrows in the streambanks (Buckup & Rossi 1980).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB3CF342FF4DF97AFB1AFB00.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Parastacus fluviatilis sp. nov. appears to have an extremely limited distribution, being found only in mountain streams of northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, in São José dos Ausentes and Bom Jesus municipalities (Fig. 2). The main streams where the species occurs are Silveira and Marco, tributaries in the Apuaê- Inhandava hydrographic basin, Uruguay Hydrographic Region (Justus 1990). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 1,140 km ² based on the Otto Bacia shape level 6 (ANA 2006), indicating that this species can be included in the Endangered — EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km ² (IUCN). The species is categorized as EN under subitem " a ": it is known to occur at no more than 5 locations, as established from its presence in the sub-basins (Silveira and Marco rivers), and local threats; and subitem " b " (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat by the threats observed in the field, such as deforestation of riparian vegetation for cattle ranching, planting of exotic species (e. g., Pinus sp.), agriculture (e. g., sweet potato, Ipomoea) and the presence of the exotic rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972. We suggest that the conservation status of this species be classified as ENDANGERED B 1 ab (iii).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	description	Zoobank: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 BD 9 ED 38 - 24 DA- 4 C 6 B- 9981 - 5497 EC 81 BF 3 A	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Ƌ, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Morrinhos do Sul (29 ° 17 ’ 13.7 ” S; 49 ° 54 ’ 53.42 ” W), 12 / XII / 2013, col. F. B. Ribeiro & K. M. Gomes (MZUSP 34287) Paratypes. 1: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul — one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 5931); 2: one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 5932); 3: one Ƌ, Dom Pedro de Alcântara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29 ° 23 ’ 06 ” S; 49 ° 50 ’ 20 ” W), 16 / IV / 2014, col. D. C. Kenne & K. M. Gomes (UFRGS 5934); 3: one Ƌ, Dom Pedro de Alcântara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29 ° 23 ’ 06 ” S; 49 ° 50 ’ 20 ” W), 16 / IV / 2014, col. D. C. Kenne & K. M. Gomes (UFRGS 5935); 5 – 6: one Ƌ Dom Pedro de Alcântara, and one juvenile, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29 ° 23 ’ 06 ” S; 49 ° 50 ’ 20 ” W), 16 / IV / 2014, col. D. C. Kenne & K. M. Gomes (UFRGS 5936); 7: one ♀, Dom Pedro de Alcântara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29 ° 23 ’ 06 ” S; 49 ° 50 ’ 20 ” W), 16 / IV / 2014, col. D. C. Kenne & K. M. Gomes (UFRGS 5950); 8: one Ƌ, Morro Azul, 12 / X / 1998, col. L. Buckup & G. Bond-Buckup (UFRGS 2706); 9: one Ƌ, Torres, Colônia de São Pedro, 13 / X / 1985 (MCP 1067). Comparative material analyzed. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Parastacus defossus — one Ƌ, Porto Alegre, Lami, Costa do Cerro, 19 / VII / 2005, col. L. C. E. Daut & J. F. Amato (UFRGS 4199); one Ƌ, Porto Alegre, Lami, Costa do Cerro, 19 / VII / 2005, col. L. C. E. Daut & J. F. Amato (UFRGS 4200); one Ƌ, Porto Alegre, Morro do Coco (30 ° 15 ’ 40.82 ” S; 51 ° 2 ’ 8.27 ” W), 15 / X / 2013, col. K. M. Gomes & C. T. Wood (UFRGS 5867); one Ƌ and one ♀, Porto Alegre, Lami, 08 / VI / 2002, col. L. Buckup & G. Bond-Buckup (UFRGS 3360); five ♀, Porto Alegre, Lami (30 ° 11 ’ 41 ’’ S; 50 ° 06 ’ 00 ’’ W), 2005, col. C. Noro (UFRGS 4021); Chile: Parastacus nicoleti — one Ƌ, Mehuim (next to Valdivia), VIII / 1997, col. niños del Pueblo (UFRGS 2405); Parastacus pugnax — one Ƌ and one ♀, La Florida, Concepción, 19 / I / 1977 (UFRGS 2407).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum triangular and short. Rostral apex inverted V-shaped, ending in inconspicuous blunt spine. Postorbital carinae obsolete. Cervical groove U-shaped. Areola very narrow and barely discernible. Cheliped propodus globose with large gap between dactylus and fixed finger. Fingers of chelipeds blue. Dorsal margin of dactylus and dorsal and ventral margins of propodus and carpus of second pair of pereiopods with tufts of long simple setae. Mandible caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Abdomen shorter and narrower than cephalothorax. Telson subrectangular with small sharp lateral spines. Mid-dorsal carina of exopod of uropods unarmed.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	description	Description. Rostrum: Triangular, wider than long (RL 97.3 % of RW), short (11.33 % of CL), reaching distal end of second antennular article (Fig. 6 A, B, C). Dorsum straight, apex inverted V-shaped, ending in inconspicuous straight blunt spine. Dense plumose setae on lateral margins (Fig. 6 C). Rostral sides convergent and rostral basis divergent. Carinae long, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 6 B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 62.7 % of CL. Eyes small (CMW 60 % of OW), suborbital angle 90 ° and unarmed (Fig. 6 C). Front narrow (FW 34.4 % of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 54.3 % of POCL) and weakly prominent (obsolete). Lateral cephalic edge with conspicuous setation (Fig. 6 C). Thorax: carapace laterally expanded, deep and wide (CD 54.7 % of CL; CW 44.7 % of CL; CW 81.7 % of CD). Cervical groove U-shaped. Branchiocardiac groove barely visible. Areola narrow and barely discernible, 3.3 x as long as wide (26.5 % of CL). (Fig. 6 A). Abdomen: lacking spines or tubercles, short and narrow (AL 30.7 % of CL; AW 68.6 % of CW), smooth and with conspicuous setation on pleural margins (Fig. 6 A, D). Pleural somites with rounded distal margins. S 1 pleura with small distal lobe not overlapped by S 2 pleura. S 2 pleura with deep groove parallel to margin, moderately elongated (Fig. 6 E, F). AW 48.1 % of AL. Tailfan: telson well calcified in the proximal portion, weakly calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TelW 77 % of TelL) with small sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and a rudimentary dorsomedian longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 6 G). Uropod protopod bilobed with rounded and unarmed distal margins, proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin unarmed, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in small spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight with 6 dorsolateral spines (outer) and 11 dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and with 6 (outer) and 9 (inner) spines on left exopod. Endopod mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent and unarmed, outer lateral margin with small spine at level of exopod transverse sulture (Fig. 6 G). Epistome: anterolateral section with conical projection. Posterolateral section with cluster of squamose setiferous tubercles and lateral grooves converging to basis of anteromedian lobe, and reduced median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe irregularly pentagonal, 1.3 x longer than wide, apex rounded and slightly concave, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis deeply grooved (Fig. 7 A). Thoracic sternites: SLP 4 smallest and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP 5 smaller than SLP 6,7,8 and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP 6 smaller than SLP 7,8 and separated from each other, median keel present and inflated; SLP 7 largest and separated from each other with dorsal surface slightly concave, median keel present and inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP 8 smaller than SLP 7, median keel absent (Fig. 7 B), vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges widely separated, bullar lobes very close to each other (Fig. 7 C). Antennule: inner ventral border of basal article with blunt spine (Fig. 7 A). Antenna: when extended back reaching posterior edge of carapace. Antennal scale widest at distal to midlength and reaching basis of third antennal article, ASW 44.4 % of ASL (Fig. 6 A, D), lateral margin straight, spine strong and distal margin emarginate. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore, with strong blunt mesial spine. Basis unarmed (Fig. 6 A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp and. Incisor lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior is the largest (Fig. 7 E). Third maxilliped: ischium bearing few setiferous puctuations with few long simple setae on outer margin and on ventrolateral surface and dorsal surface with one row of setiferous punctuations (Fig. 7 F, G). Merum ventral surface partially covered by long smooth simple setae (Fig. 7 F). Crista dentata of right and left ischium each bearing 25 teeth. Merus entire ventral surface sparsely covered with simple setae. Exopod longer than ischium, flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 7 F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): short, subequal and globose (RPrT 26.8 % of RPrL; LPrT 26.1 % LPrL) (Fig. 6 A). Ischium ventral surface with 11 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 53.8 % of propodus length (RPrL), left merus (LML) 52.7 % of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two laterolongitudinal series of tubercles: right merus, inner and outer series bearing 13 tubercles and mesial with several small and medium-sized tubercles, irregularly arranged; left merus, inner series bearing 13 tubercles, external 12, and mesial with same pattern as right merus; dorsal and ventromedial spines absent. Carpus medial dorsal surface straight, not divided by a groove (Fig. 6 A, 7 I). Inner dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally. Inner surface bearing some small squamose tubercles. Carpal spine absent (Fig. 7 I) Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 53.1 % of length in right cheliped and 48.5 % in left cheliped. Dorsal line of palm with two rows of verrucose tubercles, with tufts of short simple and pappose setae on base of tubercles. Ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching beginning of fixed finger (Fig. 7 H). Dactylus: right dactylus (RDL) 66.1 % of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 62.3 % of propodus length (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles, but with rows of bristle tufts (Fig. 4 I). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with eight teeth, third and fourth teeth largest. Dactylus with eight teeth, first and third teeth largest. Wide gap between dactylus and fixed finger (Fig. 7 H). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal margins of dactylus and dorsal and ventral margins of propodus and carpus with tufts of long simple setae (Fig. 7 J). Gonopores: presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.2 mm) with a well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 7 B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipodite of the first maxiliped with rudimentary podobranchia filaments.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. A combination of the Latin epithets caeruleus, which alludes to the blue color + dactylus, which alludes to fingers. We recommend the common name “ the blue-fingered burrowing crayfish ” for this new species.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	description	Measurements. Holotype male, CL 35.4 mm and TL 68 mm. In the type series, CL ranging from 8.18 to 39.95 mm (27.71 ± 10.6 mm). Female paratypes larger than males. FW / CW: 0.37 ± 0.05 (min: 0.31; max: 0.46). RL / RW: 0.83 ± 0.16 (min: 0.49; max: 0.97). CMW / OW: 0.40 ± 0.18 (min: 0.23; max: 0.82). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW / AW: 1.39 ± 0.26 (min: 0.7; max: 1.72). AuW / RW: 1.05 ± 0.29 (min: 0.68; max: 1.76).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	materials_examined	Color of living specimens. Rostrum orange-brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions orange-brown in adults and brown with shades of greenish brown in juveniles. First pair of pereiopods orange-brown with cerulean-blue to dark-blue fingers. Pereiopods 2 – 5 light orange to orange. Dorsal pleon orange-brown. Tailfan orange-brown with shades of orange to light orange on dorsal surface of telson (Fig. 8 D, 9).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Female paratypes differ from the holotype in the larger body size and larger pleurae of the abdominal somites. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. is morphologically closely related to strong burrowing species of the genus Parastacus, as P. defossus, P. nicoleti and P. pugnax in having chelipeds with a globose propodus and a narrow abdomen in relation to CW. However, it differs from all other Parastacus species in the large gap between the dactylus and the fixed finger of the first pair of pereiopods; the blue coloration of these fingers and in having the dense setation of the dactylus, propodus and carpus of the second pair of pereiopods. All paratypes presents both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 0.97 ± 0.47 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Female paratypes presents female gonopores ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.04 ± 0.07 mm) covered by a thin and less calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in males and females. Habitat and ecology. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. was collected in flat wetlands near the foothills of the Serra Geral and in the coastal region forests in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul. This physiographic region belongs to the Atlantic Forest Biome and it is characterized by swamp forests (Fig. 8 A) with permanently or temporarily flooded soils with large amounts of organic matter (Dorneles & Waechter 2004; Rambo 2005). Burrows of P. caeruleodactylus had chimneys averaging 10 cm in height and width; some individuals were captured in burrows 1 m deep, with only one opening. We found ovigerous females bearing different numbers of eggs, with a maximum of 40 eggs in the initial stage of development attached to the pleopods (see Fig. 9 F). Ecologically, P. caeruleodactylus sp. nov. resembles the strong burrowers species of the genus Parastacus, e. g. P. defossus, P. nicoleti and P. pugnax; and some other parastacid species in South America, as in the genus Virilastacus and in Australian genera Engaeus Erichson, 1846, Engaewa Riek, 1967 and Tenuibranchiurus Riek, 1951, and even in the cambarid genus Fallicambarus Hobbs, 1969. Ecological features shared by these species include deep burrow system with complex chimneys and particular morphological adaptations to the burrowing lifestyle, as reduced abdomen and reduced eyes; globose cheliped propodus with dactylus moving subvertically or obliquely; branchial chamber extended (narrow areola); and the abundance of setae along the carapace, abdomen and appendages (Horwitz & Richardson 1986).	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
03EC87DADB32F359FF4DFA86FE53FEA8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. appears to have a limited distribution, since it has been found only in swamp forests in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, in the municipalities of Morrinhos do Sul, Morro Azul, and Dom Pedro de Alcântara. Colônia de São Pedro is an older name for the Dom Pedro de Alcântara municipality (Fig. 2). The main drainages where the species occurs are the Tramandaí and Mampituba hydrographic basins, Coastal Hydrographic Region (Justus 1990). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at 1,152 km ² based on the Otto Bacias shape level 5, indicating that this species can be categorized as Endangered (EOO less than 5,000 km ², according to the IUCN). Subitem " a " for an EOO that is severely fragmented, and subitem " b " (iii) Continuing decline in quality of habitat, are appropriate due to the threats existing in the occurrence areas of P. caeruleodactylus. Rice cultivation may be one cause of habitat loss and fragmentation, because the swamp areas are deforested for cultivation or drained for cattle ranching and construction of human dwellings. The coastal region is largely agricultural, and the use of agrochemicals has been reported (Cabrera et al. 2008). We therefore suggest that this species be classified as “ ENDANGERED B 1 ab (iii) ”.	en	Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1
