taxonID	type	description	language	source
D5DA7B48ADA2F62974F273BB48206F97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species of this new genus can be distinguished from other Riodinidae by a combination of characters (Table 2). Labial palpi are long, slender, pointed apically and projected forward and upward, the second segment is a little more than twice the length of the third segment, the third segment is barely visible from dorsal view (Fig. 2). Radial veins originate near the end of the discal cell, costal vein runs parallel to Sc + R 1; these veins get close but never fuse together. Vein R 4 reaches wing margin at the apex (Fig. 3). Prothoracic legs of males are slender and trochanter inserts at the middle of the coxa; tibia is as wide as tarsus and smaller than the length of the femur plus the trochanter. Most of the species present two tarsomeres, the second tarsomere is oval-shaped and the apex pointed, except P. hypoglauca comb. n. which has three tarsomeres with the last one oval-shaped (Fig. 4). Tegumen of male genitalia is typically oval-shaped, narrow and slightly sclerotized, posterior half is a hyaline area that Hall (1999) named ' windows' through which the subescafium can be observed; the uncus is rounded and with setae in the posterior margin. The vinculum is a narrow band not covering the whole margin of the tegumen, is mostly straight and convex toward the saccus, a little hump-shaped in the mid region. Valvae are bifurcated, the dorsal process is conical, elongated, and with a sharp end projected forward and exceeding the posterior margin of the uncus, the ventral process is shorter and blunt with many setae. Aedeagus is long and sigmoid, wider in the anterior edge, slender and pointed on the posterior edge, where it opens dorsally. Cornuti are a series of wide, strongly sclerotized spines that originate from individual bulbs (Fig. 5).	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
D5DA7B48ADA2F62974F273BB48206F97.taxon	description	Description. Male. Anterior wing length: 10 - 15 mm. Head. Ringed antennae with 30 to 32 flagellomeres of the same width, with white scales at the base of each flagellomere. Widen abruptly in the apical 10 flagellomeres to form the antennal club, which is dark and iridescent dorsally. Sometimes white or brown scales are present at the sides, ending in a whitish or yellowish tip, with a nudum from flagellomere 20 to the apex. Labial palpi white with black or brown scales mainly in the third segment. Wings (Figs 3, 6) with four radial veins. Three distinct shapes of anterior wings, rounded toward the apex (P. palmerii comb. n.), elongated and triangular (P. walkeri comb. n.) and triangular with the external margin curved and the apex slightly sickle-like (P. hypoglauca comb. n.). Background color in both wings varies from brown to dark gray. Some species present a series of white spots outlined with black in the anterior margins and a series of submarginal black dots, sometimes with white scales and occasionally with reddish scales toward the base of the anterior and posterior wings. In grayish species spots are black. Legs. Prothoracic legs with dense long scales generally whitish, mid and hind legs with multiple short and dense spines in the interior margin of the tibia and tarsus. Abdomen. Dark in the dorsum with reddish or whitish scales outlining each segment. Ventrally with dense scales varying from whitish as in P. hypoglauca comb. n. to brown-orange as in P. palmerii comb. n. Genitalia. Genital capsule small, uncus rounded with a groove of variable depth which gives it a lobulated or straight appearance. Tegumen oval-shaped and sclerotized in the anterior region; with large ' windows' that reach the gnathi. Gnathi are slender, sclerotized, slightly twisted ending in an upward hook. Vinculum generally is straight or slightly curved near the tegumen, a little wider near the valve, this swelling is weakly sclerotized and hard to notice, curved before the saccus and anteriorly projected. Dorsal processes of the valve conic and membranous toward the transtilla but strongly sclerotized toward the apex, which is a small upward hook, with setae lengthwise. The ventral process is long and blunt, of variable lengths but always with multiple mostly long setae. Aedeagus is slender toward the distal portion with a pointed tip, widening toward the anterior portion, straight or sinuous. Cornuti are thick sclerotized spines apparently each surging from independent bulbs forming a line.	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
D5DA7B48ADA2F62974F273BB48206F97.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name comes from the Greek plesios meaning near or close to and the Latin aridus meaning dry, in reference to the desert and semiarid habitats of most of the species.	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
D5DA7B48ADA2F62974F273BB48206F97.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. This genus is distributed below 1750 m in the Pacific slope from central Arizona and in the Atlantic slope from the south of Texas to the dry forests of Guanacaste in the northeast of Costa Rica (DeVries 1997) (Fig. 7). In the USA, it has been collected in arid regions, in xerophilic shrubland of Arizona, California, and New Mexico, with isolated records in the south of Texas in Rio Grande Valley (Warren et al. 2017). In Mexico it can be found in deserts and semiarid regions of Baja California Sur and part of Baja California Norte in the Chihuahuan Desert and in the Mexican Plateau, regions were xerophilic shrubland is dominant. It is also distributed in the deciduous tropical forest of the west of Mexico in the Pacific coast and the Balsas Basin, as well as in the east in the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula. Its distribution in deciduous tropical forests extends through Central America to Costa Rica. Finally, P. selvatica comb. n. and some populations of P. walkeri comb. n. inhabit the tropical forests in the south of Mexico in Veracruz and Chiapas. De la Maza and De la Maza (2017 b) mention that P. selvatica comb. n. probably is present in Guatemala and Belize.	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
A10AFBC80608627521149DACFD0D503B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This genus contains two species that can be distinguished from other Riodinidae by the presence of the labial palpi that are medium sized, slender, sharp apically and projected upward and forward; the second segment is twice the length of the third segment; third segment and apical third of the second segment are visible from dorsal view (Fig. 2, Table 2). Radial veins originate near the end of the discal cell, costal vein parallel to Sc + R 1 separated by at least twice the width of R 1 in the closest portion. Vein R 4 reaches de margin in the wing apex (Fig. 3). Prothoracic legs of male are slender, trochanter joint beyond the middle of the coxa, tibiae are slightly wider than the tarsi and the length of the femur + trochanter is nearly the same as tibia length. Tarsus with three tarsomeres, the third tarsomere is small, wide at the base tapering toward the apex but with a blunt end (Fig. 4). Male genitalia with tegumen typically oval-shaped, wide, strongly sclerotized in the dorsal region, posterior half hyaline; the uncus is rectangular with a groove in the distal margin, with setae. Gnathi are wide, curved and ending in a sharp tip projected dorsally. Vinculum is a wide sclerotized band not covering the whole margin of the tegumen, generally straight and convex toward the saccus, with an evident swallowing in the mid region. Valvae bifurcated, dorsal process conical of variable width and setae all along, ending in a sharp tip projected dorsally, this process is shorter than the posterior edge of the uncus; the ventral process is short and with a rounded tip, projected anteroventrally, also with setae. Cornuti are a series of long, flatten laterally, strongly sclerotized spines, joined at the base in a crest-like shape (Fig. 5).	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
A10AFBC80608627521149DACFD0D503B.taxon	description	Description. Male. Anterior wing length: 15 - 18 mm. Head. Ringed antennae with 40 flagellomeres with white scales at the base of each flagellomere. Widen in the apical 18 - 22 flagellomeres, where a nudum is present and it extends to the apex ending in a whitish or yellowish tip. The antennal club is formed by the apical 10 - 12 flagellomeres, black dorsally and sometimes with a line of white scales. Labial palpi white with black or brown scales in the third segment. Wings (Figs 3, 6). Triangular with four radial veins. In dorsal view, background color varies in both wings from brown to copper-orange, margins are darker and costal and external margins are outlined with black. External margin with a line of seven rounded dots and a line of rectangular spots in the submarginal area which cross the wing from the costal to the anal margin in both wings. Three subapical white spots, the first two are just short lines and the third is squared and large, situated in the R 4 cell. After the spots is an irregular band of black spots in the postmedian area going into the median area. Discal cell with four black bands, with the most external one larger and wider than the remainder. Under the discal cell are three other bands in the postbasal and submedian areas. White and black fringe present in diverse patterns. Particularly, N. nais comb. n. presents copper-orange scales in the discal cell and between the lines of black spots on both wings. Ventrally, anterior wing is orange, lighter and brighter than dorsal view, with the same pattern of black spot as in dorsal side, white spot of R 4 cell extends till the apex; the black dots forming the marginal line are surrounded by white scales, as the dots approach the tornus the white scales are present only in the posterior margin. The posterior wing is white at the base and with essentially the same pattern of black spots as in dorsal view, however the base of N. nais comb. n. is white-greyish and the white scales over the veins provide a less uniform pattern to the wing than in N. chisosensis comb. n. This species presents three orange spots in the posterior margin of the line of submarginal spots, while in N. nais comb. n. the orange area is between the line of black submarginal and marginal spots, getting wider as it approaches the tornus. This species also presents an orange area along the costal margin just before the apex and another one in the anterior margin of the irregular band of black spots in the median area. Legs. Prothoracic legs have dense and long scales generally white or whitish; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi with a series of multiple short and dense white, whitish or yellowish spines in the inner margin. Abdomen. Dorsum of abdomen dark of brown with orange and whitish scales outlining each segment. Ventrally, the abdomen is bright white in N. chisosensis comb. n. and whitish in N. nais comb. n. Genitalia. Generally strongly sclerotized, genital capsule medium sized. The margin of the uncus in dorsal view presents great variation, it can be rounded or straight with a groove of variable depth. Dorsal processes of the valve are conic and membranous toward the transtilla but narrower in N. nais comb. n. than in N. chisosensis comb. n.; the ventral process is also narrower and longer in N. nais comb. n. Aedeagus of N. nais comb. n. is wide, short and sclerotized, of uniform width all along, with a more sclerotized plate in the dorsum and ending in a sharp tip in the posterior edge where it opens dorsally. In N. chisosensis comb. n. aedeagus is narrower, longer and less curved, it slightly widens in the anterior edge and makes narrow toward the posterior edge, with a more sclerotized dorsal plate ending in a blunt tip. Cornuti are a series of long, flattened laterally, strongly sclerotized spines, joined at the base in a crest-like shape (Fig. 5 E).	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
A10AFBC80608627521149DACFD0D503B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is a combination of the Greek prefix neo, meaning new, and Apodemia, in reference to the genus from which it separates.	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
A10AFBC80608627521149DACFD0D503B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. This genus has a disjunct distribution. Neoapodemia nais comb. n. is distributed in montane areas with medium to high elevations (1600 - 2300 m), mostly in the southern and southwestern Rocky Mountains in the USA. In USA inhabits chaparral and open areas of coniferous forests in northern and central Colorado, southeastern New Mexico, and central and southeastern of Arizona where its presence appears to be sporadic (Scott 1986, Brock and Kaufman 2006). In Mexico it can be found in the Sierra Madre Occidental in the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango (Warren et al. 2017). On the other hand, the distribution of N. chisosensis comb. n. is restricted to western Texas in the Chisos Mountains in Big Bend National Park, where it inhabits the chaparral of submontane shrubland.	en	Trujano-Ortega, Marysol, Garcia-Vazquez, Uri Omar, Callaghan, Curtis J., Avalos-Hernandez, Omar, Luis-Martinez, Moises Armando, Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge Enrique (2018): Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae). ZooKeys 729: 61-85, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.20179
