identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FECFB58B747FA42.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FECFB58B747FA42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarmodius aequinoctialis (Motschulsky 1855)	<div><p>Anarmodius aequinoctialis (Motschulsky, 1855)</p><p>Trichonyx aequinoctialis Motschulsky, 1855 . Four specimens, three near card apex, one in pieces near pin. // Trichonyx aequinoctialis m Obispo/ [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPES Trichonyx aequinoctialis Motschulsky // [ZIN]. Obvious dermestid damage has led to loss of various portions of all the bodies. Generic placement and additional syntypes labeled as such by Chandler (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FECFB58B747FA42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DADFED3B26DFD5D.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DADFED3B26DFD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Decarthron (Decarfuss) consanguineum (Motschulsky 1855)	<div><p>Decarthron (Decarfuss) consanguineum (Motschulsky, 1855)</p><p>Bryaxis consanguinea Motschulsky, 1855 . Three specimens, //[green label] Pan./ Bryaxis consanguinea Motch. Panama / [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky / SYNTYPES Bryaxis consanguinea Motschulsky // [ZIN]. The left male is a different species of Decarthron Brendel, with modified mesofemora; the middle female is probably a member of the same species; the male on the right is conspecific with the lectotype of B. consanguinea . A lectotype was previously chosen by Chandler (1999) due to the mixed species in the series at ZMUM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DADFED3B26DFD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FB3F9AFB235FEF6.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FB3F9AFB235FEF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupsenius dilatatus Motschulsky 1856	<div><p>Eupsenius dilatatus Motschulsky, 1856</p><p>Eupsenius dilatatus Motschulsky, 1856 . Two specimens, //[card with small red square with truncated “N”, and green circle with indistinct letters]/ Eupsenius dilatatus Motch. Am. bor./ [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPES Eupsenius dilatatus Motschulsky // [ZIN]. The specimen on the left is a Eupsenius LeConte; the specimen on the right is a male of Actiastes globiferum (LeConte) . Additional syntypes were labeled as such by Chandler (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58FB3F9AFB235FEF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58D94FCACB558FBB8.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58D94FCACB558FBB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Goniacerus gibbus Motschulsky 1855	<div><p>Goniacerus gibbus Motschulsky, 1855</p><p>Goniacerus gibbus Motschulsky, 1855 . One specimen, //[green label] Panama / Goniacerus gibbus Motch. Panama / [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPE Goniacerus gibbus Motschulsky // [ZIN]. Comellini (1990) redescribed the “ holotype ” specimen present in the ZMUM, but it should be considered a syntype until a lectotype is designated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58D94FCACB558FBB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DB4FB81B24DFADF.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DB4FB81B24DFADF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Panaramecia tropicalis (Motschulsky 1855)	<div><p>Panaramecia tropicalis (Motschulsky, 1855)</p><p>Euplectus tropicalis Motschulsky, 1855 . Two specimens, //[black bordered label] Euplectus tropicalis Mots. Panama / [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPES Euplectus tropicalis Motschulsky // [ZIN]. The left specimen is a female of Panaramecia Park, probably the same species as the lectotype; the right specimen is an unplaced specimen of Rhexius LeConte. Generic placement and additional syntypes labeled as such by Chandler (1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DB4FB81B24DFADF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DCEFA2AB212F976.text	03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DCEFA2AB212F976.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reichenbachia pruinosa (Motschulsky 1855)	<div><p>Reichenbachia pruinosa (Motschulsky, 1855)</p><p>Bryaxis pruinosa Motschulsky, 1855 . Three specimens, // Bryaxis pruinosa m Obispo/ [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPES Bryaxis pruinosa Motschulsky [sideways] 2 on left// [ZIN]. The two specimens on the left are B. pruinosa, probably females, with the specimen on the right being an unplaced female Decarthron species. A lectotype was previously chosen by Chandler (1999), due to the mixed species in the series at ZMUM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFF8FFE58DCEFA2AB212F976	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFBFFE68FAAFF54B5CEFA52.text	03ED87BAFFFBFFE68FAAFF54B5CEFA52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arthmius vividus (Motschulsky 1855)	<div><p>Arthmius vividus (Motschulsky, 1855)</p><p>Batrisus vividus Motschulsky 1855: 14 . Type locality: Obispo, Panama. Specimens examined: 3, // Batrisus vividus m Obispo/ [gold circle]/ SYNTYPES Batrisus vividus Motschulsky //: 1 male with abdomen missing; 1 female in good condition, 1 female incomplete and in parts [ZIN]. ZMUM with 1 teneral female specimen: // Obispo [green label]/ [green label, cannot decipher writing]/ Batrisus vividus Motsh Panama //.</p><p>Batrisus vividus Schaufuss 1874: 282 . C. Schaufuss 1888: 18. New synonymy.</p><p>Batrisus (Arthmius) vividus Schaufuss: Raffray 1898: 479.</p><p>Arthmius vividus (Schaufuss): Raffray 1904: 74, 1908: 152, 1911: 57; Park 1942: 232; Blackwelder 1944: 92.</p><p>Arthmius vividus (Motschulsky): Chandler 1992: 348.</p><p>Batrisus (Arthmius) coronifer Reitter 1883: 375 . Synonymized by Raffray (1898: 505).</p><p>Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky 1855: 14 . Type locality: Obispo, Panama. Specimens examined, 2 males: // Batrisus rivularis m Obispo / [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky / SYNTYPES Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky ♂♂ // [ZIN]. ZMUM with 4 specimens on two cards, first card, 1 female // [green circle with portion cut off]/ Batrisus rivularis Motsh Panama //; second card, 3 specimens // [irregularly cut green label]//, male left, females center and right. The male is in very good condition. New synonymy.</p><p>Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky “ in litt.,” listed under Batrisus vividus: Raffray 1898: 505, 1904: 74, 1908: 152.</p><p>Comments. After providing a brief description of A. vividus, Motschulsky (1855) simply separated this species from B. rivularis by commenting that both were very similar, but that B. vividus was slightly smaller in size. While not helpful, this is a comparative statement separating the two species, and is judged to validate Motschulsky’ s description of B. rivularis . Schaufuss (1874), believing that both of Motschulsky’ s descriptions were invalid due to the briefness of their descriptions, described both species as new and based the names on labeled Motschulsky specimens that he had obtained from the collection of L. J. Reiche. In doing so, Schaufuss (1874: 285) selected and described a specimen as B. rivularis that had two basal spines on the pronotum, which led Raffray (1898: 439) to place this species in the then subgenus Oxarthrius Reitter of Batrisus Aubé. Since Motschulsky sometimes mounted specimens of different species or even genera on his cards with a single identification label below (see syntypes discussed for species above), this may explain Schaufuss’ error in selecting a specimen of Oxarthrius for his description of B. rivularis . Reitter (1883) also believed that Motschulsky’ s names were invalid and that Schaufuss may have had specimens of a different species before him when he discussed B. vividus, and proposed the name Batrisus coronifer based on Motschulsky specimens that were labeled as B. vividus .</p><p>Raffray (1898: 505–506) straightened out this mess when he examined specimens that the others had or had not seen, but continued the dismissal of Motschulsky’ s authorship of the two names. He synonymized B. coronifer Reitter with B. vividus Schaufuss and recognized Schaufuss’ description of B. rivularis as a valid description, but also that it was not proposed in the sense of Motschulsky’ s name, which he maintained as invalid. Chandler (1992) recognized Motschulsky’ s authorship of B. vividus (now a member of the genus Arthmius LeConte), while B. rivularis was maintained as Oxarthrius rivularis (Schaufuss) .</p><p>In examining the available syntype series of both species from the ZMUM and ZIN, specimens placed as B. vividus are slightly smaller than B. rivularis as Motschulsky stated, but males are present in the series for both species, and their vertexal modifications and all other features are identical, supporting Raffray’ s conclusion that both species in the sense of Motschulsky are synonyms. The two species names are briefly characterized and differentiated by Motschulsky, so the names are available. Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky is here finally formally placed as a junior synonym of B. vividus Motschusky, and Batrisus vividus Schaufuss is similarly placed as a junior synonym (new synonymies).</p><p>Males of this species may be identified by using the key in Park (1942). A male specimen from Madden Forest Preserve in the former Canal Zone (14 km NE of Obispo) has been labeled as favorably compared with the male type of B. rivularis, and a male from Las Cumbres (near Lago en Las Cumbres, 17 km E of Obispo) has been labeled as favorably compared with the male type of B. vividus . Both specimens are currently held in my collection.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFBFFE68FAAFF54B5CEFA52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFBFFE78C61F9AEB416FA48.text	03ED87BAFFFBFFE78C61F9AEB416FA48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxarthrius escharus Park 1942	<div><p>Oxarthrius escharus Park, 1942</p><p>Batrisus rivularis Schaufuss 1874: 285 (not Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky, 1855). C. Schaufuss 1888: 16. Type locality: Obispo, Panama. Holotype female examined [MNHP], // Panama / Museum Paris 1917 Coll. A. Raffray/ TYPE [red label]/ rivularis A. Raffray det.//. New synonymy.</p><p>Batrisus (Oxarthrius) rivularis: Raffray 1898: 438 .</p><p>Oxarthrius rivularis (Schaufuss): Raffray 1904: 77, 1908: 154, 1911: 59; Park 1942: 246; Blackwelder 1944: 92.</p><p>Oxarthrius rivularis (Motschulsky): Chandler 1992: 348.</p><p>Oxarthrius (Baroxarthrius) escharus Park 1942: 244 . Type locality: Barro Colorado Island, Gatun Lake, Panama. Chandler 1992: 348. Holotype male examined [FMNH].</p><p>Comments. Batrisus rivularis Schaufuss, 1874 is a primary junior homonym of B. rivularis Motschulsky, 1855 . Both names resided in the genus Batrisus until Raffray (1904) treated Oxarthrius at the generic level. This conflict extended past 1900, and a replacement name is needed. There is an available name based on the synonymy established here. Park (1942) described O. escharus from Panama, and designated it as the type species of his new subgenus Baroxarthrius Park. Members of this subgenus lack basal elytral foveae, while members of the nominate subgenus have a single basal fovea on each elytron, and the locations of the male characters are different. The holotype female of B. rivularis Schaufuss is clearly a member of the subgenus Baroxarthrius, and with the exception of the sexual characters it is similar to a male specimen identified as and compared with the holotype male of O. escharus by myself in 2000. The sculpturing of the body, antennal proportions, indistinctness of the antennal club, and elevation and density of the setae are similar, with the antennal proportions being slightly shorter — a common feature when comparing males and females of the same species.</p><p>Members of this subgenus are uncommon in the Panama Canal area, with only one species ( O. escharus) being present in my extensive material from Panama, while this subgenus is diverse in Costa Rica. The two names are here synonymized, and the available name Oxarthrius escharus Park is selected as the replacement name for Batrisus rivularis Motschulsky. A female specimen from Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo in Costa Rica, a near sea-level site close to the border with Panama, compares favorably with the female holotype of B. rivularis and has been so labeled.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFBFFE78C61F9AEB416FA48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFAFFE78FD8F989B292FBF3.text	03ED87BAFFFAFFE78FD8F989B292FBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circocerus Motschulsky 1855	<div><p>Circocerus Motschulsky, 1855 and Apharus Reitter, 1882</p><p>Motschulsky (1855) described the new genus and species Circocerus perplexus from Obispo, and he described Circocerus batrisioides the following year (1856) from New Orleans, Louisiana. The types of C. perplexus were examined in 2005, and this species was found to be congeneric with members of Apharus, whose type species is Apharus muelleri Reitter from Brazil. Before synonymizing the two genera, a loan of A. muelleri was pursued. Reitter had listed the specimen as being in the collection of Hans Simon of Stuttgart, and the major collections of Europe with extensive Pselaphinae holdings were contacted about this type without success. A pertinent suggestion was that Dr. Wolfgang Schawaller at the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, should be contacted on this matter. Dr. Schawaller (2007, personal communication) indicated that Hans Simon lived and died in Stuttgart, and presented about 25,000 beetles to the Stuttgart Museum around 1875–1879. Very few of these specimens, all from the Stuttgart area, are present in the collection today, with the rest being possibly destroyed during the two wars. This type is here regarded as lost, probably destroyed.</p><p>However, Reitter (1882: 130) provides a thorough description and a habitus illustration of A. muelleri, such that synonymy of Circocerus and the more junior Apharus can be confidently proposed. A complication is that the other species in this genus, C. batrisioides from North America, is the only well-known species, but it is not congeneric. A generic junior synonym, Upoluna Schaufuss, 1886, is available for placement of this species. Both genera are redescribed below, and problems in separating Upoluna from the nominate subgenus of Hamotus Aubé are discussed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFAFFE78FD8F989B292FBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFAFFE08C7DFBCEB471F9B0.text	03ED87BAFFFAFFE08C7DFBCEB471F9B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circocerus Motschulsky 1855	<div><p>Circocerus Motschulsky, 1855</p><p>Circocerus Motschulsky 1855: 16 . Type species: Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky, 1855, by monotypy. Type locality: Obispo, Panama.</p><p>Apharus Reitter 1882: 130 . Type species: Apharus muelleri Reitter, 1882, by monotypy. Type locality: Brazil. New synonymy.</p><p>Diagnosis. Circocerus is here characterized as having: head with two faint vertexal foveae, antennal club formed by apical three antennomeres, antennomeres IX-X transverse, X approaching basal width of large, apical antennomere; maxillary palpi with apical palpomere enlarged, apical half with large, ovoidal, shallow impression with carinate margins on dorsum. Pronotum with faint, nude, median, antebasal fovea and setose, lateral, antebasal foveae, lacking antebasal, transverse sulcus. Forks of lateral mesosternal foveae elongate and similar in size. Elytra with two basal foveae. First visible abdominal tergite longest, as long as remaining tergites together or longer.</p><p>Description. [Based on two specimens cleared and mounted in glycerin in a slide mount: a probable male of C. perplexus from Costa Rica and an unplaced species from Brazil] Head: With 2 faint vertexal foveae; antennomeres II-X transverse, antennal club formed of apical 3 antennomeres, IX-X increasing in width to approach width at base of XI, XI enlarged, asymmetrical in lateral view, slightly humped dorsally, slightly flattened laterally; ocular-mandibular carinae present; gular foveae close in short, transverse impression; fourth maxillary palpus with large, dorsal, ovoidal impression with distinct margins on apical half. Thorax: Pronotum with small, nude, median antebasal fovea, with setose, lateral, antebasal foveae; disc convex, lacking antebasal, transverse sulcus; lateral prosternal foveae present. Median mesosternal foveae with origins close, elongate internally; lateral mesosternal foveae with anterior and posterior forks long, equal in size; lateral mesocoxal foveae present; with single median metasternal fovea. Elytra with 2 basal foveae, lacking discal stria. Abdomen: With tergite 1 elongate, as long as remaining tergites combined, paratergites distinct on tergite 1, variably present/ distinct on tergites 2–3, very narrow when present; tergite 1 with deep basal sulcus, with large mediobasal foveae positioned near lateral margins; tergites 2–4 with very small basolateral foveae or foveae lacking. Ventrite 2 with deep basal sulcus, large mediobasal foveae positioned laterally, ventrites 3–4 with small basolateral foveae. Aedeagus: Symmetrical, with diaphragm; parameres elongate and symmetrical.</p><p>Distribution. Members of this genus are found from Mexico to Brazil.</p><p>Notes. Six species of Apharus listed by Hlaváč and Chandler (2005) are transferred here, for a total of seven described species. Hamotus clavicornis Reitter (1882) from Venezuela was cited twice by Park (1942): once as H. clavicornis Reitter from Venezuela (p. 329) and also erroneously as Apharus clavicornis Raffray, 1891 ? from Ceará, Brazil (p. 307). This species was subsequently listed as a member of Apharus in Hlaváč and Chandler (2005) and Newton and Chandler (2007), based on confusion in determining generic placements within the Circocerus / Apharus / Upoluna complex and the nominate subgenus of Hamotus . This species is here placed back in the nominate subgenus of Hamotus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFAFFE08C7DFBCEB471F9B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFDFFE08FA1F989B5ACFD27.text	03ED87BAFFFDFFE08FA1F989B5ACFD27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky 1855	<div><p>Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky, 1855</p><p>Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky 1855 . Type locality: Obispo, Panama. Specimens examined: 2 females: // Circocerus perplexus m Obispo/ [gold circle]/ C. Motschulsky/ SYNTYPES Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky // [ZIN]. Two males: //[green label] Obispo/ [green label] ♂ / Circocerus perplexus Motsh. Panama / SYNTYPES Circocerus perplexus Motschulsky // [ZMUM]. Newton and Chandler 1989: 58 (as type species of genus). Chandler 1992: 353.</p><p>Length 1.50–1.76 mm. This species is among the smallest of Circocerus seen from Panama and Costa Rica. My notes on the male types of C. perplexus record a moderately developed, oblique apical spine on the protrochanters and no additional spines on the forelegs. However, there are two apparent species from Panama and Costa Rica that fit this description, that differ slightly in the form and angle of the protrochanteral spine. At this time, the exact identity of C. perplexus is uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFDFFE08FA1F989B5ACFD27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
03ED87BAFFFDFFE18C41FD0DB286FEBB.text	03ED87BAFFFDFFE18C41FD0DB286FEBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Upoluna Schaufuss 1886	<div><p>Upoluna Schaufuss, 1886</p><p>Upoluna Schaufuss 1886: 283 . Type species: Upoluna flavitarsis Schaufuss 1886: 283, by monotypy (= Circocerus batrisioides Motschulsky, 1856). Type locality: Upolu Islands [Samoa] (error for North America). Raffray (1896) discussed the problem in separating Circocerus and Upoluna, Schmitt (1901) synonymized the two genera, and Raffray (1908) synonymized the two species. Genus removed from synonymy, new status. A single species, Upoluna batrisioides (Motschulsky), is included, new combination.</p><p>Diagnosis. Head with two faint vertexal foveae, antennomeres II-X small, of even widths, apical antennomere abruptly much larger; maxillary palpi with apical palpomere enlarged, with large ovoidal shallow impression with carinate margins on dorsum in apical half to two-thirds. Pronotum with faint, nude, median, antebasal fovea and setose antebasal lateral foveae connected by distinct to faint antebasal transverse sulcus. Posterior forks of lateral mesosternal foveae elongate, anterior forks lacking or represented by short stub. Elytra with two basal foveae. First four visible abdominal tergites subequal in length.</p><p>Description. [Based on U. batrisioides] Head: With 2 faint vertexal foveae; antennomeres II-X transverse, narrow, XI abruptly enlarged, asymmetrical in lateral view, enlarged dorsally, flattened laterally; ocular-mandibular carinae present; gular foveae distant, in shallow, transverse impression; fourth maxillary palpus with large, dorsal, ovoidal impression with distinct margins present on dorsum of apical two-thirds. Thorax: Pronotum with small, nude, median, antebasal fovea, with setose, lateral, antebasal foveae; disc convex, with antebasal, transverse sulcus distinct to faint; lateral prosternal foveae present. Median mesosternal foveae with origins separate, short internally; lateral mesosternal foveae with anterior fork lacking or represented by short stub, posterior fork elongate; lateral mesocoxal foveae present; with single, median metasternal fovea. Elytra with 2 basal foveae, lacking discal stria. Abdomen: With tergites 1–4 subequal in lengths, paratergites distinct on tergites 1–4; tergite 1 with deep basal sulcus, with large mediobasal foveae positioned near lateral margins, 2 small, basolateral foveae adjacent to paratergites of tergites 1–3, tergite 4 with single lateral fovea. Ventrite 2 with deep basal sulcus, 2–5 with large mediobasal foveae positioned laterally. Aedeagus: With apex slightly asymmetrical, with diaphragm; parameres elongate and symmetrical.</p><p>Males with ventral carina on protrochanters and acute basal tubercle; protibiae with small preapical quadrate flange on mesal margin.</p><p>Distribution. Upoluna batrisioides is common in the midwestern and southeastern United States, and specimens have been examined from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Undescribed species represented by single specimens have been examined from Mexico, Trinidad, and Brazil.</p><p>CONCLUDING COMMENTS</p><p>The key to the genera of Tyrini of the world (Hlaváč and Chandler 2005) can be easily annotated to accommodate the changes made herein by replacing Apharus Reitter with Circocerus Motschulsky (p. 90), and replacing Circocerus with Upoluna Schaufuss (p. 91), now with seven species in Circocerus and a single species in Upoluna . However, Park (1942) discussed the problems of separating Upoluna (as Circocerus) from the nominate subgenus of Hamotus, with only the small ninth and tenth antennomeres plus the abruptly large apical antennomere of Upoluna separating members of this genus from those of Hamotus, which are characterized by having a three-segmented antennal club. Members of Upoluna also have the antebasal pronotal sulcus weakly present to distinct, while members of the subgenus Hamotus lack this sulcus. Park (1942) correctly pointed out that when the entirety of the large genus Hamotus is inspected, this character clearly grades from absent to distinct. Species in both genera also have an identical foveal pattern of the body. To complicate matters, I have seen a number of unplaceable and undescribed species close to the generic complex of Hamotus, Upoluna, and Pseudohamotus Raffray, that are really only separable by differences in the form of the maxillary palpi and distinctness of the antennal club. Resolution of the generic concepts for this diverse complex will require a careful study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87BAFFFDFFE18C41FD0DB286FEBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chandler, Donald S.	Chandler, Donald S. (2013): Further Notes on the New World Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Described by Victor Motschulsky. The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3): 321-327, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-67.3.321, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.321
