identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03ED87EDFFC59D7F8FB8FBF9FB72FC82.text	03ED87EDFFC59D7F8FB8FBF9FB72FC82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachelpheus Anker 2020	<div><p>Pachelpheus gen. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis. Body moderately slender, slightly compressed. Carapace smooth, unarmed; frontal margin with broadly rounded rostral projection, without orbital teeth; pterygostomial angle rounded, slightly produced anteriorly; cardiac notch well developed. First to fifth pleonites rounded posteroventrally; sixth pleonite with articulated plate. Telson broad, with two pairs of small cuspidate setae on dorsal surface; posterior margin rounded, with two pairs of stout spiniform setae, mesial very long; anal tubercles absent. Eyes fully concealed in dorsal view, partly exposed in lateral view. Antennular peduncle stout, with sharp tooth on mesioventral carina of first article; stylocerite short, appressed, with blunt tip not reaching distal margin of first article; lateral flagellum with well-developed accessory ramus. Antenna with very stout basicerite armed with large triangular tooth; scaphocerite short, not reaching end of antennular peduncle, with blade somewhat reduced and not reaching small distolateral tooth; carpocerite robust, overreaching both scaphocerite and antennular peduncle. Mouthparts not particularly modified, typical for family; mandible with palp subtly subdivided into two articles; maxillule, maxilla, first and second maxillipeds without particular features. Third maxilliped narrow, pediform; coxa with broadly square-shaped lateral plate; ultimate article slightly tapering, tip armed with two robust spiniform setae. Chelipeds modestly enlarged, equal in size and symmetrical in shape, carried extended; basis and ischium short, robust; merus very robust, flattened ventrally, unarmed; carpus short, cup-shaped, mesial surface without setal rows; chela slightly enlarged, smooth, without grooves, subcylindrical; fingers without snapping mechanism, cutting edge of each finger armed with one simple large stout tooth. Second pereiopod with ischium unarmed; merus distinctly shorter than ischium; carpus with five subarticles, first longest; chela simple. Third, fourth and fifth pereiopods robust; ischia with one cuspidate seta; meri with two, three and four very thick cuspidate setae, respectively; carpi with small distoventral spiniform seta; propodi of third and fourth pereiopod with one or two slender spiniform setae, propodus of fifth pereiopod with well-developed setal brush; dactyli simple, conical. Second pleopod with appendix masculina in males only. Uropod with broadly rounded lateral lobe of protopod; exopod without distolateral tooth, two thick distolateral spiniform setae originating from swollen, somewhat elevated lateral portion of diaeresis; distal and distomesial margins of exopod and endopod with row of slender spiniform setae. Gill/exopod formula: 5 pleurobranchs (above P1–5); 1 arthrobranch (at Mxp3); 0 podobranchs; 2 lobe-shaped epipods (Mxp1–2); 5 mastigobranchs (Mxp3, P1–4), 5 sets of setobranchs (P1–5); 3 exopods (Mxp1–3).</p><p>Type species. Pachelpheus pachyacanthus sp. nov., by present designation.</p><p>Other species included. None.</p><p>Distribution. Eastern Pacific: currently only known from the Coiba Archipelago, Panama.</p><p>Etymology. The new genus is named after the author’s friend and Brazilian caridean shrimp expert, Paulo P.G. Pachelle, who participated in the collection of the below described type species. The name is a combination of the first six letters of Paulo’s second (citation) name and the last five letters of Alpheus Fabricius, 1798, the type genus of the family Alpheidae . Gender masculine.</p><p>Remarks. Pachelpheus gen. nov. can be characterised and separated from all other alpheid genera by the combination of the following characters: (1) frontal margin of carapace with broadly rounded rostral projection, i.e. without a well-delimited rostrum and also without orbital teeth; (2) sixth pleonite with a triangular articulated plate (= flap) at the posteroventral angle; (3) telson with two pairs of cuspidate setae dorsally, without anal tubercles ventrally; (4) eyes concealed in dorsal view, partly visible in lateral view; (5) chelipeds equal in size, symmetrical in shape, moderately enlarged, stout, carried extended; (6) cheliped carpus without rows of setae mesially; (7) cheliped fingers without snapping mechanism, each finger armed with one stout tooth; (8) second pereiopod carpus with five subarticles; (9) third, fourth and fifth pereiopods with ischia armed with single robust cuspidate seta, meri armed with two to four unusually robust cuspidate setae; (10) second pleopod with appendix masculina in males only; (11) uropodal exopod and endopod with rows of slender spiniform setae on their distal and distomesial margins; (12) uropodal diaeresis unusually thickened laterally, with two very stout spiniform setae; and (13) lateral lobe of uropodal protopod broadly rounded, without distal tooth. The characters (9), (11) and (12) are autapomorphies for Pachelpheus gen. nov. for they do not occur, at least not in this form, in any other currently known alpheid genus.</p><p>The phylogenetic position of Pachelpheus gen. nov. is presently unknown. In the eastern Pacific, the new genus appears to be at least superficially similar to Leslibetaeus, sharing with the latter genus characters (1), (3), (4), (5), (7), (8) and (10), but differing from it by characters (2), (6), (9), (11), (12) and (13). Pachelpheus gen. nov. and Leslibetaeus are superficially similar in the general configuration of the frontal margin of the carapace and cephalic appendages, i.e. antennules and antennae (especially the shape and length of the scaphocerite), and also in the general shape of the chelipeds. However, in both species of Leslibetaeus, the sixth pleonite has no trace of an articulated plate at the posteroventral angle; the cheliped carpus has short transverse rows of setae on the mesial surface; the third to fifth pereiopod ischia amd meri are unarmed; the uropodal exopod and endopod are devoid of rows of slender spiniform setae on their margins, whilst the exopod has a typical, single distolateral spiniform seta (Anker et al. 2006b; Anker 2011c). In addition, at least in the type species of Leslibetaeus, the second carpal subarticle of the second pereiopod is longer than the first (Anker et al. 2006b), as opposed to the first being much longer than the second in the new genus. All these differences suggest that Pachelpheus gen. nov. and Leslibetaeus are only distantly related, if at all.</p><p>Alpheopsis Coutière, 1897 is represented in the eastern Pacific by at least three species (Wicksten 1983; Wicksten &amp; Hendrickx 2003; A. Anker, pers. obs.) and shares more than half of the above characteristics with Pachelpheus gen. nov., e.g., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) and (10), although most of them are plesiomorphies within the family. Most notably, the two genera share the presence of an articulated flap at the posteroventral angle of the sixth pleonite. On the other hand, the general configuration of the frontal region of Pachelpheus gen. nov. is rather different from that of Alpheopsis, approaching much more that of Leslibetaeus (see above). All other eastern Pacific alpheid genera (Wicksten &amp; Hendrickx 2003) seem to be much more distantly related to Pachelpheus gen. nov., based on their morphological characteristics. The same can be stated for all Atlantic genera, since none of them morphologically approaches the herein described new genus.</p><p>On the other hand, Pachelpheus gen. nov. has several morphological similarities with the western Pacific Jengalpheops Anker &amp; Dworschak, 2007, currently containing only the type species, J. rufus Anker &amp; Dworschak, 2007, from the Philippines and Indonesia (Anker &amp; Dworschak 2007; Anker et al. 2015). These two genera are similar in the general configuration of the frontal region [character (1), see above], the presence of an articulated plate on the sixth pleonite [character (2)], the development (size), shape and armature of the chelipeds [characters (5), (7)], the blunt lateral lobe of the uropodal protopod [character (13)], and some other, mostly plesiomorphic features [e.g., characters (8) and (10)]. The chela of some larger individuals of J. rufus resembles that of the type species of Pachelpheus gen. nov. not only in size and form, but also in the arrangement of the teeth on the cutting edges, i.e. one large proximal tooth on the dactylus and one more distal tooth on the pollex, with the corresponding hiatuses (cf. Fig. 4 below and Anker &amp; Dworschak 2007: fig. 4I). Pachelpheus gen. nov. and Jengalpheops can be easily separated from each other by characters (9), (11) and (12), which are autapomorphies of the new genus, as well as by characters (4) and (6). With regard to character (9), it is important to note that the meri of the third to fifth pereiopods of Jengalpheops are also armed with cuspidate setae and that the main difference between the two genera lies in their size, shape and number: in Jengalpheops, they are small, conical and not numerous (one or two), whilst in the new genus, they are highly modified, very large, robust, flattened, and more numerous (three to five) (see below). The absence of setal rows in the mesial face of the cheliped carpus in Pachelpheus gen. nov. [character (6)] versus their presence in Jengalpheops (and also in Leslibetaeus) is another important differentiating character, although this feature is known to be variable at least in Potamalpheops Powell, 1979 . Another difference between Pachelpheus gen. nov. and Jengalpheops lies in the shape of the lateral plate on the third maxilliped coxa, almost square-shaped in the former and styliform in the latter (cf. Fig. 3G below and Anker &amp; Dworschak 2007: fig. 3I). Whether Pachelpheus gen. nov. and Jengalpheops are also closely related phylogenetically, remains to be shown by a thorough phylogenetic analysis of the family (morphology + DNA) at the generic level.</p><p>The only genera characterised by the absence of a well-developed rostrum, the presence of an articulated flap on the sixth pleonite, and the chelipeds subequal and subsymmetrical, carried extended (not folded), are Betaeus Dana, 1852 and Betaeopsis Yaldwyn, 1971 . However, both of these genera are very different from Pachelpheus gen. nov. in a number of other characters (Banner &amp; Banner 1973; Anker &amp; Jeng 2002; Anker &amp; Baeza 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87EDFFC59D7F8FB8FBF9FB72FC82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur	Anker, Arthur (2020): A remarkable burrow-dwelling alpheid shrimp, new genus and new species, from the tropical eastern Pacific (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 4731 (1): 75-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.5
03ED87EDFFC79D768FB8FCDBFD1EF874.text	03ED87EDFFC79D768FB8FCDBFD1EF874.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachelpheus pachyacanthus Anker 2020	<div><p>Pachelpheus pachyacanthus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 1–7</p><p>Type material. Holotype: male (cl 3.5 mm, tl 12.3 mm), FLMNH UF 51917, Panama, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.70491&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.636972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.70491/lat 7.636972)">Pacific</a> coast, Coiba Archipelago, Isla Rancheria (Isla de Coibita), southern side near STRI boat “parking” area and large rocky outcrop, 7°38’13.1”N 81°42’17.7”W, depth: 1–1.5 m, subtidal sand flat with some muddier patches, coral rubble and small colonies of living corals, suction (yabby) pump, in burrow (host not collected), leg. A. Anker &amp; P.P.G. Pachelle, 24 Feb. 2019 [fcn PAN-282] . Paratype: female (cl 3.6 mm, tl 12.6 mm), FLMNH UF 51918, same collection data as for the holotype [fcn PAN-280] .</p><p>Description. Small-sized (cl 3.5–3.6 mm) alpheid shrimp with moderately slender, somewhat compressed body (Fig. 1). Carapace smooth, not setose, unarmed; frontal margin with broadly rounded rostral projection, without well-defined rostrum, orbital teeth absent; pterygostomial angle rounded, slightly produced anteriorly (Fig. 2A, B). Cardiac notch well developed (Fig. 1).</p><p>Pleon with first to fifth pleura broadly rounded posteroventrally; second pleuron greatly expanded in females (Figs. 1, 7). Sixth pleonite with slight dorsal constriction near proximal margin; posteroventral angle with small triangular articulated plate; posterolateral margin not produced posteriorly, blunt; preanal plate rounded (Figs. 1, 2C).</p><p>Telson fairly broad, subrectangular, strongly tapering distally, about 1.9 times as long as maximal (proximal) width; dorsal surface with two pairs of small cuspidate setae inserted at small distance from lateral margin, first pair slightly posterior to telson half-length, second pair at about 0.7 of telson length; posterior margin about 0.4 of maximal telson width, broadly rounded, with two pairs of spiniform setae, mesial noticeably thicker and at least three times longer than lateral; three or four long plumose setae arising between mesial spiniform setae (Fig. 2D, E).</p><p>Eyes fully concealed in dorsal view, partly exposed in lateral view; cornea relatively small, well pigmented; anteromesial margin of eyestalk unarmed (Fig. 2A, B). Epistomial sclerites unarmed.</p><p>Antennular peduncle stout; stylocerite somewhat appressed to first article, tip blunt or at most subacute, not reaching distal margin of first article; ventromesial carina with anteriorly directed tooth; second article squareshaped in dorsal view, somewhat elongate on mesial side; lateral antennular flagellum much thicker than mesial antennular flagellum, with fused portion consisting of four subdivisions, secondary ramus (= accessory flagellum) well discernable, at least six groups of aesthetascs present on last subdivisions of fused portion and on secondary ramus (Fig. 2A, B, F).</p><p>Antenna with basicerite very stout, its distoventral margin with large subacute tooth; scaphocerite relatively small, subrectangular, not reaching end of antennular peduncle, with straight lateral margin and rather narrow blade, latter not overreaching small distolateral tooth; carpocerite stout, cylindrical, reaching well beyond scaphocerite and end of antennular peduncle; flagellum long, longer than half of body, relatively thick, although thinner than lateral antennular flagellum (Fig. 2A, B, G).</p><p>Mouthparts typical for family. Mandible with robust molar process; incisor process terminating in five cutting teeth, second-dorsal largest; palp with faint subdivision between narrow first (proximal) and expanded second (distal) article (Fig. 3A). Maxillule with endopod (palp) bilobed, dorsal lobe furnished with slender seta, ventral lobe somewhat square-shaped, without seta; dorsal endite somewhat square-shaped, ventral endite with thick setae (Fig. 3B). Maxilla with narrow scaphognathite; endopod simple, without setae; dorsal endite with moderately deep cleft; ventral endite short, with some elongate setae (Fig. 3C). First maxilliped with dorsal and ventral endites fused; exopod with moderately expanded caridean lobe; endopod not clearly subdivided, furnished with row of setae mesially, with two long thick setae distally; epipod bilobed (Fig. 3D, E). Second maxilliped with typically shaped endopod, propodal and dactylar articles distinct, forming apical “head”; exopod thickened in its proximal half; epipod rather small (Fig. 3F). Third maxilliped slender, pediform; coxa with lateral plate subrectangular, almost ear-shaped; antepenultimate article slender, not twisted or markedly flattened; penultimate article about four times as long as wide; ultimate article slightly tapering distally, with numerous rows of short serrulate setae, tip with two robust spiniform setae; arthrobranch present, rather small (Fig. 3G, H).</p><p>Chelipeds moderately enlarged, equal in size, symmetrical in shape, carried extended with dactylus in ventrolateral position (Fig. 1); basis and ischium short, robust, unarmed; merus short, stout, flattened ventrally, unarmed distally and on margins, distodorsal margin forming blunt angle; carpus wide, short, cup-shaped, mesial surface without setal rows; palm slightly enlarged, somewhat swollen, smooth, subcylindrical in cross-section; fingers short, about 0.6 length of palm, slightly gaping when closed, tips crossing; cutting edge of pollex with large tooth occupying about 0.4–0.6 of pollex length, fitting into broad distal hiatus on opposing dactylar cutting edge; cutting edge of dactylus with large tooth occupying about 0.2–0.3 of dacylar length, fitting into broad proximal hiatus on opposing cutting edge of pollex (Fig. 4 A–D).</p><p>Second pereiopod not particularly slender or elongate; ischium long, unarmed; merus much shorter than ischium; carpus with five subarticles, first longest but not longer than sum of others, ratio of subarticles approximately equal to 3.5/1.0/1.0/1.1/1.8; chela longer than distal-most carpal subarticle, simple, cutting edges of fingers furnished with rows of microscopic setae (Fig. 5A, B).</p><p>Third pereiopod robust; ischium armed with one very stout, thick cuspidate seta on ventrolateral surface; merus about four times as long as maximal width, armed with two stout, thick cuspidate setae on ventrolateral surface; carpus slenderer than merus, about 0.6 times as long as merus, distoventral margin armed with one slender spiniform seta; propodus noticeably longer than carpus, ventral margin with two slender spiniform setae on proximal half and pair of spiniform setae near dactylar base; dactylus moderately slender, somewhat elongate, conical, simple, slightly curving distally, about 0.7 length of propodus (Fig. 5C, D). Fourth pereiopod generally similar to third, except for armature of merus, latter armed with three stout, thick cuspidate setae on ventrolateral surface (Fig. 5E). Fifth pereiopod somewhat slenderer than fourth pereiopod; ischium armed with one very stout, thick, flattened, distally truncate (possibly abraded) cuspidate seta on ventrolateral surface; merus about five times as long as maximal width, armed with four stout, thick, flattened, distally truncate (possibly abraded) cuspidate setae on ventrolateral surface; carpus slenderer than merus, about half-length of merus, distoventral margin armed with one spiniform seta; propodus much longer than carpus, ventral margin unarmed, one stout spiniform seta present on mesial side near dactylar base, distal half of propodus with rows of progressively longer serrulate setae on ventrolateral surface, forming grooming brush; dactylus moderately slender, somewhat elongate, conical, simple, more conspicuously curving distally, about half-length of propodus (Fig. 5 F–I).</p><p>First male pleopod with small endopod furnished with some setae (Fig. 2H). Second male pleopod with appendix masculina much longer than appendix interna, furnished with numerous stiff setae apically and subapically, as illustrated (Fig. 2I, J). Second female pleopod without appendix masculina, with appendix interna only.</p><p>Uropod with lateral lobe of protopod very broad, rounded; exopod narrowly ovoid, slightly truncate distally; distolateral tooth absent; diaeresis (transverse suture) straight, lateral section conspicuously thickened, elevated, armed with two very stout, thick spiniform setae; distal and distomesial margin with row of slender spiniform setae above marginal plumose setae; endopod more narrowly ovoid, distal and distomesial margin with row of slender spiniform setae above marginal plumose setae, less numerous than on exopod (Fig. 2K, L).</p><p>Gill formula as given for genus (see above).</p><p>Colouration. Body semi-translucent, more or less evenly covered with large reddish spots (= groups of red chromatophores); yellow ovary visible through partial translucence of carapace in the female (Figs. 6, 7).</p><p>Etymology. The new species’ name is a combination of two Latinised Greek words pachy (from the ancient Greek pakhús = thick) and acanthus (from the ancient Greek akanthos —spine) and refers to the presence of unusually thick cuspidate setae on the third, fourth and fifth pereiopods, as well as two very thick spiniform setae on the lateral portion of the uropodal diaeresis; used as an adjective.</p><p>Ecology. Both specimens were collected from burrows of unknown hosts, on a shallow subtidal sand flat, about 30 m from the sandy shore and 50 m from a large rocky outcrop, at a depth of about 1–1.5 m at incoming tight. The sand flat is characterised by relatively fine, more or less compacted sand, with an abundance of fragmented coral rubble, and some muddier patches, larger pieces of rubble, and small living colonies of the coral Pocillopora damicornis (L.).</p><p>Remarks. The presence of cuspidate setae on the meri of the third to fifth pereiopods is not uncommon in alpheid shrimps, being also known in several so-called “lower” alpheid genera, such as Jengalpheops (monotypic), Potamalpheops (most if not all species) and Athanopsis Coutiere, 1897 (some species), but also in “higher” or more derived genera, such as Parabetaeus Coutière, 1897 (all species), Betaeus (most if not all species) and Betaeopsis (both species) (e.g., Powell 1979; Nomura &amp; Anker 2001; Anker &amp; Jeng 2002; Anker &amp; Dworschak 2007; Anker 2012, 2015). However, in Pachelpheus pachyacanthus sp. nov., the cuspidate setae of walking legs are conspicuously thickened and attain truly unusual dimensions; in fact they are readily visible in the general view of the shrimps, especially on the merus of the fifth pereiopod (Figs. 1, 6, 7). The most robust of these cuspidate setae seem to be somewhat flattened and their sockets are relatively shallow, i.e. not accommodating them completely; in addition, those of the fifth pereiopod seem to be somewhat abraded (Fig. 5G, H). Their function remains enigmatic, but it is possible that they are somehow involved in the shrimp’s clinging either to the host or to the burrow walls, and perhaps also in digging. It also remains unknown whether these setae are actually homologous to the more conventional cuspidate setae, which are conical, not flattened, never abraded, and lodged in deeper pits.</p><p>Pachelpheus pachyacanthus sp. nov. is presumably an infaunal symbiont (“commensal”), dwelling in burrows of yet unknown hosts. Other infaunal animals collected at the type locality of P. pachyacanthus sp. nov. include the snapping shrimps Alpheus cf. naos Anker, Hurt &amp; Knowlton, 2007 and A. hephaestus Bracken-Grissom &amp; Felder, 2014, mud and ghost shrimps ( Upogebiidae, Axiidae), pea crabs ( Pinnotheridae), stomatopods ( Squillidae), thalassematid echiurans, sipunculans, and a single galeommatid bivalve, indicating a highly diversified burrowing fauna (material under study). Interestingly, the single species of the genus Jengalpheops, which may be a close relative of Pachelpheus gen. nov., is an obligate symbiont of burrows of large ghost shrimps, Glypturus armatus (A. Milne- Edwards, 1870) (Anker &amp; Dworschak 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED87EDFFC79D768FB8FCDBFD1EF874	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur	Anker, Arthur (2020): A remarkable burrow-dwelling alpheid shrimp, new genus and new species, from the tropical eastern Pacific (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Caridea). Zootaxa 4731 (1): 75-88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.1.5
