identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2DB5FC279588.text	03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2DB5FC279588.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea Sm., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci.	<div><p>Danaea Sm., Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. (Turin) 5: 420, p. 9, f. 11. 1793.</p> <p>Danaea is confined to the Neotropics. It is easily recognized as belonging to the Marattiaceae by the presence of pseudostipules on the rhizomes, pulvini, and rachis nodes, and can be differentiated from the other genera in Marattiaceae by the usually once-pinnate leaves (rarely simple or irregularly bipinnate) with opposite pinnae, and clearly dimorphic leaves with the fertile leaves having more contracted blades but longer petioles than the sterile ones (Brebner 1902, Underwood 1902, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001). The fertile leaves are relatively short-lived and have sunken synangia, which are generally arranged along the secondary veins and cover almost the entire abaxial surface of the pinnae. Sometimes, aberrant leaves with partly fertile and partly sterile pinnae can be found. Individual sporangia within the synangia open by apical pores. Sterile leaves are long-lived and often covered in epiphyllous mosses and lichens.</p> <p>Characteristics of the rhizomes are important for species identification and should always be documented when making herbarium specimens. The most widespread (and probably ancestral) kind of rhizome is an erect trunk, which has leaf bases arranged spirally and stilt-like roots on all sides. This is the only kind of rhizome found in the subg. Arthrodanaea C.Presl, and it is also present in several species of both other subgenera (subg. Danaea and subg. Holodanaea C.Presl). There are many interspecific differences in both the height (from 0.1 m to over 1 m) and the sturdiness of the trunks. Species of subg. Danaea that do not have erect trunks have instead short-creeping, compact rhizomes that are clearly dorsiventral: all leaf bases are on the upper side and are arranged in two or more rows, and all roots are on the lower side. Subg. Holodanaea is the most variable in terms of rhizome structure: some species have an erect trunk, others a dorsiventral creeping rhizome, and still others have an intermediate decumbent rhizome type, in which the rhizome itself is horizontal but leaf bases are arranged spirally and the very apex of the rhizome may be bent upwards. Species limits within Danaea are often difficult to define, but the subgenera are relatively easy to recognize. Therefore, subgeneric membership is indicated (in parentheses) for each species in the treatment below.</p> <p>Phylogenetic analyses place Danaea as sister to the remainder of Marattiaceae (Murdock 2008a), but the isolated position of the family makes this conclusion tenuous (Murdock 2008b). We disagree with the very broad species circumscriptions of Rolleri (2004), who treated Danaea as including only 17 species. Instead, we apply a narrower taxonomic concept (mostly following, but not identical with, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001; Christenhusz &amp; Tuomisto 2005, 2006; Christenhusz 2010a). Our current estimate is that Danaea comprises at least 50 species. In Amazonia, where several species co-occur, there is a clear ecological separation of species by soil characteristics, especially nutrient concentration and drainage (Tuomisto &amp; Poulsen 1996; Christenhusz &amp; Tuomisto 2005), which presumably also played a role in the diversification of the genus (Christenhusz et al. 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2DB5FC279588	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2D78FA7191C9.text	03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2D78FA7191C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Marattiaceae (Murdock 2008)	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian genera of Marattiaceae</p> <p>1 Mature blades once pinnate, rarely simple or irregularly bipinnate, dimorphic with fertile blades contracted; all pinnae opposite; synangia sunken into the blades and covering most of their surface..................................................................................... Danaea</p> <p>– Mature blades usually 3-pinnate-pinnatifid at base, monomorphic; ultimate pinnae alternate; synangia stalked, well-spaced, most of the abaxial surface of the blades visible between them............................................................................................... Eupodium</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7CFF94FF6F2D78FA7191C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7CFF97FF6F2873FA719258.text	03EDBE1F1E7CFF97FF6F2873FA719258.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian species of Danaea</p> <p>1 Rhizomes creeping, clearly dorsiventral with all leaf bases on the dorsal side in 2 parallel rows; petioles without nodes; adult leaves&gt; 1 m long...........................................................................................................................................................................… 2</p> <p>– Rhizomes erect, leaf bases arranged spirally; petioles nodose; adult leaves &lt;1 m long ….............................................................. 3</p> <p>2 Pinnae 4–7(–10) pairs, 25–50 cm long, 5–9.5 cm wide, elliptic, all about the same size; pinna margins cartilaginous; pinna apices entire or with fine and very sharp serration that usually does not extend beyond the cartilaginous part ….............. D. cartilaginea</p> <p>– Pinnae (5–)9–16 pairs, 20–35 cm long, 3.5–6 cm wide, oblanceolate to elliptic, apical ones clearly smaller than basal ones; pinna margins not cartilaginous; pinna apices usually clearly serrate, serrations sharp or blunt …...................................... D. nigrescens</p> <p>3 Blades abaxially whitish; pinnae 8–19 pairs, oblong, parallel-sided; pinna apices acute to acuminate, dentate to sharply serrate......................................................................................................................................................................................... D. moritziana</p> <p>– Blades abaxially green; pinnae 4–7 pairs, elliptic, clearly widest at the middle; pinna apices acuminate to long-attenuate, entire............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4</p> <p>4 Pinnae 13–20 cm long, 3.5–6 cm wide, elliptic to obovate-oblanceolate …................................................................ D. arbuscula</p> <p>– Pinnae 9–13 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, elliptic …........................................................................................................ D. geniculata</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7CFF97FF6F2873FA719258	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2ED9FF32912F.text	03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2ED9FF32912F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Arthrodanaea) arbuscula Christenh. & Tuomisto, Kew Bull.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Arthrodanaea) arbuscula Christenh. &amp; Tuomisto, Kew Bull. 61(1): 18, f. 1, 2. 2006.</p> <p>Range: —Central America to Venezuela and the Antilles, along the Andes south to Bolivia, where known only from the Alto Beni region (LP).</p> <p>Ecology: —Rare, known from four Bolivian collections; terrestrial in humid montane forests; 800–1500 m.</p> <p>Notes: —The erect rhizome of this species becomes more than 0.5 m (or even 1 m) tall, which is unusual in Danaea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2ED9FF32912F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2C97FE8D96D4.text	03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2C97FE8D96D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Arthrodanaea) geniculata Raddi, Opusc. Sci.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Arthrodanaea) geniculata Raddi, Opusc. Sci. 3: 281. 1819.</p> <p>Range: —Greater Antilles; southern Mexico to Bolivia (CO, SC) and southeastern Brazil.</p> <p>Ecology: —Fairly common; terrestrial in humid forests, usually along streams or on steep slopes; 200–700 m in Bolivia, to 1300 m elsewhere.</p> <p>Notes: —Specimens belonging to this species have traditionally been referred to Danaea elliptica Sm., together with most specimens of subg. Arthrodanaea (Smith et al. 1999, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001). However, the type specimen of D. elliptica is a juvenile of D. nodosa (L.) Sm., which renders the former name a synonym of the latter (Christenhusz &amp; Tuomisto 2006). Danaea geniculata is the oldest name that is available to replace D. elliptica for plants in this group, and is used here for the Bolivian material that is not referable to D. arbuscula or any of the other recently described segregate species. However, the type of D. geniculata is from the Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil, and the species limits in this complex remain to be clarified. The possibility exists that there is an as yet undescribed species in Bolivia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2C97FE8D96D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2DD4FD3E90EA.text	03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2DD4FD3E90EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Danaea) cartilaginea Christenh. & Tuomisto, Kew Bull.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Danaea) cartilaginea Christenh. &amp; Tuomisto, Kew Bull. 61(1): 18, 21, 23, f. 3A–E. 2006.</p> <p>Range: —Western Amazonia from southern Venezuela to northern Bolivia (PA).</p> <p>Ecology:— Rare in Bolivia (known from a single collection: Weigelt 90542, GOET, LPB, TUR, Z), but widespread and relatively common in western Amazonia; terrestrial in humid forests on hilly or flat terrain, on well-drained loamy soil, often close to creeks or rivers (Christenhusz &amp; Tuomisto 2006); 100–400 m.</p> <p>Notes: —This is probably the largest species in the genus, with individuals reaching more than 2 m in height. Before the species was described in 2006, specimens belonging to it had been mistakenly referred to D. ulei (e.g., Tuomisto &amp; Poulsen 1996, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2DD4FD3E90EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2AD9FC5D95BB.text	03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2AD9FC5D95BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Holodanaea) moritziana C. Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Holodanaea) moritziana C.Presl, Suppl. Tent. Pterid.: 35. 1845.</p> <p>= Danaea cuspidata Liebm., Mexic. Bregn. 307. 1849.</p> <p>Range: —Mountains from Mexico to Guianas and Bolivia (CO, LP, SC).</p> <p>Ecology: —Fairly common; terrestrial in humid forests, often along streams; 800–2700 m. This is the common mid-sized Danaea in montane parts of Bolivia.</p> <p>Notes: —Traditionally, South American material has been identified as D. moritziana (type from Venezuela) and Mexican/Central American material as D. cuspidata (type from Mexico). It is likely that more than one species are really involved, but here we treat D. cuspidata under D. moritziana mainly because species delimitation needs to be clarified before distributional limits can be defined between the two.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7FFF97FF6F2AD9FC5D95BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7FFF96FF6F2878FC9B9252.text	03EDBE1F1E7FFF96FF6F2878FC9B9252.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Danaea) nigrescens Jenman, Gard. Chron.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Danaea) nigrescens Jenman, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 24: 413. 1898.</p> <p>Range: —Amazonia from Colombia to French Guiana and Brazil, and south to Peru and Bolivia (BE, CO, LP, PA, SC).</p> <p>Ecology: —Common; terrestrial in humid forests, usually on fertile clayey soil, often near streams; mostly 200– 600 m, rarely to 1300 m. This is the common large Danaea in Bolivian lowlands.</p> <p>Notes: —Young leaves often have a metallic-blue sheen. They become pinnate at a very early stage (usually when less than 15 cm long), unlike D. cartilaginea, whose smallest pinnate leaves are at least 20 cm long and simple leaves can exceed 40 cm. Bolivian specimens have previously been referred to Danaea nodosa Sm. (Smith et al. 1999,</p> <p>Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001), described from the Greater Antilles, but the Amazonian and Guianan specimens belong to a different clade than specimens from the Caribbean (Christenhusz et al. 2008). Here we use the name D. nigrescens, which is the oldest name with an Amazonian or Guianan type.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7FFF96FF6F2878FC9B9252	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2E24FB0C92AE.text	03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2E24FB0C92AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Danaea (Holodanaea) humilis T. Moore, Index Filic.	<div><p>Danaea (subg. Holodanaea) humilis T.Moore, Index Filic. 286. 1861.</p> <p>Danaea humilis, distributed from Panama to Peru, has been cited for Bolivia (Tryon &amp; Stolze 1989, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001), but we have seen no specimens that would confirm this. Danaea humilis is easy to distinguish from other species in Bolivia by the combination of small size (plants fertile when only 30–40 cm tall), decumbent rhizomes, and narrow (&lt;8 cm wide) blades that are clearly whitish abaxially and have many (12–24) pinna-pairs.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2E24FB0C92AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2D5DFD679082.text	03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2D5DFD679082.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupodium J. Sm.	<div><p>Eupodium J.Sm. in Hooker, Gen. Fil. (Hooker): t. 118. 1842.</p> <p>Large ferns with massive, stout, globose rhizomes and large succulent stipules. Petioles thick and usually without nodes. Blades monomorphic, 2- to 4-pinnate, ultimate pinnae alternate, the rachises often winged. Sori are in distinct synangia that are raised to short-stalked and opening by apical slits. Eupodium is distinct in the family in having scattered awns adaxially along veins of pinnae. A neotropical genus with three species (Murdock 2008a, Christenhusz 2010b).</p> <p>Species currently placed in Eupodium were long treated as members of the genus Marattia (e.g., Underwood 1909, Tuomisto &amp; Moran 2001, Lavalle 2003), but molecular studies have shown that three distinct clades are involved, including Marattia in the strict sense, with 7 species in Mexico and the Caribbean region, southern Brazil, and Hawai’i, palaeotropical Ptisana, with 20 species, and neotropical Eupodium (sister to Ptisana) (Murdock 2008a). As thus treated, all three genera are monophyletic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2D5DFD679082	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2C89FC7F97FA.text	03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2C89FC7F97FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupodium pittieri (Maxon) Christenh., Kew Bull.	<div><p>Eupodium pittieri (Maxon) Christenh., Kew Bull. 65: 120. 2010.</p> <p>Range: — Costa Rica to Trinidad, south to Bolivia (CO, LP, SC) and northwestern Argentina.</p> <p>Ecology: —Locally common; terrestrial in humid forests, usually along streams; 1500–3500 m.</p> <p>Notes: —Long treated as Eupodium laeve (Sm.) Murdock (= Marattia laevis Sm.), but a recent taxonomic study has restricted that species to the Greater Antilles (Christenhusz 2010b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EDBE1F1E7EFF96FF6F2C89FC7F97FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Tuomisto, Hanna;Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Tuomisto, Hanna, Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2018): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. VIII. Marattiaceae. Phytotaxa 344 (1): 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.344.1.8
