identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EB7823FFDD1312AE8CF8C5006CFCD1.text	03EB7823FFDD1312AE8CF8C5006CFCD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viola barhalensis Knoche & Marcussen 2016	<div><p>Viola barhalensis Knoche &amp; Marcussen, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 2)</p> <p>Holotype:— TURKEY. A8, Eastern Black Sea Region, Artvin Province: southern slope of the Kaçkar Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.320457&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.866253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.320457/lat 40.866253)">Barhal River Valley</a>, along road from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.320457&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.866253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.320457/lat 40.866253)">Barhal</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.320457&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.866253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.320457/lat 40.866253)">Altıparmak</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.320457&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.866253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.320457/lat 40.866253)">Yaylalar</a>, 1700 m, 40°51’58.51”N 41°19’13.65”E, 06 May 2014, G. Knoche K 14 /9 (holotype W!).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Viola barhalensis is similar to V. sandrasea Melchior, but differs in having leaves puberulent with 0.2 mm hairs (hairs longer or absent in V. sandrasea) with a subcordate (cuneate in V. sandrasea) base, strikingly long petioles in relation to the blades, broadly ovate to lanceolate stipules (ovate-lanceolate to linear in V. sandrasea) and narrowly ovate sepals (oblong-lanceolate in V. sandrasea).</p> <p>Acaulous perennial herb, up to 17 cm high at flowering, lacking stolons. Plant puberulent with very short (0.2 mm) hairs on vegetative parts, distinctly reddish purple in all parts in early spring. Rhizome woody, 3–5 mm thick, more or less branched, clothed with remains of petioles. Stipules free, ovate to lanceolate, 8–10 mm × 2–3 mm, membraneous, whitish or purplish tinged, margin long glandular-fimbriate, ciliate in upper third, sometimes trifid at apex. Petioles 25–120 mm, usually very long in proportion to lamina length (3:1), narrowly winged, puberulent above. Leaf blades glossy bluish-green with marked venation, 17–37 mm × 15–18 mm, triangular-ovate or lanceolate, puberulent on both surfaces; base subcordate, apex acute to acuminate; margin serrate-crenate, sometimes undulate, mature leaves with 18–22 crenations. Peduncles of chasmogamous flowers 60–70 mm long, bibracteolate above middle, glabrous except for scattered hairs above; peduncles of cleistogamous flowers 4.5–20 mm. Flowers fragrant, 10 mm long including spur, rectangular in transverse view. Corolla bluish violet with white throat. Sepals narrowly ovate, 6 mm × 2 mm including appendices, purplish tinged, margin hyaline and very sparsely ciliate, apex acute, appendix short, truncate to rounded. Petals obovate, 8–10 mm × 4–6 mm, broad and overlapping, all beardless; lower petal with dark purple veins, spurred; spur 4.5 mm, curved upwards, bluish violet. Style clavate, geniculate at base, apex curved downwards, shortly beaked, epapillous. Cleistogamous flowers ca 4 mm. Capsule globose or narrowly ovate, 7–8 mm in diameter, glabrous with purplish spots, inexplosive, borne on peduncles procumbent at maturity. Seeds 3.1 mm × 1.5 mm, elliptical, cream-coloured, with conspicuous whitish elaiosome.</p> <p>Phenology:—Chasmogamous flowering in late April to early May, followed by cleistogamous flowerering throughout the rest of the growing season. Fruiting from the beginning of May (in Turkey) to September/October (cultivated plants).</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Viola barhalensis is known only from a small area on the southern slopes of the Kaçkar Mountains, in the Barhal River Valley, Artvin Province, Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey (A8), 40°58’18.34”N – 40°51’58.51”N, 41°28’43.28”E – 41°19’13.65”E. It is found there along the road from Sarıgöl to Barhal/Altıparmak and Yaylalar, growing in shady crevices of east-facing igneous rocks close to the Barhal river, at 1200–1700 m elevation. This area is situated in the montane zone with all year round precipitation and a humid microclimate due to the proximity to the river. Accompanying chasmophytes are Asplenium septentrionale, Campanula betulifolia, and Saxifraga cartilaginea.</p> <p>Conservation status:— Viola barhalensis is known only from 10–15 sites close to the village of Barhal and between Barhal and Yaylalar. The area is steep and not easy of access, so only the area along the dirt road along the main valley was checked, and not any side valleys. The species is without question rare and occurs as a small number of individuals and thus should be considered as critically endangered (CR) according to the IUCN Red List criteria (B2a; IUCN 2012).</p> <p>Etymology:—Named after the village of Barhal, situated close to the type location.</p> <p>Paratypes:— TURKEY.A8, Eastern Black Sea Region, Artvin Province: southern slope of the Kaçkar Mountains, Barhal River Valley,along road from Sarıgöl to Barhal/Altıparmak and Yaylalar, 1700 m, 40°51’58.51”N 41°19’13.65”E, 06 May 2014, G. Knoche K 14/10 (O!), G. Knoche K 14/11 (HUB).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB7823FFDD1312AE8CF8C5006CFCD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Knoche, Gerd;Marcussen, Thomas	Knoche, Gerd, Marcussen, Thomas (2016): Viola barhalensis (Violaceae), a new species from northeastern Turkey. Phytotaxa 275 (1): 14-22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.2
03EB7823FFDE1312AE8CFC1C06BCF813.text	03EB7823FFDE1312AE8CFC1C06BCF813.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Viola (subsect. Viola) subsect. Viola	<div><p>Key to the species of Viola subsect. Viola in Turkey</p> <p>The occurence in Turkey of Viola suavis Marschall von Bieberstein (1819: 164) is in need of confirmation. At least in the eastern parts of the Caucasus and in Iran this name appears to have been misapplied to the West Asian V. sintenisii W. Becker (1909: 1) (Marcussen et al. 2005, Yousefi et al. 2012, Saeidi Mehrvarz et al. 2013). Plants of V. alba von Besser (1809: 171) from northern Turkey clearly belong to subsp. alba (syn.: V. thessala Boiss. &amp; Spruner in Boissier 1849: 51), which extends further eastwards into the Caucasus and northern Iran, and westwards into Central Europe, while plants from southern Turkey appear to belong to the Mediterranean subsp. dehnhardtii (Tenore 1830: 12) W. Becker (1902: 257). The two subspecies differ in numerous quantitative traits (Marcussen 2003) but the variation has not been investigated for Turkish plants.</p> <p>1. Plants with rooting stolons up to 30 cm long, sometimes underground (or occasionally absent in Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii)..............................................................................................................................................................................................................2.</p> <p>- Plants without stolons, but often with branched rhizomes................................................................................................................4.</p> <p>2. Stolons stout, up to 2 mm thick or more; flowers light blue-violet; lateral petals scarcely bearded at base; bracteoles usually in the lower third of the peduncle, 4–12 mm long; stipules lanceolate and long-fimbriate....................................................... Viola suavis</p> <p>- Stolons long and slender, less than 2 mm thick; flowers violet or all white; lateral petals usually densely bearded at base; bracteoles usually in the middle or upper third of the peduncle, 4–5 mm long; stipules variable.....................................................................3.</p> <p>3. Stipules narrowly lanceolate and remotely long-fimbriate; leaf apex acute (subsp. alba) or obtuse (subsp. dehnhardtii).............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Viola alba</p> <p>- Stipules ovate and densely short-fimbriate; leaf apex obtuse........................................................................................ Viola odorata</p> <p>4. Leaves with hairs longer than 0.2 mm, or glabrescent, cuneate to subcordate basally; stipules short- or long-fimbriate................5.</p> <p>- Leaves puberulous from 0.2 mm hairs, subcordate basally; stipules long-fimbriate........................................................................8.</p> <p>5. Capsules glabrous; leaves pubescent or glabrescent; stipules ovate-lanceolate to linear, long-fimbriate; flowers violet; spur 2–3 mm, violet or whitish.................................................................................................................................................. Viola sandrasea</p> <p>- Capsules and leaves always pubescent..............................................................................................................................................6.</p> <p>6. Stipules long-fimbriate, linear-lanceolate to linear; corolla and spur deep violet; spur 3.0– 5.5 mm............................ Viola isaurica</p> <p>- Stipules short-fimbriate, narrowly ovate to linear-lanceolate; corolla violet or pinkish-purple; spur 2–3 mm................................7.</p> <p>7. Leaf base truncate to subcordate; stipules narrowly ovate to lanceolate; corolla violet, spur pale violet.................. Viola yildirimlii</p> <p>- Leaf base cuneate; stipules lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; corolla and spur pinkish-purple.............................. Viola kizildaghensis</p> <p>8. Petioles up to 30 mm; stipules linear-lanceolate; capsules scabrous-pubescent..................................................... Viola bocquetiana</p> <p>- Petioles up to 120 mm; stipules broadly ovate to lanceolate; capsules glabrous..................................................... Viola barhalensis</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB7823FFDE1312AE8CFC1C06BCF813	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Knoche, Gerd;Marcussen, Thomas	Knoche, Gerd, Marcussen, Thomas (2016): Viola barhalensis (Violaceae), a new species from northeastern Turkey. Phytotaxa 275 (1): 14-22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.2
