taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Testudinella pseudobscura sp. nov. is characterized by: vase-shaped lorica; dorsal anterior margin with a slightly convex median projection and almost straight or slightly convex lateral parts; ventral anterior margin with a wide V-shaped median sinus and weakly convex lateral edges; longitudinal ventral lorica furrows discontinuous; lateral lorica edges broadly rounded in cross-sectional view; foot opening sub-terminal, inverted U-shaped slit; distal foot pseudosegment moderately long, penultimate one shorter; unci plates with 9 – 11 / 10 – 11 teeth.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. A tidal river of Qi’ao – Dan’gan Provincial Mangrove Nature Reserve on Qi’ao Island (22 ° 26 ' N, 113 ° 38 ' E), Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China: depth about 50 cm, distance from shore about 2 m, low tide water, 24 December 2009. Holotype. A female in a permanent, glycerine glass slide mount deposited in the Biology Museum of Sun Yatsen University, Guangdong, China (ROT 00007). Paratypes. 4 females from type locality. Two females in Biology Museum of Sun Yat-sen University (ROT 00008, ROT 00009); one female in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP 2079); one female in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium (No. IG. 312901, RIR 204).	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name pseudobscura refers to the shape of the lorica which is similar to that of T. obscura Althaus, 1957.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	description	Description of female. The smooth or occasionally very weakly striated lorica (Fig. 2 A – D) is vase-shaped, truncate anteriorly. The ratio length / width is on average 1.45 (1.38 – 1.56). The dorsal anterior margin shows a slightly convex median projection with almost straight (Fig. 2 B) or slightly convex lateral parts. The ventral anterior margin shows a shallow wide V-shaped median sinus with two weakly convex lateral edges. The dorsal anterior margin is not or slightly projecting beyond the ventral margin. The posterior margin is smoothly rounded (Fig. 2 A) or shows an inconspicuous rounded projection (Fig. 2 B). In cross-section the lorica is slightly arched dorsally; the lateral edges are broadly rounded; apparently discontinuous longitudinal ventral furrows delimit a protruding, more or less flat (Fig. 2 E) or convex (Fig. 2 F) median part. The foot is composed of a long wrinkled proximal part, a short penultimate pseudosegment, and a longer distal pseudosegment ending in a ciliated cup (Fig. 2 G). The ratio lorica length / position of antennae relative to dorsal anterior margin averages 2.89 (2.70 – 3.23) for the dorsal antenna and 2.25 (2.15 – 2.41) for the lateral antennae. Two red eyespots. Trophi malleoramate (Figs 3, 4). The rami are elongate-triangular with rounded latero-ventral margins. Basal and subbasal chambers forming a single large chamber, open latero-ventrally by a large common fenestra (Fig. 3 B: rf). Weakly developed, more or less spiniform, caudally recurved alulae (Fig. 3 B: al) situated at the latero-ventral margins of the frontal parts of rami. Asymmetrical median rami apophyses (Fig. 3 B: ra) weakly developed. The inner margins of the distal rami sections caudally show 17 – 22 / 15 – 19 arched and webbed rami scleropili (Fig. 3 B: as). Frontally, the inner margins of the rami bear several rows of rami scleropili with acute tip (Fig. 5: fs). The basal apophyses (Fig. 4: ba) are moderately developed ridges, composed of a series of basally fused scleropili. The fulcrum is short and plank-shaped, more or less trapezoid in lateral view. It is composed of a double layer of longitudinally oriented and appressed sclerite bodies, the caudal series of which is involved in the formation of the junction with the rami, and an anterior series which border a distinct opening proximally (Fig. 4: fo). The unci plates consist of 9 – 11 / 10 – 11 weakly curved and strongly webbed teeth. Each uncus has 3, occasionally 4, major teeth with moderately offset lanceolate heads of almost similar dimension, the head of the middle teeth is only slightly smaller than the others (Fig. 4). The minor teeth have a weakly offset lanceolate head bearing two minute lateral knobs at their base; the webbing almost extends up to the base of the heads. The crescent shaped manubria are composed of the superimposed dorsal, median, ventral chamber and weakly developed sub-ventral chamber (Fig. 3 B). Male and eggs unknown. Measurements. Lorica length 130 – 145 µm (mean = 140 µm, N = 10), lorica width 93 – 100 µm (mean = 96 µm, N = 10), anterior aperture width 64 – 68 µm (mean = 66 µm, N = 10), penultimate foot pseudosegment 4 – 6 µm (mean = 5 µm, N = 10), distal foot pseudosegment 13 – 15 µm (mean = 14, N = 10); trophi (N = 5): length × width 19.1 – 21.3 × 23.6 – 26.1 µm, ramus 11.8 – 13.6 µm, fulcrum 6.3 – 8.1 µm, largest major tooth 11.0 – 12.0 µm, manubrium 10.6 – 12.5 µm.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. The species was collected in the intertidal zone of the brackish-water river on Qi’ao Island of the Pearl River estuary, at depths of about 50 cm, and about 2 m from the shore as tide ebbed. Its occurrence was restricted to 6 and 24 December 2009; water temperature 18.6 and 18.5 ° C, salinity 13 and 12 ‰, transparency 29.5 and 16.5 cm.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB1075127E800F39C22FB30.taxon	discussion	Comments. The new species can easily be confused with the closely related and morphologically very similar T. obscura Althaus, 1957 and T. zhujiangensis. The discrimination between T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and T. zhujiangensis indeed, became clear only after studying a large number of specimens by light microscopy and trophi investigation by SEM. In the original description of T. zhujiangensis (Wei et al. 2010), data on the trophi from both T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and T. zhujiangensis are mixed up, and the SEM photographs of the trophi (l. c., Figs 3, 4) actually concern T. pseudobscura sp. nov.. Features discriminating both species are as follows: T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is distinguished by its more robust lorica with relatively wider head aperture (Fig. 6 A, B): the ratio lorica length / lorica width averages 1.45 (1.38 – 1.56, N = 10) for T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 1.58 (1.49 – 1.67, N = 32) for T. zhujiangensis; the ratio lorica width / head aperture width averages 1.46 (1.37 – 1.52, N = 10) for T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 1.56 (1.41 – 1.69, N = 32) for T. zhujiangensis. In cross-section the body of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is arched dorsally, rounded laterally, and ventrally it shows a flat or more or less convex median part, whereas T. zhujiangensis shows 4 rounded shallow lobes. Furthermore, the slit-shaped foot opening of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. is apparently narrower, deeper and placed less distally. Additionally, T. pseudobscura sp. nov. has a larger body size (130 – 145 µm, mean 140 µm, N = 10) than T. zhujiangensis (115 – 128 µm, mean 123 µm, N = 32) (Fig. 7). The ratios lorica length / postion of antennae relative to the antero-dorsal margin appear similar for both species: for the dorsal antenna the ratio averages 2.89 (2.70 – 3.23, N = 10) in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 3.02 (2.80 – 3.24, N = 22) in T. zhujiangensis, for the lateral antennae these ratios are 2.25 (2.15 – 2.41, N = 10) and 2.26 (2.12 – 2.33 N = 22) respectively. Differences in trophi structure of both species are very little. The alulae (Fig. 3 B: al) are short, more or less spiniform and inconspicuous in the new species, whereas large, quadratic and robust in T. zhujiangensis (Figs 12 A, B, 14: al). The number of unci teeth tends to be smaller in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. (9 – 11 / 10 – 11, mostly 10 – 11 / 10 – 11, N = 15) than in T. zhujiangensis (11 – 13 / 11 – 12, mostly 12 / 12, N = 9). Additionally, trophi size tends to be larger in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. than in T. zhujiangensis (Fig. 8). In comparison with the more or less elliptical T. obscura, the new species has a distinct vase-shaped appearance. In cross-sectional view, the lateral lorica edges are broadly rounded in T. pseudobscura sp. nov., whereas in T. obscura they converge to a rather sharp angle. Small differences also appear in the ratio lorica length / postion of antennae relative to the antero-dorsal margin: for the dorsal antenna the ratio averages 2.89 (2.70 – 3.23) in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 2.60 (2.40 – 2.88) in T. obscura, for the lateral antennae these ratios are 2.25 (2.15 – 2.41) and 2.07 (1.97 – 2.23) respectively. Main differences in trophi structure concern the number of unci teeth and shape of the head of the teeth. The teeth formula is 9 – 11 / 10 – 11 in T. pseudobscura sp. nov. and 10 – 12 / 11 – 12 in T. obscura. The heads of the major teeth are weakly offset and lanceolate in the new species, whereas distinctly offset and more or less strongly club-shaped in T. obscura. The heads of the minor teeth of T. pseudobscura sp. nov. are lanceolate as well, whereas cylindrical to elongate-lanceolate, with the webbing not as far extending up to the base as in the latter forming a rake-like structure in T. obscura. Additionally, the new species shows less developed subventral manubrium chambers.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Testudinella quadrilobata sp. nov. is characterized by: vase-shaped lorica; dorsal anterior margin almost straight to weakly undulate with minute median indentation; ventral anterior margin strongly undulate with wide V-shaped median sinus; longitudinal ventral furrows of lorica nearly parallel; foot opening sub-terminal, shallow inverted U-shaped slit; distal foot pseudosegment moderately long; proximal fulcrum opening obvious; unci plates with 14 – 15 / 14 – 15 teeth.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. A mangrove swamp in Qi’ao – Dan’gan Provincial Mangrove Nature Reserve on Qi’ao Island (22 ° 26 ' N, 113 ° 38 ' E), Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China: depth about 20 cm, distance from shore about 2 m, 17 January 2009. Holotype. A female in a permanent, glycerine glass slide mount deposited in the Biology Museum of Sun Yatsen University, Guangdong, China (ROT 00010). Paratypes. 4 females from type locality. Two females in Biology Museum of Sun Yat-sen University (ROT 00011, ROT 00012); one female in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP 2080); one female in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium (No. IG. 312901, RIR 205).	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of the species is composed of the prefix quadri derived from the Latin quattuor, meaning in four parts, and the Latin adjective lobata, meaning lobed, and refers to the four-lobed anterior margins of the lorica.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	description	Description of female. The smooth lorica (Figs 6 C, D; 9 A, B) is vase-shaped, truncate anteriorly. The ratio length / width is on average 1.40 (1.35 – 1.46). The dorsal anterior margin has two slightly convex (Fig. 9 A) or almost straight (Fig. 9 B) parts separated by a small median indentation. The ventral margin shows a broader, shallow V-shaped median sinus with two distinct convex lateral parts. The dorsal anterior margin is not or only slightly projecting beyond the ventral margin (Fig. 6 C, D). The posterior margin is smoothly rounded (Fig. 9 B) or shows an inconspicuous rounded projection (Fig. 9 A). Ventrally two almost parallel longitudinal furrows delimit a protruding median part. In cross-sectional view (Fig. 9 C, D) the lorica is slightly arched dorsally; the lateral margins are broadly rounded, separated by a shallow sulcus from a weakly protruding median part ventrally; the ventral median part is almost flat (Fig. 9 C) or with very shallow sulci laterally from foot channel (Fig. 9 D). The foot opening is a shallow inverted U-shaped slit widening distally, situated sub-terminally on the ventral side; an oblique fold may run laterally from the distal edges of the foot opening. The foot is composed of a long wrinkled proximal part, a short penultimate pseudosegment, and a longer distal pseudosegment ending in a ciliated cup (Fig. 9 E). The ratio lorica length / position of antennae relative to dorsal anterior margin averages 2.68 (2.50 – 2.82) for the dorsal antenna and 2.51 (2.34 – 2.72) for the lateral antennae. Two red eyespots. Trophi malleoramate (Figs 10, 11). The rami are elongate-triangular with rounded latero-ventral margins, and short blunt alulae (Fig. 10 B: al) pointing caudally. Basal and subbasal chambers form a single large chamber, opening latero-ventrally by a large common fenestra (Fig. 10 B: rf). Asymmetrical and interlocking median rami apophyses (Fig. 10 B: ra) are apparent in caudal view. The inner margins of the distal rami sections bear 33 – 34 / 32 – 33 arched rami scleropili (Fig. 10 B: as). The basal apophyses (Fig. 11: ba) are moderately developed ridges, composed of a series of fused scleropili. The fulcrum is short and plank-shaped, more or less trapezoid in lateral view, and composed of a double layer of longitudinally oriented and appressed sclerite bodies. A distinct frontal proximal opening is present (Fig. 11: fo). The unci plates consist of 14 – 15 / 14 – 15 almost straight and webbed teeth with interlocking heads. There are three almost straight major teeth with weakly offset lanceolate head in each uncus; the head of the middle-most teeth is only slightly smaller than the others (Fig. 11). The minor teeth have a sharp, very weakly offset head bearing two minute lateral knobs at their base. The crescent shaped manubria consist of the superimposed dorsal, median and ventral chamber, and very weakly developed sub-ventral chamber (Fig. 10 B). Male and eggs unknown. Measurements. Lorica length 139 – 165 µm (mean = 156 µm, N = 10), lorica width 100 – 119 µm (mean = 111 µm, N = 10), anterior aperture width 66 – 75 µm (mean = 70 µm, N = 10), penultimate foot pseudosegment 4 – 7 µm (mean = 5 µm, N = 10), distal foot pseudosegment 15 – 19 µm (mean = 16, N = 10); trophi (N = 5): length × width 23.1 – 24.9 × 28.2 – 29.4 µm, ramus 13.7 – 14.9 µm, fulcrum 6.7 – 7.3 µm, largest major tooth 11.7 – 12.5 µm, manubrium 13.7 – 14.8 µm.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	discussion	Comments. Testudinella quadrilobata sp. nov. can hardly be confused with any congener. It bears a superficial resemblance with T. dentata Myers, 1934, from which it differs by the ventral anterior margin consisting of two convex lobes separated by a broad median sinus, instead of the two more or less straight to concave lobes separated by a rounded median sinus delimited by two acute projections in the latter. The dorsal anterior margin with median sinus appears less convex in T. quadrilobata sp. nov. than in T. dentata. In cross-sectional view, T. quadrilobata sp. nov. is fairly high, asymmetrical dorsally and ventrally, with distinctly arched dorsal margin and flatter ventral margin, whereas T. dentata appears strongly compressed with weakly inflated median part, and symmetrical both dorsally and ventrally. Other Testudinella species with a vase-shaped lorica and undulate dorsal and ventral anterior margin showing a median sinus are T. bicorniculata and T. truncata (Gosse, 1886) which are easily distinguished by the acute antero-lateral lorica projections or angular antero-lateral lorica corners, absent in the new species. As concerns the trophi, T. quadrilobata sp. nov. shows a higher number of unci teeth (14 – 15 / 14 – 15) and arched rami scleropili (33 – 34 / 32 – 33) than T. bicorniculata (10 – 11 / 10 – 11; 11 – 14 / 11 – 16) and T. truncata (12 / 12; 22 / 25) (De Smet 2005, 2009).	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB4075C27E805359C9AFB16.taxon	distribution	Distribution and ecology. The species was to date only collected in small numbers from a shallow mangrove swamp with varying water depth of 5 – 30 cm depending of the tide, and distances from the shore of about 2 m, in Qi’ao – Dan’gan Provincial Mangrove Nature Reserve on Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, on 17 January 2009, 28 February 2009, 27 March 2010, and 26 April 2010. Water temperatures varied from 18 – 23 ° C. Salinity varied from 8 – 14 ‰. It occasionally co-occurred with T. zhujiangensis.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
03E887F5FFB9075C27E8054B9C89F8D6.taxon	description	Redescription of trophi. Trophi malleoramate (Figs 12, 13). Frontal latero-ventral margins of rami with a large, quadratic and stout reinforced, caudally recurved alula (Figs 12 – 14: al). Median rami apophyses (Fig. 12 B: ra) weakly developed. Inner margins distal rami sections bearing 14 – 21 / 13 – 21 strongly webbed arched rami scleropili (Figs 12 B, 14 A: as). Frontal rami scleropili with fairly acute distal tip (Fig. 14 B: fs). Basal apophyses moderately developed (Fig. 13: ba). Fulcrum short with a distinct proximal opening frontally (Fig. 13: fo). Unci plates (Fig. 12 A: u) consist of 11 – 13 / 11 – 12 weakly curved and strongly webbed teeth. Each uncus has 3, occasionally 4, major teeth with moderately offset lanceolate heads. Minor teeth with lanceolate head bearing two minute lateral knobs at their base; the webbing almost extends up to the base of the heads. Crescent-shaped manubria are composed of a superimposed dorsal, median, ventral and small sub-ventral chamber (Fig. 12 B). Measurements. Trophi (N = 6): length × width 17.4 – 20.4 × 22.4 – 24.5 µm, ramus 10.7 – 12.1 µm, fulcrum 5.2 – 6.1 µm, largest major tooth 10.0 – 10.6 µm, manubrium 10.7 – 12.4 µm.	en	Wei, Nan, De, Willem H., Xu, Runlin (2011): Two new brackish-water species of Testudinella (Rotifera: Testudinellidae) from Qi’ao Island in the Pearl River estuary, China, with a key to marine and brackish-water Testudinella. Zootaxa 3051: 41-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207785
