taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3455 BEAC-DF 5 D- 460 A- 89 A 8 - A 70 B 9 A 080 BB 4 Figs 1 – 4, 5 A – D; Table 1	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Radial shields covered by granulation. Adoral shields naked, as long as broad. Up to 11 arm spines, dorsalmost the shortest and blunt, ventralmost the largest and robust. In vivo coloration, disc dark brown and mottled with small white spots, ventral margin beige and brown; arms dark brown with transverse white bands.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named after Dr. Gordon Hendler, an eminent ophiuroid taxonomist, curator of echinoderms at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype MEXICO • 1 spec.; Chipehua, Oaxaca, 16 ° 1´49.90 ˝ N, 95 ° 21´33.70 ˝ W; 21 m; 5 Nov. 2011; R. Granja leg.; under rocks; ICML-UNAM 18315. Paratypes COSTA RICA • 6 specs; Coco Island; 19 – 28 Feb. 1994; Gordon Hendler leg.; MZUCR-ECH 321. MEXICO • 2 specs; Zacatoso, Ixtapa, Guerrero; 17 ° 39´15.00 ˝ N, 101 ° 37´19.00 ˝ W; 9.1 m; 1 Jun. 2012; R. Granja leg.; under rocks; ICML-UNAM 10582 • 1 spec.; Chahué, Oaxaca; 15 ° 45´02.90 ˝ N, 96 ° 07´23.43 ˝ W; 6.5 m; 14 Jan. 2017; R. Granja leg.; under rocks, 27 ° C; ICML-UNAM 18316 • 2 specs; Tijera, Oaxaca; 15 ° 41´15.12 ˝ N, 96 ° 26´31.47 ˝ W; 9 m; 29 Jan. 2016; D. Rangel and R. Granja leg.; under rocks, 27 ° C; ICML-UNAM 18317 • 1 spec.; Frente a Llano Grande, Oaxaca; 16 ° 14´30.26 ˝ N, 98 ° 27´04.64 ˝ W; 20 m; 1 Feb. 2016; Rebeca Granja leg.; sediment under rocks, 27 ° C; ICML-UNAM 18318 • 1 spec.; La Jeringa, Cacaluta Island, Oaxaca; 15 ° 43´10.92 ˝ N, 96 ° 09´39.91 ˝ W; 9 – 14 m; 26 Jan. 2016; D. Rangel and R. Granja leg.; sediment under rocks; ICML-UNAM 18319 • 2 specs; Punta Lobos, Espíritu Santo Island, Gulf of California; 24 ° 28´29.06 ˝ N, 110 ° 17´20.65 ˝ W; 15 – 17 m; 28 Oct. 2016; R. Granja leg.; under rocks, 28 ° C; ICML-UNAM 18320 • 3 specs; San Diego Norte, Gulf of California; 25 ° 12´15.48 ˝ N, 110 ° 41´41.64 ˝ W; 13 m; 29 Oct. 2016; R. Granja leg.; under rocks, 29 ° C; ICML- UNAM 18321 • 1 spec.; San Mateo Norte, Gulf of California; 25 ° 22´43.54 ˝ N, 110 ° 59´34.26 ˝ W; 12 m; 31 Oct. 2016; R. Granja leg.; under rocks, 29 ° C; ICML-UNAM 18322 • 10 specs; Isla San Diego, Gulf of California; 25 ° 12´12.78 ˝ N, 110 ° 41´40.14 ˝ W; 10 – 11 m; 31 Aug. 2008; F. Solís and Solís-Wolfowitz leg.; under rocks; ICML-UNAM 18323 • 5 specs; El Peruano, Guaymas, Sonora, Gulf of California; 27 ° 54´30.06 ˝ N, 110 ° 58´10.68 ˝ W; 12 m; 12 Aug. 2011; C. Sánchez leg.; under rocks, ICML-UNAM 18324 • 1 spec.; La Lobera, Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California; 24 ° 36´56.39 ˝ N, 110 ° 24´00.57 ˝ W; 7 m; 2 Mar. 2010; F. Solís leg.; under rocks, ICML-UNAM 18325 • 1 spec.; Isla Larga (estación Este), Marietas Islands; 20 ° 41´08.00 ˝ N, 105 ° 34´00.00 ˝ W; 9 m; 22 Mar. 1996; F. Solís and C. Nepote leg.; under rocks; ICML-UNAM 18326 • 1 spec.; Los Islotes, Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California; 24 ° 35´00.00 ˝ N, 110 ° 25´00.00 ˝ W; 18.3 m; 28 Apr. 1997; H. Cortés leg.; sediment under rocks; ICML-UNAM 18327. PANAMA • 2 specs; Panama; 24 Jun. – 23 Jul. 1872; Hassler expedition leg.; MCZ OPH- 116. Other material See: Supplementary material.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	description	Holotype description DD = 14.8 mm; 5 arms, AL = 69.1 mm. Disc flat, nearly circular. Dorsal disc densely covered by rounded, small granules, slightly separated from each other; granule density 113 mm- 2. Granules at periphery of disc and on base of arms slightly larger than on central part of disc. Radial shields covered by granules (Fig. 1 A). Interradii covered with granulation, similar to periphery and base of arms (Fig. 1 B). Four genital slits in each interradius (Fig. 1 B); proximal genital slits oval, in contact with distal part of oral shield and with 1 st LAP; distal genital slits rounded, elongated, placed between 5 th and 6 th arm segment and close to margin of disc, surrounded by granulation and numerous, elongated and imbricated scales next to side of lateral arm plates (Fig. 1 B). Oral shields slightly broader than long, rounded triangular, with convex obtuse proximal angle, straight to convex distal edge, obtuse lateral angles. Madreporite with central, circular, shallow depression, located in distal part of oral shield. Adoral shields naked, as long as broad, triangular and completely separated from each other. Jaws bear 8 – 9 oral papillae on each side: LyOs small, 2 × as long as broad, angled upwards; AdShSp largest, rounded; 2 ° AdShSp elongated and narrow; LOPas 4 – 5 conical and pointed, slightly separated; IPa reduced, elongated and pointed; TPa pair at apex of jaw, elongated, robust and pointed, slightly separated. vT similar in shape and slightly larger than TPa. Four teeth: ventralmost broader than long, quadrangular but with rounded borders; dorsalmost pointed, slender and smallest. One OPRSp, large and pointed at each side, visible within buccal cavity. Granules covering oral plates and below adoral shields larger than those on dorsal disc and interradii (Fig. 1 C – D). Dorsal base of arms covered by granules and with approximately 11 oval scales, located laterally at first 3 dorsal arm plates (Fig. 1 E). Dorsal arm plates 3 × broader than long, rectangular, overlapping; proximal edge straight, distal edge slightly concave with rounded lateral edges (Fig. 1 F). Distalmost dorsal arm plates smaller, longer than broad, triangular. First ventral arm plate small, broader than long, with rounded edges; in contact with adoral shields. Second ventral arm plate quadrangular, as broad as long (Fig. 1 C). Next ventral arm plates slightly longer than broad, quadrangular; proximal margin truncate and distal edge convex (Fig. 1 G). Distalmost ventral arm plates wider distally, with a tapering proximal angle. Paired rounded depressions between most proximal ventral arm plates (Fig. 1 B). LAPs conspicuous, semicircular, broader than long (Fig. 1 H). LAP with up to 11 arm spines. First and 2 nd LAP with 3 arm spines; 3 rd with 4 arm spines; 4 th with 5; 5 th with 6; 6 th with 7; 7 th with 8; 8 th with 9; 9 th – 30 th arm plates with 10 – 11 arm spines; 35 th with 9 spines; 40 th – 50 th with 8; 60 th with 7; 70 th with 6; 75 th with 5; 80 th with 4;> 80 th with 3 arm spines. Arm spines with blunt tip; length approximately ½ of LAP. Dorsalmost arm spine shortest, blunt; ventralmost arm spine longest and more robust, as long as 1 arm segment, almost in contact with tentacle scale of succeeding joint (Fig. 1 H). Two tentacle scales; adradial tentacle scale ovoid, approximately ½ × length of ventral arm plate; abradial tentacle scale slightly shorter, subtriangular (Fig. 1 G). General coloration dark brown (dry specimen) (Fig. 1 I). Dorsal side: disc dark brown and mottled with small white spots; middle of margin on each interradius of disc bearing white spot (Fig. 1 A); arms dark brown with small black spots only observed microscopically and with every 5 – 6 arm plates with transverse white bands, located between distal part of ventral plate and proximal part of next arm plate (Fig. 1 F, I). Ventral side: interradii, center and proximal part beige, margin dark brown with some beige marks (Fig. 1 B). Jaw beige but oral shields can display brown color (Fig. 1 C). Ventral arm plates beige, but that on tip of arms dark brown with some beige transversal lines (Fig. 1 G). LAPs dark brown with some beige marks; arm spines dark brown and generally beige color on base and tip (Fig. 1 H). Disarticulated ossicles Specimen analyzed: 1 spec., paratype ICML-UNAM 18323 (DD = 15 mm, AL = 80.8 mm). Radial shield (external view) irregularly triangular, with convex proximal margin, incised abradial edge with projection, convex to straight distal edge and irregular adradial edge, series of 8 pores on median to proximal margin (which are covered / overlapped by disc scales and granules in intact animal) (Fig. 2 A – B), most proximal ones deepest. Center of distal portion of radial shield covered in intact animal. Outer surface of stereom is open mesh of pores and small knobs (Fig. 2 C). Dorsal arm plate slightly arched and somewhat rectangular, 3 × as wide as long; proximal margin convex and distal margin straight, 1 spur on proximal portion of external surface (Fig. 2 D). Ventral arm plate as long as wide, quadrangular with proximal side truncated and pointed spur, lateral sides concave forming border of tentacle pore (Fig. 2 E). LAP D-shaped, 2 × as high as wide, with 8 spine articulations sunken in notches of distal edge (Fig. 2 F – G). Ventral portion of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards and ventro-distal tip projecting ventralwards (Fig 2 F). Ventro-proximal margin with condyle (Fig. 2 F). Proximal edge of LAP with 2 prominent and elongated spurs, protruding and modifying central-proximal edge (Fig. 2 F), between spurs and across remaining proximal margin discernible band of different stereom structure (Fig. 2 F). Outer surface finely meshed with relatively large polygonal knobs (Fig. 2 I). Inner surface of LAP with continuous ridge on proximal edge, and at ventro-distal margin 2 spurs matching those on external surface (Fig. 2 H), and 3 pores just below center. Spine articulations ventralwards increasing in size (Fig. 2 G). Lobes with weak sigmoidal fold, tilted, curved, slightly joined on proximal margin by 3 or 4 knobs; ventral lobe smaller than dorsal lobe (Fig. 2 J). Proximal vertebrae almost round, as wide as long, with large aboral muscle flange and smaller oral muscle flange (Fig. 2 L). Distal face of vertebrae with large muscle flanges, with typical zygospondylous articulation (Fig. 2 K). Tentacle scale longer than wide, with scale-like surface (Fig. 2 M). Spines with scale-like surface and blunt tip (Fig. 2 N). Dental plate consists of several pieces, 1 st piece bears 2 TPas on small round socket and 1 wide tooth socket, while rest of pieces with single tooth socket per piece (4 in total), none of sockets penetrate plate (Fig. 2 O). Oral plates as long as high, abradial face with muscle fossa highly triangular, almost covering whole surface (Fig. 2 P), adradial face in middle part with foot basin (Fig. 2 Q). Paratype variations Large specimens showed some differences in morphology compared to small ones (Figs 1, 3 – 4). Large individuals have granules and scales on the base of the arms (Fig. 1 E), but in the smallest specimens (DD = ~ 2 – 4 mm) the scales are covered by granules (Fig. 4 B). The scales begin to appear as the animal grows; therefore, in specimens with DD = 4 – 6 mm there are up to 3 elongated scales to either side of the base of the arms (Fig. 3 B), and with a DD = 7 mm there are up to six scales; the number of scales in larger specimens reaches 11 (Fig. 1 E). Additionally, large individuals have numerous scales located on the distalmost part of the interradii (Fig. 1 B) but in the smallest specimens (DD = 3 – 6 mm) these scales are not evident, and instead, only granules are present (Figs 3 F – G, 4 F – G). In specimens larger than DD = 7 mm, a row of elongated scales in the distal genital slits is evident. Finally, in the smallest specimens the adoral shields are completely covered by granules, which disappear as the animal grows, and individuals with DD = 5 mm tend to have totally or partially covered adoral shields. Some specimens can have beige specks on the LAPs, the arm spines and the tentacle scales. Moreover, some specimens from the Gulf of California (Mexico) have a large white spot in the center of the dorsal disc. It is important to note that in vivo coloration (Fig. 5 A – D), generally conserved in all preserved specimens (Figs 1, 3 – 4), can be used as a distinctive character in the field.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	distribution	Habitat and distribution Widely distributed in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. has been collected in the Mexican Pacific from the Gulf of California (in the States of Sonora and Baja California Sur), Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero and Oaxaca as well as in Revillagigedo, Marías and Marietas Islands. In Costa Rica it has been collected from Murciélago, Caño, and Cocos Islands; in Panama from Pearl Islands; and finally, in Colombia from the localities La Parguera and La Roñosa Rock (see: Supplementary material). The northernmost locality of its distribution is off San Francisquito Bay (Gulf of California, Mexico; 28 ° N) and the southernmost point is La Roñosa Rock, Colombia (3 ° N). Due to its distribution, O. hendleri sp. nov. can be considered as a species with a Panamic affinity, suggesting that, similar to other ophiuroids (e. g., Ophiocoma aethiops Lütken, 1859 and Ophiocomella alexandri (Lyman, 1860 )), its distribution may extend to northern Peru, where a transitional zone between the Panamic and the Peruvian Provinces is located (Granja-Fernández & Hooker 2020), but more sampling effort is needed to confirm its presence or absence in this area. The species inhabits depths between 0.40 – 37 m. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. is mostly collected under rocks, burrowed in the sediment and it is common to find it associated with coral and rocky reefs (Granja-Fernández et al. 2014).	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5321FFE1FDC89B70FEE3C3CB.taxon	discussion	Remarks Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. is one the most widely distributed ophiodermatids in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and it is of interest to note that although it has been collected since 1936, it has been misidentified in all the reviewed collections as O. variegatum or O. panamense (see Discussion). In previous works, Granja-Fernández et al. (2014, 2015 a, 2017) mentioned the presence of Ophioderma sp. 1, which actually corresponds to O. hendleri sp. nov.; therefore, these records are considered to be this species. In our revision of the specimens, we did not observe any differences in the morphological characters from different geographical areas, suggesting that intraspecific variation in O. hendleri sp. nov. is not related to its distribution. On the other hand, it is very notable that this species in most cases presents the same color pattern (dorsal side dark brown, ventral side beige and arms with transversal lines; Figs 1, 3 – 5), with some exceptions (see Paratype variations). This is in contrast to other Ophioderma species such as O. panamense or O. variegatum, which can display a great variety of colors (green, yellow, pink, etc.; Nielsen 1932; Ziesenhenne 1955). This species is commonly found at the same localities as O. panamense and other ophiuroids such as Ophiactis simplex (Le Conte, 1851), Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troshel, 1842), Ophiocoma aethiops, Ophiocomella alexandri, Ophionereis annulata (Le Conte, 1851), Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, 1867 and Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) spiculata Le Conte, 1851. It is one of the most conspicuous Ophioderma species of the Eastern Tropical Pacific and it is always hiding under small and medium-sized rocks and in sediment of median size of rocky and coral reefs (Fig. 5 A – B). Its abundance has not been quantified, but using scuba diving, in an hour of sampling effort of all the species of ophiuroids at one locality, a total of 5 – 6 specimens were found, a smaller number compared to O. panamense (8 – 12 specimens). It tends to be gregarious, and it is very common to find at least two specimens occupying the same space. Field notes denote that O. hendleri sp. nov. has been found in waters with a bottom temperature of 27 – 29 ° C.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C532FFFFDFD9B9F6AFAB9C710.taxon	description	Figs 5 E – J, 6; Table 1	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C532FFFFDFD9B9F6AFAB9C710.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Radial shields naked, oval, small, and widely separated. Adoral shields covered by granules. Up to 12 arm spines, short and with a blunt tip. In vivo coloration: disc green, brown or grey mottled with red, orange or yellow; arms with transverse bands, lighter and darker.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C532FFFFDFD9B9F6AFAB9C710.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype PANAMA • 1 spec.; Panama; NHMD- 107679. Other material See: Supplementary material.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C532FFFFDFD9B9F6AFAB9C710.taxon	description	Holotype redescription DD = 21.9 mm; 5 arms, AL = 91.9 mm. Disc flat and pentagonal. Dorsal disc densely covered by rounded and small granules, granule density 61 mm- 2; rubbed off in some areas. Radial shields naked, small, oval, and separated (Fig. 5 E). Ventral interradii covered with granules similar to those on dorsal side of disc (Fig. 5 F). Four genital slits on each interradius; proximal genital slits rounded and shorter than distal slits, in contact with distal part of oral shield and with 1 st LAP; distal genital slits elongated and surrounded by granules and numerous and imbricated scales next to lateral arm plates (Fig. 5 F). Oral shields slightly broader than long, rounded triangular, with convex obtuse proximal angle, straight distal edge, obtuse lateral angles. Madreporite with a small, circular, and shallow depression located in distal part and larger than other oral shields. Adoral shields covered by granules, which are larger than those on rest of body. Jaws bear 7 – 8 papillae at each side: LyOs small, 1.5 × as long as broad, angled upwards; AdShSp largest, rounded; 2 ° AdShSp a little larger and similar in shape to LOPa; LOPa 3 – 4 conical and pointed, separated; IPa similar and separated from LOPa; TPa 1 – 2 at jaw tips, robust and pointed, larger and more robust than LOPa, widely separated. vT similar in shape but slightly larger than TPa. OPRSp 1, large and pointed at each side, visible within buccal cavity. Granules covering oral plates, larger than those on dorsal disc and interradii (Fig. 5 G). Dorsal base of arms covered by granules and with approximately 15 scales laterally at dorsal arm plates. Dorsal arm plates 3 × broader than long, overlapping and with an irregular to straight proximal and distal margin, with rounded lateral edges; a few dorsal arm plates can be fragmented in 2 pieces (Fig. 5 H). First ventral arm plate small, broader than long; with a small indentation distally (Fig. 5 G). Subsequent ventral arm plates quadrangular, slightly broader than long; distal edge slightly concave (Fig. 5 I). Paired and rounded pores between 1 st and 2 nd, and 2 nd and 3 rd ventral arm plates (Fig. 5 F – G). LAP with up to 8 – 9 arm spines. Arm spines with blunt tip and robust; length approximately ½ of size of LAP. Dorsalmost arm spine shortest and narrowest; ventralmost arm spine longest and slightly more robust, in contact with tentacle scale of succeeding joint (Fig. 5 I). Two tentacle scales; adradial tentacle scale ovoid, elongated, approximately half length of ventral arm plate; abradial tentacle scale slightly shorter, subtriangular (Fig. 5 I). Color pattern beige in ethanol, likely faded (Fig. 5 J). Disarticulated ossicles Specimen analyzed: 1 spec., ICML-UNAM 3.18.60 (DD = 11.1 mm, AL = 44.4 mm). Radial shield (external view) irregularly rounded, with an indented proximal margin, an incised abradial edge with a projection, an indented distal edge, and convex adradial margin, it is bordered by 7 pores on median to proximal margin (which are covered / overlapped by disc scales and granules in intact animal) (Fig. 6 A). Only exposed surface is domed center portion of radial shield. Outer surface of stereom is an open mesh of pores and knobs (Fig. 6 A). Dorsal arm plate somewhat rectangular, 3 × as wide as long; proximal margin convex to straight, and distal margin straight, 7 spurs on proximal portion of external surface (Fig. 6 B). Ventral arm plate as long as wide, quadrangular with proximal side truncated and with a pointed-shape spur, lateral sides concave forming border of a small tentacle pore, and distally indented (Fig. 6 C). LAP D-shaped, 3 × as high as wide, with 8 spine articulations sunken in notches of distal edge (Fig. 6 D – E). Ventral portion of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards and ventro-distal tip projecting ventralwards (Fig. 6 D). Proximal edge of LAP with 2 prominent and elongated spurs, which are protruding and modify central-proximal edge (Fig. 6 D); between spurs and across remaining proximal margin a discernible band of different stereom structure is present (Fig. 6 D). Outer surface finely meshed with relatively large rounded stereom knobs (Fig. 6 G). Inner surface of LAP with a continuous ridge on proximal edge, and on ventro-distal margin with 2 spurs matching those on external surface (Fig. 6 F), and 4 pores in center. Spine articulations ventralwards increasing in size (Fig. 6 E). Lobes with a weak sigmoidal fold, tilted, and curved (Fig. 6 H). Ventral lobe smaller than dorsal lobe (Fig. 6 H). Proximal vertebrae (Fig. 6 I) almost oval, as wide as long, with large aboral muscle flange and smaller oral muscle flange. Distal face of vertebrae with large muscle flanges, with typical zygospondylous articulation (Fig. 6 J). Tentacle scale longer than wide, with a scale-like surface (Fig. 6 K). Spines with a scale-like surface, a blunt tip, and laterally flattened (Fig. 6 L). Dental plate consists of several pieces, 1 st piece bears 2 TPa and a single wide tooth, while rest of pieces with a single tooth socket per piece (4 in total), none of sockets penetrate plate (Fig. 6 M). Habitat and distribution USA (California), Mexico (Baja California, Gulf of California, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Marías Islands, Marietas Islands, Revillagigedo Islands), El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Caño Island, Cocos Island, Murciélagos Islands), Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (Galapagos Islands), and Peru (Solís-Marín et al. 2013; Granja-Fernández et al. 2014). From intertidal to 20 m depth (Solís-Marín et al. 2013). Found under rocks and in rubble, coral, sand, algae, and tide pools (Maluf 1988; Granja-Fernández et al. 2014).	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C532FFFFDFD9B9F6AFAB9C710.taxon	discussion	Remarks Lütken (1859) did not designate any specific type material in his description of O. panamense, but according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), Article 73.1.2, the only specimen reported in the original description (NHMD- 107679) must be treated as holotype by monotypy. The description provided by Lütken (1859) is mostly based on the comparison of this species with other Ophioderma from the Atlantic; therefore, a redescription of the holotype is provided in the present work. We observed that the holotype, as well as adult voucher specimens, can have some ' fragmented' or ' broken' dorsal arm plates (Fig. 5 H) indicating that they might have been crushed by moving between rocks and these disruptions are the result of injury (Ziesenhenne 1955; Stöhr et al. 2020 b). Hendler (2018) observed that ' fragmented' dorsal arm plates in O. panamense frequently occur on basal arm segments of adult specimens, but are rare on distal arm segments of adults and juveniles. It is important to emphasize that these fragmentations on the dorsal arm plates are a result of mechanical damage and are not an inherent feature of the species as occurs in O. peruanum, O. teres or O. vansyoci. Along with O. hendleri sp. nov., O. panamense is one of the most conspicuous and abundant ophiuroids in the Eastern Pacific, but it has often been confused with O. teres and O. variegatum (see Discussion section). Due to its commonness, O. panamense is one of the most studied and commented species of the Eastern Pacific (Lyman 1865; Verrill 1867; Ives 1889 a; McClendon 1909; Nielsen 1932; Ziesenhenne 1955; Granja-Fernández et al. 2014), but many of these studies may be based on misidentified specimens.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5332FFFEFDA39D39FB7AC3CB.taxon	description	Fig. 7, Table 1	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5332FFFEFDA39D39FB7AC3CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Radial shields covered by very small granules. Naked adoral shields, longer than broad. First ventral arm plate large and rhombic. Up to 6 arm spines, very large and slender; the dorsalmost is the shortest and the ventralmost is much larger than the rest, overlapping the tentacle scales of the contiguous segment. Adradial tentacle scale almost double in size of abradial one. In vivo coloration: disc orange with dark blotches, arms with transverse brown bands.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5332FFFEFDA39D39FB7AC3CB.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material Holotype ECUADOR • 1 spec.; Galapagos, Hood Island, 5 miles SW of Ripple Point, Albatross Station 4643; 1 ° 29´0 ˝ S, 89 ° 48´30 ˝ W; 183 m (100 fms); 7 Nov. 1904; Albatross Expedition leg.; broken shells and globigerina; USNM E 726. Paratypes ECUADOR • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; MCZ OPH- 4519 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; USNM E 9798. Other material COSTA RICA • 1 spec.; between Everest and Piedra, Cocos Island; 5 ° 34´04.72 ˝ N, 87 ° 02´37.84 ˝ W; 102 m; 15 Oct. 2016; DeepSee submersible (Dive 2377) leg.; MZUCR-ECH 1413 • 1 spec.; Parque Nacional Isla del Coco; 5 ° 34´35.21 ˝ N, 87 ° 03´27.96 ˝ W; 142 m; 14 Sep. 2013; DeepSee submersible leg.; MZUCR-ECH 1414 • See: Supplementary material.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5332FFFEFDA39D39FB7AC3CB.taxon	description	Description (paratype MCZ OPH- 4519) DD = 21.1 mm; 5 arms, LA = 147.7 mm. Disc flat and rounded. Dorsal disc densely covered by rounded and fine granules, which are very close together, granule density 182 mm- 2; granules extend to base of arms. Some granules rubbed off in some areas of disc. Radial shields completely covered by granules (Fig. 7 A). Interradii covered with granulation, similar to on dorsal disc (Fig. 7 B). Four genital slits on each interradius; proximal and distal genital slits elongated; distal genital slits surrounded by granules and few scales that are next to side of lateral arm plates (Fig. 7 B). Oral shields broader than long, rounded triangular, with convex obtuse proximal angle, straight distal edge, obtuse lateral angles. Madreporite with a small, circular, and shallow depression located in distal part of oral shield. Adoral shields naked, triangular, longer than broad, and separated. Jaws bear 8 – 9 papillae on each side: LyOs small, 1.5 × as long as broad, angled upwards; AdShSp largest, rounded; 2 ° AdShSp smaller but similar in shape to AdShSp; LOPa 3 – 4 conical, pointed, and separated, 1 st LOPa smaller but similar in shape to 2 ° AdShSp; IPa sometimes smallest, elongated, pointed and separated; TPa 2 at jaw tips, larger than LOPa, elongated, robust, and pointed, slightly or completely separated. vT 1; 4 teeth, all robust. OPRSp 1 large and pointed at each side, visible within buccal cavity. Granules covering oral plates, slightly longer than those on dorsal disc and interradii (Fig. 7 C). Dorsal base of arms with granules and with approximately 11 scales laterally at arm. Dorsal arm plates 3 × broader than long, overlapping and trapezoidal, with distal edge straight or slightly incised and rounded lateral edges (Fig. 7 D). First ventral arm plate large, broader than long, rhomboid (Fig. 7 C). Subsequent ventral arm plates quadrangular, slightly broader than long (Fig. 7 E). Paired and large pores between ventral arm plates 1 – 2, 2 – 3, 3 – 4, 4 – 5, 5 – 6 (Fig. 7 B, G). LAP with up to 5 – 6 arm spines; distalmost segments with 3 – 4 arm spines. Arm spines with a blunt tip, slender and very large; approximately one arm segment length. Dorsalmost arm spine shortest and slender; ventralmost arm spine longest and more robust than rest, in contact with and covering tentacle scale of succeeding joint (Fig. 7 E). Two tentacle scales; adradial tentacle scale ovoid and very elongated; abradial tentacle scale subtriangular and half size of adradial one (Fig. 7 E, G). Color light brown (dry specimen) (Fig. 7 F). Dorsal side: disc light brown and mottled dark brown in center (Fig. 7 A); arms light brown with transverse dark brown bands every 2 or 3 segments (Fig. 7 D, F). Ventral side interradii: beige in center and in proximal part, and light brown on margin, with some beige marks (Fig. 7 B). Jaw in general beige, but oral shields and granules brown in color (Fig. 7 C). Ventral arm plates beige (Fig. 7 E). Habitat and distribution Previously known only for Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (H. L. Clark 1917; Ziesenhenne 1955; Downey 1969; Maluf 1988; Hickman 1998; Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In this work, a new distribution record is reported for Cocos Island, Costa Rica (MZUCR-ECH 1413, MZUCR-ECH 1414; see Remarks). From 102 – 183 m depth (H. L. Clark 1917). Collected in broken shells (H. L. Clark 1917).	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5332FFFEFDA39D39FB7AC3CB.taxon	discussion	Remarks In the original description of O. pentacanthum, H. L. Clark (1917) designated an uncatalogued specimen as “ heliotype ” (= holotype), including four additional specimens, but a proper designation of the type material (including catalog numbers) was lacking at that moment. Downey (1969) considered the specimen USNM E 726 (DD = 27 mm) as paratype, not recognizing it as the holotype in spite of a museum label marking it as type material by H. L. Clark (pers. comm. Pawson, 2020), also not considering the illustration already included in the original description. However, according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), Articles 73.1.2 and 73.1.4, the described and illustrated specimen which corresponds to USNM E 726 should be treated as the holotype. During the revision of the paratypes only two specimens were found: MCZ OPH- 4519 and USNM E 9798. The labels of the paratype USNM E 9798 indicate the presence of two specimens, but the lot includes only one. Therefore, two specimens are “ lost ”, one that is part of USNM E 9798, and a second one whose catalog number is unknown, but in case they are found, they must be treated as paratypes. All the morphological characters of the holotype, paratypes, and voucher specimens correspond with the original description by H. L. Clark (1917); nevertheless, we observed other relevant characters. H. L. Clark (1917) coined the named O. pentacanthum based on the number of arm spines (five), but we observed that most of the examined specimens (MCZ OPH- 4519, MZUCR-ECH 1413, MZUCR-ECH 1414) had up to six arm spines. It is important to mention that the low number of arm spines is one of the most important diagnostic characters for this species since O. pentacanthum is the only Ophioderma in the Eastern Pacific having up to six arm spines, while the rest of its congeners have more than eight. Another important characteristic that has not previously been mentioned is the elongation of the genital slits (Fig. 7 G – H, J), which is not found in other Ophioderma from the Eastern Pacific; perhaps, the large elongation of these genital slits is due to the large size of the specimens, but this must be confirmed when more data from specimens of different sizes is obtained. One of the most remarkable features of O. pentacanthum is the paired and large pores between the most proximal ventral arm plates. The paratype MCZ OPH- 4519 (Fig. 7 G) presents them on at least the first six arm segments, but they cover ¼ of the arm in the Costa Rican specimens (Fig. 7 H – K). Furthermore, the observed pores in such specimens are extremely large (occupying most of the proximal portion of the ventral arm plates) and elongated in the first segments (Fig. 7 H, J), decreasing in size and becoming more rounded towards the medial (Fig. 7 I, K) and distalmost part of the arm. The reason why H. L. Clark (1917) did not observe these pores could be related to the smaller size of the type material (MCZ OPH- 4519, DD = 21.1 mm) in comparison to the specimens from Costa Rica (MZUCR-ECH 1413, DD = 23 mm; MZUCR-ECH 1414, DD = 26.8 mm). Taking into account all the nominal species, it seems that smaller specimens of Ophioderma tend to have reduced and fewer pores (or even absent) in the ventral part of the arm, whilst larger specimens can have larger and more numerous pores being a characteristic inherent of growth; this agrees with observations made by Nielsen (1932). Nevertheless, more specimens are necessary to review and compare to corroborate this assumption and to determine whether the pores have any functional importance in the organisms (pers. com. Stöhr & Granja-Fernández, 2017). Lastly, it is important to remark that the field notes of the specimens from Costa Rica mentioned that the in vivo color of O. pentacanthum was orange with brown botches on the disc and arms with transversal brown bands; this is the first record of the in vivo coloration for this species. H. L. Clark (1917) described this species from the Galapagos Islands but it was subsequently recorded in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and Guatemala (Ziesenhenne 1955; Solís-Marín et al. 2013). In the review of the genus Ophioderma by Ziesenhenne (1955), he mentioned that the occurrence of O. pentacanthum in the Gulf of California (one specimen deposited in the Allan Hancock Collection) was “ rare ”. Nevertheless, many authors have considered this record as valid (Maluf 1991; Buitrón-Sánchez & Solís-Marín 1993; Maluf & Brusca 2005; Granja-Fernández et al. 2015 a). We reviewed all the LACM Ophioderma material, where all the material of the Allan Hancock Foundation is deposited, and we could not find any material corresponding to Ziesenhenne´s record. Moreover, in all the other visited collections we did not find any specimens labeled and / or identified as O. pentacanthum, except for the type material from the Galapagos Islands. Despite the rarity of O. pentacanthum in scientific collections, the reviewed specimens agree with the distribution in the Southeastern Pacific (Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island) at depths below 100 m (H. L. Clark 1917). Consequently, it is plausible that Ziesenhenne´s specimen does not correspond to O. pentacanthum but to a similar species (e. g., O. hendleri sp. nov.). Also, the Solís-Marín et al. (2013) record of O. pentacanthum from Guatemala is erroneous. Therefore, we suggest that the records from Mexico and Guatemala should be considered invalid.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	description	Figs 8 – 9; Table 1	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Radial shields covered by granules. Base of the arms and distal genital slits with granulation. First ventral arm plate large, broader than long. Oral shields oval, larger than broad, proximal margin rounded with an obtuse angle, distal edge convex, lateral margins straight. Naked adoral shields, longer than broad. Up to 9 arm spines, very large and slender; dorsalmost and ventralmost a little bit shorter than the rest. In vivo coloration: dorsal disc olive-green with dark pink or red; arms with transverse olive-green and dark pink-red bands.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material Lectotype (here designated) NICARAGUA • 1 spec.; Realejo; 9.1 m (5 fathoms); NHMD- 107680. Paralectotypes (here designated) NICARAGUA • 2 specs; same collection data as for lectotype; NHMD- 619214. Designation of lectotype and paralectotype In the original description of Ophioderma variegatum, Lütken (1856) only mentioned the existence of one uncatalogued specimen (DD = 14 mm) as part of the type material. However, three specimens are present in this lot (pers. com. Schiøtte, 2019) all of similar size (DD = ~ 12.5 mm). The similarities of the morphological characters and sizes make it impossible to determine which of them corresponds to the specimen described by Lütken (1856). There are some discrepancies between the measurements from Lütken (1856) and our measurements which could be due to the preservation of the specimens through time. Because of this, and according to Recommendation 73 F of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), we propose the designation of the specimen NHMD- 107680 as the lectotype and NHMD- 619214 contains the paralectotypes (two specimens) for O. variegatum. Other material See: Supplementary material.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	description	Description (Lectotype) DD = 12.4 mm; 5 arms, AL = 62 mm. Disc flat and rounded. Dorsal disc densely covered by rounded and very small granules, granule density 222 mm- 2; granules extend to base of arms. Some granules rubbed off in some areas of disc. Radial shields covered by granules (rubbed off in some parts due to preservation) (Fig. 8 A). Interradii covered with granules, similar to those on dorsal disc (Fig. 8 B). Four genital slits on each interradius; proximal genital slits elongated and shorter than distal slits, in contact with distal part of oral shield and with first LAP; distal genital slits elongated and surrounded by granulation (Fig. 8 B). Oral shields longer than broad, oval, proximal margin convex obtuse angled, distal edge convex, lateral margins straight. Madreporite with a small, circular and shallow depression located in center of oral shield. Adoral shields naked, triangular, longer than broad, separated. Jaws bear 8 – 9 papillae on each side: LyOs very small, as long as broad, angled upwards; AdShSp largest, rounded; 2 ° AdShSp smaller but similar in shape to AdShSp; LOPa 4 – 5 conical, pointed and separated, 1 st LOPa similar in shape to and smaller than 2 ° AdShSp; IPa sometimes large, elongated, pointed and separated; TPa 2 at jaw tips, larger than LOPa, elongated, robust and pointed, separated. Granules covering oral plates slightly longer than those on dorsal disc and interradii (Fig. 8 C). Dorsal base of arms with granules. Dorsal arm plates, 2 × broader than long, trapezoidal, overlapping (Fig. 8 D). First ventral arm plate large, broader than long, oval (Fig. 8 C). Subsequent ventral arm plates quadrangular, slightly broader than long; distal edge slightly concave (Fig. 8 E). Paired, rounded, and very small holes between 1 st and 2 nd, and 2 nd and 3 rd ventral arm plates (Fig. 8 B – C). LAP with up to 7 – 8 arm spines. Arm spines with a blunt tip, slender, and very large. All arm spines of almost same size except dorsalmost and ventralmost, which are just a little shortest than rest (Fig. 8 E); length approximately ¾ of size of LAP. Tentacle scales 2; adradial tentacle scale ovoid, elongated; abradial tentacle scale slightly shorter, subtriangular (Fig. 8 E). Specimen (ethanol preservation) discolored but with a disc with different shades of brown and arms with transverse dark brown bands (Fig. 8 F). Disarticulated ossicles Specimen analyzed: 1 spec., ICML-UNAM 3.20.4 (DD = 13.6 mm, AL = 66.5 mm). Radial shield (external view) irregularly rounded, with an incised proximal margin, a slightly indented abradial edge with a tiny projection, a convex distal edge, and convex adradial margin, bordered by 9 pores along median to proximal margin (which are covered / overlapped by disc scales and granules in intact animal) (Fig. 9 A). Dorsal arm plate arched and somewhat trapezoid-shaped, 2 × as wide as long; proximal edge convex with 5 spurs on proximal portion of external surface, distally straight and incised (Fig. 9 B). Ventral arm plate 2 × as wide as long, rectangular-shaped with proximal side truncated and with a pointed-shape spur, lateral sides concave forming border of tentacle pore, distal margin convex (Fig. 9 C). LAP D-shaped, 2 × as high as wide, with 9 spine articulations sunken in notches of distal edge (Fig. 9 D – E). Ventral portion of LAP projecting ventro-proximalwards (Fig. 9 D). Proximal edge of LAP with 2 prominent and elongated spurs, which are protruding and modify central-proximal edge (Fig. 9 D), between spurs and across remaining proximal margin a discernible band of different stereom structure is present (Fig. 9 D). Outer surface finely meshed with rounded stereom knobs (Fig. 9 G). Inner surface of LAP with a continuous prominent ridge on proximal edge (see arched view) and on ventrodistal margin 2 spurs matching those on external surface, with 1 perforation on vertical furrow (Fig. 9 F). Spine articulations ventralwards increasing in size (Fig. 9 E). Lobes with a weak sigmoidal fold, tilted, and curved (Fig. 9 H). Ventral lobe less conspicuous than dorsal lobe (Fig. 9 H). Proximal vertebrae with a wing-like muscle flange (Fig. 9 J). Distal face of vertebrae almost round, as wide as long, with large and irregular (sinuous) aboral muscle flange, with typical zygospondylous articulation (Fig. 9 I). Spines with a scale-like surface, a blunt tip and laterally flattened (Fig. 9 K). Dental plate consists of several pieces, 1 st piece has 2 TPa and 1 wide tooth, while rest of pieces with 1 tooth socket per piece (5 in total), none of sockets penetrate plate (Fig. 9 L). Oral plate as long as high, adradial plate with a less indented middle section, and 4 oral papillae sockets (Fig. 9 M).	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	distribution	Habitat and distribution USA (California), Mexico (Baja California, Gulf of California, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Isabel Island, Revillagigedo Islands, Marías Islands), Nicaragua, Costa Rica (Cocos Island), Panama (Pearl Islands) and Galapagos Islands. From intertidal zone to 110 m depth. Collected in sand, rock, rubble, coral, algae, shell, oysters, and mangrove leaves (Ziesenhenne 1937; Clark 1940; Maluf 1988; Solís-Marín et al. 2013; Granja-Fernández et al. 2015 a).	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
03E8EB0C5336FFF5FD9B9F6AFD38C7B0.taxon	discussion	Remarks In the original description of O. variegatum, Lütken (1856) provided just a brief description, but later he extended it (Lütken, 1859). However, the description provided in the present work is the most complete to date. All the characters mentioned by Lütken (1856, 1859) correspond with the lectotype and paralectotype designated in this work. Although the type specimens are discolored, many authors (Lütken 1859; Verrill 1867; Lütken & Mortensen 1899; H. L. Clark 1913, 1940; Koehler 1914; Boone 1933) and our present work coincide that the coloration of this species consists of an olive-green disc with irregular blotches of bright rose-red and the arms banded with lighter and darker grayish green, brown or white every two to five dorsal segments. Although O. variegatum and O. panamense are completely different in overall morphology (Table 1), during our revisions we observed that it is very common to find specimens of O. variegatum identified as O. panamense, and vice versa. This tendency is very common in some published works (see references below); for example, we detected that in the description (i. e., naked radial shields and covered adoral shields) as well as the images of the species by Caso (1951, 1962, 1979, 1986), the specimens identified as O. variegatum were misidentified and corresponded to O. panamense. All the specimens studied by Caso are deposited at ICML-UNAM, and this identity was corroborated (see: Supplementary material). It is very feasible that the material mentioned in Caso et al. (1996) also corresponds to O. panamense, but neither a description nor images of the studied specimens are provided in this work and therefore we cannot confirm it. The jaw of the type material of O. variegatum was closed, but like the other species of Ophioderma, voucher specimens with open jaws have one large and pointed OPRSp on each side, visible within the buccal cavity. It is important to recall that OPRSp were previously mentioned as spiniform structures or as a conspicuous pointed papilla (e. g., H. L. Clark 1917). Hendler (2018) coined the term suggesting that OPRSp in Ophioderma (along with OPa and teeth) are used to grip food between the closed jaws and to retain items in the buccal cavity, facilitating a feeding habit of predation and scavenging. According to our study, O. variegatum is less abundant and less conspicuous in rock and coral reef zones of the Eastern Pacific compared to O. panamense. Ophioderma variegatum tends to inhabit deeper areas (up to 110 m) and it is commonly collected by dredging, whereas O. panamense is easily collected by hand in shallow waters (up to 20 m depth). Maluf & Brusca (2005) reported O. variegatum for Gorgona Island (Colombia) but without any supporting data; therefore, we suspect that this record is invalid. Nevertheless, due to the wide geographic distribution of the species, it is very plausible to find it in Colombia (or even further south), but specimens are needed to confirm this record.	en	Granja-Fernández, Rebeca, Pineda-Enríquez, Tania, Solís-Marín, Francisco Alonso, Laguarda-Figueras, Alfredo (2020): Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy 729: 11-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1187
