taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F6879CB651FFC6FF01E1B92865B8D4.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: D. strandi Spassky, 1939 from Kyrgyzstan, by monotypy.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB651FFC6FF01E1B92865B8D4.taxon	discussion	Comments. The genus was originally described for one species from Kyrgyzstan, Dictynomorpha strandi Spassky, 1939. Lehtinen (1967) transferred three additional species to Dictynomorpha, without studying the type material of D. strandi and types or comparative specimens of other species placed in the genus. Currently, four species are assigned to this genus: D. bedeshai (Tikader, 1966), D. marakata (Sherriffs, 1927) (both from India), D. smaragdula (Simon, 1905) (Sri Lanka) and D. strandi (Central Asia). The diagnosis of the genus is based mainly on the male palp which has a strongly modified patella and cymbium. Hence, it is unclear why Lehtinen transferred D. bedeshai, a species known only from females into Dictynomorpha. Additionally, the male palp of D. smaragdula differs significantly from the palp of the generotype by having a small ventral process of the patella (D. strandi has a large dorsal process) and lacks a protruding extension of the cymbium, which is strongly protruding in D. strandi. It appears likely that all species from India and Sri Lanka are misplaced in the genus. Relationships. Judging from the habitus and male palp, the genus is related to Ajmonia Caporiacco, 1934, a taxon known from the South Palaearctic. Dictynomorpha is also somewhat similar to the Oriental Anaxibia pictithorax (Kulczyński, 1908) and Neotropical Thallumetus Simon, 1893 because all three of these taxa have modified patella, tibia and cymbia. The male of the type species of Anaxibia Thorell, 1898 is unknown. These four genera have not been revised and can not be compared in any detail with Dictynomorpha. Copulatory organs are relatively well studied only in Oriental Ajmonia (Marusik & Esyunin 2010).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB651FFC6FF01E1B92865B8D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dictynomorpha can be distinguished by the modified patella, tibia and cymbium of the male palp. Dictynomorpha differs from the related Ajmonia by having the male palpal femur modified with a small knob (unmodified in Ajmonia), and a strongly developed processes on the patella and cymbium (vs. one process on patella and usually one considerably smaller process / extension of cymbium in Ajmonia). Composition. Two species can be considered in the genus: D. strandi and D. daemonis sp. n. Here, we transfer D. smaragdula (cf. Figs 14 – 15) to Ajmonia [Ajmonia smaragdula (Simon, 1905) comb. n.], based on the modified cymbium and tibia. We also transfer two other species, Dictynomorpha bedeshai (Tikader, 1966) and D. marakata (Sherriffs, 1927), to Ajmonia. However, this is a tentative placement because the former species is known only from a female, and the latter has no proper figures but they do not belong in the genus Dicytnomorpha [Ajmonia bedeshai (Tikader, 1966) comb. n. and Ajmonia marakata (Sherriffs, 1927) comb. n.].	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E1C12995B8D6.taxon	materials_examined	Type. Holotype ♂ (ZMMU), KAZAKHSTAN, South Kazakhstan Area: ~ 7 km NE Terekty Village, Boralday- Tau Range, N 42 ° 51.751 ', E 69 ° 50.887 ', 650 m, 11 – 13.05.2010, T. Tuneva leg.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E1C12995B8D6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from “ daemon ” a Latinized Greek word “ δαίµων ” meaning mythological creatures of mixed nature that can do good or evil; noun in genitive case.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E1C12995B8D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species is most similar to D. strandi from which it can be separated by the strongly bent tip of embolus and the presence of a cymbial spur. The two species differ also in the shape of cymbium, the lower arm of the conductor, the tibial apophyses and patellar processes.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E1C12995B8D6.taxon	description	Description. Male. Total length 3.2. Carapace 1.4 long, 1.2 wide; brown, lighter median area. Sternum yellow with brown margin, covered with white setae. Chelicerae brown, with 3 prolateral teeth and 1 retrolateral tooth. Mouth parts (Fig. 21): labium about 1.6 times longer than wide; endites as wide as labium, two times longer than labium width, converging. Legs uniform yellow. Leg formula 1243. Femora and tibiae without spines; metatarsi II – IV with 3 ventro-distal spines. Abdomen light grеy with white spots and pattern composed of grey setae; dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla (Fig. 20). Leg measurements: I 4.33 (1.30 + 1.55 + 0.95 + 0.53), II 3.73 (1.13 + 1.28 + 0.83 + 0.50), III 3.08 (0.90 + 1.13 + 0.68 + 0.38), IV 3.58 (1.08 + 1.30 + 0.88 + 0.33). Palp as in Figs 16 – 19, 22 – 23. Femur modified, with small prolateral knob on anterior third and impression of knob on patella. Patella modified with two processes: retrolateral (Pr) and a dorsal (Pp). Tibia cylindrical, with two apophyses, prolateral (Pa) and retrolateral (Ra). Cymbium with massive extension and retrolateral process (Rp) and long cymbial spur (Cs) subdivided on top (Fig. 19). Bulbus round (as high as wide); conductor with strongly reduced upper arm (Ua) and simple lower arm (La); embolus relatively short, smoothly arching, with strongly bent tip. Female unknown.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E1C12995B8D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far, the species is known only from the holotype male. It is very likely that the record of D. strandi from the environs of Almaty (Spassky 1939), the same locality as D. daemonis sp. n., refer to this species.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E2A72855BCB8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: KYRGYZSTAN: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (IBPN), Bishkek, Summer 1992, S. V. Ovtchinnikov leg.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E2A72855BCB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species can be identified from D. daemonis sp. n. by the weakly, not strongly, bent tip of the embolus and by the absence of a cymbial spur.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E2A72855BCB8.taxon	description	Description. Well described by Spassky (1939), here we provide details only of the copulatory organs. Male palp (Figs 6 – 7, 10 – 13): femur short, almost half length of cymbium, and with small ventral knob (Fk). Patella long, almost as long as femur, with massive dorsal process (Pp) with two lobes, retrolateral (Rl) and dorsal (Dl). Tibia short, cylindrical, with two apophyses: a larger retrolateral (Ra) and smaller prolateral (Pa). Cymbium strongly modified, with large dorso-posterior extension (De) and a retrolateral process (Rp), two times longer than wide; dorsal process with small prolateral outgrowth (Po) and distal large cavity (Cc). Bulbus oval, higher than wide; tegulum (Te) large and extends beyond embolus anteriorly; conductor very short, with almost undeveloped upper arm (Ua); lower arm (La) - simple, with one turn; embolus thick with two small bends in mid section and terminal bend, embolic base large. Epigyne (Figs 2, 8 – 9): receptacles (Re) translucent in ventral view, copulatory openings (Co) small, widely spaced. Structure of endogyne vague, without well sclerotized receptacles; the only distinct structures are: the insemination ducts (Id) and an unpaired central plate (Cp) of vague function.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB652FFC5FF01E2A72855BCB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is known from Central Asia: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. A record of this species from Kazakhstan (Spassky 1939) refers most likely to D. daemonis sp. n.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB656FFC0FF01E6CF2F72BAC0.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Aranea latens Fabricius, 1775 [= B. latens].	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB656FFC0FF01E6CF2F72BAC0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Brigittea is the only genus among Dictyninae with ctenidia on the male palpal tibia and a bipartite cribellum.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB656FFC0FF01E6CF2F72BAC0.taxon	discussion	Comments. The genus was created for eight species B. latens (Fabricius, 1775) (♂ ♀, West Palaearctic), B. civica (Lucas, 1850) (♂ ♀, West Palaearctic), B. denisi Lehtinen, 1967 (♂ ♀, Niger), B. innocens (O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1872) (♂ ♀, West Palaearctic), B. turbida (Simon, 1905) (♀, India & Sri Lanka), B. tullgreni (Caporiacco, 1949) (♂, Kenya), B. vicina (Simon, 1873) (♂ ♀, West Palaearctic) and B. umai (Tikader, 1966) (♂ ♀, India). Lehtinen (1967) created a table with characters for 23 Dictynidae genera. According to this table, Brigittea, unlike Dictyna, has a bipartite cribellum, ventral boss and anterior teeth on the male chelicerae, and a spiraled structure of the vulva. Miller & Svatoň (1978) revised European Brigittea and provided an additional character that separates this genus from Dictyna – widely separated receptacles [contiguous in the type species, D. arundinacea (Linnaeus, 1758) and related species]. Merrett et al. (1985), in a faunistic paper, doubted the validity of Brigittea stating that “ D. [ictyna] latens was included in the new genus Brigittea by Lehtinen (1967) on account of its bipartite cribellum and palpal characters; this was followed by Brignoli (1983), but since there seems to be some doubt about the validity of this genus we have decided to leave latens in Dictyna for the present ”. Wunderlich (1987) used these arguments in favour of a formal synonymy of the two genera and suggested that this taxon be regarded as the “ Dictyna latens - Gruppe ”. He extended this group to eight species by adding D. guanchae Schmidt, 1968 and D. agaetensis Wunderlich, 1987 (currently these names are considered as synonyms). However, while studying Dictynidae from Kazakhstan, we found additional characters which support the validity of Brigittea. The male palp in all Dictyninae and partially in Tricholathysinae has a very similar conformation; therefore somatic characters play an important role in the recognition of these genera. The bipartite cribellum is known in only five genera of Dictyninae and was not reported in Tricholathysinae. Brigittea is the only genus among Dictyninae with ctenidia on the male palpal tibia and a bipartite cribellum. The cribellum of Brigittea has only one anterior row of setae (As), whereas the remaining cribellate area is covered only with fine spigots (Fs). This contrasts with that in Dictyna in which the anterior two-thirds of the cribellum is covered with setae and one third with fine spigots. The male chelicerae each have a distinct baso-lateral tooth (Bt) in Brigittea (Fig 33) which is weakly developed in Dictyna. Such a tooth is found not only in the type species, but well documented for B. innocens (IJland et al. 2012: fig. 4) and B. guanchae (Wunderlich 1987: fig. 590) as well. Brigittea latens has also cheliceral teeth (Ct) lacking in Dictyna arundinacea (cf. Figs 28, 33). The cheliceral ridge (Cr) of the type species of Dictyna and Brigittea also differs in its length. Also, the profile of the chelicera in Dictyna is strongly concave (Fig. 28), while in Brigittea it is almost straight (Fig. 33) or convex (pl. IV, fig. 1 in Miller & Svatoň 1978). The type species of both genera differ essentially in their structure of the ctenidia. In Dictyna, ctenidia are set in separate alveoli, while in Brigittea, they are located in the same alveolus. The ctenidia in D. arundinacea have distinct micro-ridges which are lacking in B. latens. The tip of the lower arm of the conductor is also different in D. arundinacea and B. latens, but this difference is not important as the shape of this tip in Dictyna is very variable. More important differences are found in the shape of embolus. In Dictyna, it is filamentous and the tip is gradually tapering, while in B. latens it is modified (Fig. 36). This character was overlooked by Lehtinen (1967) and Miller & Svatoň (1978). A modified embolus might prove to be the “ best ” character that separates the two very similar genera Dictyna and Emblyna (Lehtinen 1967). Equally, the epigynes of D. arundinacea and B. latens are entirely different in all respects. Brigittea latens has no epigynal sulci, which are present in all Dictyna sensu stricto. Brigittea civica and B. vicina have sulci, although they are much shorter than in Dictyna. The most significant differences lie in the shape of “ receptacles ”, which are contiguous in Dictyna and forming a V-shaped structure together with the ducts; in contrast, in Brigittea, the receptacles do not touch each other and together with ducts form a spiraled (coiled) structure. Based on the reasons mentioned above, we decided to resurrect Brigittea as a valid genus with following species: B. latens, B. civica, B. innocens, B. vicina and B. guanchae (Schmidt, 1968), comb. n. (ex Dictyna) from the Canary Islands. The latter species was attributed to the Dictyna latens group by Wunderlich (1987). Four species from Afrotropical and South Asian regions considered in Brigittea by Lehtinen (1967) (D. denisi, D. turbida, D. tullgreni and D. umai) remain in Dictyna. These species are not properly known and their descriptions lack information about a divided cribellum or modified chelicera.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB657FFCEFF01E4072D3FBC78.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. KAZAKHSTAN: East-Kazakhtsan Area: 3 ♀♀ (PSU- 2261), 15 km from Topolyevyi Cape by the road to Akdash, sweeping, 11.07.1936, D. E. Charitonov leg.; 1 ♀ (PSU- 2261), 4 – 5 km N of Alekseyevka Village, grass, 26.07.1936, Kondyreva leg.; 1 ♀ (PSU- 2261), Mankarski Mt. Range, steppe on stony slope, bush, 26.07.1936, Kondyreva leg. RUSSIA: Orenburg Area: 19 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀ (PSU- 1142), South Urals, Sol-Iletsk Distr., Chybyndy [= Shybyndy] gully, 50 ° 56´N, 54 ° 51´E, steppe, 0 6.2000, S. L. Esyunin leg.; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (PSU- 2793), Orenburg Distr., Sulak, 6.06.1988, Kuznetsov leg.; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (PSU- 2794), Sol-Iletsk Distr., Ilek River, 20.07.1988, Kuznetsov leg.; 1 ♂, (PSU- 2795), Kuvandyk Distr., Aituar, steppe, 30.05.1996, N. S. Mazura leg.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (PSU- 3139), Sakmara Distr., Grebeni Hill, steppe, 10.05.2002, Korshikov leg. AZERBAIJAN: 7 ♂, 4 ♀, 25 juv. (IBPN), Lenkoran Dist., N of Lenkoran, 38 º 50 ' N, 48 º 49 ' E, - 10 m, seashore bog, 22.05.2003, Y. M. Marusik leg.; 1 ♂ (IBPN), Apsheron Peninsula, Baku, Ganly-Gyol Lake, 40 ° 21.46 ’ N, 49 ° 48.36 ’ E, 20.05 & 0 6.06.2003, Y. M. Marusik leg.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB657FFCEFF01E4072D3FBC78.taxon	discussion	Comments. Spassky & Shnitnikov (1937) described a new subspecies for the population of Dictyna latens occurring near Almaty (“ D. latens Fabr. mutabilis, forma nova ”). According to Spassky and Shnitnikov (1937), this population differs from the nominotypical subspecies by the highly variable dorsal abdominal pattern and intensity of colour. No differences have been found in the copulatory organs. Specimens from East Kazakhstan exhibited also variability in the dorsal pattern and the intensity of colour. Specimens examined from Europe also show this variability in pattern, and vary from completely black to whitish with black folium. Direct comparison of East-Kazakhstan specimens with those from Ural or Azerbaijan has revealed no differences in structure of the copulatory organs, as well as in any somatic characters. Therefore, we synonymize D. latens mutabilis with the nominotypical subspecies. Note. Dictyna latens mutabilis has been overlooked by arachnologists therefore it was not mentioned in Roewer’s catalogue (Roewer 1942) and subsequent catalogues of Brignoli (1983), Platnick (1993, 1997 and internet versions from 0 to 15, 2000 – 2014) and World Spider Catalog (2014).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB657FFCEFF01E4072D3FBC78.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from the Iberian Peninsula (Helsdingen 2014) to East Kazakhstan Area (present data).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCEFF01E19F2E32B9EF.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Ciniflo humilis Blackwall, 1855.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCEFF01E19F2E32B9EF.taxon	discussion	Comments. The genus currently includes 44 extant species (Platnick 2014) distributed exclusively in the Holarctic. The single species described outside the Holarctic, L. mussooriensis Biswas & Roy, 2008 from India, is misplaced in the family (see below). Twelve species are known only from females and five only from males; 19 names are listed as junior synonyms (Platnick 2014). Of 43 species, 32 are known from the Palaearctic; half of them are restricted to the Eastern Palaearctic and another half to the Western Palaearctic. Early publications paid special attention to the structure of the lower (twisted) tip of the conductor for species level identification. Based on this character, seven species described from the Palaearctic were synonymized with L. stigmatisata (Menge, 1869). While studying the conformation of the male palp in the L. stigmatisata - group, Marusik et al. (2006) it was found that palp is much more complicated than it previously thought; its tibia has three, not two apophyses, the upper arm of the conductor and embolus is long, and sibling species can be separated on the basis of the position of the base of embolus, as well as the shape and position of the loops of seminal ducts. The twisted tip of the conductor was found to be of small taxonomic value and its size corresponds to the size of the epigynal fovea. This study revealed that several species were erroneously synonymized with L. stigmatisata (for instance, L. spasskyi) but a formal revalidation was not done. Here we provide additional evidence about the validity of the Central Asian species.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCDFF01E52D2DABBB10.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. AZERBAIJAN: Lenkoran Area: 3 ♀ (IBPN), Hyrcan Reserve, 38 º 38,5 ' N, 48 º 47,5 ' E, 23.05.2003, Y. M. Marusik leg.; 1 ♂, 12 ♀ (IBPN), environs of Aurora Village, 38 º 40 ' N, 48 º 52 ' E, 23 – 28.04.2001, Y. M. Marusik leg. Nakhchevan: 7 ♀ (IBPN), ca 3 km E of Akhura Village, 39 º 34 ' N, 45 º 11 ' E, 1400 m, 2.06.2003, Y. M. Marusik leg .. KAZAKHSTAN: Akmola Area: 1 ♀ (ZMMU), Atbasar Town, 1.06.1995, A. V. Gromov leg. Dzhambul Area: 1 ♂, 3 ♀ (IBPN), Georgievka Village [= Kordai Town], 22.04.1984, S. V. Ovtchinnikov leg. East- Kazakhstan Area: 2 ♀ (PSU- 6210), environs of Zaisan Lake, Ak-Mas Mt., under stones, 5.08.1936, D. E. Charitonov leg. KYRGYZSTAN, Chu Area: 3 ♂, 1 ♀ (IBPN), near Kamyshanovka Village, 20.05.1995, S. Ovtchinnikov leg. UZBEKISTAN, Surkhan-Darya Area: 24 ♀ (IBPN), Babatagh Mt. range, 5 km SW of Ak- Mechet Village, ca 38 ºN 68 º 12 ’ E, 18.04. – 02.05.1994, S. V. Ovtchinnikov leg. TAJIKISTAN: 1 ♂ 13 ♀ (IBPN), Gazimailik Mt. Range, environs of Gandzhyna Village, 1800 m, 13 – 18.04.1991, S. V. Ovtchinnikov leg.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCDFF01E52D2DABBB10.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was described from only two females from Gandzhyna (Tajikistan). While making a survey of the cribellate spiders of Kyrgyzstan, Ovtchinnikov (1988) came to the conclusion that L. spasskyi is a junior synonym of L. stigmatisata. Our study of Palaearctic Lathys shows that the two species were synonymized in error. Although it was previously noted (Marusik et al. 2006) that L. spasskyi is a valid species, a formal revalidation was not done. Here we resurrect L. spasskyi and provide a diagnosis that separates the two species.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCDFF01E52D2DABBB10.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of L. spasskyi can be separated from the related L. stigmatisata by the palpal patella lacking conical outgrowth (cf. Figs 47, 50), the shorter tip of the conductor (Tc) (cf. Figs 47, 53 – 54 & 50 – 52), the position of the base of embolus (Eb) (ca. 9 o'clock in L. spasskyi and ca. 6 o'clock in sibling species) and the shape and position of seminal loop (Sl, cf. Figs 51, 53). Females of the two species have an equal number of vertical (Vl) and horizontal (Hl) loops of insemination ducts but differ in the size of the atria (Fo) (smaller in L. spasskyi), and the distance between the atria (Es) (wider than the insemination duct in L. spasskyi, and with atria touching or almost touching each other in L. stigmatisata) (cf. Figs 45 – 46, 48 – 49).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCDFF01E52D2DABBB10.taxon	description	Description. A detailed description will be given in a special paper devoted to Palaearctic Lathys (Marusik, in preparation).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB659FFCDFF01E52D2DABBB10.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far this species is known from Azerbaijan to East-Kazakhstan Area, and from South Ural to Tajikistan (present data).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB65AFFCDFF01E6B72FC7B8FB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. KAZAKHSTAN, Almaty Area: 3 ♀ (ZMMU), Zailiisky Alatau Mts, ca. 20 km SE Turgen, Turgen' River Canyon, near Batun, 43 ° 14 ’ N, 77 ° 46 ’ E, 1750 m, Picea, Betula, Salix, etc. forest, 25.05.2001, S. Golovatch leg.; 11 ♀ (PSU- 6211), Almaty, Medeo, Zailiisky Alatau Mts., 43 ° 10 ’ N, 77 ° 04 ’ E, 1600 ‒ 1700 m, Picea, Betula, etc. forest, 27.05.2001, S. Golovatch leg.; 8 ♀ (MMUM), Uigursky Distr., 5 km SE Kyrgyzsai [= Podgornoe], Ketmen Mts., 43 o 17 ’ N, 79 o 31 ’ E, 1500 ‒ 1900 m, Picea, Betula, Populus etc. forest, 1 ‒ 2.06.2001, S. Golovatch leg.; 1 ♀ (MMUM), Uigursky Distr., 11 km NW Chunja Town, Charyn River Canyon, 43 o 37 ’ N, 79 o 20 ’ E, 650 m, riverine Fraxinus, Populus, Salix, etc. forest, 29 ‒ 31.05.2001, S. Golovatch leg. RUSSIA: Tuva: 1 ♂ 3 ♀ (ISEA), NW bank of Azas Lake, Krasnyi Kamen, 52 ° 24 ' N, 96 ° 28 ' E, 850 ‒ 900 m, on tree trunks, 19 ‒ 23.06.1989, D. V. Logunov leg. Buryatia: 2 ♀ (ZMUT), Barguzin Range, Olso River, 54 ° 52 ’ N, 110 ° 55 ’ E, 950 m, cliff, 6.07.1996, S. Koponen leg.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB65AFFCDFF01E6B72FC7B8FB.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was described from three females from Buryatia. It was diagnosed as having more vertical coils of insemination ducts wrapping the receptacle than in L. stigmatisata. Danilov (1994) misidentified L. stigmatisata, a species absent in Siberia, and actually compared his new species with L. alberta Gertsch, 1946. Lathys truncata differs from both species (L. stigmatisata and L. alberta) by having white guanine spots on the dorsum of the abdomen. It seems that this species inhabits tree trunks and cliffs. Danilov (1994: fig. 34) illustrated an epigyne with two vertical loops of insemination ducts as in specimens from Almaty Area (Fig. 44). Another figure (Danilov 1994: fig. 35) shows an epigyne with three loops as in all specimens we examined from Buryatia (Fig. 43). It seems that this character is variable in this species.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB65AFFCDFF01E6B72FC7B8FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is known from Almaty Area to Buryatia.	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
03F6879CB65BFFCAFF01E6FB2928B992.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was described from a holotype female and 2 immature females from Uttaranchal State (northern India). The description of the species, comments on the genus and its taxonomic placement is full of contradictions and confusions. Biswas & Roy (2008) report the distribution of the genus as New England, Canada and Asia, neglecting that the type species is from Europe. In the description of the species, the authors mentioned that L. mussooriensis is similar to Theridiidae and allied to Lycosidae: “ These spiders are peculiar in their body shapes look like as Theridiid, having the elongated abdomen. Detailed study of different morphological features, clearly shows that they are allied to Lycosidae ” (Biswas & Roy 2008: p. 44). The distribution of the species is given as “ India: Mussoorri, Uttaranchal (New record). Elsewhere: North America, Canada) ” (Biswas & Roy 2008: p. 46). A few lines below the authors state in their comments: “ Lathys is one of the important genus under the family Dictynidae which was only found in America and Europe ”. In the diagnosis, Biswas & Roy (2008) compare their new species with the Nearctic L. foxii (Marx, 1891). The authors mentioned that this is the first record of Lathys on the Indian sub-continent, neglecting Lathys balestrerii Caporiacco, 1934 (considered a synonym of L. stigmatisata) described from British India (now Pakistan). The description and figures provided for habitus and copulatory organs indicate that the species belongs not to the Dictynidae but to the Amaurobiidae. The body length of the Indian “ Lathys ” (15 mm) exceeds by 3 – 8 times size of other Lathys species and larger than any Dictynidae known. The epigyne and vulva of “ L. ” mussooriensis is similar to epigynes of Himalmartensus Wang & Zhu, 2008, a genus known to include three species from Nepal. The epigyne of “ L. ” mussooriensis has long coiled insemination ducts forming a kind of column. Himalmartensus lacks a cribellum but has a colulus (Wang & Zhu 2008). Although it is unknown if “ L. ” mussooriensis has a cribellum or not, “ L. ” mussooriensis differs from members of Himalmartensus by the number of cheliceral teeth (1 in promargin and 2 in retromargin [such state is unknown in any Amaurobiidae and Lathys, and authors very likely overlooked small teeth], and 6 – 7 promarginal and 5 – 8 retromarginal in Himalmartensus). Therefore, we transfer this species from Dictynidae to Amaurobiidae and suggest the new combination Himalmartensus mussooriensis (Biswas & Roy, 2008), comb. n. It is worth noting that H. mussooriensis is also similar to “ Titanoeca ” palpator Hu & Li, 1988, a cribellate species from Xizang (Tibet) which also is large, and has a similar epigyne. The species from Tibet appears also to be misplaced in Titanoecidae judging from the copulatory organs and large body length (up to 17.4 mm).	en	Marusik, Yuri M., Esyunin, Sergei L., Tuneva, Tatyana K. (2015): A survey of Palaearctic Dictynidae (Araneae). 1. Taxonomic notes on Dictynomorpha Spassky, 1939, Brigittea Lehtinen, 1967 and Lathys Simon, 1884. Zootaxa 3925 (1): 129-144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.1.9
