taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F6879B7853F62CFF79FE5619CF38B8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis relative to the Afrotropical genera Head with face not prominent in profile, not projecting forwards or snout-like. Postpedicel well developed and separate from the slender and elongate style which nearly always has two short basal segments. Ocelli well developed and present in both sexes. Proboscis not vestigial, well developed and always obvious in profile, sometimes very much longer than body length. Wing not strongly tapered apically and hind margin not sinuous in appearance; all apical veins terminating anterior to wing apex; extensive apical reticulation in radial and medial sectors (cells divided by numerous auxiliary crossveins) in apical third of wing distal to diagonal crossvein; cell M 4 divided by at least one crossvein. Male postabdomen: hypandrium well developed and separate from the gonocoxite, gonostylus and inner gonocoxal process, which are all free structures; phallus free. Female postabdomen: ovipositor telescopeshaped with many retractile segments; cerci short and not sabre-like; two spermathecae. Compared with the other two southern African genera of Nemestrininae, Moegistorhynchus is immediately distinguished by the well-developed reticulate wing venation in all species.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7853F62CFF79FE5619CF38B8.taxon	discussion	Relationship between Moegistorhynchus and other genera All significant revisionary studies of the Nemestrinidae (e. g., Bequaert 1935; Bernardi 1973) have considered Moegistorhynchus (a likely monophyletic group) to be most closely related to the widespread and speciose Palaearctic genus Nemestrinus. Indeed, many species of Nemestrinus have reticulate wing venation, as in Moegistorhynchus. Richter (1997) recorded 66 species of Nemestrinus, almost all of them from the Palaearctic Region (see, also, El-Hashash et al. 2021). We have not reviewed the world fauna and cannot comment further on the relationship with Nemestrinus. However, it should be noted that Bernardi (1973) suggested that the exceptionally elongate and slender claws and long pulvilli and empodium define Moegistorhynchus. He also stated that Moegistorhynchus species had a ventral “ tuft of hairs ”, presumably on the male hypandrium. We can confirm that this tuft of pile may be obvious in some species, such as in M. braunsi (our Fig. 9.2), but it appears to be greatly reduced or absent in other species of the genus. This suggests that it has little value in defining Moegistorhynchus. Theron et al. (2023), using molecular data, considered Moegistorhynchus to be a monophyletic group and the sister group to Prosoeca Schiner (inclusive of Stenobasipteron). Review of important taxonomic characters The southern African Nemestrinidae are a taxonomically difficult group and the genus Moegistorhynchus is no exception. Many of its species are large and morphologically dramatic, but some of the important taxonomic characters — especially those relating to wing patterning, colour and distribution of pruinescence and pile and general ground colour — are somewhat intangible and very difficult to describe in words or to accurately feature in digital imagery. A high-quality stereomicroscope and expert use of focused incident and background lighting are required to accurately reveal important character states. Some of the more important taxonomic characters are discussed below (characters are numbered per body part): Antenna: (1) colour of the postpedicel; (2) development of the basal annulation on the postpedicel; and (3) the number of short basal segments on the style. The ground colour of the antenna may be influenced by the age of the specimen and greasiness. The appearance of the basal annulation is determined by the proper use of incident lighting as well as greasiness. It is sometimes very difficult to distinguish the two basal segments of the style and very focused and intense incident lighting is required; the two segments may appear to be partially fused. Proboscis: (1) overall length and (2) relative length. Proboscis length has long been an important character in nemestrinid taxonomy. In Moegistorhynchus, it is probably the most important character and helps separate species pairs (see species key below), such as M. longirostris and M. brevirostris. It is also useful to compare proboscis length relative to body length. Note, however, that there can be dramatic intraspecific variation in proboscis length; this has long been noted for M. longirostris, for example. Wing: (1) patterning and colour / infuscation and (2) crossvein development in cell CuP. The colour of the patterning on the wing may vary intraspecifically across the range of a species and may be influenced by the age of the specimen (fresh specimens always have darker and more obvious patterning). It is very important to examine the wing with an appropriate combination of backlighting and incident lighting, which always reveals the transparent / hyaline sections of the wing membrane. The lack of clear-cut transparent / hyaline sections of wing membrane is an important character state and helps with defining species. Parts of the wing tend to have more or fewer transparent / hyaline areas. Moegistorhynchus, rather unexpectedly, has very few other venational characters of any taxonomic value. However, the relative development of crossveins in cell CuP is of some importance and may separate species (see species key below). Postalar callus: (1) development of a sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle. This remarkable character state is a likely autapomorphy of M. manningi sp. nov. Abdominal dorsum: (1) colour of pruinescence and pile; (2) development and clustering of pile at posterolateral corners of T 3 – T 5; (3) general distribution and length of pile over tergites; and (4) ground colour. The colour and distribution of the pruinescence on T 2 is an important character and helps distinguish groups of species in Moegistorhynchus. Appropriate use of lighting is crucial; in older specimens the silver pruinescence may be less obvious or even hard to discern and age and greasiness can obscure it. The development and clustering of pile at the posterolateral corners of T 3 – T 5 is another important character and, for example, strong clustering of elongate black pile is one of the defining character states of M. longirostris (males, especially). The distribution and length of pile over much of the tergites is also important and may vary intraspecifically. The apparent ground colour is influenced by the development of pruinescence and the distribution of pile, being important for distinguishing species. Male terminalia: (1) epandrium development and (2) gonostylus shape apically. The shape and development of the epandrium is the most important character of the terminalia and may distinguish species. It is typically visible in situ and is therefore potentially useful in the field. Note that there may be some instraspecific variation in the shape of the epandrium. The shape of the apical part of the gonostylus is of minor value and helps distinguish two species. General comments: Although the spermathecae were examined for most of the species of Moegistorhynchus they did not seem to offer important or useful taxonomic characters and were not studied further.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.taxon	description	(Figs 2.1 – 2.9, 9.1 – 9.2, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Stellenbosch, Western Cape province. Type material. Holotype in MCZC and paratypes in NMSA. South Africa: Western Cape: HOLOTYPE: ♂: “ Capland / Stellenbosch / Nov 9 1926 / Dr. H. Brauns. ”; “ J. G. Bequaert det., 1933: / Moegistorhynchus / braunsi J. Beq. / holotype ♂ ”; “ HOLO TYPE ” [red card]; “ MCZ TYPE / 35327 ” [red card]. Note that we have not physically seen the holotype, which is deposited in MCZC. Instead, we have relied upon an excellent series of six images taken of the holotype (Museum of Comparative Zoology, n. d.), which are available online (https: // mczbase. mcz. harvard. edu / guid / MCZ: Ent: 35327). These images of the entire body, head, thorax, wing and abdomen, as well as of the label data, confirm that the holotype is conspecific with the paratypes and other material deposited in NMSA. The label data also tally with the label data cited by Bequaert in the original description. It should be noted that much of the abdomen of the holotype has been detached from the body and is stuck to card pinned beneath the specimen; the postabdomen has also been dissected and is stored in a microvial. There is, as stated in the original description, apparently an “ allotype ” in MCZC, but we have not seen images of this specimen. PARATYPES: 3 ♂, 1 ♀, with appropriate type labels and dated 4, 5 and 9 November (the Nov. 9 paratype with a label referring to Gladiolus cuspidatus). Other material: same data but 1 Nov. 1926 (3 ♂, NMSA); 2 Nov. 1926 (3 ♂, 2 ♀, NMSA); 4 Nov. 1926 (3 ♂, NMSA); 5 Nov. 1926 (2 ♂, NMSA); 9 Nov. 1926 (1 ♂, NMSA); 9 Nov. 1926 (1 ♀, SAMC); 25 Oct. 1927 (1 ♂, SAMC).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Postpedicel entirely pale; style with two basal segments. Proboscis strikingly elongate, more than twice body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely silvery pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum with posterolateral sections of T 3 and T 4 without obvious dark pile. Epandrium not divided into two obvious lobes dorsally and with small apico-medial notch only; gonostylus broadly rounded apically. 1 The postpedicel in Fig. 6.4 (that of the female holotype) is atypically pale because of fading resulting from the age of the specimen.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.taxon	description	Redescription (both sexes). Body length 11.97 – 15.34 mm (Fig. 2.1); wing length 13.34 – 15.08 mm; proboscis length 39.23 – 44.18 mm. Head (Figs 2.3 – 2.4): colouring mostly yellow to yellow-brown with scape and pedicel notably yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel entirely yellow to yellow-orange. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocellus separated by deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus closer to posterior ocellus than posterior ocelli are to each other, therefore delimiting a compressed triangle. Frons with elongate yellow or cream pile, this absent medially, except sometimes typically recumbent anteriorly. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, these subequal in length but second segment may be slightly longer than first segment; second segment may be very difficult to discern and may be partially fused with adjacent segments. Proboscis elongate, length 2.5 – 3.0 x body length. Thorax (Figs 2.5 – 2.6): scutum yellow to yellow-brown to medium brown or orange and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae dark (this black). Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to half to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture (posterior section a pale to dark orange). Scutellum silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum yellow but sometimes whitish on posterior half, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar callus and especially disc of scutellum and along posterior midline area). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. Legs: almost entirely yellow. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed whitish pile, this sometimes reaching up to one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal half to two-thirds of mid femur and along basal one-quarter to half of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 2.7): very slender, length at least 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation an indistinct smoky brown, sometimes a darker brown. Patterning rather irregular and distributed over much of the wing as in Fig. 2.7; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated. CuP with one to three short crossveins, these obviously incomplete and do not reach hind margin of wing; crossveins occasionally absent or very short, very rarely one crossvein complete. Abdomen (Figs 2.8 – 2.9): somewhat compact, width broader than maximum width of thorax, although sometimes broader in female. Ground colour very varied, ranging from dark brown to yellow or yellow-brown or orange. T 1 entirely dark and silver pruinescence completely lacking or barely visible; pile dense and short, mostly cream to white or yellow. T 2 typically densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except posteromedially or occasionally anteromedially, but this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T 3 largely yellow-brown to orange, but with striking silver pruinescence / markings on anterior half as paired elongate-oval areas medially (transversely directed), these areas with dark colour between and / or around them and this sometimes along anterior margin and laterally; silver pruinescence sometimes extending laterally and in female may occur laterally and faintly along posterior margin; pile moderately short and sparse over anterior half to two-thirds, whitish to pale yellow, elongate along anterior margin and occasionally posterolaterally; pile longest anteriorly, this length about one-third to half length of T 3 lateral margins, pile sometimes absent over silver pruinescent elongate-ovoid areas. T 4 similarly coloured and patterned, but median darker colouring may be more extensive and extend laterally; silver pruinescence sometimes evident laterally and along posterior margin in female; pile typically short and sparse, sometimes more profuse on anterior half and posterolaterally, this white to yellow, longest hairs one-third to half length of T 4 lateral margin. T 5 medium to dark brown, but with darker brown colouring anteromedially, silver pruinescent markings similar to those on T 4; pile whitish, moderately long and restricted to lateral margins (and sometimes on anterior half). T 6 medium brown and silver pruinescent, slightly darker medially; pile largely absent. Sternites usually mostly yellow with irregular dark brown markings (restricted), but often darker in female, being mostly dark brown to black; pile notably elongate and white on S 3. Male postabdomen (Figs 8.1 – 8.2): epandrium very well developed and hooded in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length, with very small apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities very broadly rounded in lateral view (Fig. 8.1). Gonostylus with no vestiture along inner medial margin, well developed, broad and squat in appearance, apical region broadly rounded apically and not inwardly curved. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, here rather broadly and bluntly tapered, apical region with very small marginal teeth; prominently arched at mid-length. Phallus apex extending beyond gonostylus apices in ventral view, arrow-like apically with minutely dentate margins. Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus braunsi is most similar to M. perplexus Bequaert, 1935 (distinguished mainly by colour characters and characters of the male terminalia), although unlike M. perplexus, M. braunsi is currently known to occur much further south and only from the Stellenbosch area. Vegetation type: Swartland Shale Renosterveld (FRs 9).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.taxon	discussion	Comments. We have seen a single female in SAMC from Somerset West, collected in October 1940 by C. H. Lawrence. Unfortunately, both postpedicels and styles are missing. We have excluded this specimen from the redescription of M. braunsi as the median silver pruinescent vittae on the scutum are complete to the scuto-scutellar suture (incomplete in all other material of the species). There is a small possibility that it could represent a species near M. braunsi. Otherwise, it appears that this striking, large, and unusually coloured species, known only from the well-collected Stellenbosch area, is possibly or even probably extinct. The entire Stellenbosch area is now an extensively altered landscape (now largely urban and agricultural) and has been heavily collected by entomologists and pollination biologists based at the University of Stellenbosch over many years. However, the species was last collected by Brauns 97 years ago in October 1927. It is unclear where exactly it was collected. Note that according to Bequaert (1935: 498), Dr Brauns, the collector of all the specimens of M. braunsi, commented that he had collected many specimens visiting “ Gladiolus cuspidatus ” (a synonym of Gladiolus carneus D. Delaroche). This is confirmed by a label on a few of Brauns’s specimens. The species was collected in October and November only.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.taxon	description	(Figs 3.1 – 3.9, 9.3 – 9.4, 11.4, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape (assumed). Type material (lectotype and paralectotype in ZMUC): South Africa: Western Cape: LECTOTYPE: ♂: “ ♂ ”; “ Mus. / Westerm. ”; “ TYPE ” [red card]; “ N. brevirostris / Wied. / Cape Good Hope / Octb. 1817 ” [handwritten in Wiedemann’s hand]. PARALECTOTYPE: ♀: “ ♀ ”; “ Mus. / Westerm. ”; “ TYPE ” [red card]. The lectotype and paralectotype are in excellent condition, although the tarsi are missing from two right legs (mid and hind) in both specimens. Both are appropriately labelled. Notes on lectotype / paralectotype designation. We located the male and female syntypes of Nemestrina brevirostris Wiedemann, 1821, in ZMUC (male and female are referred to in the original description). The lectotype is appropriately labelled in Wiedemann’s hand and both lectotype and paralectotype are appropriately labelled “ Mus. Westerman ”. The lectotype is also labelled “ Cape Good Hope ” as noted (in Latin) in the original description. The lectotype and paralectotype had previously been labelled as “ TYPE ” on red card. The lectotype label is as follows: “ LECTOTYTPE MALE [in bold] / Nemestrina brevirostris / Wiedemann, 1821 / Designated by D. A. Barraclough & / J. F. Colville ” [on red card]. The paralectotype label is identical, except for the wording “ PARALECTOTYPE FEMALE ”. Other material: Western Cape: 1 ♀, Atlantis, Silverstroomstrand turnoff, 33.56528 18.38460, 20 October 2015 (NMSA); 1 ♂ 2 ♀, Ganzekraal, S 33 ° 35 ’ E 18 ° 20 ’, 7 October 1995 (NMSA); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, 6 km E. Silverstroomstrand, S 33 ° 35 ’ 47.6 ” E 018 ° 23 ’ 15.5 ”, 15 October 2002, B. C. Anderson, in Strandveld, 1 km E. of R 27, visiting flowers, 10 h 00 (SAMC); 1 ♀, Strandfontein, Cape Flats, 5 October 2014, Andrew Morton (SAMC); 1 ♀, Strandfontein, False Bay, 1 November 1960 (SAMC). Northern Cape: 1 ♂, Kamieskroon Grootvlei Pass [577 m], 30.21721 17.769171, September 2015, Allan Ellis (NMSA); 1 ♀, Leliefontein, 15 September 2008, Timo van der Niet (NMSA); 1 ♂, Lelie [fontein], 10 October, S. erectum (no other data) (SAMC); 1 ♂, 5 km from Leliefontein on road to Groenkloof, 2 October 1995, F. W., S. K. & R. W. Gess, on blue flowers of Anchusa capensis (AMGS).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Postpedicel mostly dark, but with striking paler basal annulation; style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, noticeably shorter than body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with striking transparent or hyaline markings, such areas typically not an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite dark medially and submedially, never entirely silver pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum (especially in male) with posterolateral sections of T 3 to T 5 without dense clustering of dark pile on posterolateral extremities.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.taxon	description	Redescription (both sexes). Body length 14.37 – 18.02 mm (Fig. 3.1); wing length 16.23 – 18.74 mm; proboscis length 12.33 – 20.51 mm. Head (Figs 3.3 – 3.4): colouring yellow-brown to dark brown to black with scape and pedicel mostly yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel mostly dark brown to black but with striking yellow to orange basal annulation on both surfaces. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate yellow pile (sometimes partly black posteriorly), pile over much of surface except sometimes anteromedially. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, with second segment sometimes slightly longer than first segment or vice versa. Proboscis notably short, length two-thirds body length ranging up to slightly less than body length. Thorax (Figs 3.5 – 3.6): scutum pale (occasionally), medium to dark brown and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae very dark (this black) although this mostly obscured by dense silver pruinescence; sometimes appearing dark orange in medial area at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture, this orange colouring extending to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture or entire distance; at this position there is sometimes an inverted V-shaped extension of dark pruinescence. Scutellum very densely and broadly silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc; sometimes this pruinescence evident around entire margin. Pile on scutum sometimes a mixture of yellow and black, but may be mostly yellow; short but profuse but largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and scutellum as sometimes sparse elongate hairs with more black hairs sometimes evident in female). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. Legs: Mostly medium to darker brown, but sometimes a paler yellow-brown. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal two-fifths to three-quarters of mid femur and along basal half to two-thirds of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 3.7): relatively broad, length at most 3.0 x maximum width. Infuscation a relatively dark brown. Patterning irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure, although hyaline areas dominate apically and posteriorly; hyaline areas strikingly distinguished and clearly separate from brown colouring. CuP with one incomplete or complete crossvein (sometimes two complete crossveins in one wing only); if complete to posterior margin then obvious appendix sometimes present. Abdomen (Figs 3.8 – 3.9): relatively broad and obviously broader than width of thorax, sometimes broader in female. Ground colour mostly dark brown to black and sometimes with hints of orange; sometimes partly yellow on several sternites. T 1 entirely dark brown to black with obvious silver pruinescence along anterior margin, except at midline or medially and (postero) laterally; pile dense and short, mostly yellow or white but sometimes a few black hairs. T 2 dark (brown) medially and submedially, with silver pruinescence obvious (antero) laterally; pile short, sometimes over entire surface. T 3 largely dark brown to black but sometimes orange-tinged or obviously orange laterally and posteriorly, and with striking paired silver pruinescence / markings (irregularly quadrate) on anterior two-thirds, these markings extend partly or entirely to lateral margins, meaning that the silver pruinescence can be strikingly confluent and continuous; pile sparse, pale and relatively short to moderately long on anterior oneto two-thirds, with fringe of short serial black pile at posterolateral extremities (this sometimes very short in female). T 4 similarly coloured and patterned; pile typically present anteriorly (sometimes virtually absent in female) where very sparse, this pale in colour, longest hairs reaching half length of T 4 margin or slightly longer and posterolateral extremities with serial dark pile. T 5 usually even more extensively silver pruinescent with large brown area medially (which extends to posterior margin or towards it) and submedially (this area very small); pile sparse and pale or absent; posterolateral extremities with serial dark pile. T 6 similarly coloured and patterned but median dark area sometimes with lateral extensions only; pile as on T 5 but along entire margins and without serial dark pile on posterolateral extremities. Sternites yellow-brown to dark brown to black; pile notably elongate and white on S 3 and sometimes S 4. Male postabdomen (Figs 9.3 – 9.4): epandrium very slender in dorsal view, maximum width much broader than length, with obvious apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities broadly rounded to flattened in lateral view. Gonostylus with no vestiture along inner medial margin or this vestiture very inconspicuous, presenting as two lobes: a slender but well developed inner lobe and a very short and apically rounded outer lobe, inner lobe with apical region strongly narrowed and sometimes slightly outwardly curved. Inner gonocoxal process straight and very slender, sharply pointed to narrowly rounded apically, apical region without marginal teeth. Phallus apex about coincident with or falling just short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, without obvious marginal dentition (minute dentition sometimes visible). Relationships and distribution. Moegistorhynchus brevirostris is most similar to M. longirostris. It is a more slender and less robust species with a very much shorter proboscis. As with M. longirostris, it is a lowland species and is widespread. However, it is not as frequently encountered in the field and is distributed between Strandfontein east of Muizenberg on False Bay in the Western Cape in the extreme south through to Kamieskroon in the Northern Cape in the north (Fig. 12). Vegetation type: Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4); Cape Flats Dune Strandveld (FS 6); Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (FRg 1); Langebaan Dune Strandveld (FS 5); and Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (SKn 1).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Although fairly variable in colouring across its range, it is unlikely that M. brevirostris represents a species complex. We have dissected males from the south and north of the geographical range and there is no significant variation in the form of the male terminalia. The species seems to be of little significance in pollination biology and there is little reference to it in the literature. It has been recorded as visiting the blue flowers of Anchusa capensis Thunb. in the Northern Cape (see material examined). An iNaturalist observation shows a single female of M. brevirostris apparently ovipositing on a rocky substrate just north of the Wolfgat Nature Reserve and south of Tafelsig in the Khayelitsha area of the Cape Town Metro (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 137461195) (Fig. 11.4). This is the only time we have seen an image of a Moegistorhynchus ovipositing in the field and this offers clues about the natural history of the genus. We have previously seen one male in NHMUK from Raapenburg (Little Mowbray, Cape Town), which was collected by R. E. Turner from 1 to 14 October 1920. However, this specimen is not included in the redescription.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.taxon	description	(Figs 1.1 – 1.3, 4.1 – 4.9, 9.5 – 9.6, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Cape of Good Hope, Western Cape (assumed). Type material (holotype in ZMUC): South Africa: Western Cape: HOLOTYPE: ♂: “ ♂ ”; “ Mus. / Westerm. ”; “ TYPE ” [red card]; “ N. longirostris / Wied. / Cape Good Hope / Octb. 1817 ” [handwritten in Wiedemann’s hand]. Specimen associated with holotype: ♀: “ ♀ ”; “ Mus. / Westerm. ”; “ TYPE ” [red card]. The holotype and associated specimen are both in excellent condition. Given that the original description refers to a male only, the female is not considered to be part of the type series and is not labelled as a paratype. The holotype is appropriately labelled. Notes on the holotype and associated specimen. We located the male holotype of Nemestrina longirostris Wiedemann, 1819, in ZMUC. The holotype is appropriately labelled in Wiedemann’s hand and is also appropriately labelled “ Mus. Westerman ”. It is labelled “ Cape Good Hope ” as noted (in Latin) in the original description. The holotype had previously been labelled as “ TYPE ” on red card. Other material: Western Cape: 2 ♂ 2 ♀, Atlantis, Silverstream, 33.5284 18.4454, 1 December 2017, Timo van der Niet, Feeding [on] P. longicaule (NMSA); 1 ♀, 5 km N Bloubergstrand, 16 November 1975, H. Geertsema (SANC); 1 ♂, Cape Peninsula, Miss Johns (SAMC); 31 ♂ 16 ♀, Graafwater, C. P., October 1947, Mus. Exp. (SAMC); 1 ♂, Graafwater, C. P., October 1947, Mus. Exp. (NMSA); 1 ♂, Lamberts Bay, 1 October 2008, L. McCleod (SAMC); 10 ♂ 5 ♀, Leipoldtville, Elands Bay, C. P., October 1947, Mus. Exp. (SAMC); 1 ♂, Mamre, 3318 CB, Silverstroomstrand, 26 November 1978, V. B. Whitehead (SAMC); 1 ♂, “ Montague ”, 1902, F. C. Purcell (SAMC); 1 ♀, Mowbray, November 1940, Miss Johns (SAMC); 1 ♀, 10 km NE Muizenberg, 3418 AB, 28 November 1981, B. R. Stuckenberg, coastal macchia (NMSA); 1 ♂, Pella Mission St [ation], 20 October 2011, A. Morton (SAMC); 2 ♂, Silverstroom, 6 November 1995, on Pelargonium (SAMC); 3 ♂, Silverstroomstrand, 29 October 1993, on Pelargonium (SAMC); 6 ♂ 5 ♀, Strandfontein, False Bay, 1 November 1960 (SAMC); 1 ♂, West Coast National Park, 33 ° 10 ’ 56 ’’ S 18 ° 03 ’ 45 ’’ E, 30 m, 11 September 2001, J. G. H. & A. Londt, sandy areas, bushes, flowers (NMSA); 1 ♂, West Coast National Park, 10 October 2010, A. Morton (SAMC); 1 ♂, Yzerfontein, 22 October 1993, Lapeirousia (SAMC); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Yzerfontein, 33 ° 20 ’ S 18 ° 10 ’ E, 1 November 1992, J. Manning, on Lapeirousia anceps (NMSA); 1 ♀, Yzerfontein, September 1960 (SAMC); 1 ♂, Yzerfontein (rt side of road), 30 October 1992, on Lapeirousia anceps (SAMC); 1 ♀, Zeekoevlei, Cape Town, 34.0614 ° S, 18.5152 ° E, 31 Oct. 2023, D. A. Barraclough, Visiting Pelargonium in garden (SAMC). Northern Cape: 2 ♂ 1 ♀, 20 km E. Hondeklip Bay, 5 September 2008, L. McCleod (SAMC); 1 ♂, 12 km E. Hondeklipbaai, 9 September 2006, L. McCleod (SAMC); 1 ♂, 8 km E. Hondeklip Bay, 21 August 2007, L. McCleod (SAMC); 1 ♀, Namaqua National Park, S 30.411581 E 17.415748, 29 August 2019, A. Melin & J. F. Colville, visiting Pelargonium praemorsum [DNA: 3 legs; RHS] (SAMC); 2 ♀, Spektakelberg Pass [about 25 km W of Springbok], 11 September 1993, Lapeirousia fabricii (NMSA); 1 ♂ 2 ♀, 7 km WNW of Wallekraal on road to Hondeklip Bay, 14 – 16 September 1992, F. W. and S. K. Gess, visiting cream long tubed fls (Iridaceae), flower: Engysiphon longitubus Lewis (AMGS).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Postpedicel mostly dark, but with striking paler basal annulation; style with two basal segments. Proboscis elongate to remarkably elongate, typically 2.0 – 5.5 x body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with striking transparent or hyaline markings, such areas typically not an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite dark medially and submedially, never entirely silver pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum (especially in male) with posterolateral sections of T 3 to T 5 with dense and prominent clustering of (usually) dark pile on posterolateral extremities.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.taxon	description	Redescription (both sexes). Body length 11.66 – 17.73 mm (Fig. 4.1); wing length 11.54 – 19.90 mm; proboscis length 32 to 83 mm and possibly up to 90 mm (see Barraclough & Slotow 2010). Head (Figs 4.3 – 4.4): colouring yellow-brown to dark brown to black with scape and pedicel mostly yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel mostly dark brown to black but usually with striking or obvious yellow / orange basal annulation on both surfaces, although this can be variably developed or reduced. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle, although posterior ocelli may be further apart; long black (pale posteriorly) pile between anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli or a mix of pale and dark pile or (rarely) all dark pile. Frons with elongate yellow pile (sometimes partly black posteriorly) over much of surface. Style of flagellum with two short black basal segments, subequal in length, second segment slightly longer or shorter. Proboscis strikingly elongate, length 2.0 – 5.5 x body length. Thorax (Figs 4.5 – 4.6): scutum pale, medium to dark brown and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae very dark (this black) although this mostly obscured by dense silver pruinescence; sometimes appearing yellow-brown in medial area at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture, this colouring may extend to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture or entire distance; at two-thirds position an inverted V-shaped extension of dark pruinescence extending backwards to scutellum. Scutellum very densely and broadly silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc; sometimes this pruinescence evident around entire margin. Pile on scutum sometimes a mixture of yellow and black, but usually mostly yellow; moderately elongate and profuse but largely sparse to absent (notably absent in Strandfontein specimens) on posterior half (although notably present on postalar calli and scutellum as sometimes sparse elongate hairs with more black hairs sometimes evident in female). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. Legs: mostly medium to darker brown or dark brown, but sometimes a paler yellow-brown. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to two-fifths femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal two-fifths to three-quarters of mid femur (sometimes very sparse or barely present) and along basal one- to two-thirds of hind femur, although sometimes very sparse or virtually absent. Wing (Fig. 4.7): relatively slender, length more than 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation a medium to darker brown to grey, but sometimes with yellowish tinges. Patterning irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure, although hyaline areas often dominate posteriorly; hyaline areas clearly distinguished and separate from brown colouring. CuP with one complete crossvein (rarely half complete) with appendix often present. Abdomen (Figs 4.8 – 4.9): relatively slender or moderately so and often broader than width of thorax. Ground colour mostly dark yellow-brown or dark brown to black and sometimes with hints of orange, although sometimes extensively orange; sometimes partly yellow on several sternites. T 1 entirely dark brown to black with obvious silver pruinescence along anterior margin, except at midline (usually) or medially and (postero) laterally; pile dense and short, mostly yellow or white. T 2 dark brown to black medially and submedially (may be faded in older specimens), with obvious silver pruinescence laterally; pile short, sometimes over entire surface. T 3 largely medium to dark brown to black but sometimes orange-tinged or orange posteriorly or even laterally and medially, and with paired silver pruinescence / markings (irregularly transversely positioned) on anterior half to two-thirds, these markings may extend to lateral margins, meaning that silver pruinescence is confluent with silver pruinescence along lateral margins although posterior margin also often appearing silver pruinescent; pile sparse (may be mostly absent in female), pale and relatively short to moderately long on anterior one- to two-thirds or on most of surface, but with strikingly dense cluster of golden pile anterolaterally (may be shorter, less dense and yellowish) and dense (sometimes somewhat sparser) cluster of striking elongate black pile at posterolateral extremities (sometimes partly or mostly pale); in female clustering of pile along lateral margins may be reduced. T 4 similar except paired silver pruinescent central markings roundish and sometimes mostly separated by brown ground colour from lateral silver pruinescence; pile typically present over much of surface and pale (sparse and mostly short to absent in female), sometimes dense and elongate and yellow or golden along entire posterior margin (except laterally), longest pile reaching up to two-thirds length of lateral margin, lateral margin with short (moderately) dense golden pile anteriorly (may be sparse and yellowish) and typically elongate and striking cluster of black pile posterolaterally (sometimes partly golden). T 5 similarly patterned; pile sometimes moderately long on anterior two-thirds, absent along posterior margin and distributed along lateral margins as on T 4 (mostly absent in female, except laterally); anterior cluster of golden pile may be barely visible and posterior cluster may be a mixture of golden and black or all golden. T 6 with median brown area but otherwise silver pruinescent; pile short and sparse. Sternites yellow-brown to medium or dark brown; pile notably elongate and white on S 3. Male postabdomen (Figs 9.5 – 9.6): epandrium moderately developed to very slender in dorsal view, maximum width notably broader than length, with small to moderately developed apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities broadly rounded to flattened in lateral view. Gonostylus with variously developed vestiture along inner medial margin, and presenting as two lobes: a slender but well-developed inner lobe and a short to very short and apically rounded outer lobe, inner lobe with apical region strongly narrowed. Inner gonocoxal process mostly straight and very slender, narrowly rounded apically, apical region with or without marginal teeth. Phallus apex typically falling just short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, without obvious marginal dentition (minute dentition sometimes visible). Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus longirostris is most similar to M. brevirostris, although it has a very much longer proboscis. As with M. brevirostris, it is a lowland species; however, it appears to be more widespread (Barraclough & Slotow 2010) and is more frequently encountered in the field, in particular in the southern parts of its range. It is distributed across a stretch of more than 700 km from the southern parts of the Western Cape around Cape Town northwards to the area around Port Nolloth in the Northern Cape (Fig. 12). Note that there is a single record from “ Montague ”. This old specimen (collected in 1902 and deposited in SAMC) is almost certainly mislabelled. Montagu is about 180 km east of Cape Town in the Little Karoo. Bequaert (1935: 494), for example, referred to this specimen in his important review of the genus. We have not seen any specimens at these latitudes from outside of the Cape Town area. Note that many of the localities of M. longirostris are listed in Table 1 (Barraclough & Slotow 2010: 402), together with co-ordinates, proboscis length (range and mean), and bioregion (name, protection status and conservation status). Vegetation type: Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd 4); Cape Flats Dune Strandveld (FS 6); Lambert’s Bay Strandveld (FS 1); Langebaan Dune Strandveld (FS 5); Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (FFd 2); Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (FRg 1); Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 9); Peninsula Shale Renosterveld (FRs 10); Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld (SKn 4); Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (SKn 1); Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld (SKs 1).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Although variable in body colouring (especially of the abdominal dorsum), size, the distribution and length of pile on the abdominal dorsum, and in proboscis length across its extensive lowland range, it seems that M. longirostris is not a species complex. We have examined more than 100 specimens and have dissected representative males from across the geographical range and there is no significant variation in the form of the male terminalia, apart from a variably developed epandrium which can range from a slender to moderately developed appearance in dorsal view. We therefore consider M. longirostris to be a single morphologically variable species. The species has been collected between 21 August and 1 December. More intensive collecting of M. longirostris in the Northern Cape is required. We have not, for example, been able to study males (only females available) of specimens from Namaqua National Park and Spektakelberg Pass. These specimens have a significantly shorter proboscis length (45 – 50 mm) than specimens from nearby Hondeklip Bay (proboscis length reaching 70 mm). Although not listed under ‘ Other material’, we have seen images (sent to us by email) of three specimens of M. longirostris (one male and two females) that were collected from 8 km E. of Port Nolloth in the Northern Cape on 1 October 2009. The material was collected by Dr Torsten Dikow and Dr J. Londt and is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) in Washington, D. C. It was not feasible to loan this material, which represents the northernmost limit of the species range. Given that Port Nolloth is only about 100 km from the Namibian border, M. longirostris may eventually be found to fringe into the Succulent Karoo parts of southern Namibia. Despite very extensive urbanisation and development in the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, it is gratifying to know that M. longirostris is still collected in the region. We have seen images on iNaturalist (Table 2) that can reliably identify the species from the Zeekoeivlei area (6 November 2022; 18 October 2023); Strandfontein area (5 November 2022); Rocklands between Strandfontein and Wolfgat Nature Reserve (5 October 2023); Witzands Aquifer Nature Reserve, NE Koeberg Nature Reserve, 10, 12 & 15 October 2023), and Blaauwberg Nature Reserve (4 November 2012, 11 October 2023). Furthermore, a locality near Mamre, in the far north of the Municipality, has been a favoured collecting and observation spot that has been used by pollination biology researchers over the last 20 years.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	description	(Figs 5.1 – 5.10, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Hottentot Holland Mountains (between the eastern Cape Town suburbs of Somerset West and Gordon’s Bay in the west and the Elgin valley in the east), Western Cape province. Type material (holotype in SAMC and paratype in NMSA): South Africa: Western Cape: HOLOTYPE: ♂: “ Hot Holl. Mtns / East side 4000 ft ”; [reverse side of label] “ K. H. Barnard / Jan 1933 ”. The holotype is in good condition. PARATYPE: ♀: “ Villiersdorp, Stettynsberg / 33 ° 50 ’ S 19 ° 20 ’ E / Date: 12. i. 1999 / Coll: J. Manning ”.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name manningi celebrates the collector of the female paratype, Dr John Manning (Compton Herbarium, SANBI). Dr Manning first referred to this species (then undescribed) in the literature. Dr Manning has made a profound contribution to our understanding of the role of long-proboscid Nemestrinidae in South African pollination biology over more than 25 years.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Style with one basal segment. Wing with paler areas a distinctive opaque creamy white and not transparent or hyaline. Postalar callus with a small sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle (unique to this species).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	description	Description (both sexes). Body length 13.92 – 14.40 mm (Fig. 5.1); wing length 14.30 – 14.40 mm; proboscis length 21.41 – 24.00 mm. Head (Figs 5.3 – 5.4): colouring a mixture of yellow-brown to dark brown to black and scape and pedicel medium brown (densely yellow pruinescent in female). Postpedicel mostly black, but with restricted orange ground colouring on inner basal surface. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus set far forward and therefore further from the posterior ocelli than the posterior ocelli are from each other. Frons with elongate yellow pile; pile largely absent medially. Style of flagellum with one presumably fused and relatively elongate basal segment. Proboscis short, length slightly longer than body length and ranging up to 1.5 x body length. Thorax (Figs 5.5, 5.6, 5.10): scutum medium to dark brown to black, although paler (medium to dark brown) on postalar calli and adjacent to wing insertion and on disc of scutellum (here may be yellow-brown). Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture, but interrupted by brown colouring / pruinescence at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture. Scutellum densely silver pruinescent over lateral parts and sparsely brown to golden pruinescent along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow (predominant) and a few black hairs, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although obviously present on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and otherwise as very sparse, short and yellow hairs). Middle of postalar callus with small but obvious acutely pointed cuticular projection at about middle (apex may be black-tinged) (see Fig. 5.10). Legs: fore femur yellow, legs otherwise yellow-brown to medium brown. Fore femur with elongate posterodorsally directed yellow pile reaching about one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with rather sparse yellow pile ventrally along basal two-thirds of mid femur and basal one-quarter to one-third of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 5.7): relatively slender in male only, length about 3.0 x maximum width (broader in female, length about 2,6 x maximum width). Infuscation medium to dark brown, but darker on anterior half. Patterning distributed over much of wing, as in figure; no transparent hyaline areas, instead these areas largely replaced by an opaque creamy white appearance (these areas larger and more extensive / conspicuous in female). CuP sometimes with short incomplete crossvein, this not extending to wing margin. Abdomen (Figs 5.8 – 5.9): relatively robust and broad in male, much broader than maximum width of thorax; much more slender in female (same width as thorax). Ground colour brown to black on tergites, but sternites often partly yellow. T 1 entirely dark brown to black and silver pruinescence completely lacking; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to white. T 2 densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except appearing brown posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T 3 largely medium brown, but with small paired medial silver pruinescent markings (elongate-ovoid and transversely positioned) on anterior half, and extending to lateral margins in female; narrowly silver pruinescent along most of posterior margin; pile relatively sparse and short (longer and more profuse in female), yellow to white, mostly restricted to anterior half (but may be absent from elongate-ovoid markings), longest hairs at most half length of T 3 lateral margins. T 4 similarly coloured and patterned, but silver pruinescent posterior margin much more extensive, with this pruinescence merging broadly with lateral margins; ground colour paler posteriorly; pile typically sparse and short and present anteriorly only, this yellow, longest hairs reaching half length of T 4 lateral margin (pile very sparse and short in female). T 5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small round brown areas medially; pile barely evident. T 6 medium to yellow-brown with single median brown area. Sternites yellow-brown to medium brown to black; pile longer and white on S 4. Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus manningi does not appear to have close affinity with any of the other Moegistorhynchus species. It appears to be a montane species and is known from only two localities. Vegetation type: Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 10); Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 11).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.taxon	discussion	Discussion. We have been aware of this species for more than 15 years. Unfortunately, the first collected specimen (the female paratype) is in poor condition, with the wings crumpled along much of their length and the right wing apex torn, most of the legs are damaged or missing, and the abdomen is detached and glued back on at its base. It was impossible to describe the species as new based on material in such poor condition, especially since the male was unknown. Fortunately, in 2022, we discovered a conspecific male in good condition in SAMC. The second author has visited the Stettynsberg locality, but unfortunately no additional specimens were collected. Moegistorhynchus manningi was collected pollinating the rare Gladiolus rhodanthus J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in the Stettynsberg (see Manning et al. 1999: 218). These authors also noted that it pollinated Erica praecox, Pelargonium radiatum and Watsonia paucifolia at this locality. Gladiolus rhodanthus deposits pollen on the dorsal surface of the thorax, W. paucifolia on the top of the head, E. praecox on the face and P. radiatum on the underside of the thorax (Manning et al. 1999: 218). The SANBI Red List of South African Plants (http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 1549 - 608) notes that Gladiolus rhodanthus has a distribution of less than 5 km 2 at an altitude of 1800 metres. Given that this species is known only from the male holotype and a female paratype (in poor condition), the male postabdomen was not dissected. Dissection of the holotype could damage the proboscis, which is closely appressed to the abdominal apex. Note that this remarkable new species has three features which are unique in the genus: wing with paler areas all a distinctive opaque creamy white and these not transparent or hyaline; postalar callus with a small sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle; and style of antennal flagellum with only one basal segment. These may be autapomorphies.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	description	(Figs 6.1 – 6.9, 10.1 – 10.2, 11.1, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Clanwilliam, Western Cape province. Type material (holotype in NMSA): South Africa: Western Cape: HOLOTYPE: ♀: “ ClanWilliam / IX- 1928 / Dr. Brauns. ”; “ Moegistorhynchus / perplexus Bequ. / ♀ / HOLOTYPE No: 34. [all in red] ”; “ J. G. Bequaert det., 1933: / Moegistorhynchus / perplexus / holotype J Beq. ”. The holotype is in fairly good condition, except that the apical part of the left wing is torn and much of the abdominal dorsum is greasy.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	materials_examined	Other material: South Africa: Western Cape: 1 ♂ 4 ♀, Dasklip Pass, near Porterville, 18 November 1991, Dr J. B. Ball (SAMC); 3 ♀, Groot Winterhoek, 1017 m, S 34.10185 E 18.3669, A. Melin & J. F. Colville, 11 November 2017, abundant visiting Codonorhiza falcata and Geissorhiza confusa (SAMC); 1 ♂, same data but Wachendorfia paniculata [JWC _ GW _ 07: DNA: 3 legs; RHS] (SAMC); 1 ♂, Gydo Mtn, 24 km NE of P. Alfred Ham. [Prince Alfred Hamlet] 3319 AB, Londt & Quickelberge, 21 November 1986, 1150 m, rocky area / Proteas (NMSA); 2 ♀, Gydoberg, S 33.207481 E 19.365436, 30 December 2023, 1652 m, J. F. Colville, visiting Pelargonium alpinum [JFC _ Gydo _ 2023: DNA: 3 legs; RHS] (SAMC); 1 ♂, Piquetberg [= Piketberg] Mountain, 17 October 2009, L. McCloud (SAMC); 1 ♀, Picketberg [= Piketberg], 32.79856 18.66592, Florent Grenier (NMSA).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Postpedicel mostly dark; style with two basal segments. Proboscis strikingly elongate, typically more than twice body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with clear-cut transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely silvery pruinescent across its width. Posterolateral sections of T 3 and T 4 typically with relatively dense fringe of dark pile. Epandrium prominently divided into two obvious lobes dorsally and with very broad and extensive medial notch; gonostylus narrowed apically and with sharply pointed apex.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	description	Redescription (both sexes). Body length 11.30 – 17.04 mm (Fig. 6.1); wing length 10.90 – 20.21 mm; proboscis length 24.59 – 55.31 mm. Head (Figs 6.3 – 6.4): colouring mostly yellow to dark brown to black, with scape and pedicel notably yellow-brown or medium brown. Postpedicel mostly darker (brown to black), but sometimes dark orange or yellow basally. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus closer to posterior ocelli than posterior ocelli are to each other, therefore delimiting a compressed triangle. Frons with elongate yellow pile, this absent medially. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, these subequal in length or second segment ranging up to 2.0 x length of first segment; second segment may be difficult to discern. Proboscis elongate, length 2.00 – 2.75 x body length. Thorax (Figs 6.5 – 6.6): scutum yellow to medium or dark brown and ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae black, sometimes paler (brown) ground colour evident only laterally and on scutellum. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture in female (remaining posterior section a pale to dark orange or yellow-brown), but may extend entire distance in male; in male sometimes with transversely positioned dark brown pruinescence over median pruinescent vittae at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture. Scutellum variably silver pruinescent around much of margin or posteriorly only. Pile on scutum yellow but some black hairs on posterior half, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and along posterior midline area). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Legs: almost entirely yellow ranging to pale, medium or even dark brown. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed whitish pile, this sometimes reaching one-quarter to one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal half to two-thirds of mid femur and along basal one-quarter to half of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 6.7): slender to very slender, length reaching 3.5 x maximum width or more. Infuscation an indistinct dark smoky brown, sometimes a darker brown. Patterning rather irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated. CuP with one short crossvein (sometimes lacking from one wing), obviously incomplete and does not reach hind margin. Abdomen (Figs 6.8 – 6.9): somewhat compact, width broader than maximum width of thorax, although sometimes broader in female. Ground colour very varied, ranging from dark brown to black to dark orange. T 1 entirely dark and silver pruinescence completely lacking or barely visible; pile dense and short, mostly white or yellow with some black hairs. T 2 typically densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except sometimes posteromedially, but this may be membrane); pile largely inconspicuous, but white pile sometimes evident laterally. T 3 largely dark brown to black to orange, but with silver pruinescence / markings on anterior half as paired elongate-oval medial areas (transversely directed), these areas with dark colour between and / or around them and this sometimes along anterior margin; silver pruinescence sometimes occurring laterally and along posterior margin; pile moderately short and sparse over anterior one-third to four-fifths (especially medially), whitish to pale yellow but black hairs evident on posterior half, pile elongate along anterior margin and sometimes dense posterolaterally (black pile), longest anteriorly, this length about half length of T 3 lateral margins. T 4 similarly coloured and patterned; silver pruinescence sometimes evident laterally and along posterior margin; pile typically short and sparse and mostly black, more profuse posterolaterally, this dark brown to black, longest hairs one-third to half length of T 4 lateral margin. T 5 medium to dark brown to orange, but with darker brown colouring anteromedially, and silver pruinescent markings similar to those on T 4; pile usually dark, elongate and restricted to lateral margins. T 6 medium brown to orange and silver pruinescent, darker medially; pile elongate along lateral margins. Sternites usually mostly yellow-brown to dark brown to black (partly yellow), but often darker in female; pile moderately elongate and white on S 3 and S 4. Male postabdomen (Figs 9.1 – 9.2): epandrium very well developed in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length, strikingly divided into two major lobes and with broad and very conspicuous medial notch, apicolateral extremities very broadly rounded in lateral view. Gonostylus with vestiture over medial surface, notably slender in appearance, apical region sharply pointed apically and inwardly curved. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, here rather bluntly tapered, apical region with obvious marginal teeth, relatively straight and not arched at mid-length. Phallus apex about coincident with or falling short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, arrow-like apically with obvious dentate subapical margins. Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus perplexus is most similar to M. braunsi (distinguished mainly by colour differences and features of the male terminalia), and also appears to be a montane species. Moegistorhynchus perplexus is a montane species and has been collected mainly from mountain catchment areas in the Western Cape between Prince Alfred Hamlet in the south and Clanwilliam in the north. Vegetation type: Olifants Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 3); Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 6); Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos (FFq 2); Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 5); Citrusdal Vygieveld (SKk 7).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7843F63EFF79F9661E683BF0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. It should be noted that there is considerable colour variation (head, scutum, legs and abdominal dorsum) and we suspect that M. perplexus represents a cluster of species, in particular given that the holotype is fairly distinct from all other specimens and given that no other material is known from the type locality (but see discussion below). However, the male terminalia from at least three different localities have been dissected and there is no significant morphological variation. These issues considered, a study of the species over its entire range using molecular markers could potentially reveal interesting results. The female holotype of M. perplexus is unusually small, its proboscis is relatively short (2.0 x body length) compared to other specimens (2.00 – 2.75 x body length), the postpedicel is paler than many of the other specimens, and the legs pale (yellow). Furthermore, it was collected at Clanwilliam which lies at an altitude of about 100 m (other material is largely montane). We were initially concerned that it was not conspecific with the other M. perplexus material, but believe that it is a small and somewhat pallid specimen. The holotype is 96 years old and appears to have faded significantly since its description in 1935. We also note that there is size and proboscis length variation in a species with close affinity, M. braunsi .. Notable body size variation is also evident in the series of M. perplexus collected at Dasklip Pass, near Porterville. We illustrated the female holotype (Figs 6.1 – 6.9) so that the identity of the species is clear should it prove to be a species complex in future. Manning (2004) first published on the pollination biology of M. perplexus. At Middelberg Pass (near Citrusdal) he noted M. perplexus pollinating the ribbon pincushion Leucospermum tottum var. tottum. We have not seen this material, but based on the photographs in the publication, it is highly likely to be M. perplexus. Manning noted three other plants likely to be pollinated by these flies in the area: Geissorhiza confusa and G. cedarmontana and, a little way off, lxia paniculata (all Iridaceae). Newman (2017) referred to the pollination of the threatened Erica junonia var. junonia by M. perplexus in the Skurweberg mountains near Ceres. Although the identification as M. perplexus is likely, we have not seen the material and therefore cannot confirm this record. Newman & Johnson (2021) noted that Erica junonia var. junonia appears to have a highly specific relationship with M. perplexus. This was the only fly species they observed on flowers of this variety (see Fig. 11.1). It was also seen visiting E. junonia var. junonia, Gladiolus cylindraceus and Pelargonium alpinum at Hansiesberg. The second author (JFC) observed M. perplexus visiting Pelargonium alpinum on the Gydoberg near Ceres.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	description	(Figs 7.1 – 7.9, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Groot Winterhoek mountains north of Tulbagh, Western Cape province. Type material (in SAMC): South Africa: Western Cape: HOLOTYPE: ♂: “ Gt. Wint-hoek / Tulbagh / 4,500 ft. / [on reverse side of label] Nov. 1916 / Lightfoot ”; “ Megistorhynchus / brevirostris / ♂ Wied. ”; “ Moegistorhynchus / sp. Not brevi- / rostris (Wied) / [on reverse of label] det / F. W. Gess. ”; “ This is probably not / M. brevirostris Wied / s. str., but separate / species. M. brevirostris / probably another atypical / var. of longirostris / with very short proboscis / A. J. Hesse ”. The holotype is in fairly good condition, although the right wing apex is tattered.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name strillii refers to Mrs Strilli Oppenheimer and honours the financial support offered by the Oppenheimer family which made possible the publication of this paper and the description of this species.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, slightly longer than body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with clear-cut transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never an opaque creamy white; CuP with single complete crossvein reaching to hind margin. Ground colour of abdominal dorsum medium brown. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely densely silver pruinescent across its width; pile on T 3 and T 4 elongate, reaching length of T 4 lateral margin, and present over much of surface.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	description	Description. Body length 9.34 mm (Fig. 7.1); wing length 11.51 mm; proboscis length 8.87 mm. Head (Figs 7.3 – 7.4): colouring medium to dark brown, except scape and pedicel mostly yellow. Postpedicel mostly dark brown, but with hint of orange ground colouring on inner basal surface. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate pile, a mixture of creamy and black pile (but mostly pale); pile largely absent medially, here only present anteriorly where it is recumbent. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, with second segment reaching 1.5 x length of first segment. Proboscis short, length only slightly longer than body length. Thorax (Figs 7.5 – 7.6): scutum medium to very dark brown, although yellow-brown on postalar calli and adjacent to wing insertion and on disc of scutellum, and also irregularly paler posteriorly beneath silver pruinescence just anterior to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae (pruinescence somewhat faint) extend uninterrupted from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture. Scutellum densely silver pruinescent anterolaterally and less so along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow (predominant) and black, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and otherwise as sparse elongate dark hairs). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Legs: almost entirely yellow. Fore femur with elongate backwardly directed pale pile which is intermixed with a few black hairs, this pile sometimes reaching almost half femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (a mixture of dark and pale) along entire length of mid femur and along basal two-thirds of hind femur. Wing (Fig. 7.7): very slender, length at least 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation an indistinct pale brown. Patterning therefore rather irregular and distributed over much of wing, as in figure; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated and merge into smoky brown colouring. CuP with complete crossvein extending entire distance to wing margin (with hint of mid-length appendix on one wing). Abdomen (Figs 7.8 – 7.9): relatively compact and slender, width slightly broader than maximum width of thorax. Ground colour medium brown, but may be partly yellow on several sternites. T 1 entirely brown and silver pruinescence completely lacking; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to cream or white. T 2 densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T 3 largely medium brown, but with striking paired medial silver pruinescent markings (elongate-ovoid and transversely positioned) on anterior half and silver pruinescent on lateral margins; silver pruinescent along most of posterior margin; pile profuse and very elongate, this pale anteriorly but with more dark pile posteriorly, pile longest anteriorly, length almost reaching length of T 3 lateral margins, largely absent over silver pruinescent elongate-ovoid areas. T 4 similarly coloured and patterned, but silver pruinescent posterior margin more extensive, with this pruinescence merging broadly with lateral margins; pile typically sparse anteriorly, but then more profuse laterally and posteriorly, this dark in colour, longest hairs reaching length of T 4 lateral margin. T 5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small brown area medially and submedially (the latter very small); pile dense and elongate, laterally only, length here the same as on T 4. T 6 was part of the dissection of the male postabdomen and cannot be described. Sternites yellow-brown to medium brown with silver pruinescence; pile notably elongate and white on S 3. Male postabdomen: epandrium moderately robust in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length with small apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities very broadly rounded in lateral view, somewhat flattened apically. Gonostylus with no obvious vestiture along inner medial margin, apical region narrowed and very slightly inwardly curved, sharply pointed at extreme apex. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, here rather broadly rounded, narrowed at mid-length. Phallus apex coincident with gonostylus apices in ventral view, bluntly tapered apically, without dentate subapical margins. Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus strillii is most similar to M. turneri sp. nov., although it is rapidly distinguished by having the abdominal dorsum with a paler (medium brown) ground colour and strikingly elongate pile. Vegetation type: Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 5).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This species is known only from the holotype, which was collected 108 years ago in the Groot Winterhoek mountains north of Tulbagh at an altitude of about 1370 metres. It is a highly distinctive species and may be extinct. We say this because the Groot Winterhoek mountains are relatively well collected; in fact two other species of Moegistorhynchus have been collected there. However, no material besides the male holotype has ever been collected. Over the years (see label data cited above) the species was misidentified as M. brevirostris and as a ‘ variety’ of M. longirostris. Bezzi (1924: 189), for example, considered this species to be M. brevirostris. However, it is clearly neither of these two species given that the second abdominal tergite is almost entirely silver pruinescent. The male postabdomen of the holotype had been dissected from the abdomen several decades ago and is stored in a glycerine-filled microvial with the specimen. Although it was possible to describe the postabdomen (see above), its condition was so poor and unstable at the type of imaging that we decided not to image it given the risk of further substantial damage.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	description	(Figs 8.1 – 8.9, 10.3 – 10.4, 11.2 – 11.3, 12)	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Groot Winterhoek mountains north of Tulbagh, Western Cape province. Type material (all in SAMC): HOLOTYPE ♂: “ South Africa, Western Cape, Groot / Winterhoek, 1017 m, / S 34.10185 E 18.3669, 11 - Nov. - / 2017, A. Melin & J. F. Colville, / abundant, visiting Wachendorfia / paniculata. ” The holotype is in good condition. PARATYPES: 6 ♂ 8 ♀: same data; 3 ♀, same data but on last two lines of label: “ [JFC _ GW _ 06: DNA: 3 / legs: RHS]. ”; 1 ♀, same data but “ Grootwinterhoek mtns, nr Veepos / 33 km E. Porterville, 6 th Dec. 2010 / Anton Pauw, visiting Wachendorfia ”; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same data but “ Waboomsberg mtn: S 33 15 14.9 / E 19 27 26.2; 28 th Nov. 2007 / Anton Pauw; visiting Erica junonia / var. minor and Erica irrorata ”; 1 ♂ 1 ♀, same data but “ S 32 59 21.8 / E 19 03 57.4; 30 th Nov. 2010 / Anton Pauw; visiting Erica junonia / var. minor & E. irrorata; with pollen ”. Other material (in SAMC): 1 ♀, Waboomsberg mtn, S 33 15 14.9 / E 19 27 26.2, 28 November 2007, Anton Pauw, visiting Erica junonia var. minor and Erica irrorata.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species is named in honour of the botanist Ross Turner who first saw these flies in the field at Waboomsberg near Ceres in 2007 and reported them to Prof. Anton Pauw (University of Stellenbosch), who later first collected and pinned them and drew the species to our attention.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, slightly longer than or reaching up to 1.3 x body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with some or all of paler sections hyaline and these not creamy white; CuP without any complete crossveins reaching hind margin. Ground colour of abdominal dorsum dark brown to black. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely densely silver pruinescent; pile on tergites 3 and 4 short, much shorter than length of T 4 lateral margin and mainly restricted to marginal areas.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	description	Description (both sexes). Body length 15.50 – 11.03 mm (Fig. 8.1); wing length 15.01 – 11.43 mm; proboscis length 19.14 – 13.34 mm. Head (Figs 8.3 – 8.4): colouring usually very dark brown to black, except scape and pedicel largely yellow-brown (sometimes irregularly darker) and ocellar tubercle and frons occasionally partly or entirely dark yellow to yellow-brown. Postpedicel entirely dark brown to black. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by broad and deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate creamy white or yellowish pile, although this often absent medially and, if present medially, then typically recumbent. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, these subequal in length, but second segment reaching up to 2.0 x length of first segment. Proboscis relatively short, length varies from slightly longer than body length up to 1.3 x body length. Thorax (Figs 8.5 – 8.6): scutum dark brown to black, although sometimes somewhat paler on postalar calli (also rarely adjacent to wing insertion) and on disc of scutellum. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend uninterrupted from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture (sometimes variably interrupted with dark ground colour at about three-quarters the distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture). Scutellum densely silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow and often black, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and occasionally obvious as sparse, elongate, dark hairs). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Legs: almost entirely yellow-brown to medium brown, but sometimes a darker brown (especially hind legs); tarsi notably often darker brown. Fore femur with elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to almost half femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse inconspicuous ventral pile (a mixture of dark (sometimes) and pale), best developed on basal half to two-thirds. Wing (Fig. 8.7): slender, length 2.8 x to more than 3.0 x maximum width. Infuscation a smoky rather indistinct medium to dark brown. Patterning rather irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated. CuP with short incomplete crossvein extending less than half distance to wing margin (occasionally up to three such crossveins which may be variably developed). Abdomen (Figs 8.8 – 8.9): relatively compact and slender, width only slightly broader than maximum width of thorax, although sometimes broader in female. Ground colour typically dark brown to black. T 1 entirely black and silver pruinescence completely lacking or barely visible; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to cream or white. T 2 black, but densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except sometimes along extreme anteromedial margin and sometimes posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T 3 largely dark brown to black, but with striking silver pruinescence / markings over the dark background on anterior half, this most prominent as paired elongate-oval medial areas (transversely directed) and sometimes along lateral margin; posterior margin sometimes with noticeable golden brown pruinescence; pile short, but elongate along anterior margin (not elongate laterally), mostly pale. T 4 similarly coloured and patterned, but with more prominent silver pruinescence laterally and sometimes on posterior half. T 5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small irregular dark area / areas medially and sometimes submedially. T 6 silver pruinescent with darker appearance / colouring restricted to small median area (sometimes this barely evident). Pile on T 4 – T 6 short and sparse, but this longer laterally (typically black in colour, but may be white or yellow). Sternites densely silver pruinescent; pile sparse, except especially elongate (and white) on S 3, and also elongate on S 4. Male postabdomen (Figs 10.3 – 10.4): epandrium robust in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length, with small but prominent apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities smoothly and broadly rounded in lateral view. Gonostylus with vestiture along inner medial margin, apical region sharply narrowed and slightly inwardly curved, sharply pointed at extreme apex. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, rather with quadrate apical margin, not narrowed at mid-length. Phallus falling well short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, sharply tapered apically, with dentate subapical margins. Relationships and distribution (Fig. 12). Moegistorhynchus turneri is most similar to M. strillii, although it is rapidly distinguished by having the abdominal dorsum with a darker (dark brown to black) ground colour and relatively short pile. It appears to be a montane fynbos species. Vegetation type: Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 10); Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 11); Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (FFa 1); Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb 1); Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs 5).	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.taxon	discussion	Discussion. We have been aware of this species since 2008 when Prof. Anton Pauw referred a small series of specimens to the first author. Over the years the number of specimens and localities grew considerably. While still undescribed, it was referred to and figured by Barraclough (2017) (see Figs 43.1 – 43.2). Bellstedt et al. (2020: 30) published (in a popular science article) a picture of M. turneri visiting Erica irrorata at Hansiesberg in the Cape Winelands and, most recently, it has been featured in a field guide to the Ericas of the fynbos and named as a “ tangle-veined fly ” visiting Erica glandulifera (Manning et al. 2024: 13). The species can be quite abundant in the field at the right time of the year, as recorded by the second author. Based on museum material examined, the species seems to be active between early November and late January. Newman & Johnson (2021) referred to this new species visiting Erica junonia var. minor, Erica irrorata (Fig. 11.2) and Gladiolus inflatus at Waboomsberg, and visiting Erica daphniflora Salisb. var. daphniflora via an iNaturalist observation at the Matroosberg (Table 2; Fig. 11.3). Another iNaturalist observation is of M. turneri visiting Erica on the Perdekop trail in Mount Rochelle Nature Reserve north of Franschhoek on 23 January 2021. According to Alex Lansdowne (pers. comm.), the Erica is likely E. ventricosa. The Groot Winterhoek Mountain range where much of the type series was collected is north of Tulbagh and east of Porterville and lies about 120 km north of Cape Town.	en	Barraclough, David A., Colville, Jonathan F. (2024): Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography. Zootaxa 5519 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1
