identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F787D4D05E89311E33FAEBFC7D329F.text	03F787D4D05E89311E33FAEBFC7D329F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bowerbankia pustulosa (Ellis and Solander 1786)	<div><p>Bowerbankia pustulosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786)</p> <p>(Figures 1–4, 7A)</p> <p>Sertularia pustulosa Ellis and Solander 1786, p. 54.</p> <p>Bowerbankia pustulosa (Ellis and Solander): Hincks 1880, p. 522, plate 76, figures 1–5; Brien and Huysmans 1937, pp. 13–40, figures 1–7; Prenant and Bobin 1956, p. 297, figures 122 (VI), 133, 134; d’Hondt 1983, p. 61, figure 34D; Hayward 1985, p. 150, figure 52; Zabala and Maluquer 1988, p. 74, figure 56.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.276111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.466946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.276111/lat 43.466946)">Ría de Ferrol</a>: 43 ◦ 28 ′ 01 ′′ N, 08 ◦ 16 ′ 34 ′′ W, 8–10 m, 15 November 2009: two colonies and three fragments, on stone. MNCN-25.03 / 529: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.276111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.466946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.276111/lat 43.466946)">Ereaga</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.276111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.466946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.276111/lat 43.466946)">Bahía de Bilbao.</a> 30 August 1994. J.A. Álvarez. MNHN-12250: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.276111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.466946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.276111/lat 43.466946)">Laguna de Santoña</a>, Santander (Spain). August 1972. Labelled as Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colony arborescent, branching, up to 8 cm high in the material examined, with a poorly defined main stem. Young portions light brown in colour, becoming darker with age due to chitinization; fixed material does not lose its colour. In fresh material both autozooids and kenozooids show numerous whitish bright spots that disappear quickly after fixation.</p> <p>Erect branches formed by cylindrical kenozooids separated by transverse septa. Branching normally lateral; occasionally the in-line stolon may be deflected after ramification, giving the impression of a dichotomy.</p> <p>Rhizoids produced near the proximal end of the kenozooids forming the main axis of the colony and its lateral branches. Rhizoids budded as tubular evaginations from an oval window (Figure 3A), curved towards the base of the colony, separated from the maternal kenozooid by a transverse septum (Figure 3B); buds developing as long tubes, formed by tubules separated by septa, that descend to the substratum joined to the axis of the colony (Figure 3C). Rhizoids may branch, especially near the basis of the colony, reaching the substratum and acting as supporting elements. They may also form new stolons that bud new autozooids (Figures 3E, 4), probably forming basal portions of new erect branches.</p> <p>Kenozooids each bearing in their distal parts a dense group of up to 30 autozooids occupying more than two-thirds of the length of the kenozooid. Groups form a long helix that undergoes slightly more than half a spiral turn around the stolon. Separation of the autozooids at the growing tips gives a characteristic feathery appearance to the group (Figure 2A). When the internode is formed by kenozooids without branching, the autozooidal groups may nearly overlap, seeming to form a long, continuous spiral (Figure 2B).</p> <p>Autozooids budded at growing tips of the colony as small vesicles clearly arranged in two spiral series, causing slight torsion of the kenozooids bearing them (Figure 1). Torsion is clear when the autozooid group is completely formed, but the spiral arrangement is less clear in later ontogeny. Autozooids deciduous, leaving a circular scar on stolon corresponding to their insertion point and the uniporous septula. Detachment of autozooids and production of new ones gives a denser appearance to the groups, masking the spiral arrangement.</p> <p>Autozooids subcylindrical with quadrangular apertures; during evagination of the polypide, autozooids become bottle-shaped. Polypide with eight tentacles and a small gizzard, which is level with the basis of the tentacular sheath when the polypide is retracted. Setose collar conspicuous, with about 20 long, slender setae.</p> <p>Zooids containing brown bodies are the same shape as functionally feeding autozooids, but slightly shorter.</p> <p>Measurements</p> <p>ZL: 0.581 ± 0.0883 (0.471 –0.731; 16); ZW: 0.180 ± 0.0242 (0.135 –0.221; 16); ZbL: 0.450 ± 0.0261 (0.416 –0.488; 12); ZbW: 0.153 ± 0.0194 (0.125 –0.185; 12); SL: 2.223 ±</p> <p>0.2684 (1.762 –2.714; 11); SW: 0.203 ± 0.0222 (0.167 –0.238; 11); GL: 1.491 ± 0.2269 (1.095 –1.881; 11); G / S: 67.1 ± 7.07 (59.6–81.4; 11).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Whitish, bright spots in the cuticle of both autozooids and stolons (Figure 2C) apparent in fresh material but disappears quickly after fixation. This may explain why this feature has not been previously cited for this species, unless it corresponds to the spherical cells containing refractive crystals mentioned by Bobin and Prenant (1954).</p> <p>Bowerbankia pustulosa seems to be distributed from the European Arctic to the European Atlantic coast, western Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. This species has been seldom reported from the Iberian peninsula, and all previous references should be considered uncertain or even wrong. Calvet (1927) reported B. pustulosa from the Balearics and Rosas (1944) from Portugal, but both are just nominal records that cannot be checked. Barroso (1912) reported this species from Santander, but his original material seems to be lost (Álvarez 1991a). In addition, Barroso (1921) recorded B. pustulosa from the Gulf of Valencia, but the conserved material (MNCN-25.03 / 4) actually corresponds to Amathia pruvoti Calvet (see Álvarez 1991b; Souto et al. 2010). Finally, a sample from Cádiz held in the Museo Marítimo del Cantábrico (MMC-3 / M / 18), labelled as “ Bowerbankia pustulosa (Ellis et Sol.) ”, actually corresponds to Amathia lendigera (Linnaeus) (Álvarez 1991b).</p> <p>In addition to the material collected in Ría de Ferrol, we have examined a colony from Bilbao Bay identified by Álvarez (MNCN-25.03 / 529), as well as another from Santander (MNHN-12250, labelled as B. imbricata), which also corresponds to B. pustulosa. This species had not been previously recorded in the north-western Iberian peninsula (Reverter-Gil and Fernández-Pulpeiro 2001), although a previous record given as Amathia distans Busk (Fernández Pulpeiro and Reverter Gil 1995) might actually correspond to B. pustulosa (see Souto et al. 2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787D4D05E89311E33FAEBFC7D329F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souto, J.;Fernández-Pulpeiro, E.;Reverter-Gil, O.	Souto, J., Fernández-Pulpeiro, E., Reverter-Gil, O. (2011): Presence of rhizoids in two species of the genus Bowerbankia (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) and their systematic relevance. Journal of Natural History 45 (41 - 42): 2543-2557, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597003
03F787D4D05B893E1E81FB3CFE16329F.text	03F787D4D05B893E1E81FB3CFE16329F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bowerbankia citrina (Hincks 1877)	<div><p>Bowerbankia citrina (Hincks, 1877)</p> <p>(Figures 5, 6, 7B)</p> <p>Valkeria citrina Hincks 1877, p 215.</p> <p>Bowerbankia citrina (Hincks): Hincks 1880, p. 524, plate 76, figures 6–8; Prenant and Bobin 1956, p. 300, figures 122 (VII), 135, 136 (I–III); d’Hondt 1983, p. 61, figure 32E; Hayward 1985, p. 142, figure 48; De Blauwe 2009, p. 86, figures 66–68.</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>MNCN-25.03 / 3830: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.276111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.466946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.276111/lat 43.466946)">Ría de Ferrol</a>, 43 ◦ 28 ′ 01 ′′ N, 08 ◦ 16 ′ 34 ′′ W, 8–10 m, 15 November 2009: one colony on a stone. Personal collection: Ría de Ferrol, 43 ◦ 28 ′ 01 ′′ N, 08 ◦ 16 ′ 34 ′′ W, 8–10 m, 15 November 2009: several colonies on a stone. Portugal: Baleal Beach, Peniche, intertidal. June 2010: two colonies.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Colony arborescent and branching, forming dense tangled tufts, less chitinized and less stiff than B. pustulosa; up to 5 cm high in the material examined. Bright yellow when alive, becoming light beige after fixation.</p> <p>Erect branches formed by cylindrical kenozooids separated by transverse septa. Almost all the kenozooids branching; occasionally, some internodes may be formed by 2–3 in-line kenozooids. Branching lateral, frequent; branches developing in different planes around the main axis, making the colony three-dimensional.</p> <p>Rhizoids produced near proximal end of the kenozooids, especially from the basal kenozooids; less numerous than in B. pustulosa, they descend to the base of the colony and are joined to its axis. Structure and possible functions similar to those described for B. pustulosa.</p> <p>Each kenozooid bears in its distal half a dense group of 20–30 closely spaced, free autozooids. Groups form a rather short helix that undergoes slightly more than a half spiral turn around the stolon, causing a slight torsion of the kenozooid bearing them.</p> <p>Autozooids elliptical, budded at the growing tips of the colony as small vesicles clearly arranged in two spiral series; arrangement becoming less clear later in ontogeny. Autozooids deciduous, lacking in extensive areas of the colony, especially older parts, their previous presence being revealed by basal uniporous septula. New autozooids are budded within groups so that the original biserial arrangement is lost. Polypide with eight tentacles, each tentacle with a bright yellow line continuous with a basal line around the tentacular base. Yellow colouration disappears after fixation. Gizzard large, level with the base of the tentacle sheath when the polypide is retracted. Setose collar conspicuous.</p> <p>Zooids with brown bodies have the same shape as feeding autozooids, but are clearly shorter and slightly wider.</p> <p>Measurements</p> <p>ZL: 0.518 ± 0.0654 (0.423 –0.615; 13); ZW: 0.150 ± 0.0164 (0.125 –0.173; 13); ZbL: 0.305 ± 0.0204 (0.279 –0.326; 8); ZbW: 0.174 ± 0.0256 (0.140 –0.221; 9); SL: 2.080 ± 0.1826 (1.741 –2.389; 9); SW: 0.181 ± 0.0356 (0.148 –0.259; 9); GL: 1.051 ± 0.1319 (0.852 –1.296; 9); G / S: 50.5 ± 4.10 (45.0–59.3; 9).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Prenant and Bobin (1956) mentioned that the entire autozooid, particularly the polypides, are a lemon-yellow colour in this species. However, Hayward (1985) found the cystid wall to be transparent but the polypide to be coloured. We have observed that the yellow colour is actually due to a narrow, bright lateral line present in each tentacle, and a narrow circular line that surrounds the basis of the tentacle crown (Figure 6A). This can also be seen in the figure of De Blauwe (2009).</p> <p>Both the geographical distribution and number of references to B. citrina are more limited than for B. pustulosa. The species seems to be common in the south of Great Britain and in Brittany, although known with certainty from only a few locations (Hayward 1985). It has also been recently recorded in the Netherlands (De Blauwe 2009). In the Iberian peninsula, this species has been reported only in Aveiro (N Portugal), by Marchini et al. (2007) in a paper that included no description or figures. In the present study we include material from the north-western Iberian peninsula, where the species was hitherto unknown (Reverter-Gil and Fernández- Pulpeiro 2001), and also the Portuguese coast (Peniche), representing the southernmost record for the species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787D4D05B893E1E81FB3CFE16329F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souto, J.;Fernández-Pulpeiro, E.;Reverter-Gil, O.	Souto, J., Fernández-Pulpeiro, E., Reverter-Gil, O. (2011): Presence of rhizoids in two species of the genus Bowerbankia (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) and their systematic relevance. Journal of Natural History 45 (41 - 42): 2543-2557, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.597003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.597003
