taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F75269FFB4C85B4E9E139CFDF9D934.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Zaphanta infantilis Dyar, 1910: 85.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB4C85B4E9E139CFDF9D934.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Our diagnosis follows that of Zaphantinae in St Laurent et al. (2018). Key characters, adjusted to account for the newly described species which were not examined by St Laurent et al. (2018), are as follows: Zaphanta is the only genus in which the antemedial lines on the ventral surfaces of all wings are defined. The presence of black rings of scales on the distal end of at least one pair of tibiae is unique to this genus. The remarkable external homogeneity of Zaphanta is clear in the maculation and wing shape of all Zaphanta species. Zaphanta are among the smallest Mimallonidae, with short, broad wings, yellow ground colour and purplish-pink antemedial areas on the dorsum and ventrum of all wings. ̈ Genitalia of Zaphanta are unlike any others in the family Mimallonidae; the tegumen and uncus together form a conical structure due to the fusion of the tegumen with a usually heavily sclerotised subuncal structure. The actual shape of the subuncal structure is variable across species. A gnathos homologous with what is typically seen in other Mimallonidae genera is apparently absent. Below the uncus and subuncal sclerotisation is a variably shaped (often triangular) sclerotised plate that spans the width of the tegumen base which is present in most species. The valvae are more or less angled or curved dorsally. The phallus is variable in thickness, but usually (in all but one species) has a ventral apical extension. The female genitalia in the three species that we have examined show clear differences from each other. The ostium bursae is well sclerotised, and is distinct in appearance from the surrounding sclerotisation of segment VIII.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB4C85B4E9E139CFDF9D934.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: Light orange to yellow-brown, eyes very large, comprising more than twothirds area of head; antenna colouration as for head, antenna bipectinate to tip with pectination gradually shortening in length until tip; labial palpus reaching edge of frons, three-segmented, third segment tiny and darker scaled. Vestigial proboscis present. Thorax: Colouration as for head, rusty yellow-brown. Legs: Colouration as for thorax, except dark brown rings of scales at terminus of tibia and on terminal one to three tarsomeres. Tibial spurs, particularly mesatarsal spurs, relatively short for Mimallonidae, unapparent due to surrounding vestiture of legs. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 7.5 – 12.5 mm, wingspan: 17 – 24 mm. Somewhat rectangular in shape, apex squared or acute, margin nearly straight but angled outward approaching intersection with CuA 1. Ground colour yellowish tan. Antemedial area purplish brown to pink, always distinctly darker than medial and submarginal areas. Antemedial line not apparent other than the distinct transition in colouration between ante- and medial areas. Postmedial line largely absent except for black crescent-shaped marks between veins Rs 3 and M 3 and occasionally between M 3 and CuA 2; marks more distinct nearer apex, particularly above Rs 3, where marks are thicker and angle towards costa; crescent marks between M 3 and CuA 2 present more medially along wing, not forming continuous line with marks between Rs 3 and M 3. Submarginally suffused with same purplish-brown to pink colouration of antemedial area, suffusion particularly concentrated near tornus. Discal mark extremely faint to non-existent; when present appears as grey streak spanning distal expanse of discal cell. Wing overall lightly speckled by contrasting dark brown petiolate scales. Fore wing ventrum: Colouration and markings as for fore wing dorsum, but ground colour lighter overall and markings more distinct, antemedial line present as irregular black line delimiting less heavily suffused antemedial area. Discal mark and postmedial line crescents more defined than on fore wing dorsum, and present on most areas between veins. Coverage of petiolate scales generally more extensive. Hind wing dorsum: Somewhat triangular, outer margin mesally pointed. Colouration, patterning as for fore wing dorsum, but often more heavily suffused with purplish pink, particularly along entire submarginal area. Hind wing ventrum: Following same pattern as fore wing ventrum, but antemedial area weakly suffused with purplish pink. Frenulum as a single, well-defined bristle. Venation (Figure 1): Generally typical of Mimallonidae, but with Rs 3 + Rs 4 moderately to very long stalked and R + Rs 1 + Rs 2 all originating from the same stalk (referred to as R 1 – R 3 in St Laurent et al. (2018 )). Abdomen: Colouration as for thorax. In well-preserved specimens, distal tip with pair of scale tufts emanating from valvae; dissection reveals that dense scale tufts originate from just above costal base of valvae. Genitalia: Relatively simple for Mimallonidae. Vinculum ovoid or somewhat rectangular. Tegumen variable, from stout to elongate. Uncus simple, triangular, often heavily sclerotised at apex, apex truncated, indented or slightly bifid. Subuncal projections quite variable, but usually heavily sclerotised, especially distally, situated immediately below uncus, usually forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen; uncustegumen complex particularly elongated and narrow relative to remainder of genitalia. Mesal sclerotisation present below tegumen above valvae apodemes; apparently a component of the transtilla, this structure variable in shape. Valvae variable, but always distinctly angled or curved upwards in genital preparations (when genitalia flattened); bases of valvae meet mesally in centre of vinculum (often split apart from vinculum when genitalia flattened for photography or slide mounting); bases of valvae with accentuated saccular point that fuses to base of phallus in place of juxta. Base of valva costa variously developed; some species with valva apodeme bearing setae or spines (or an ampulla-like structure), or otherwise simple. Juxta apparently reduced to thin sclerotisation fused along basal half of phallus; juxta without ventral or dorsal components typical of Mimallonidae. Caecum of phallus present, rounded. Phallus variable in shape and length but usually with distal ventrum extended downward. Female. Head: As for male but antennae as in male or with pectination more widely spaced and larger. Thorax: As for male. Legs: As for male. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9 – 11 mm, wingspan: 22 mm. Almost identical to male, but slightly broader overall and more darkly maculated, with submarginal suffusions more distinct. Fore wing ventrum: As for male, but usually more darkly maculated with denser stippling of dark contrasting petiolate scales. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but more darkly maculated, with submarginal suffusions more distinct, contrasting against ground colour. Hind wing ventrum: As for male, but frenulum as multiple bristles. Abdomen: As for male but slightly broader. Genitalia: Tergite VIII variable in shape, region of VIII tergite proximal to base of papillae anales bilobed, weakly sclerotised, covered in short setae; sternite VIII broadened and squared. Ostium bursae globular, bowl-like, more heavily sclerotised than surrounding segment VIII. Apophyses anteriores shorter than apophyses posteriores. Ductus bursae and corpus bursae narrow, corpus bursae only slightly wider than ductus bursae, bag-like. Papillae anales irregularly shaped, distally splayed, apical angles of papillae anales extended as triangular points, basally pointed, dorsal anterior base of papillae anales with pair of small lobes densely covered in setae.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB4C85B4E9E139CFDF9D934.taxon	discussion	Remarks Zaphanta are among the smallest Mimallonidae, and are poorly represented in natural history collections. We believe the rarity of Zaphanta specimens in collections may be due to the uncharacteristically geometrid-like appearance of these moths, such that they do not look like most Mimallonidae and thus may not be correctly identified as belonging to this family. This genus is broadly distributed from Guatemala to south-eastern Brazil. The phylogenetic relationship of Zaphanta as the sister lineage to all other Mimallonidae suggests that studies focused on this genus could offer insight into the biogeographic history and ancestral host plant associations of Mimallonidae. Identification of Zaphanta species is difficult without dissection, and even differentiating males from females is much more difficult than in all other Mimallonidae genera due to reduced sexual dimorphism. The presence of a frenulum as a single bristle in males and as multiple bristles in females is perhaps the least ambiguous method for differentiating sexes in Zaphanta without dissection or brushing off of the scales covering the genitalia. Therefore, it is advisable to dissect specimens belonging to this genus whenever possible for accurate specific identification, especially when material is collected from new regions not covered in this study. Descriptions and re-descriptions for external characters of individual Zaphanta species do not greatly differ from the generic description we give above. For descriptions we primarily focus on some key species-specific characters, which usually pertain to the genitalia. Interestingly, in the two most common species, Z. infantilis and Z. fraterna, for which we were able to examine more specimens than all other newly described species, we observed external intraspecific variation that largely encompasses the different phenotypes related to wing shape, colouration and patterning that we have seen across the entire genus. For example, the rounded wing shape seemingly unique to Z. stiletto sp. nov. was observed in some specimens of both Z. infantilis and Z. fraterna, as was the darker suffused colouration of Z. elephanta sp. nov. Other less dramatic similarities in observations are apparent as well; therefore, we primarily rely on male genitalia to recognise the various species in this odd genus. We hope that this revision will serve as a preliminary step towards understanding the genus Zaphanta, such that additional data including life history and DNA may eventually help unravel these complexities.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	description	(Figures 2 – 4, 25, 26, 38, 41)	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Externally, Z. infantilis is not readily distinguishable from most other Zaphanta species (except from the few more unique species for which detailed diagnoses are given below). Zaphanta infantilis is the only species in the genus which possesses a tight clump of sharp, semi-deciduous spines originating from the costal valva apodeme. Other species with modified costal apodemes instead have setae or singular tusk-like projections, not multiple, sharp, erect spines as in Z. infantilis. This species is one of the few Zaphanta species for which the female is known, and can be readily differentiated from the females of both Z. fraterna and Z. elephanta sp. nov. by the deeply concave tergite VIII (Figure 38 (c )), a character of the tergite not observed in female Z. elephanta sp. nov., and which is reduced in Z. fraterna. Furthermore, Z. infantilis female genitalia have a narrow, posterior projection dorsally on tergite VIII, whereas in Z. fraterna this same region is occupied by a broad lobe, and is bilobed in Z. elephanta sp. nov.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: As for genus. Fore wing length: 8 – 11 mm, avg.: 9.3 mm, wingspan: 17 – 22 mm, n = 14. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus. Genitalia: (Figures 25 and 26) n = 7. Vinculum ovoid, basally converging in angle in some specimens, base of vinculum rectangular. Tegumen broad, triangular. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically, apex truncated or slightly pointed (compare Figures 25 (a) and 26 (a )). Subuncal projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised and with slight singular protrusion that may be minutely toothed; uncus-tegumen complex basally wider relative to remainder of genitalia (and other Zaphanta). Transtilla sclerotisation always at least vaguely triangular, with rounded or pointed dorsal vertex, generally well sclerotised. Valvae variable in width but always narrowed distally and angled upward (when spread) with middle of saccular edge forming an elbow-like angle; bases of valvae meet mesally but do not touch in centre of vinculum. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) projected outwards as lobe bearing compact set of sharp, well-sclerotised spines. Caecum of phallus shorter than half length of phallus, rounded. Phallus stout, cylindrical, ventrally extended to well-sclerotised, sharp point; viewed ventrally, phallus with spines laterally on either side proximal to terminus, spines of right side significantly more developed, occasionally extending from outwardly rounded surface, spiny lateral surfaces variable but always covered by membranous juxtal elongations present on either side of phallus; both right and left portions of phallus with elongated, fingerlike sclerotised strip extending outward along base of vesica. Female. Head: As for genus but antennae pectinations more widely spaced and longer than pectinations observed in male. Thorax: As for male. Legs: As for male. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9 mm, n = 1. Almost identical to male, but slightly broader overall; submarginal suffusions more defined. Fore wing ventrum: As for male. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but rounder. Hind wing ventrum: As for male; frenulum as multiple bristles. Abdomen: As for male but slightly broader. Sternite VII with elongated scales on either side, mesal sclerotised plate (covering ostium in natural position) covered in elongate setae and thick covering of scales anteriorly below mesal plate. Genitalia: (Figure 38) n = 1. As for genus but tergite VIII deeply concave with elongate mesal projection, region of tergite VIII proximal to base of papillae anales bilobed, weakly sclerotised, covered in short setae; sternite VIII broadened and squared. Ostium bursae globular, bowl-like, more heavily sclerotised than surrounding VIII, width of sclerotised ostium region only about one-quarter width of segment VIII.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Guyana: Rockstone, Essequebo [Essequibo River] / Collection Wm Schaus / Zaphanta infantilis Type Dyar / Type No. 13065 U. S. N. M. / USNM-Mimal: 1103 / (USNM, examined). Paratypes. (2 ♂ examined) French Guiana: 2 ♂, St. Jean, Maroni: Collection Wm Schaus, USNM-Mimal: 2558, 2560 [yellow labels added that read ‘ implicit PARATYPE Zaphanta infantilis ’] (USNM). Additional material examined Guyana. 1 ♂, Potaro: February 1908, S. M. Klages, Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1, NHMUK 010890491, genitalia vial NHMUK 010402340 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Rockstone: W. J. Kaye, 1904 – 25, NHMUK 010890492 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Christianburg, Rio Demerara: NHMUK 010890493, genitalia vial NHMUK 010402341 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Malali (CUIC). 1 ♂, No additional locality data: H. Rolle, Berlin, S. W. II, Dognin Collection, USNM-Mimal: 2551 (USNM). 1 ♂, British Guyana [photo examined only] (CMNH). French Guiana. 1 ♂, St. Georges Oyap., Piton Armontabo: 16 March 2009, F. Bénéluz leg., St Laurent dissection: CPC 4 (CPC). 1 ♂, St. Jean [du] Maroni (MNHU). 5 ♂, 1 ♀, St. Jean du Maroni: Received from E. Le Moult, Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1, NHMUK 010606780 [♂], genitalia vial NHMUK 010402338; NHMUK 010890487 [♂], genitalia vial NHMUK 010402339; NHMUK 010890488 – 010890490 [♂]; NHMUK 010890494 [♀], genitalia vial NHMUK 010402342 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, St. Jean du Maroni: Collection Le Moult, Dognin Collection, USNM-Mimal: 2561 (USNM). 1 ♂, Nouveau Chantier: Collection Le Moult, Dognin Collection, USNM-Mimal: 2559 (USNM). Trinidad. 2 ♂, 2.5 mi SE of Valencia, Valencia For [est]: April 1980, M. J. W. Cock, MV light, MJWC specimen dissected M. Cock (MJWC, NHMUK).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta infantilis is so far known only from the Guianas and Trinidad.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFBFC8524EBA1252FC72DA89.taxon	discussion	Remarks Zaphanta infantilis is the type species of Zaphanta, described by Dyar, along with Zaphanta in 1910. Schaus (1912) described Z. fraterna shortly thereafter, and subsequently treated Z. fraterna as a synonym of Z. infantilis (Schaus 1928). This has been the arrangement of the genus until the revalidation of Z. fraterna by St Laurent and Kawahara (2019) based on morphological characters differentiating the two species. Here we figure these morphological differences for the first time. St Laurent and Kawahara (2019) clarified the type locality of Z. infantilis by associating the locality label of the holotype of Z. infantilis with the holotype specimen, since Dyar (1910) did not originally specify which locality was associated with the holotype after mentioning two separate localities for the type series. Therefore, we follow St Laurent and Kawahara (2019) in considering ‘ the type’ originally designated by Dyar as the holotype. We did not dissect the holotype; however, upon brushing scales from the tip of the abdomen we were able to reveal unambiguously the valva apodeme spines that are characteristic of this species, thus eliminating the need to destructively examine the holotype. Apart from the taxonomic history of the name infantilis and the morphological characters given above, very little is known about this species. French Guiana is one of the most intensely sampled regions in the Neotropics for Mimallonidae, but Z. infantilis is one of the least commonly collected mimallonids from this region (St Laurent pers. obs.).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	description	(Figures 1, 5 – 7, 10, 27, 40, 41)	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis As in the preceding species, Z. fraterna is not readily distinguishable from other Zaphanta by external characters. This species is recognisable by the genitalia which in males display an elongated, narrow tegumen, truncated uncus, a well-sclerotised singular subuncus projection of variable width but which is always pointed mesally; a mostly smooth, simple phallus with the typical ventral distal sharpened extension which is more heavily sclerotised than the remainder of the phallus. The phallus lacks spines along its lateral side. These characters, combined with the absence of modified costal valvae apodemes, are unique to this species. The most similar species, Z. rawlinsi sp. nov., has a wider, blunter subuncus mesal projection, narrower valvae than any dissected Z. fraterna, and a shorter, broader phallus. As mentioned in the diagnosis of Z. infantilis, tergite VIII in the female genitalia is not deeply concave in Z. fraterna, and has a broad posteriorly directed lobe instead of a narrow posteriorly directed protrusion as seen in Z. infantilis.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: As for genus. Fore wing length: 7.5 – 11.0 mm, avg.: 9.6 mm, wingspan: 19 – 22 mm, n = 7. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus. Genitalia: (Figure 27) n = 6. Vinculum ovoid, basally narrowed, squared. Tegumen elongate, narrower than vinculum. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically, apex truncated with squared tip. Subuncus projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised, forming triangular point; uncus-tegumen complex narrower relative to remainder of genitalia. Transtilla triangular, variable in width. Valvae variable in width but always narrowed distally and angled upward (when spread) with middle of saccular edge forming an elbow-like angle or curve; bases of valvae meet mesally, touching or nearly touching. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) not modified. Caecum of phallus shorter than half length of phallus, rounded. Phallus stout, cylindrical, ventrally extended as well-sclerotised, sharp point; phallus smooth or nearly smooth laterally. Female. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11.0 – 11.5 mm, avg.: 11.3 mm, wingspan: 21 mm, n = 2. As for male but wings slightly broader overall, marginal area in particular darker purple in two specimens examined than in most males. Fore wing ventrum: As for male, but antemedial shading and antemedial line less developed. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but with more darkly defined marginal area. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus. Genitalia: (Figure 40) n = 1. As for genus, but tergite VIII concave with posteriorly directed mesal lobe which is part of more heavily sclerotised mesal region of tergite VIII, region of VIII tergite proximal to base of papillae anales, covered in short setae; sternite VIII broadened and squared. Ostium bursae globular, bowl-like, more heavily sclerotised than surrounding VIII, width of sclerotised ostium region roughly half that of segment VIII. Ductus bursae and corpus bursae narrow, corpus bursae wider than ductus bursae, bag-like.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype ♂. Costa Rica: Limón: Sixola [Sixaola] Riv, CR / March / Zaphanta fraterna type Schaus / Type No. 17497 / USNM-Mimal: 1104 / St Laurent diss.: 5 - 16 - 18: 6 / LECTOTYPE Zaphanta fraterna designated by St Laurent and Giusti 2019 / (USNM, examined). Additional material examined Belize. Toledo: 1 ♂, no additional locality information [photo examined only] (CMNH). 1 ♂, Punta Gorda [photo examined only] (CMNH). Guatemala. Izabal: 1 ♂, Quiriguá: February, Schaus and Barnes coll., USNM-Mimal: 2555, St Laurent diss.: 5 - 16 - 18: 5 (USNM). 2 ♂, Cayuga: March, April, Schaus and Barnes coll., Dognin Collection, USNM-Mimal: 2553, 2556 (USNM). Costa Rica. Alajuela: 1 ♂, Bijagua, 750 m: 3 – 4. November 2000, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 129398 (VOB). 1 ♂, Vochysia [note: this is the name of the ‘ site’ in Área de Conservación Guanacaste where the specimen was collected, not the host plant genus], 10.86666 ° N, 85.24528 ° W, 320 m: larva collected 13 March 2009, adult emerged 26 April 2009, food plant: Terminalia ivorensis (introduced plant), 09 - SRNP- 40335, DNA and genital prep. USNMENT 01373360 (USNM). 1 ♂, 2 ♀ Potrero Argentina, 10.89,021 ° N, − 85.38,803 ° W, 520 m: 1 ♂, larva collected 5 June 2012, adult emerged 25 June 2012, food plant: Terminalia oblonga, 12 - SRNP- 2306 (USNM); 1 ♀, larva collected 5 June 2012, adult emerged 22 June 2012, food plant: Terminalia oblonga, 12 - SRNP- 2304 [abdomen missing, no genital preparation] (USNM); 1 ♀, larva collected 5 June 2012, adult emerged 1 July 2012, food plant: Terminalia oblonga, 12 - SRNP- 2303, DNA and genital prep. USNMENT 01373361 (USNM). 1 ♂, No collecting data: 06 - SRNP- 108831 (USNM). Cartago: 2 ♂, Turrialba, 600 m: 20 May 1972, 25 June 1972, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 55965 (VOB). Limón: 1 ♂, Sixola [Sixaola] River: 3 March, W. Schaus, 1911 – 32, NHMUK 010890497 (NHMUK). 1 ♂, Sixola [Sixaola] River: March, Collection Wm Schaus, USNM-Mimal: 2552 (USNM). 1 ♀, Sixola [Sixaola] River [photo examined only, sex not confirmed] (CMNH). Unknown province: 1 ♂, Esperanza: May, Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1, NHMUK 010890496, genitalia vial NHMUK 010402344 (NHMUK). Panama. 2 ♂, No specific locality, December 1935 – January 1936, L. M. Smith, Franclemont dissection 1771 (CUIC). Panamá Oeste: 6 ♂, Barro Colorado Island (4 ♂, CUIC; 2 ♂ CNC) [an additional 20 + specimens from Barro Colorado Island are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, USA, although we did not examine them]. Colombia. Magdalena: 1 ♂, Don Amo, 2000 ft: July, H. H. Smith [leg.], genitalia vial NHMUK 010402343, NHMUK 010890495 (NHMUK). Photo of living specimen examined 1 ♂, Costa Rica: Heredia: La Selva Biological Station: 16 March 2015 (Figure 10, photo courtesy of Lena Struwe).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is distributed from Guatemala and Belize, to the south apparently throughout Central America, although records are lacking between Guatemala / Belize and Costa Rica / Panama. Zaphanta fraterna is also found in northern Colombia.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFB9C84D4EAF11FCFF35DBFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Since Schaus (1928) and until St Laurent and Kawahara (2019), this species was regarded as a synonym of Z. infantilis. However, these two species occupy different regions, with Z. fraterna in north-western South America and Central America and Z. infantilis in the Guianas and Trinidad. The genitalia differ markedly between these two species, particularly by the presence of spined valvae apodemes in Z. infantilis and unmodified valvae apodemes in Z. fraterna. The Peruvian and Ecuadorian Z. rawlinsi sp. nov. has genitalia very similar to Z. fraterna but differs in subuncus and phallus structure and occupies a distant biogeographic region. Zaphanta fraterna was described by Schaus (1912) from an indeterminate number of specimens, although we presume the specimen labelled as the ‘ type’ in the USNM is in fact the sole type. Regardless, we designate a lectotype for this specimen. Janzen and Hallwachs (2017) reared Z. fraterna from Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev (Combretaceae) (voucher 09 - SRNP- 40335) and T. oblonga (Ruiz and Pav.) Steud. (voucher numbers 12 - SRNP- 2303, 12 - SRNP- 2304, 12 - SRNP- 2306) in Costa Rica. The former Terminalia species is introduced in Costa Rica as per Janzen and Hallwachs (2017). St Laurent et al. (2018) mentioned that another Costa Rican specimen of Z. fraterna was reared from Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Myrtaceae) (11 - SRNP- 32214), but we believe this identification was in error and therefore only know Zaphanta to feed on Terminalia. Unfortunately, images of the larvae are not available of any of these specimens, although the following description was offered for 09 - SRNP- 40335: ‘ crema con puntitos cafes’ which translates to ‘ cream with brown dots’. It is not known whether Zaphanta larvae are case builders as is typical for Mimallonidae. Such life history traits would be extremely useful in understanding the evolutionary history and ancestral natural history of Mimallonidae, considering the sister relationship of Zaphanta to the remainder of the family.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	description	(Figures 8, 28, 41) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 6 F 7 DBF 4 - 4871 - 403 D-A 387 - DD 920 BA 76 D 8 B	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Overall externally mostly indistinguishable from the previous species, although the wing margins are more sharply angled medially, giving the wings a more squared appearance, and colouration is a bit paler overall. The postmedial markings are arranged slightly closer to the wing margin than in Z. fraterna, and in this way Z. rawlinsi more closely resembles Z. infantilis. Genitalia are most similar to those of Z. fraterna (and thus easily distinguished from all other Zaphanta species) due to the absence of any modifications on the costal valva apodeme. Zaphanta rawlinsi is differentiated from Z. fraterna by the broader and stouter tegumen, with a likewise broader and stouter gnathos projection. The uncus is more robustly sclerotised and more sharply downturned, with the uncus tip almost reaching the tip of the gnathos projection (these two sclerotisations widely separated in Z. fraterna). The phallus of Z. rawlinsi is broader and shorter than in Z. fraterna, with the ventrally pointed, more heavily sclerotised region roughly half the length of the phallus, whereas in Z. fraterna this projection is much smaller, only about one-quarter to one-third the length of the phallus.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9 – 11.0 mm, avg.: 10.3 mm, wingspan: 19 – 22 mm, n = 3. As for genus, but margin more mesally pointed. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but margin more mesally pointed, giving wing squared appearance. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus, but more poorly marked. Abdomen: As for genus. Genitalia: (Figure 28) n = 3. Vinculum ovoid but appearing rectangular with valvae spread, narrowing basally. Uncus stout, vaguely triangular and heavily sclerotised apically, apex truncated with squared, downwardly angled tip. Uncus apex nearly reaching subuncus projection below. Subuncus projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised, forming broad, blunt triangular point; uncus-tegumen complex broad, width nearly identical to that of vinculum (particularly narrower base of vinculum). Transtilla triangular, well sclerotised. Valvae narrowed distally and angled upward (when spread) with middle of saccular edge forming an elbow-like angle; bases of valvae nearly touching. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) not modified. Caecum of phallus rounded, about half length of short, broad phallus. Phallus stout, ventrally extended to well-sclerotised, sharp point, ventral extension nearly equal in length to phallus; phallus smooth laterally. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Ecuador: Sucumbios Sacha Lodge, Laguna de Pilchicocha, 00 - 26 S, 76 - 33 W [0.43 ° S, 76.55 ° W] 220 m, 20 – 22 May 1994, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson, D. Schlitter, G. Onore, inundated rain forest / St Laurent dissection: 7 - 21 - 18: 3 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta rawlinsi St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (CMNH). Paratypes. (2 ♂ total) Peru: Madre de Dios: 1 ♂, Rio Tambopata Res, 30 air km, SW Pto. Maldonado, 290 m: 11 – 15 November 1979, J. B. Heppner [leg.], St Laurent dissection: 5 - 19 - 18: 1 (USNM). 1 ♂, Collecting data as for other paratype except: 16 – - 20 November 1979, [DNA / dissection number] LEP 50148, MGCL General Acc, UF FLMNH MGCL 1032598 (MGCL). Paratypes with yellow label reading ‘ PARATYPE ♂ Zaphanta rawlinsi St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 ’. Additional putative specimen examined 1 ♂, Peru: Loreto: Chamireyacù, prés Yurimaguas, Huallaga [River]: June – August 1885, M. de Mathan [leg.], Ex. Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927 – 3, NHMUK 010890529 (NHMUK). [not included in type series].	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta rawlinsi is only known from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named in honour of Dr John Rawlins (CMNH), one of the collectors of the holotype, and the facilitator of the loan to the first author, which allowed for its description.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA6C84E4E8D1112FCA5DD57.taxon	discussion	Remarks This new species is clearly distinct from other Amazonian Zaphanta species by male genitalia, and further differentiated by genitalia and biogeography from the mostly Central American species, Z. fraterna, with which it bears the closest resemblance in terms of genital morphology. Although this species is only conclusively (based on genital examinations) known from the Ecuadorian holotype and the two specimens collected by J. B. Heppner in Peru, we are aware of a fourth specimen in the NHMUK (specimen identification code NHMUK 010890529) that shares similar arrangements in maculation, angulate wing margins due to particularly accentuated mesal points along the wing margins, and biogeography. Unfortunately, the abdomen of this specimen was not well preserved, and a genital preparation revealed no remaining genital structures on which to base an identification. Therefore, we do not include this specimen in the type series of Z. rawlinsi, but mention it here because it is closest in appearance and biogeography to this new species. We also include this record to provide additional information pertaining to this rarely collected genus, particularly in relation to Peruvian populations.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	description	(Figures 9, 29, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 4 C 8 DAAF- 8 C 60 - 4 C 16 - A 626 - 3641 EA 3817 FB	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Externally, this species is most similar to Z. rawlinsi due to the relatively pale-yellow colouration and rather angulate wing margins. However, maculation such as antemedial and postmedial markings are consistent with the previously described species. The male genitalia are remarkable among Zaphanta, especially in regards to the reduced tegumen which is about equal in length to the uncus, and an extremely widened and flattened subuncus projection, which is duckbill-shaped. The phallus is among the shortest in Zaphanta, and the most distally widened and ventrally extended. In fact, the distal portion of the phallus is the most significant component of the entire phallus structure. Dorsolaterally (to the left when viewed dorsally) the phallus has a raised hump covered in strongly sclerotised, curved spines.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11.5 mm, wingspan: 22.5 mm, n = 1. As for genus, but margin particularly accentuated by mesal point. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but margin more mesally pointed, giving wing squared appearance, colouration of single known specimen pale yellow with usually deep purple antemedial and submarginal areas lighter, beige. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus. Abdomen: As for genus. Genitalia: (Figure 29) n = 1. Vinculum broad, rectangular. Tegumen extremely reduced, broad, about equal in length to uncus. Uncus triangular, narrow, apex truncated by squared tip. Gnathos forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally much more heavily sclerotised, forming broad, flattened duckbill-like projection, projection as long as uncus and wider than tegumen and base of uncus. Uncus, gnathos, tegumen complex broad, but narrower than vinculum. Transtilla droplet shaped, narrowing above, rounded laterally. Valvae narrowed distally and angled upward (when spread) with middle of saccular edge forming an elbow-like angle; bases of valvae nearly touch mesally when spread. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) slightly pronounced outward as seta-covered lobe, but otherwise lacking any distinct projections. Caecum of phallus rounded, constituting most of structure of short broad phallus, distally phallus widened and downwardly angled, forming a shovel-like terminus exceeding the size of remainder of phallus. Dorsolaterally (left, when viewed dorsally) phallus with heavily sclerotised hump covered in curved backwards-swooping spines. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♁. Brazil, Amazonas Reserva Ducke, km 26, Manaus-Itacoatiara Highway, 20 April 1972 / St Laurent dissection: 8 - 25 - 18: 2 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta anas St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (CNC). No paratypes.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta anas is only known from the holotype, collected in the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	etymology	Etymology This new species is named for its subuncus projection, which has a distinct duckbill shape, and thus the Latin word for duck, anas, is used.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA4C8484D60108BFDB1D9C7.taxon	discussion	Remarks Like several other new species of Zaphanta named herein, Z. anas is only known from a specific locality in the Amazonian rainforest. Most Mimallonidae known to inhabit this biome are widespread throughout the relatively homogeneous habitat (St Laurent pers. obs.). However, Zaphanta appear to be an exception in the family, with an apparent high degree of micro-endemism within an otherwise expansive habitat. Zaphanta anas and Z. elephanticula sp. nov., described below, are the only Zaphanta species known to be sympatric; thus, perhaps it is no surprise that these two species belong to distinct morphological groups within this genus.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	description	(Figures 11, 12, 30, 39, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 A 57 E 1 CC-D 3 E 5 - 4 E 45 - 8 C 82 - 7006295 ADF 1 F	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Zaphanta elephanta is one of the largest Zaphanta species. Although most Zaphanta are quite similar in external appearance, Z. elephanta displays darker, more reddish colouration than any congeners (except Z. elephanticula sp. nov. below), particularly evident in the male holotype. This darker colouration is also present on the head, ventrally on the thorax and on the legs in the male, such that the entire body colouration is more red than yellow. The genitalia of both sexes of Z. elephanta are remarkably distinct from those of most other species of Zaphanta: Z. elephanta and Z. elephanticula sp. nov. are the only known Zaphanta with a pair of sharp, heavily sclerotised spines extending outward from the subuncal region. The general structure of the genitalia is similar when comparing Z. elephanta and Z. elephanticula sp. nov., but in the former the uncus is broader, and the costal valvae apodemes are more extended outward and covered in dense setae with a tusk-like projection (this tusk-like projection is absent in Z. elephanticula sp. nov.) basally that extends nearly the entire length of the relatively small, concave valvae. The inner margins of the valvae are mostly smooth and lack the dense tufts of setae present in Z. elephanticula sp. nov. The transtilla plate is narrow, reduced to a mesal band of sclerotisation below the tegumen in Z. elephanta, while this plate is narrower and Y-shaped in Z. elephanticula sp. nov. The phallus of Z. elephanta is distinctly bilobed dorsally, and substantially less strongly sclerotised along its apical ventral projection. The female genitalia are most distinct in the presence of a bilobed, seta-covered dorsal tergite of VIII.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus but darker red-brown rather than yellow; apical segment of labial palpus not darkly scaled. Thorax: As for genus, but slightly pinker overall, ventrally darker pink-red. Legs: As for genus but clothed in darker pink-red scales, darker scale rings at terminus of tibia less contrasting due to darker overall leg colouration. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11 mm, wingspan: 19 mm, n = 1. As for genus, but margin more mesally pointed, colouration more suffused with pinkish red, especially antemedially. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but margin more mesally pointed, colouration almost entirely suffused with pink-red. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus, antemedial line particularly well defined and straight. Abdomen: As for genus, but more robust overall, colouration slightly pink. Genitalia: (Figure 30) n = 1. Vinculum ovoid, somewhat rectangular dorsally at juncture with tegumen. Tegumen narrow, elongate, ventral margins parallel without converging mesally. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically, apex truncated and mesally indented. Subuncus projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, although mesally less heavily sclerotised except for very thickly sclerotised pair of distally convergent sharp points that project outward; uncus-tegumen complex narrower than vinculum, and nearly as long. Transtilla reduced to mesal sclerotised band below tegumen. Valvae rounded, smaller than vinculum, sacculus somewhat thickened, distally extended. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) extended and densely covered in elongate setae, sharp tusk-like processes extend from outward projection of costal valvae apodeme, tusk-like process spans nearly length of valva. Caecum of phallus equal in length to distal half of phallus, caecum phallus rounded. Phallus distally broadened, dorsally with paired lobes, ventral extension of phallus about as sclerotised as remainder of phallus; phallus smooth laterally. Female. Head: As for male, but colouration lighter (light brown), apical segment of labial palpus covered in dark scales. Thorax: As for male. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11 mm, wingspan: 22 mm, n = 1. As for male but wings slightly broader overall, marginal area in particular darker and more uniformly purple, especially tornus. Fore wing ventrum: As for male, but antemedial shading and antemedial line less developed, purplish shading near tornus more pronounced, discal spot more pronounced. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but with more darkly defined antemedial and marginal areas. Hind wing ventrum: As for male, but antemedial line less straight. Abdomen: As for male, but colouration lighter. Genitalia: (Figure 39) n = 1. As for genus, but tergite VIII bilobed, both lobes covered in short setae, region of VIII tergite proximal to base of papillae anales covered in setae, anterior margin of tergite VIII rectangular; sternite VIII weakly sclerotised, poorly defined. Ostium bursae globular, bowl-like, more heavily sclerotised than surrounding VIII, width of sclerotised ostium region roughly half that of segment VIII. Ductus bursae narrow, corpus bursae not preserved in single examined female.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Amazonas: Fonte Boa, Upp. Amazons, May 1906. (S. M. Klages) / 530 / Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1 / NHMUK 010890530 / genitalia vial NHMUK 010402347 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta elephanta St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (NHMUK). Paratype. 1 ♀, Brazil: Amazonas: Data as for holotype except: June 1906, NHMUK 010890531, genitalia vial NHMUK 010402348 (NHMUK). Paratype with label reading: ‘ PARATYPE ♀ Zaphanta elephanta St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 ’ [yellow label].	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta elephanta is known only from the type locality in north-western Amazonas, Brazil.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	etymology	Etymology The first part of the specific epithet for this new species is derived from Elephas (Linnaeus), the generic name of Asiatic elephants, with the ending - anta added to rhyme with Zaphanta. The male genitalia, when viewed upside down, resemble the head of an Asian elephant, such that the elongate tegumen and uncus form the ‘ trunk’, the small valvae the ‘ ears’, and the basal valva apodeme projections the ‘ tusks’.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA3C84A4E83133AFBB1D822.taxon	discussion	Remarks Zaphanta elephanta inhabits the same biome as numerous other Zaphanta species, the Amazon Rainforest, but is not known to be sympatric with any other congener. The two specimens of Z. elephanta were collected in May and June at one locality, Fonte Boa.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	description	(Figures 13, 14, 31, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 03241157 - 1925 - 4 EF 6 - B 426 - A 8 E 816 C 7 E 457	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Most characters that differentiate Z. elephanta from other Zaphanta species also apply to Z. elephanticula. Zaphanta elephanticula, however, is smaller than Z. elephanta, and has more well-defined wing markings (especially ventrally) and less sharply angled wings. The genitalia of these two species are similar in general structure, but Z. elephanticula lacks the large costal valvae apodeme spines, has a more pronounced saccular edge of the valvae which extends outward as a small point roughly halfway along the valva length, has a narrower and more well-defined transtilla sclerotisation which is distinctly bifurcated at its base, and has a simpler phallus which lacks the pronounced dorsal lobes found in Z. elephanta.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus but darker orange-red rather than yellow, apical segment of labial palpus darkly scaled. Thorax: As for genus, but slightly darker beige overall, ventrally darker orange-red. Legs: As for genus but clothed in darker orange-red scales, darker scale rings at terminus of tibia still strongly contrasting despite darker overall leg colouration. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11.0 – 11.5 mm, wingspan: 23 mm, n = 2. As for genus, mesal margin angle blunt, colouration more suffused with beige especially antemedially and submarginally. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus, but deeper yellow than most other species, with well-defined wavy, nearly complete postmedial line. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but colouration almost entirely suffused with beige. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus; postmedial line particularly well defined and complete. Abdomen: As for genus, but colouration beige rather than yellow. Genitalia: (Figure 31) n = 1. Vinculum ovoid, rectangular dorsally at juncture with tegumen. Tegumen narrow, but small relative to width of upper portion of vinculum; ventral margins pass below upper margin of vinculum and nearly converge. Uncus subtriangular and heavily sclerotised apically. Gnathos forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised and extended as pair of mesally convergent sharp points; uncus, gnathos, tegumen complex narrow, width narrower and shorter than vinculum. Transtilla reduced to narrow strip of sclerotisation, basally bifurcated. Valvae approximately rounded, smaller than vinculum, sacculus thickened, distally extended beyond edge of valvae as short point halfway along saccular margin of valva. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) extended and densely covered in elongate setae. Caecum of phallus equal in length to distal half of phallus, caecum phallus rounded. Phallus distally broadened, dorsally irregularly edged, ventral extension of phallus about as sclerotised as remainder of phallus; phallus smooth laterally. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Amazonas: Reserva Ducke, km 26, Manaus-Itacoatiara Highway, 18 May 1972 / St Laurent dissection: 8 - 25 - 18: 1 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta elephanticula St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (CNC). Paratype. 1 ♂, Data exactly as for holotype (CNC).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution This new species is only known from the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The name elephanticula is derived from the similarity of this species to Z. elephanta, with the Latin diminutive suffix to denote the smaller size of Z. elephanticula.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA1C84B4EAE1350FC50DEB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Zaphanta elephanticula and Z. anas are the only Zaphanta species known to be sympatric. However, these two species are readily differentiated by both external and genitalia morphology. Although our sample size for both species is very limited, both Z. elephanticula specimens were collected on the same day in May, whereas the sole specimen of Z. anas was collected nearly a month earlier in April.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	description	(Figures 15, 32, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 00749 E 5 - 888 C- 45 FB- 8 FAA- 0302 A 402496 F	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Zaphanta stiletto is one of the smallest Zaphanta species, with rounded wings and faint markings, thus resembling the smaller, more rounded forms of Z. infantilis. The genitalia, however, are distinct in the single known Z. stiletto specimen. The phallus is uniquely constricted in its central portion, becoming much wider at the caecum phallus and also distally where the phallus becomes more heavily sclerotised and angled downward. The mesal process of the subuncus projection is very sharp. In all other Zaphanta (except see Z. machaera sp. nov. below), this mesal process is blunt, toothed, paired or flattened. Zaphanta elephanta and Z. elephanticula display sharp subuncus projections, but in these species the processes are paired, not singular as in Z. stiletto. The singular projection of Z. machaera sp. nov. is more than twice the length and thickness of that of Z. stiletto, and that species has a broader tegumen, valvae and phallus.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus, but slightly pinker overall. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9 mm, n = 1 (wingspan not measured due to type not being fully spread). As for genus, but margin more rounded; markings, although typical of the genus, are very faint. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but margin more rounded. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus; antemedial line particularly well defined and straight. Abdomen: As for genus, but more robust overall relative to small wings; colouration slightly pink. Genitalia: (Figure 32) n = 1. Vinculum circular. Tegumen narrow, elongate. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically, apex mesally indented. Subuncus projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised and extended as a sharp, singular point; uncus-tegumen complex narrow, width narrower than vinculum, and nearly as long. Transtilla reduced to mesally situated, well-sclerotised rounded triangle. Valvae trapezoidal, saccular edge with outwardly projected angle, distally narrowed. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) unmodified. Caecum of phallus shorter than distal half of phallus, caecum phallus rounded. Phallus distally broadened, mesally somewhat constricted, ventral extension of phallus more heavily sclerotised than remainder of phallus; phallus smooth laterally. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Rondônia: Calama, Rio Madeira, (W. Hoffmanns) Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1 / NHMUK 010890498 / genitalia vial NHMUK 010402345 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta stiletto St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (NHMUK). No paratypes.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta stiletto is only known from the type locality in northern Rondônia, Brazil, near the border with Amazonas state.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet for this new species is derived from the Italian word for a needle-like dagger, a shape displayed by the subuncus projection in Z. stiletto.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFA0C8454E9615C0FBA3DA3A.taxon	discussion	Remarks Another species from Rondônia, Z. beckeri sp. nov., described below, is distinct in its male genitalia and wing shape. These two species are not known to be sympatric despite their type localities being relatively closer together than those of most other Zaphanta species.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	description	(Figures 16, 17, 33, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 89132977 - 91 DC- 4424 - 9 C 0 E- 98 A 954 E 467 CA	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The colouration of this Zaphanta species is very much like that of the previous, Z. stiletto, which is likely the closest relative among known Zaphanta based on male genital morphology. Unlike Z. stiletto, however, Z. machaera has particularly angular wings, with very straight margins and a well-defined mesal angle at CuA 1. The unique male specimens of Z. stiletto and Z. machaera are both in rather poor condition but display paler yellow colouration than most other congeners. The two can be separated by the darker pinkish-brown suffusion submarginally on all wings, but particularly on the hind wings, in Z. machaera. As in the case of Z. stiletto, Z. machaera can be distinguished from all other known Zaphanta by the elongate, sharp, singular subuncus projection. In Z. machaera this projection is twice as long and thick as it is in Z. stiletto. The tegumen, valvae and phallus of Z. machaera are all thicker and more robust than in Z. stiletto.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus, but most scales lost in holotype. Legs: As for genus, but most scales lost in holotype. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 11 mm, wingspan: 20 mm, n = 1. As for genus, but margin straighter and angled at CuA 1. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but margin particularly angled, pinkish-brown colouration uniform along margin. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus; antemedial line particularly straight. Abdomen: As for genus, but many scales missing in holotype. Genitalia: (Figure 33) n = 1. Vinculum nearly circular. Tegumen broad, quadrate, nearly fully sclerotised ventrally except for subtriangular mesal hole below gnathos. Uncus triangular, very sharp and narrowed distally, weakly hooked. Subuncus projection forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally more heavily sclerotised and extended as a sharp, singular, sword-like spine which curves upward towards the uncus, spine equal in length to uncus; uncus-tegumen complex narrower than vinculum but shorter in length and narrowed at extremes, widest in middle. Transtilla as inverted U-shape fused to base of tegumen. Valvae somewhat trapezoidal, upwardly angled, distally narrower than basally. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) largely unmodified, but projected outward slightly proximal to tegumen. Caecum of phallus shorter than distal half of phallus, caecum phallus rounded. Phallus with ventral extension distally; phallus mostly smooth laterally except for minute spines ventrally. (Note: phallus broken mesally.) Female. (Note: description based on single putative specimen from type locality, but collected in a different month and year, so of unverified conspecificity.) Head: As for male, but colouration darker orange-brown. Thorax: Vestiture pale pinkish brown, lighter orange brown on prothorax. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 19 mm, wingspan: 26 mm, n = 1. As for male but wings slightly broader, marginal area darker and more uniformly purple, especially tornus. (Scale coverage on female much better preserved than in male, but otherwise markings exactly the same.) Fore wing ventrum: As for male, but colouration darker orange-brown; antemedial and postmedial lines more well defined. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but submarginal area wider, darker, more uniformly coloured pinkish brown. Hind wing ventrum: As for male, but antemedial line less straight. Abdomen: As for male, not particularly broader. Genitalia: Not examined.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Mato Grasso: [circular red label reading:] Holo-typus / BRASIL: MT, Chapada dos Guimarães, 800 m, 26 October 1993, V. O. Becker Col. / Col. BECKER 88952 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta machaera St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / Genitalia 5296 / (VOB). No paratypes. Additional putative specimen examined 1 ♀, Brazil: Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, 800 m: 20 November 1994, V. O. Becker col., Col Becker 93644 (VOB) [not included in type series].	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is known only from the type locality in Mato Grosso, Brazil, at moderate elevation in the Cerrado.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	etymology	Etymology Zaphanta machaera is named for a curved sword (Latin machaera), of which the gnathos shape is reminiscent in this species.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFAEC8464E801148FB5ADEB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks As is the case with many of the new species of Zaphanta described in this work, this taxon is known from only one definitively identified specimen. The female, which we putatively assign to Z. machaera, is treated as such based on its collecting locality and the antemedial and postmedial markings which follow nearly the same pattern as that observed in the male. We refrain from including this specimen in the type series due to the fact that the two specimens were collected about 13 months apart, and considering the existence of sympatric Zaphanta species (see Z. anas and Z. elephanticula above), we cannot be certain of their conspecificity at this time. Regardless, we believe it is likely that they are conspecific due to the locality and the fact that the season was the same.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	description	(Figures 18, 34, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 11 AA 3541 - C 7 A 4 - 4292 - A 5 CA- 10 B 89 C 5 FAD 2 C	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis This miniscule mimallonid is not outwardly very distinct from other Zaphanta, but has slightly more acute fore wing apices and particularly faint wing markings. The male genitalia are unlike those of any of the previous species and are recognisable by the extremely narrow and elongated valvae, a pair of molar-like subuncus projections and a rectangular uncus tip which is more heavily sclerotised and angled more sharply downward than in any other Zaphanta.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9 mm, wingspan: 18 mm, n = 1. As for genus, but apex more acute; markings, although typical of the genus, are very faint except for the black costal marks which are apparent; postmedial line essentially absent. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus, but antemedial line nearly devoid of purple-pink scales; ante- and postmedial lines well developed, black, discontinuous. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but colouration and markings particularly faint. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus; ante- and postmedial lines particularly well defined as for dorsum. Abdomen: As for genus; colouration slightly pink. Genitalia: (Figure 34) n = 1. Vinculum ovoid, but constricted when valvae spread. Tegumen broad, somewhat triangular. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically with distal rectangular projection, angled downward. Subuncus forming a closed ring with lateral margins of tegumen, mesally heavily sclerotised with pair of minutely toothed molar-like protuberances; uncus-tegumen complex similar in width to vinculum, but longer overall. Transtilla apparently absent. Valvae extremely narrow, elongate, slightly curved upward. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) apparently unmodified, but small sclerotised processes present. Juxta well developed as a pair of parallel sclerotisations which are affixed ventrally to phallus. Caecum of phallus less than one-quarter length of overall phallus; caecum phallus rounded. Phallus distally broadened, somewhat flattened, not projected apically / ventrally, or with any more heavily sclerotised extension; ventrum of phallus covered in minute spines. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Rondônia: BRASIL: RO, Ariquemes, 180 m 13 – 16. iv. 1989, V. O. Becker / Col. BECKER 61841 / USNM-Mimal: 2334 / St Laurent dissection: 5 - 16 - 18: 1 / HOLOTYPE Zaphanta beckeri St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (ex. USNM, to be transferred to VOB). No paratypes.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta beckeri is only known from the type locality in north-central Rondônia, Brazil.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet for this new species was chosen to honour the collector, Dr Vitor O. Becker, who may very well be the only individual to have collected this species.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFADC8404E9015C0FBF7DE03.taxon	discussion	Remarks Despite the type localities of Z. stiletto and Z. beckeri being separated by only about 200 km in the Amazon rainforest biome, the two taxa are markedly distinct morphologically. It is worth noting that the type locality of Z. beckeri is centred within a region of extreme deforestation in Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil. When the holotype was collected in 1989, deforestation was seemingly minor and limited to the narrow roadways; however, by 2016 the region had been ravished by rampant deforestation (St Laurent pers. obs., via Google Earth). Zaphanta beckeri, known from a single specimen, could be imperilled or perhaps even extinct if it is endemic to the vicinity of Ariquemes.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	description	(Figures 19, 20, 35, 36, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 5 FA 3 ED 1 - 5994 - 46 B 4 - B 018 - 1 FA 055 C 76496	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Zaphanta acuta is one of the few Zaphanta species that can usually be recognised from its external appearance. This species has a more triangular and narrower fore wing shape than that of any other Zaphanta, with a relatively acute fore wing apex, although the single examined specimen from Espírito Santo has more rounded wings. The wing colouration is darker, more heavily suffused with purple-brown and brown scales, with greatly reduced postmedial markings. The black marks near the apex, which are typical of Zaphanta, are especially well developed in this species. Male genitalia (the female is unknown) are also unique in their dense covering of setae along the costal base of the valvae; these setae obscure an outwardly curving, weakly sclerotised valvae apodeme projection. Zaphanta elephanta and Z. elephanticula also have dense coverings of setae on a similar region of the valvae, but the latter species have dramatically differently shaped (rounded) valvae and a paired uncus projection, which allow a clear distinction between these Amazonian taxa and Z. acuta which inhabits the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. The phallus of Z. acuta is also unlike that of any other Zaphanta species, being generally elongated and cylindrical, not stout as in all previous species, and distinctly dorsolaterally flattened. Apically, the phallus bears a single tooth-like projection dorsally, and the downward apical extension typical of the genus is less strongly developed in Z. acuta.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9.5 – 12 mm, avg.: 10.9 mm, wingspan: 21 – 26 mm, n = 4. As for genus, but apex usually more acute; markings, although typical of the genus, are very faint except for the black costal marks which are apparent; postmedial line essentially absent; colouration darker due to presence of suffusion of purple-brown and brown scales; antemedial area particularly darkly coloured. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus, but antemedial line especially well developed with dense purple-pink scaling antemedially; postmedial line not developed, restricted to a few black markings near the apex and medially. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but colouration mostly suffused by dark brown-pink scales, antemedial and postmedial markings absent. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus; ante- and postmedial lines particularly well defined. Abdomen: As for genus; colouration slightly purple-brown. Genitalia: (Figures 35 and 36) n = 4. Vinculum ovoid. Tegumen broad, rectangular. Uncus triangular and heavily sclerotised apically with minor indentation mesally, appearing bidentate. Subuncus region with narrow strip of weak sclerotisation along ventral margin of tegumen, strip of sclerotisation downwardly converging mesally forming ‘ V’, upper margin of this strip slightly dentate; uncustegumen complex slightly narrower than width of vinculum. Ventral margin of tegumen with slight paired projection. Transtilla apparently absent. Valvae extremely narrow, elongate, slightly curved upward. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) densely covered in setae, setae becoming denser proximal to base of tegumen, setae obscure presence of lightly sclerotised valva apodeme projection which curves outward. Juxta as Y-shaped sclerotisation which attaches ventrally to phallus and between saccular valvae apodemes. Caecum of phallus half length of phallus, caecum phallus rounded. Phallus cylindrical, elongated, dorsolaterally flattened, weakly projected ventrally at apex, ventral projection not much more heavily sclerotised than remainder of phallus, dorsal apex of phallus with minute tooth, phallus otherwise smooth. Female. Unknown.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: São Paulo: Itanhaen [Itanhaém], Sao [São] Paulo, April 1928. (R. Spitz). / Zaphanta infantilis Dyar Pearson det. / Rothschild Bequest BM 1939 – 1 / NHMUK 010890532 / Genitalia vial NHMUK 010402349 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta acuta St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (NHMUK). Paratypes. (3 ♂ total) Brazil: Espírito Santo: 1 ♂, Linhares, 40 m: 1 ♂, 5 – 9 April 1992, V. O. Becker Col., Col. Becker 82033, Becker genital prep. 2793 (VOB). São Paulo: 1 ♂, Apiaí, 750 m: 12 October 2006, C. Mielke leg., 26.647 Col. C. Mielke (CGCM). Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♂, No additional locality data, November, St Laurent diss.: 7 - 21 - 18: 4 (CMNH). Paratypes with yellow label reading ‘ PARATYPE ♂ Zaphanta acuta St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 ’. Additional putative specimen 1 ♂, Brazil: Goiás: Goiás, 500 m: 13 – 15 October 1984, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 52800, USNM-Mimal: 2335, St Laurent dissection: 5 - 16 - 18: 2 (USNM) (not included in type series).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta acuta is found in central and south-eastern Brazil, with records from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Goiás, but see remarks regarding the Goiás record.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	etymology	Etymology Zaphanta acuta is named for the acute fore wing apices (Latin acutus).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FFABC87F4E9E157FFD89D911.taxon	discussion	Remarks Although genitalia of specimens from São Paulo and Goiás are more similar to each other than to those of any other population of Zaphanta (compare Figures 35 and 36), we hesitate to include the specimen from Goiás in the type series. The holotype and paratype specimens of Z. acuta are from Mata Atlântica in São Paulo, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, whereas the specimen from Goiás was collected in Cerrado. The different biomes inhabited by these populations, as well as minor differences in phallus structure, result in our restriction of the type series to specimens from Mata Atlântica to avoid the possibility of including cryptic species.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	description	(Figures 21 – 24, 37, 42) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: F 1 C 63621 - EF 30 - 40 B 1 - B 437 - 87 A 79 BD 7 E 339	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Zaphanta bahiana is most similar in external morphology and genital structure to the previous species, Z. acuta. Zaphanta bahiana is slightly larger (on average), with broader, less acute fore wings, and is more darkly maculated. The postmedial line is more well defined in this species, and there are hints of a dorsal fore wing antemedial line. Many of the specimens of Z. bahiana have a well-developed black mark midway along the costa; the holotype has an additional black spot immediately below this mid costal mark. The genitalia of Z. bahiana resemble those of Z. acuta; however, the uncus is substantially bifid, the subuncus region bears an open diamond shaped sclerotised band unlike the V-shaped sclerotisation of Z. acuta, and the ventral margin of the tegumen is more heavily sclerotised and mesally extended on either side forming projections. The costal valva extensions are somewhat trumpet shaped, and more heavily sclerotised than in Z. acuta. The most striking character of Z. bahiana is the extremely narrowed phallus which is distally widely splayed, being distinctly forked.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	description	Description Male. Head: As for genus. Thorax: As for genus. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 9.0 – 12.5 mm, avg.: 11.5 mm, wingspan: 18 – 24 mm, n = 7. As for genus but markings, although typical of the genus, are particularly well developed with notable postmedial line and faint antemedial marking. Black marks present almost midway along costa, secondary black marking may be apparent below costal mark, apically three additional black marks present. Colouration overall darker due to presence of purple-brown suffusion and brown scales, especially antemedially and submarginally. Fore wing ventrum: As for genus, but ante- and postmedial lines especially well developed, with dense purple-pink scaling antemedially. Hind wing dorsum: As for genus, but colouration nearly entirely suffused by dark brown-pink scales, especially darkened antemedially and submarginally, darker patch of scales present above anal angle; postmedial line well developed. Hind wing ventrum: As for genus, ante- and postmedial lines particularly well defined; antemedial area lighter in colour than antemedial area of fore wing ventrum. Abdomen: As for genus, colouration grey-brown, terminus with distinct outwardly projected tufts of scales. Genitalia: (Figure 37) n = 3 (six additional specimen terminalia were brushed). Vinculum ovoid. Tegumen broad, thickly sclerotised, ovoid. Uncus triangular, bifid, not more heavily sclerotised apically. Subuncal region with narrow strip of weak sclerotisation along ventral margin of tegumen, downwardly projected and widened mesally forming open diamond shape, upper margin of subuncal sclerotisation slightly dentate; uncus-tegumen complex wider than vinculum at widest part. Ventral margin of tegumen more heavily sclerotised than surrounding region, extended outward forming pair of lobed projections; one on either side of tegumen. Transtilla apparently absent. Valvae extremely narrow, elongate, slightly curved upward. Costal base of valvae (valva apodeme) densely covered in setae, setae obscure presence of well-sclerotised trumpet shaped valva apodeme projection which curves outwards, some setae densely compacted within trumpet shaped projection. Juxta as V-shaped sclerotisation which attaches ventrally to phallus and between saccular valvae apodemes. Caecum of phallus shorter than one-quarter length of phallus, caecum phallus rounded, distally forked with upper component of fork shorter than lower component. Female. Head: As for male, but smaller overall; antenna smaller. Thorax: As for male. Legs: As for genus. Fore wing dorsum: Fore wing length: 13.5 mm, wingspan: 24.5 mm, n = 1. As for male but wings slightly broader overall, more densely suffused with brown and contrasting black petiolate scales, giving the wing a darker tone. Black marks near costa smaller. Fore wing ventrum: As for male; overall more heavily suffused with brown scales as on dorsum. Hind wing dorsum: As for male but more heavily suffused with brown scales as on fore wing dorsum. Hind wing ventrum: As for male, but more heavily suffused with brown and black petiolate scales. Abdomen: As for male, but more robust; terminus of abdomen lacks paired scale tufts. Genitalia: Not examined.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ♂. Brazil: Bahia: BRASIL BA, Camacã, 400 – 700 m, 21 – 30. ix. 1991, V. O. Becker Col. / Col. BECKER 83179 / USNM-Mimal: 2332 / St Laurent dissection: 5 - 16 - 18: 3 / HOLOTYPE ♂ Zaphanta bahiana St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 / (ex. USNM, to be transferred to VOB). Paratypes. (8 ♂, 1 ♀ total) Brazil: Bahia: 1 ♂, data as exactly as for holotype (VOB). 1 ♂, data as for holotype except with additional labels: USNM-Mimal 2333, St Laurent dissection: 5 - 16 - 18: 4 (USNM). 1 ♂, Locale and collector as for holotype except: 13 – - 14 April 1992, Col. Becker 84469 (VOB). 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Camacan [Camacã], Serra Bonita Res., 15.38 ° S, 39.55 ° W, 800 m: 1 – 15 February 2005, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 135914 (1 ♂, VOB); VI. 2009, L. R. Pinheiro and S. S. Moraes col., Col. Becker 143337 (1 ♂, VOB); July 2010, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 146266 (1 ♂, VOB); February 2018, V. O. Becker col., Col. Becker 155410 (1 ♀, VOB). 1 ♂, Camacã, Serra Bonita, 15.38 ° S, 39.55 ° W, 800 m: 16 – - 24 April 2012, V. Becker and A. Moser leg. (CLAM). Paratypes with label reading: ‘ PARATYPE ♂ / ♀ Zaphanta bahiana St Laurent and Giusti, 2019 ’ (yellow label).	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	distribution	Distribution Zaphanta bahiana is only known from the type locality in and near Camacan, Bahia, Brazil.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	etymology	Etymology Zaphanta bahiana is named for the Brazilian state of Bahia, where the type series was collected.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
03F75269FF94C8794E8E1267FE87DF19.taxon	discussion	Remarks Based on male genitalia and biogeography, this species appears to be most closely related to the previous two species, particularly Z. acuta. The extremely narrowed and then distally splayed phallus, and shapes of the uncus, subuncal sclerotisation and valva apodeme projections, as well as external differences, led us to treat the Bahia population as a distinct species. We are uncertain whether these two taxa are sympatric in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, although the nearest population of Zaphanta in Linhares, Espírito Santo, has genital characters wholly consistent with Z. acuta, and not intermediate between the two species. All male specimens from the type series of Z. bahiana were dissected or brushed in order to observe the diagnostic genital structures. The uniquely shaped phallus is usually most apparent and allows for quick determination in the absence of a full dissection, although in some specimens the diagnostic features of the uncus and subuncal sclerotisation may be clearly visible as well. The specimen in Figure 22 is particularly small and lightly coloured for Z. bahiana, but examination of the genitalia (through brushing) revealed all the necessary diagnostic characteristics of this species to allow us to confidently include it in the type series. We include a figure of this specimen to show the degree of variation in size and maculation that can exist in Zaphanta, making identifications based merely on external morphology quite unreliable.	en	St Laurent, Ryan A., Giusti, Alessandro (2019): Revision of Zaphanta Dyarı 1910 (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae: Zaphantinae) ı with descriptions of nine new species. Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1209-1246, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1634772
