taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F487E53000E41BFF4C27D5FC0FFA39.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Nodastrella nodastrella (Topsent).	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41BFF4C27D5FC0FFA39.taxon	discussion	Definition: Saccular Rossellinae with both calycocomes and discasters among microscleres, microdiscohexasters concentrated near the dermal surface, and dermalia chiefly stauractins.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41BFF4C27D5FC0FFA39.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Basiphytous saccular Rossellidae barrel- to amphora-shaped, with a large atrial cavity ending in a wide, unfringed, central osculum, with everted marginal parts in older specimens. Colour in life is white to greyish. Choanosomal main skeleton chiefly of diactins combined with intermediate hexactins and pentactins, dermalia are microspined stauractins and few pentactins, tauactins, and diactins, hypodermalia are large orthotropal pentactins, gastralia mainly hexactins, but also include pentactins, stauractins, and tauactins. Prostalia lateralia, if present, are diactins. Microscleres are calycocomes with reduced primary rays, spherical discasters, microdiscohexasters, (hemi) oxyhexasters, oxyhexactins, and rare onychohexasters. Discasters are concentrated near the atrial surface, microdiscohexasters are concentrated near the dermal surface.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41BFF4C27D5FC0FFA39.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The skeleton of Nodastrella is similar to that of Rossella in the presence of calycocomes, although they are different in morphology by showing reduced primary rays and a central swelling. It differs from Rossella mainly by its dermalia, which are chiefly stauractins (whereas the dermalia of Rossella are chiefly pentactins), the presence of discasters (never found in Rossella), and the absence of tyloidal and rhopaloidal microscleres, discohexactins, and anisodiscohexasters, the latter a typical spicule of most Rossella species (although missing in R. antarctica Carter and R. levis (Kirkpatrick )). Furthermore, the concentration of macrodiscohexasters near the atrial surface and microdiscohexasters near the dermal surface is unique within Rossellidae; in Rossella the distribution of microscleres is opposite to that of Nodastrella (see also van Soest et al. 2007). A further difference is the presence of some stauractins and tauactins and the absence of diactins among the atriala (in Rossella, some diactins can be present whereas stauractins and tauactins are absent). To accomodate removal of nodastrella from Rossella, we here provide emended definition and diagnosis for the latter genus (from Tabachnick 2002 a; additions highlighted in boldface):	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41AFF4C203CFE2FFD1E.taxon	description	Definition: Saccular Rossellinae with calycocomes among microscleres, microdiscohexasters concentrated near the atrial surface, and dermalia chiefly pentactins.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41AFF4C203CFE2FFD1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Body is saccular, thick-walled, barrel-shaped with apical narrowing towards the osculum, mode of attachment is basiphytose or lophophytose. Choanosomal skeleton is composed of diactins and rarely accompanied by hexactins. Hypodermal spicules are pentactins, which can be differentiated into anchorate (which serve as basalia) and commonly with paratropal and orthotropal tangential rays. Prostalia lateralia if present are monaxons and sometimes outward protruding hypodermal pentactines. Dermalia are chiefly pentactins or combinations of them with some stauractins and hexactins. Atrialia are mainly hexactins, rarely together with pentactins or diactins. Microscleres have discoidal, tyloidal, rhopaloidal, oxyoidal rarely onychoidal terminations. Calycocomes always present, they have well-developed primary rays and are often accompanied by spherical ‘ mesodiscohexasters’, discohexactins and microdiscohexasters. Mesodiscohexasters are concentrated near the dermal surface, microdiscohexasters are concentrated near the atrial surface. In most species, microdiscohexasters have secondary rays of unequal length (anisodiscohexasters). Oxyoidal spicules are combinations of hexasters, hemihexasters, hexactins and rarely other holactinoidal spicules. 1. Included here only for completeness; molecular data strongly suggest that the subfamily-division of Rossellidae is artificial (Dohrmann et al. 2008, 2012) The body shape of Nodastrella is very variable, urn- to amphora- or trumpet-shaped depending on the size and ontogentic age (as illustrated by van Soest et al. 2007: Fig. 1). Young and smaller specimens are commonly tubular or urn-shaped, whereas larger specimens tend to become amphora- or trumpet-shaped. The adult body form is very similar to the typical shape of Asconema, another N Atlantic rossellid genus with which Nodastrella can easily be confused if no spicule analysis is carried out. Identification of Nodastrella is straightforward by the presence of calycocomes and discasters. However, these spicules can be very rare and might be overlooked; in that case the two genera can be distinguished by their dominant dermal megascleres, which are stauractins in Nodastrella and pentactins with distally directed unpaired ray in Asconema (Tabachnick and Menshenina 2007).	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53000E41AFF4C203CFE2FFD1E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The genus name is derived from the species name of the holotype, first described as Rossella nodastrella (Topsent 1915).	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53006E41FFF4C26B7FDC3FDCD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: The holotype (MOM-INV- 21666 (04 1353 )) described by Topsent (1915) from the Azores, collected by S. A. S. le Prince de Monaco, off San Miguel, St. 3140, on August 18, 1911, depth 1378 m. One specimen (HBOI 7 - VIII- 09 - 1 - 002, USNM 1150046, SMF 11754) from deep-water Lophelia coral reefs off Cape Canaveral, Florida, lat. 28 ° 47.621 N, long. 79 ° 37.430 W, depth 759 m, collected August 07, 2009 using manned submersible Johnson-Sea-Link II.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53006E41FFF4C26B7FDC3FDCD.taxon	description	Description: The holotype is a small (probably juvenile) specimen, 3.5 cm high and 2 cm max. width with a deep central osculum. The specimen from Florida, USNM 1150046, is 24.5 cm high, the body is vase-shaped with the osculum (ca. 15 cm wide) having outward-flaring margins (Fig. 1). Whereas the dermal surface of the holotype shows a few diactine prostalia, the USNM specimen is smooth. The USNM specimen is white to greyish and is attached to a scleractinian coral (Lophelia pertusa L.); the holotype is also basiphytous and attached to the skeleton of another hexactinellid sponge, Hertwigia falcifera Schmidt (Topsent 1915). Skeleton (Figs. 1 – 2, Table 1): Dermal skeleton is a web of microspined stauractins (occasionally with rudimentary tubercle of fifth ray), some tauactins with or without rudimentary fourth ray, some diactins with or without rudimentary third and fourth rays, and very rarely isolated pentactins; the web covers the paratangential rays of large, smooth (except for slightly rugose ray tips), orthotropal hypodermal pentactins. Atrial skeleton is a web of hexactins and pentactins, combined with some stauractins and rare tauactins. Choanosomalia are chiefly diactins varying in size from few mm to several cm, with rounded to pointed microspined or smooth tips, sometimes with one end swollen. The smaller diactins are commonly centrotylote; in the holotype some smaller diactins protrude as prostalia beyond the dermal surface. Further choanosomal megascleres are microspined hexactins and pentactins of variable sizes. Microscleres are calycocomes most abundant near the dermal surface, spherical discasters most abundant near the atrial surface, and oxyhexasters. We did not observe any microdiscohexasters, but they are documented in the original description, as rare stellate microdiscohexasters with 11 – 13 secondary rays (Topsent 1915: Fig. 5 m; the spicule shown in his Fig. 5 a is more likely a small calycocome). Calycocomes have very short primary rays bearing calyces with 7 – 8 microspiny secondary rays, discasters have ~ 10 – 20 microspiny secondary rays and inflated centre hiding the axial cross and entire primary rays. Oxyhexasters are of two types: 1) pappocome-like oxyhexasters, which are always holoxyhexasters, with distinct primary rays ending in conspicuous discs bearing 5 – 7 straight, microspiny secondary rays, and 2) (only found in the holotype; see Remarks) normal oxy- and few hemioxyhexasters with 1 – 3 secondary rays and very short primary rays.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53006E41FFF4C26B7FDC3FDCD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Despite the fact that Topsent (1915) did not notice, or at least did not mention, the presence of two distinct types of oxyhexasters, the pappocome-like oxyhexasters are the most prominent diagnostic character of N. nodastrella. They are holoxyhexasters with a convex, plate-like terminal of each primary ray, on which the secondary rays are attached. The 5 – 7 straight secondary rays radiate outwards and give the hexaster a spherical appearance, best seen in LM, as the secondary rays tend to break off during preparation and were hardly ever found in situ in SEM. We refrain here from calling these spicules pappocomes because the number of secondary rays is much smaller than in " true " pappocomes (see Tabachnick 2002 a; see also Tabachnick and Reiswig 2002 for a discussion of the term). In the holotype, these oxyhexasters are combined with normal (hemi) oxyhexasters, and there seem to be transitional forms between both spicule types, whereas in the Florida specimen only the pappocome-like oxyhexasters were observed. However, because the morphological gap between the two specimens from each side of the Atlantic may be closed or confirmed by further findings we refrain from the erection of subspecies based on the scarce material presently available.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53004E41EFF4C24AFFE80FDAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: One specimen, the holotype (HBOI 10 - VIII- 09 - 1 - 001, USNM 1150045, SMF 11755) from deep-water Lophelia coral reefs off Cape Canaveral, Florida, lat. 28 ° 19.426 N, long. 79 ° 36.925 W, depth 723 m, collected August 10, 2009, and a second specimen (HBOI 5 - VIII- 05 - 1 - 004) from Miami Terrace, Straits of Florida, lat. 25 ° 42.0159 N, long. 79 ° 52.0254 W, depth 337 m, collected August 05, 2005 using manned submersible Johnson-Sea-Link II. One specimen (ZMAPOR 19715, SMF 10363) from Rockall Bank, Ireland, lat. 55 ° 29.619 N, long. 15 ° 48.053 E.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53004E41EFF4C24AFFE80FDAE.taxon	description	Description: The holotype consists of the upper part of a large basiphytous specimen ca. 23 cm high and ca. 13 cm wide; size of the whole specimen is ca. 30 cm high and ca. 23 cm in diameter. The body is vase-shaped with the osculum having outward-flaring margins; colour white to grayish (Fig. 3). The second specimen, from which we had only a small piece of tissue, also had a similar bodyshape and was white when alive; it grew conjoined with another individual (Fig. 4). Skeleton (Figs. 3 and 5, Table 2): the dermal surface shows a web of microspiny stauractins (occasionally with rudimentary tubercle of fifth ray), some tauactins with or without rudimentary fourth ray, and very rarely isolated pentactins and diactins; the web covers the paratangential rays of large, smooth (except for slightly rugose ray tips), orthotropal hypodermal pentactins. Atrialia are mainly hexactins with often somewhat shortened tangential rays, and pentactins combined with few stauractins. Choanosomalia are diactins of very variable size, up to several mm length, with rounded to pointed microspined or smooth tips, sometimes with one end swollen, with or without central swelling. Shorter diactins can protrude beyond the dermal surface as prostalia (Fig. 4). Further choanosomalia are rough hexactins, numerous regular oxy- and predominantly hemioxyhexasters with very short primary rays and 1 – 2, rarely 3 secondary rays, less common microhexactins, and very rare onychohexasters. Discasters with inflated centre and ~ 10 – 20 secondary rays, and calycocomes are situated mainly near the atrial surface, they are generally rare in the investigated specimens and were not found in SEM preparations. Calycocomes appear as two types, one with 7 – 8 secondary rays and well-developed calyces, and one with more numerous (up to 13) secondary rays and hardly developed calyces (therefore perhaps better termed " calycocome-like stellate discohexasters ", as suggested by one reviewer). Spherical microdiscohexasters are rather common and situated mainly near the dermal surface, their primary rays are roughly of equal length as the ca. 35 – 40 secondary rays.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53004E41EFF4C24AFFE80FDAE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: N. asconemaoida differs from N. nodastrella by the lack of pappocome-like oxyhexasters, the abundance of hemioxyhexasters, the shape of microdiscohexasters (spherical in contrast to stellate in N. nodastrella [according to Topsent 1915]), and the presence of calycocome-like stellate discohexasters; also, the calycocomes / calycocome-like stellate discohexasters are more abundant on the atrial side whereas calycocomes are more abundant on the dermal side in N. nodastrella. Furthermore, onychohexasters were not found in N. nodastrella, although they might have been overlooked as they appear to be very rare. Spicule composition and morphology of the Florida N. asconemaoida correspond well with the descriptions of the Irish specimens (van Soest et al. 2007: Fig. 3), an exception being the lack of " proper " calycocomes in the latter (only the calycocome-like stellate discohexasters were figured in van Soest et al. 2007). However, those were very rare in the Florida specimen, and might have been overlooked in the Irish material. Further differences concern the presence of some pentactins and stauractins among atrialia and a greater variation among the choanosomal diactins, which also include non-centrotylote spicules and more than two size classes, in the Florida material. However, we do not consider these differences sufficient evidence to distinguish separate species. After all, the Florida and the Ireland population seem to be genetically very close (see next section). For these reasons we synonymize the Irish species initially identified as Asconema cf. foliata (van Soest and Lavaleye 2005) and later assigned to Rossella nodastrella (Tabachnick and Menshenina 2007; van Soest et al. 2007) with our new species Nodastrella asconemaoida sp. nov. The specimens reported by Tabachnick and Collins (2008) from the N Atlantic Ridge probably also belong in this species, but due to their insufficient documentation this cannot currently be established with certainty.	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
03F487E53004E41EFF4C24AFFE80FDAE.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name refers to the adult body shape with outward-flaring oscular margin, which is typical for the genus Asconema, and was first reported for Nodastrella from the Irish population of this species (van Soest et al. 2007).	en	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Reed, John, Janussen, Dorte (2012): Integrative taxonomy justifies a new genus, Nodastrella gen. nov., for North Atlantic " Rossella " species (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Rossellidae). Zootaxa 3383: 1-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3383.1.1
