taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F487FF477E4D119BE2FEFDFB12FD35.taxon	discussion	The globulus group belongs to the subgenus Dichotomius (Selenocopris) and its species share the following combination of characters: clypeal edge bidentate, clypeogenal junction rounded; ventral clypeal process usually coniform, if bladeshaped then process not bifurcated at apex; inner apical angle of protibia obtuse (> 90 °); sixth abdominal ventrite of female 2 – 3 times longer than the fifth; female pygidium without knobs or central emargination (Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello 2019). Within Dichotomius (Selenocopris), species of the globulus group are here considered closely related to the species of the batesi group. All species in these two groups have medium body size (length: 11 – 14 mm), a single conical process on the head of both sexes, pronotum covered with ocellate punctures, posterior edges of meso and metafemora with a longitudinal groove, apex of paramera weakly sclerotised (Figure 4 (a – j )) and bent downwards, and the ME at least with a median longitudinal fold (Figure 5 (b – g )). However, as defined here, species of the globulus group can be distinguished from the species in the batesi groups by having the following: the pronotum with regular umbilicate ocellate punctures (except for D. femoratus and D. ocellatopunctatus) (vs irregularly spaced in the batesi group); surface of elytral interstriae dull, entirely shagreened or shagreened along lateral edges (Figure 3 (g – i )) (the batesi group has the elytral interstriae smooth and finely punctate); anterior and posterior edges of metafemora almost parallel along their lengths (metafemora are slightly club-shaped in the batesi group); posterior edges of meso and metafemora with a thin longitudinal groove along their entire length (while the grooves are usually restricted to the apical half or apical third of metafemora in the batesi group); dorsal surface of paramera usually with a pre-apical longitudinal carina (as in Figure 4 (c), arrows) (while in the batesi group, the paramera have small, laterally directed teeth in the pre-apical region); medial ME slightly longer than wide (Figure 5 (b – g )), hook-like projections on the inferior part of ME widely separated from each other, not blade-shaped at apex (Figure 5 (b – g )), and ME with a feeble longitudinal fold restricted to its midline (Figure 5 (b – g )) (in species of the batesi group, the ME is twice longer than wide, the hook-like projections are close to each other and blade-shaped at the apex, and the lateral edges and the midline of ME are produced into well-developed longitudinal folds along its entire length).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47744D129A4AFCA5FBE4FD00.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (a), 4 (a – b), 5 (b), and 6)	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47744D129A4AFCA5FBE4FD00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Within the globulus group, only D. benesi and D. ocellatopunctatus are brachypterous species. They are associated with mountain formations; Vaz-de-Mello and Nunes (2016) provided detailed descriptions for both species, and illustrated the tegmen of D. benesi. Therefore, herein the description of D. benesi is merely complemented by the inclusion of the following characters of the male genitalia: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, onethird longer than its width at medial portion; apex slightly obliqualy truncate; surface with a feeble pre-apical longitudinal carina, inner edge curved inward at basal third (Figure 4 (a )); in lateral view, apical half of paramera approximately as wide as base; ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner at basal half, slightly angulate laterally (Figure 4 (b )). ME with two hook-like projections inferiorly, projections separated by a broad U-shaped emargination; ME with a longitudinal fold at the median inferior region (Figure 5 (b )). Complex of A and A + SA endophallites thin, C-shaped in lateral view; SA endophallite with reticulate texture inferiorly (Figure 5 (h), arrow). FLP endophallite C-shaped in lateral right view, inferior region thinner than superior one; surface of the C-shaped region with irregular projections (Figure 5 (h )). SRP endophallite approximately J-shaped (Figure 5 (h )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47744D129A4AFCA5FBE4FD00.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius benesi ♂ [CEMT]: ‘ Panama Veraguas Santa Fé’ / ‘ 811 m 8 ° 29 ʹ N 81 ° 06 ʹ W’ / ‘ 16 – 18 – VI – 2013 ’ / ‘ V Benes lgt’. Paratype [♀, MZUFPA]: same data as the holotype.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47774D149BF7FCB2FBD4FDE0.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (b), 3 (i – j), 4 (c – d), 5 (c, i), and 6)	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47774D149BF7FCB2FBD4FDE0.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Bertha Lutz (1894 – 1976), a Brazilian diplomat, politician and zoologist, for her contributions to Brazilian science in the early twentieth century.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47774D149BF7FCB2FBD4FDE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Dichotomius berthalutzae sp. nov. is suggested to be closely related to the South American species D. fortepunctatus and the Central American D. gamboaensis. All these species have a distinct pre-apical longitudinal carina on the dorsal surface of the paramera (Figure 4 (c, d, g – j )), and the ME with two well-developed hook-like projections separated by a broad C-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (c, f, g )). However, in comparison with D. fortepunctatus and D. gamboaensis, the new species has a shorter longitudinal carina on the paramera, which is approximately one-third of the total length of the paramera in dorsal view, whereas in the other two species the carina is approximately one-fourth (D. fortepunctatus) or half (D. gamboaensis) of the paramera length. Externally, D. berthalutzae can be distinguished from the other two species by its smaller body size (10 – 11 mm); surface of head with different-sized ocellate punctures, more sparsely distributed on anterior clypeal region; surface of elytral interstriae shagreened, with dense smooth dots medially (Figure 3 (i )); mesofemora with a longitudinal groove along the whole posterior margin; sixth abdominal ventrite of male twice longer than fifth (Figure 3 (j )); and pygidium of male rounded at the apex.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47774D149BF7FCB2FBD4FDE0.taxon	description	Description (male) Body length: 10 – 11 mm. Dorsum black, barely shiny. Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Head with ocellate punctures spaced at most by the diameter of a puncture, except on anterior region of the clypeus, which has ill-defined transverse wrinkles. Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle. Antennal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long. Anteromedian region of the disc with a shallow central excavation. Surface of the disc with dense ocellate punctures equally spaced by half their diameter. Surface of hypomera completely covered with ocellate punctures; anterior and lateral regions with punctures bearing short orange setae. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite covered with ocellate punctures, usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Anterior region half the length of metafemora. Mid-longitudinal sulcus feebly marked posteriorly. Lateral regions of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: convex medially in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin, punctate; punctures wider than striae, spaced by 3 times their diameter in the elytral disc (Figure 3 (i )). Interstriae I – VII distinctly convex. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures along entire extension, setae very short. Ventral surface of the mesofemora with coarse punctures at apical third. Ventral surface of the metafemora with coarse punctures, concentrated on apical half; basal half with sparse, scattered punctures. Metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along whole extension of posterior margin, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures at lateral regions, punctures at medial region restricted to a single row along anterior edge. Pygidium approximately twice wider than long, convex medially. Pygidial disc covered with ocellate punctures, spaced by at least their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular in shape, twice longer than its width medially, apex truncate (Figure 4 (c, d )). Longitudinal carina on dorsal surface of paramera serrate along its margin (Figure 4 (c )). In dorsal view, inner edges close to each other at basal third (Figure 4 (c )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner at basal half; lateral margins angulate at anterior half (Figure 4 (d), arrow). Endophallus: inferior projections of ME separated by a broad U-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (c )). ME with a longitudinal fold at the median superior region (Figure 5 (c )). A and SA endophallites thin, C-shaped in lateral view; SA endophallite with reticulate texture inferiorly (Figure 5 (i )). FLP endophallite C-shaped in lateral right view, inferior region shorter than superior one; surface of the C-shaped region with irregular projections (Figure 5 (i )). SRP endophallite approximately J-shaped (Figure 5 (i )). Female: differs from male by the clypeal teeth larger and acute. Clypeal surface with distinct transverse ridges. Sixth abdominal ventrite about twice longer than fifth medially and bearing a small central knob. Pygidial disc strongly convex in lateral view.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47774D149BF7FCB2FBD4FDE0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype: COLOMBIA: Valle Del Cauca. La Fragua. Valle R [io] Cajambre C. N. F. 28 August – 01 – September 1993. L. C. Pardo Locarno (1 ♂ CEMT). Paratypes [79 ♂♂ 32 ♀♀]: COLOMBIA: Chocó: Acandí, Corregimiento de Capurganá. Jardín Botánico. Bosque Húmedo Tropical. 8.628 ° N, - 77.353 ° W, 30 m. 16 – 18 January 2008. Pitfall with human faeces. J. Arias, P. Delgado and A. González (43 ♂♂ 41 ♀♀ CEMT). Same data but (10 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀ ECC). Same but Sapzurro. Bosque Húmedo Tropical. 8.639 ° N, - 77.354 ° W. 63 m. 15 – 17 January 2008. Pitfall with human faeces. J. Arias, P. Delgado and A. González (20 ♂♂ 20 ♀♀ CEMT). Same data but Corregim, Capurganá Camino ‘ Al Cielo’. 10 m. 6 January 1999. A. Vitolo (1 ♂ 1 ♀ CEMT); PNN Enseada de Utria. 10 June – 3 July 1997. Llanos-Jurado (1 ♂ CEMT); Lloró. R. Atrato C. N. F. 5 – 8 January 1993. L. C. Pardo Locarno (1 ♂ CEMT); same data but 90 m. 5.500 ° N, - 76.5166 ° W. 02 – May. J. Noriega (1 ♂ CEMT); Valle Del Cauca. La Fragua. Valle R [io] Cajambre C. N. F. 28 – August – 01 – September – 1993. L. C. Pardo Locarno (1 ♂ CEMT); Amazonas: Leticia. 70 m. October 2005. J. Noriega (1 ♂ CEMT).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47714D159A63FDDCFBB1FC25.taxon	description	(Figures 2 (a – f), 6 ))	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47714D159A63FDDCFBB1FC25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Dichotomius danieli, D. rodrigoi and D. favi are the only known species of the globulus group recorded in Costa Rica. As pre-apical teeth are absent on the dorsal surface of paramera, D. danieli is suggested to be more closely related to D. favi than to D. rodrigoi. The following characters can be used to distinguish D. danieli from D. favi and other species in the globulus group: surface of head covered with dense ocellate punctures; pronotal punctures equally spaced from each other; anteromedian region of pronotum with a feeble central impression; elytral striae wide, crenulate, punctures almost as wide as striae; elytral interstriae opaque with indistinct smooth dots; paramera rectangular, apex rounded in dorsal view (Figure 2 (d )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47714D159A63FDDCFBB1FC25.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 9.5 mm. Dorsum black, barely shiny (Figure 2 (a )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Clypeogenal junction rounded. Surface with different-sized ocellate punctures; punctures forming transverse rows at anterior clypeal region. Clypeogenal suture present. Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle (Figure 2 (a )). Antennal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long. Pronotal disc convex, anteromedian region with a shallow central excavation; surface with ocellate punctures as dense as those on anterior angles (Figure 2 (a )). Surface of hypomera with sparse, coarse setiferous punctures; setae short, and usually absent in some punctures. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite filled with ocellate punctures usually bearing short, orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Mid-longitudinal sulcus feebly marked posteriorly. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin, with well-defined punctures spaced by their diameter. Interstriae I – VII slight convex, barely shiny, with shagreened microsculpture; medial region with distinct smooth dots. Legs: protibiae with three distinct teeth externally. Protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures along its entire extension, setae short. Ventral surface of the mesofemora with ocellate punctures at apical half. Ventral surface of the metafemora with ocellate punctures concentrated on apical half; basal half with sparse, scattered punctures. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along the entire extension of posterior margin, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures laterally, punctures medially disposed in a single row along anterior edge. Pygidium twice wider than long, disc strongly convex apically. Surface of pygidium with ocellate punctures concentrated along anterior half, and spaced by half their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, one-third longer than its width medially, apex truncate; inner edges of paramera curved outward along its whole length (Figure 2 (d )). Dorsal surface of paramera smooth (Figure 2 (d )). Apical half noticeably narrower than base in lateral view (Figure 2 (f )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner and curved at basal half; rounded laterally (Figure 2 (e )). Female: differs from male by clypeal teeth acute and separated by a deep V-shaped emargination, and sixth abdominal ventrite 3 times longer than fifth.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47714D159A63FDDCFBB1FC25.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius danieli ♂ [MNCR]: ‘ Est. Pitilla, 9 km S. Santa Cecilia, Prov. / Guana, COSTA RICA, 700 m. Ago 1994 / C. Moranga, L N 330200 _ 380200 # 3198 ’ // ‘ Dichotomius danieli / Kohlmann and Solís’ / ‘ COSTA RICA INBIO / [barcode] CRI 002 / 029748 ’ // ‘ HOLOTYPO / Dichotomius danieli / Kohlmann y Solís’. Examined via photographs (Figure 2 (c )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47704D169A71FB9BFC66FAB0.taxon	description	(Figures 2 (g – l), 6)	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47704D169A71FB9BFC66FAB0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Dichotomius favi is suggested to be closely related to D. danieli (see the diagnosis of D. danieli). However, the following combination of characters can be used to distinguish D. favi from its relatives: surface of head with different-sized ocellate punctures, forming transverse rows at clypeal surface; elytral striae thin and deeply punctate, punctures spaced by their diameter; ventral surface of the mesofemora with large coarse punctures at apical third; and paramera rectangular, obliquely truncate at apex in dorsal view (Figure 2 (j, k )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47704D169A71FB9BFC66FAB0.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 8.55 mm. Dorsum black, barely shiny on head and pronotum, elytra opaque (Figure 2 (g )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Clypeogenal junction rounded. Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle (Figure 2 (g )). Antenal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long (Figure 2 (g )). Anteromedian region of the disc lacking knobs, horns or excavations. Surface with dense ocellate punctures, equally spaced. Mid-longitudinal sulcus feebly marked medially. Surface of hypomera covered with dense ocellate punctures, spaced by less than their diameter; some punctures bearing orange setae. Prosternum covered with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite covered with ocellate punctures, usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Mid-longitudinal sulcus of metaventrite feebly marked posteriorly. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view (Figure 2 (g )). Humeral callus distinct. Interstriae I – VII slight convex, barely shiny, with shagreened microsculpture; medial region densely covered with smooth dots. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures along its entire extension. Ventral surface of the metafemora with ocellate punctures concentrated on apical half; basal half smooth. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along its entire extension, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures in lateral regions; punctures in medial region in a single row along anterior edge. Sixth ventrite 3 times longer than fifth. Pygidium twice wider than long; disc strongly convex apically. Surface of pygidial disc with ocellate punctures concentrated along anterior half, and spaced by half their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, one-third longer than its width medially (Figure 2 (j, k )); apex slightly obliquely truncate; inner edges close to each other at basal fifth (Figure 2 (j, k )). Dorsal surface of paramera smooth (Figure 2 (j )). Apical half of paramera noticeably narrower than base in lateral view (Figure 2 (l )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner and curved at basal half; angulated laterally (Figure 2 (k )). Female: differs from male by the clypeal teeth larger and acute. Clypeal edge with well defined transverse ridges. Sixth abdominal ventrite 3 times longer than fifth. Disc of the pygidium swollen.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47704D169A71FB9BFC66FAB0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius favi ♂ [MNCR]: ‘ Sector Cerro Cocori. Fca. / de E. Rojas, 150 m. Prov. / Limon, Costa Rica. Oct / 1992, E. Rojas / L – N 286000. 567,500 ’ // ‘ Dichotomius favi / Kohlmann and Solís’ // ‘ COSTA RICA / INBIO [barcode] CRI 000 931,796 ’ // ‘ HOLOTYPO / Dichotomius favi / Kohlmann y Solís’. Examined via photographs (Figure 1 (i )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47734D089A49FA02FBA8FA31.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (c), 3 (a, e, h, k, l), 4 (e, f), 5 (d, e, j), and 6)	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47734D089A49FA02FBA8FA31.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Among the species in the globulus group, D. femoratus is a central American species with records in Costa Rica (Solis and Kohlmann 2012) and Panama, in this latter country being found in sympatry with D. gamboaensis (Figure 6). However, D. femoratus is the only known species of the globulus group of which both males and females have elytral interstriae distinctly convex, smooth medially with shagreened microsculpture along the lateral edges near striae (Figure 3 (h), ShMicro). Other species of the globulus group have almost the entire surface of elytral interstriae covered with shagreened microsculpture, except by small, smooth dots usually concentrated along the medial portion of the interstrial surface. Additional charaters useful to distinguish D. femoratus from others in the group are: body elongate (Figure 1 (c )); male clypeal teeth triangular and upturned, separated by deep V-shaped emargination; frons and gena covered with sparse ocellate punctures, spaced by their diameter; clypeofrontal region transversally elevated, bearing a central knob truncated at the apex; pronotal disc sparsely punctate, punctures irregularly spaced (Figure 3 (e )); anterior declivity of pronotum as long as one-third the pronotal length (Figure 1 (c )); pygidium slightly angulate at the apex.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47734D089A49FA02FBA8FA31.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 13 – 14 mm. Dorsum black, shiny on head, pronotum and medial region of interstriae (Figure 1 (c )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Clypeogenal junction notched. Clypeal surface almost smooth, with scattered ocellate punctures posteriorly and slightly transverse ridges near anterior edge. Cephalic process forming a low transverse carina with a small central tubercle, emarginate at the apex. Antennal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long. Pronotal disc convex, anteromedian region with a shallow central excavation; surface with sparse ocellate punctures spaced by their diameter or more. Mid-longitudinal sulcus well impressed, filled with ocellate punctures. Whole surface of hypomera covered with ocellate punctures, anterior and lateral regions with punctures bearing short orange setae. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite filled with ocellate punctures usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short orange setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Anterior lobe of metaventrite half the length of metafemora. Metaventrite with mid-longitudinal sulcus indistinct. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin and with ill-defined punctures, spaced by twice their diameter. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures concentrated on apical half. Ventral surface of the meso and metafemora almost smooth, apex with indistinct ocellate punctures. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along apical half, usually present along the basal half, but feebly marked. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures at lateral regions, medial region in a single row along anterior edge. Sixth abdominal ventrite as long as fifth, flat, lacking tubercle medially. Pygidium slightly wider than long, triangular. Surface of the pygidial disc with ocellate punctures concentrated along anterior half, and spaced by half their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, one-third longer than its width medially, apex rounded; inner edge curved outward along its entire length (Figure 4 (e )). Apical half significantly narrower than base in lateral view. Dorsal surface of paramera smooth (Figure 4 (e )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner at basal fourth; slightly angulate at lateral portions (Figure 4 (f )). Endophallus: ME inferior projections separated by a broad V-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (d )). ME with a feeble longitudinal fold in the median inferior region (Figure 5 (e )). A and SA endophallites thin, C-shaped in lateral view; SA endophallite with reticulate texture inferiorly (Figure 5 (j )). FLP endophallite C-shaped in lateral right view, inferior region shorter than superior one; surface of the C-shaped region with irregular projections (Figure 5 (j )). SRP endophallite approximately C-shaped (Figure 5 (j )). Female: differs from male by clypeal teeth larger and acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Clypeal surface with well-defined transverse wrinkles. Pronotum lacking distinct anterior declivity; mid-longitudinal sulcus distinct. Sixth abdominal ventrite as long as fifth, bearing a knob medially Figure 3 (l). Pygidial disc distinctly convex and angulate at the apex, sparsely punctate, punctures concentrated near anterior edge. Apical margination of the pygidium absent.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47734D089A49FA02FBA8FA31.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius femoratus ♂ [MCZ]: ‘ PANAMÁ: CANAL ZONE; / Barro colourado Isl. / 8. vi. 1978 ’ // ‘ N. E Woodley, / Collector / trap baited / with Lep. Frass’ // ‘ HOLOTYPE / DICHOTOMIUS / FEMORATUS / H. Howden and / O. Young’ // ‘ M. C. Z. / Holotype / 32,558 ’ // ‘ SEM’. Examined via photographs. Additional material examined PANAMA: Prov. Cerro Azul: 850 m. 17 July 1998. M. Hardy (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, CEMT); El Valle. [– 80,12,141; 8,611,646]. 20 – 22 June 2013. V. Benes (2 ♀♀, CEMT). Taxonomic remarks Dichotomius femoratus was formerly identified by its distinctive pattern of microsculpture on the elytral interstriae, which appears to be shagreened near striae and smooth medially. However, the examination of the type material of D. globulus has revealed that some specimens have a very similar pattern of elytral microsculpture to that of D. femoratus. The type material of D. globulus is composed of one male (lectotype) and four females (paralectotypes). All females have the surface of the elytral interstriae shining at centre and shagreened along the lateral portions near striae, whereas the male has almost the entire surface of interstriae shagreened, with at most scattered smooth dots on the medial portion. To distinguish females of D. femoratus from those of D. globulus, the following characters can be used: body elongate (globose in D. globulus) surface of frons and genae with scattered ocellate punctures (Figure 3 (d )) (densely distributed in D. globulus), and pronotal punctures irregularly spaced (umbilicate in D. globulus).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476D4D0A9A54F98FFDF3FAC1.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (d), 3 (c, f, g), 4 (g, h), 5 (f, k), and 6 ))	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476D4D0A9A54F98FFDF3FAC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The following combination of characters is useful to distinguish D. fortepunctatus from other species in the globulus group: male clypeal teeth short, rounded, separated by a shallow V-shaped emargination; head with ocellate puntures larger than those on pronotum (Figure 3 (c )); pronotum with dense ocellate punctures, very close to each other, lacking distinct anterior declivity; elytral striae thin, with well-impressed punctures spaced by 3 times their diameter on disc; surface of elytral interstriae with opaque microsculpture, medial region with inconspicuous smooth dots (Figure 3 (g )); meso and metafemora with a longitudinal groove along their entire extension; and male with pygidium rounded at the apex.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476D4D0A9A54F98FFDF3FAC1.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 11 – 12 mm. Dorsum black, barely shiny on head and pronotum, elytra opaque (Figure 1 (d )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth rounded, separated by a shallow V-shaped emargination (Figure 3 (c )). Clypeogenal junction slightly angulate. Surface with large ocellate punctures, approximately equal-sized, more sparsely distributed on anterior clypeal region (Figure 3 (c )). Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle. Antennal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long (Figure 1 (d )). Pronotal disc slightly convex, anteromedian region lacking knobs, horns or excavations; surface with dense ocellate punctures equally spaced by half their diameter, punctures more sparse on anterior angle. Whole surface of hypomera covered with ocellate punctures; anterior and lateral region with punctures bearing short orange setae. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite filled with ocellate punctures usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Anterior region half the length of metafemora. Mid-longitudinal sulcus feebly marked posteriorly. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures all over its extension. Ventral surface of the mesofemora with ocellate punctures at apical half. Ventral surface of the metafemora with ocellate punctures concentrated on apical half, basal half with sparse, scattered punctures. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along entire posterior margin, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures laterally, medially punctures disposed in a single row along anterior edge. Pygidium twice wider than long, convex medially. Surface of pygidial disc with ocellate punctures spaced by their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Male sixth abdominal ventrite as long as fifth, and concave along anterior edge. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, twice longer than its width medially, apex truncate; inner edges close to each other at basal third (Figure 4 (g )). Apical half significantly narrower than base in lateral view. Dorsal surface of paramera with a pre-apical longitudinal carina; carina with serrate margin (Figure 4 (g )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner and curved at basal half; rounded at lateral portions (Figure 4 (h )). Endophallus: ME inferior projections separated by a broad C-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (f )). ME with a Y-shaped longitudinal fold in the median superior region (Figure 5 (f )). A and SA endophallites thin, C-shaped in lateral view; SA endophallite with reticulate texture inferiorly (Figure 5 (k )). FLP endophallite C-shaped in lateral right view, inferior region shorter than superior one; surface of the C-shaped region with irregular projections (Figure 5 (k )). SRP endophallite approximately V-shaped (Figure 5 (k )). Female: differs from male by clypeal teeth larger and acute, separated by a V-shaped emargination. Lateral teeth of the protibia larger. Pygidium wider than long, and with a small central knob. Sixth ventrite only slightly longer than fifth.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476D4D0A9A54F98FFDF3FAC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Lectotype of Pinotus fortepunctatus ♂: [MZSP]: ‘ Equador / Bucay / 12. vii. 1903 ’ // ‘ COTIPO’ // ‘ Pinotus ♂ / fortepunctatus / Lud’ [illegible handwriting] // ‘ 17,741 ’. Designated by Chamorro et al. (2019). Additional material examined ECUADOR: Pichincha: 250 m, 47 km Sto Domingo. Rio Palenque Sta. 18 – 19 February 1979. L. Ling (3 ♂♂ CEMT); same data but 17 – 25 February 1979. (22 – ii) (1 ♂ CEMT). Rio Palenque Station. [0.125 ° N, - 78.613 ° W]. March 1989. PandL Arnaud (1 ♂ CEMT); Rio Palenque Station. [0.125 ° N, - 78.613 ° W]. March 1989. PandL Arnaud (20 ♂♂ 16 ♀♀ CEMT); Esmeraldas: Calle Mansa. [0.968 ° N, - 79.657 ° W]. 25 January 2000. J. Celi (14 ♂♂ 10 ♀♀, CEMT); Chispero. [0.704 ° N, - 79.541 ° W]. 22 January 2000. J. Celi (1 ♂ 1 ♀ CEMT); Colón del Ónzole. 01 April 2000. J. Celi (1 ♀ CEMT); Gualpi. 4 April 2000. A. Dávalos and J. Celi (2 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀, CEMT); same data but El Pajonal. 01 April 2000. J. Celi (1 ♀ CEMT); Majua. [0.704 ° N, - 79.541 ° W]. 18 February 2000. J. Celi (2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀ CEMT); Palma Real. [0.333 ° N, - 78.933 ° W]. 10 March 2000. A. Dávalos (19 ♂♂ 8 ♀♀ CEMT); same data but 10 May 2000. A. Dávalos (1 ♂ 2 ♀♀ CEMT); Playa de Oro. [0.867 ° N, - 78.796 ° W]. 13 December 1999. J. Celi and A. Dávalos (5 ♂♂ 2 ♀♀ CEMT); same data but Paya Rica. 05 May 2000. A. Dávalos (1 ♂ CEMT); Tselpi. Charco Grande. 14 January 2000. A. Dávalos (1 ♂ CEMT); Calle Mansa. 25 January 2000. J. Celi (1 ♂ CEMT); Cotopaxi: Guasaguanda. km 4. 22 December 1997. C. Carpio (2 ♀♀ CEMT); same data but 20 December 1997 (1 ♀ CEMT).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476F4D0C9BBAFAFFFCCEFD8F.taxon	description	(Figures 1 (e), 3 (b, d), 4 (i, j), 5 (g, l) and 6 ))	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476F4D0C9BBAFAFFFCCEFD8F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Dichotomius gamboaensis and D. berthalutzae sp. nov. share the following combination of characters: pronotal disc covered with umbilicate punctures (Figure 1 (b, e )); elytral interstriae with shagreened microsculpture and distinct smooth dots along medial region (as in Figure 3 (i )); dorsal surface of paramera with a longitudinal carina at least as long as onethird of paramera in dorsal view (Figure 3 (c, d, i, j )); and hook-like projections on inferior part of ME separated by a C-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (c, g )). However, D. gamboaensis can be distinguished from D. berthalutzae sp. nov. by the clypeofrontal region with a central, apically bifurcate knob; anterior declivity of the pronotum onefourth as long as pronotal disc; abdominal ventrites narrowed medially (Figure 3 (b )); and male with pygidium rounded at apex.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476F4D0C9BBAFAFFFCCEFD8F.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 13 – 14 mm. Dorsum black, barely shiny (Figure 1 (e )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth rounded, separated by a shallow V-shaped emargination. Clypeogenal junction rounded, shallowly nochted. Surface with different-sized ocellate punctures, more sparsely distributed on anterior clypeal region. Clypeogenal suture present. Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle. Antennal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long (Figure 1 (e )). Pronotal disc convex, anteromedian region with a shallow central excavation; surface of the disc with dense ocellate punctures equally spaced by half their diameter, punctures on anterior angle more sparse. Whole surface of hypomera covered with ocellate punctures; anterior and lateral regions with punctures bearing short orange setae. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite covered with ocellate punctures usually bearing short orange setae. Lateral region of metaventrite with ocellate punctures, disc smooth; on anterior region, punctures usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Anterior region of metaventrite as wide as two-thirds the length of metafemora. Mid-longitudinal sulcus indistinct. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin and with ill defined punctures, spaced by twice their diameter. Interstriae I – VII convex, barely shiny. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures over their entire extension. Ventral surface of the mesofemora with ocellate puncture at apical third, near trochanter. Ventral surface of the metafemora with ocellate punctures at apical half. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along posterior margin, wider on apical half. Abdomen: sixth ventrite twice longer than fifth. Ventrites covered with ocellate punctures at lateral regions, punctures at medial region in a single row along anterior edge. Pygidium longer than wide, convex medially. Surface of the pygidial disc with ocellate punctures concentrated along anterior half, and spaced by half their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, twice longer than its width medially, apex rounded; inner edges close to each other at basal third (Figure 4 (i )). Apical half significantly narrower than base in lateral view. Dorsal surface of paramera with a strong pre-apical longitudinal carina at approximately apical half; margin of the carina serrate (Figure 4 (i )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner at basal third; angulate at lateral portions (Figure 4 (j )). Endophallus: ME inferior projections separated by a broad C-shaped emargination (Figure 5 (g )). ME with a longitudinal fold at the median superior region (Figure 5 (g )). A and SA endophallites thin, C-shaped in lateral view; SA endophallite with reticulate texture inferiorly (Figure 5 (l )). FLP endophallite C-shaped in lateral right view, inferior region shorter than superior one; surface of the C-shaped region with irregular projections (Figure 5 (l )). SRP endophallite approximately V-shaped (Figure 5 (l )). Female: differs from male by clypeal teeth larger and acute, separated by V-shaped emargination. Pronotum lacking anterior declivity or distinct mid-longitudinal sulcus. Lateral teeth of the protibia larger. Pygidial disc swollen and sparsely punctate. Sixth abdominal ventrite 3 times longer than fifth.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476F4D0C9BBAFAFFFCCEFD8F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius gamboaensis ♂ [USNM]: ‘ Panama. Canal Zone / Gamboa / Limbo Hunt Club. 23 – 24. X. 1975 OPYoung. Tapir feces trap’ // ‘ HOLOTYPE Dichotomius (L.) gamboensis sp. nov’. Additional material examined PANAMA: Prov. Cerro Azul: (850 m). 17 July 1998. M. Hardy (1 ♀ CEMT); Cocle: El Valle. H. Campestre. 600 m. 24 May 1999. D. Curoe (1 ♂ 3 ♀♀, CEMT).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47694D0F9A15FD31FBBDFE5F.taxon	description	(Figures 2 (s – u), 6 ))	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47694D0F9A15FD31FBBDFE5F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Currently, D. globulus is exclusively known from the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon Basin (Figure 6). It is characterised by its distinct oval body shape (( Figure 2 (s )); elytral striae almost as wide as their punctures (Figure 2 (s )); head covered with ocellate punctures, on anterior region punctures form transverse rows; surface of elytral interstriae completely shagreened in male; ventral surface of metafemora densely covered with coarse punctures at apical two-thirds (Figure 2 (t )). Paramera approximately rectangular, thin in lateral view, apex rounded and blade shaped. Lower membrane between paramera thinner at posterior third.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47694D0F9A15FD31FBBDFE5F.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 9 mm. Dorsum black, opaque (Figure 2 (s )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth rounded, separated by a shallow V-shaped emargination (Figure 2 (s )). Clypeogenal junction rounded. Surface with different-sized ocellate punctures; punctures forming transverse rows at anterior clypeal region (Figure 2 (s )). Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle. Antenal club with light brown tumescence. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long. Pronotal disc convex, anteromedian region lacking knobs, horns or excavations (Figure 2 (s )). Surface of pronotal disc with ocellate punctures as dense as on anterior angles. Mid-longitudinal sulcus of pronotum well impressed on posterior half. Whole surface of hypomera covered with ocellate punctures; anterior and lateral regions with punctures bearing short orange setae. Prosternum filled with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite filled with ocellate punctures, usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite surface with ocellate punctures, except on disc; punctures on anterior region usually bearing short setae. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Mid-longitudinal sulcus of metaventrite feebly marked posteriorly. Lateral lobes of metaventrite with ocellate punctures larger than those on anterior region. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin and with well-defined punctures, spaced by twice their diameter. Interstriae I – VII slight convex, barely shiny medially, with shagreened microsculpture; medial region with less distinct microsculpture surrounding smooth dots. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of profemora densely covered with setiferous ocellate punctures over their entire extension (Figure 2 (t )). Ventral surface of the mesofemora with ocellate punctures at apical half. Ventral surface of metafemora basally with scattered ocellate punctures which become densely distributed towards the apex. Meso and metafemora bearing a longitudinal groove along their whole extension, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures laterally, punctures medially distributed in a single row along the anterior edge (Figure 2 (s )). Pygidium twice wider than long, convex medially. Surface with ocellate punctures spaced by half their diameter. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular. Apex of paramera truncate. In lateral view, apical half slightly narrower than base. Dorsal surface of paramera smooth, lacking longitudinal carina or spine-like projections. Basal portion of paramera in ventral view deeply excavated laterally. Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera abruptely thinner at posterior one-third. Female: clypeal teeth acute, separated by a deep V-shaped emargination. Sixth ventrite 2 times longer than fifth. Elytral interstriae shagreened, except by a narrow smooth band along medial portion. Taxonomic remarks Two main contributions have been published on the taxonomy of the species here assigned to the globulus group. The first was carried out by Luederwaldt (1929), in which the author proposed the ‘ batesi section’ (which includes D. globulus), but instead of providing a full redescription for the species in that section (including the species treated here, D. globulus) he only quoted Felsche’s original descriptions, translated into Portuguese. The second contribution was the first revision of the ‘ batesi section’, performed by Pereira (1947). However, like Luederwaldt (1929), Pereira did not examine type specimens of any of the species-group members and only quoted original descriptions ipisis litteris. Pereira (1953) found four specimens supposedly belonging to D. globulus in the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles, Brussels, Belgium (IRSN). According to the latter author, two specimens have labels from ‘ Perú’ and two specimens have labels from ‘ Pará’ (Pará State, northern Brazil). Based on those specimens, Pereira (1953) proposed a subjective synonymy between D. globulus and D. fortepunctatus. By reading Felsche’s original description, one can conclude that the original description of the species was based on a single specimen, a male, as the author stated that the clypeal teeth were rounded (females have acute clypeal teeth), and from the exact body length measurement of 11 mm (‘ Länge 11 mill’). Furthermore, Felsche also mentioned in the original description that the type series comes from ‘ Amazonas’. We found six specimens of D. globulus in Carl Felsche’s (1839 – 1914) collection, which is currently housed in the SMTD. None of those specimens was labelled ‘ Amazonas’; rather, their labels indicated ‘ Iquitos’ (Peru) and ‘ Manaos’ as collecting localities. ‘ Amazonas’, in early twentieth-century German, meant simply ‘ Amazon rainforest’. Therefore, Felsche’s citation was not a reference to the Brazilian state of Amazonas. He wrote ‘ Amazonas’ because all the specimens known to him came from the Amazon, both those from Iquitos and those from Manaus. Chamorro and Marin-Armijos (2019) considered the five specimens of D. globulus from Felsche’s collection to be syntypes and designated the male bearing a ‘ Types’ label as the lectotype. The latter authors also regarded D. fortepunctatus as a valid species. After comparing the lectotype of D. globulus with the lectotype of D. fortepunctatus housed in the MZSP, we agreed with Chamorro and Marin-Armijos (2019) that they belong to different species. The two species can be distinguished by body shape, punctation pattern on head and elytra, and the genital characters described here for both species (see the diagnosis of D. globulus above). The limited material available for D. globulus seems to suggest that this species can occur throughout the Amazon region. As far as we know, it is the only species of the globulus group found in the Brazilian portion of the Amazon Basin, as the remaining species are distributed outside the Amazon, in the north-west part of South America (Figure 6). Luederwaldt (1931) described D. fortepunctatus catenatus based on a female from ‘ Cumbase’ (an alternative name for San Pedro de Cumbasa in Peru). According to Luederwaldt (1929) and Pereira (1947), D. fortepunctatus catenatus is distinguished from D. fortepunctatus by having iridescent and shining reflections on its dorsum. Pereira (1953) synonymised D. fortepunctatus catenatus with D. ocellatopunctatus. However, the holotype of D. fortepunctatus catenatus has the surface of the head and of the pronotum covered with dense, coarse punctures, while in D. ocellatopunctatus the head and pronotum have sparse ocellate punctures (see Vaz-de-Mello and Nunes 2016, fig 2 A). Chamorro and Marin-Armijos (2019) considered D. fortepunctatus catenatus a synonym of D. fortepunctatus. On the other hand, in comparison with D. fortepunctatus, the holotype of D. fortepunctatus catenatus lacks the opaque microsculpture on the elytral interstriae, which is diagnostic for D. fortepunctatus. In examining the holotype of D. fortepunctatus catenatus we concluded that it is actually a new subjective synonym of D. globulus, based on its densely punctated head and pronotum, the lateral edges of its elytral interstriae covered with shagreened microsculpture, and ventral surface of metafemora densely covered with coarse punctures on the apical two-thirds (Figure 2 (t )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF47694D0F9A15FD31FBBDFE5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Lectotype of Pinotus globulus ♂ [SMTD]: ‘ Iquitos’ // ‘ Coll. C. Felsche / Kanf 20, 1918 ’ // ‘ Staatl. Museum fur / Tierkunde Dresden’ // ‘ Typus’ // ‘ globulus / Felsche / k. l. Inifaical’ // ‘ LECTOTYPE ♂ / Pinotus / globulus / Felsche / des. F. Z. Vaz – de – Mello, 2014 ’. Designated by Chamorro and Marin-Armijos (2019) (Figure 2 (u )). Paralectotypes 2 ♀♀ [SMTD]: ‘ Iquitos’ // ‘ Coll. C. Felsche / Kanf 20, 1918 ’ // ‘ Staatl. Museum fur / Tierkunde Dresden’ // ‘ PARALECTOTYPE / Pinotus ♀ / globulus / Felsche / des. F. Z. Vaz – de – Mello, 2014 ’. Paralectotypes 2 ♀♀ [SMTD]: ‘ Manaos’ // ‘ Coll. C. Felsche / Kanf 20, 1918 ’ // ‘ Staatl. Museum fur / Tierkunde Dresden’ // ‘ PARALECTOTYPE / Pinotus / globulus ♀ / Felsche / des. F. Z. Vaz – de – Mello, 2014 ’. Paralectotype ♀ [SMTD]: ‘ Rio Cachiyacu / Iquitos / Stuart. 93 ’ // ‘ Coll. C. Felsche / Kanf 20, 1918 ’ // ‘ Staatl. Museum fur / Tierkunde Dresden’. // ‘ PARALECTOTYPE / Pinotus / globulus ♀ / Felsche / des. F. Z. Vaz – de – Mello, 2014. ’ Holotype of Pinotus fortepunctatus catenatus ♀ [MNHN]: ‘ PÊROU / CUMBASE’ // ‘ EX MUSEO’ // ‘ MUSEUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’ // ‘ le meme de San Jose / Costa Rica / Coll. Sim’ // ‘ Pinotus ♂ / fortepunctatus / Luederw. / ab. catenatus / n. var’. New subjective synonymy.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476A4D009A5BFE61FCA9FD52.taxon	description	(Figures 2 (m – r), and 6 ))	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476A4D009A5BFE61FCA9FD52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Dichotomius rodrigoi can be easily distinguished from other species of the group by having strong pre-apical teeth on dorsal surface of paramera (Figure 2 (p )). Regarding external characters, the species can be diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: pronotum covered with umbilicate punctures; male having a distinct anteromedial declivity on pronotum (Figure 2 (m )); elytral striae thin, distinctly punctate; elytral interstriae shagreened, covered with dense, coarse punctures; pygidium wide in male, twice wider than long, rounded at apex, surface covered with coarse punctures spaced by their diameter.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476A4D009A5BFE61FCA9FD52.taxon	description	Redescription (male) Body length: 10 mm. Dorsum black, opaque (Figure 2 (m )). Head: clypeal edge bidentate, teeth acute, separated by a shallow V-shaped emargination. Clypeogenal junction rounded. Surface covered with dense ocellate punctures, which become more sparse on the anterior region of the clypeus. Cephalic process produced into a small central tubercle. Thorax: pronotum approximately twice wider than long. Pronotal disc convex, anteromedian region of the disc with a shallow central impression; surface with equally spaced ocellate punctures. Hypomera surface with dense ocellate setiferous punctures, setae short, scattered and not present in all punctures. Prosternum covered with ocellate punctures. Mesoventrite covered with ocellate punctures usually bearing short orange setae. Metaventrite densely punctate, except on disc. Width of anterior region of metaventrite half the length of metafemora; surface with ocellate punctures deeply impressed. Meso-metaventral suture distinct. Mid-longitudinal sulcus feebly marked posteriorly. Elytra: slightly convex in lateral view. Humeral callus distinct. Striae thin and with welldefined punctures, spaced by their diameter. Interstriae I – VII slightly convex, opaque. Legs: protibial spur curved at apical fifth. Metatibial spur deeply emarginate apically. Ventral surface of the profemora covered with coarse setiferous punctures all over its extension. Ventral surface of the mesofemora with coarse punctures at apical third. Ventral surface of the metafemora with coarse punctures concentrated on apical half, basal half with more sparse, scattered punctures. Meso and metafemora bearing a thin longitudinal groove along its entire extension, wider on apical half. Abdomen: ventrites covered with ocellate punctures in lateral regions, punctures in medial region in a single row along anterior edge. Pygidium twice wider than long, disc distinctly convex in lateral view. Region adjacent to the pygidial edge sulcate. Apex of the pygidium margined. Tegmen: in dorsal view, paramera rectangular, one-third longer than its width medially, apex slightly obliqualy truncate; inner edges close to each other at basal fifth. Apical half significantly narrower than base in lateral view (Figure 2 (r )). Ventral sclerotised membrane between paramera thinner and curved at basal half; angulate laterally (Figure 2 (p )). Female: sixth ventrite 3 times longer than fifth.	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
03F487FF476A4D009A5BFE61FCA9FD52.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined Holotype of Dichotomius rodrigoi ♂ [MNCR]: ‘ Puntarenhas Costa Rica / P. de Osa. Ranono Quemado / 29 myo de 1988 / A. Solis’ // ‘ Dichotomius rodrigoi / Kohlmann and Solís’ // ‘ COSTA RICA INBIO / [barcode] CRI 001 027516 ’ // ‘ HOLOTYPO / Dichotomius rodrigoi / Kohlmann y Solís’. Examined via photographs (Figure 2 (o )).	en	Valois, Marcely C., Silva, Fernando A. B., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2022): A taxonomic revision of the globulus species group of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Journal of Natural History 56 (1 - 4): 119-147, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2046887
