identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F43052FFA6A67BFF17FD85316CFC79.text	03F43052FFA6A67BFF17FD85316CFC79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Lautoconus) Monterosato 1923	<div><p>Subgenus Lautoconus Monterosato, 1923</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Conus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (synonym of Conus ventricosus Gmelin, 1791) by original designation. Recent, Mediterranean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean region.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The Tortonian species of this subgenus were recently discussed in Psarras et al. (2022). They differ from the species of Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991 by the convex spire and the straight to convex sutural ramps, as well as the relatively small size.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F43052FFA6A67BFF17FD85316CFC79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Psarras, Christos;Merle, Didier;Moissette, Pierre;Koskeridou, Efterpi	Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier, Moissette, Pierre, Koskeridou, Efterpi (2024): The Pleistocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the island of Rhodes (Greece) and their palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas 46 (11): 423-444, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a11.pdf
03F43052FFA6A67BFED9FE2532F3FDCB.text	03F43052FFA6A67BFED9FE2532F3FDCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conus Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758 by subsequent designation by Children (1823: 107). Recent, Indo-Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F43052FFA6A67BFED9FE2532F3FDCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Psarras, Christos;Merle, Didier;Moissette, Pierre;Koskeridou, Efterpi	Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier, Moissette, Pierre, Koskeridou, Efterpi (2024): The Pleistocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the island of Rhodes (Greece) and their palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas 46 (11): 423-444, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a11.pdf
03F43052FFA6A678FF57FBC53332F863.text	03F43052FFA6A678FF57FBC53332F863.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus subsp. rhodesensis Psarras & Merle & Moissette & Koskeridou 2024	<div><p>Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp.</p><p>(Figs 3-5)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C6666488-2863-45A9-A483-24D5A2598D3D</p><p>Chelyconus pelagicus – Chirli &amp; Linse 2011: 165, pl. 56, figs 1a-d, 6 (non Brocchi, 1814).</p><p>Chelyconus striatulus – Chirli &amp; Linse 2011: 165, pl. 56, figs 2a-d (non Brocchi, 1814).</p><p>Lautoconus mediterraneus – Chirli &amp; Linse 2011: 166, pl. 56, figs 3a-d. (non Hwass, 1792).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — From the island of Rhodes, where the species has been found.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY. — Tsampika, Tsampika section, Rhodes, Greece.</p><p>TYPE HORIZON. — Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Pleistocene, Rhodes, Greece.</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Greece • 9 specimens; Rhodes; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS block; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; holotype: MNHN.F.A88160 ; paratypes: MNHN.F.A88161-A88168 • 1 specimen; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS 2; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; paratype: AMPG (IV) 4048 • 5 specimens; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS south; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; paratypes: AMPG (IV) 4049-4053 .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece • 14 specimens; Rhodes; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS 2; AMPG (IV) 4034- 4047 • 2 specimens; Rhodes; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS 3; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; AMPG (IV) 4054, 4055 • 2 specimens; Rhodes; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, TSS 1; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; AMPG (IV) 4056, 4057 • 1 specimen; Rhodes; Kritika Fm, Kritika Hospital; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; MNHN.F.A90344 • 104 specimens; Rhodes; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene MNHN.F.A90343 (lot) • 1 specimen; Rhodes; Archangelos Fm, Malona; Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Upper Pleistocene; AMPG (IV) 4060 .</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Gelasian (Lower Pleistocene) to Upper Pleistocene of Rhodes, Greece (Chirli &amp; Linse 2011; this work).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Shell</p><p>Small to moderately-sized shells (maximum length of about 25.7 mm), with conical spire of variable height. Spire whorl outline slightly concave to slightly convex. Early spire whorls conical with spiral grooves on sutural ramps. Later spire whorls conical, straight to slightly convex, with occasional spiral grooves on sutural ramp, sometimes slightly striated to elevated. Shoulder angulated to smooth, with maximum diameter on shoulder to just below shoulder. Subsutural flexure shallow, moderately curved, nearly symmetrical. Spiral grooves and cords along the last whorl, intense at anterior third of last whorl.</p><p>Colour pattern</p><p>Colour pattern of the spire whorls consists of one level of pigmentation of broad axial to thin flammulae. The pattern on the shoulder consists of a non-fluorescent band at carina. The axial flammulae levels of pigmentation of the spire whorls rarely overlap the non-fluorescent band (E3). The colour pattern on the last whorl consists of spiral rows of dashes, of variable length (Fig. 4), alternating with non-fluorescent dots. Fluorescent bands exist in different heights and widths. Usually there is one band in the middle whorl and one in the anterior part of the last whorl, separated by a non-fluorescent band. In this fluorescent band, the spiral rows of dashes are less long and dense.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>We have examined 140 specimens. This group shows a great morphological diversity, as there are both shells with elevated spires and low spired ones and the spiral whorls can be striated or smooth (Fig. 3). Nevertheless, the residual colour patterns are similar in all specimens studied. There are some specimens (Fig. 4) with aberrant colour patterns, but we provisionally consider them as intraspecific variations.</p><p>Recently, Abalde et al. (2023) found evidence of at least three mitochondrial ‘ Conus ventricosus ’ clades corresponding to three cryptic species. They (Abalde et al. 2023) provisionally named those clades based on the colours used on their analyses (with the main clades being green, violet, cyan), with the ‘green’ and ‘cyan’ clades being present today in Greece, while the ‘violet’ clade is present in central and western Mediterranean (Abalde et al. 2023) (see colours in Fig. 5). The likelihood of many cryptic species in the Mediterranean specimens (Tenorio et al. 2020; Abalde et al. 2023) is evidenced by mitochondrial studies, but the morphology and colour pattern characteristics of those clades remain unclarified, since specimens of the same lineage present greatly diversified morphology and pattern variations (Fig. 5C 4-C 5) (Abalde et al. 2023).</p><p>The Pleistocene juvenile forms (Fig. 5A) are rather similar to the extant C. (Lautoconus) ventricosus Gmelin, 1791 sensu lato . However, comparing the Pleistocene adult specimens with extant adult of “ C. ventricosus ”, there are some differences in the colour patterns. The spiral rows of extant adult “ Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus ” are more numerous and the flakes, as well as the blotches, are axially coordinated, sometimes in a zigzag pattern. Given the supposed great morphological and colour pattern variability of “ Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus ”, the studied specimens could be attributed to this species, but the molecular phylogeny results of Abalde et al. (2023) are troubling from a palaeontological perspective, because the unnamed cryptic species cannot be distinguished using shells characters (Abalde et al. 2023). On the other hand, we prefer to avoid erecting a new species, as the Pleistocene specimens are geologically young (2 Ma (Kritika) to 140 ka (Tsampika); Moissette et al. 2016; Cornée et al. 2018) and could belong to one of the extant cryptic species mentioned in Abalde et al. (2023). Therefore, taking account of the differences of colour patterns observed in the Pleistocene specimens, we erect a new chronostratigraphic subspecies Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. as an ancestral subspecies of one of the ‘ C. (Lautoconus) ventricosus ’ clades. The concept of chronosubspecies is related to the phyletic gradualism model of evolution, and it also relies on an extensive fossil record since morphological changes accumulate over time. It is widely used by the palaeontologists (e.g., Ward &amp; Kennedy 1993 for the ammonites; Fordinál 1997 for the bivalves; Merle et al. 2011 for the gastropods Muricidae); Saupe &amp; Becker 2022 for the conodonts).</p><p>The pattern of Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. could also be compared with other species considered as Conilithes Swainson, 1840, such as Conilithes sp. and Conilithes striatulus (Brocchi, 1814) from the Tortonian of Crete (Psarras et al. 2021), both of which display patterns of dashes along the last whorl. The outline of the juvenile Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. also resembles that of several extinct Conilithes Swainson, 1840, the main difference being that the sutural ramps are smooth in Conilithes, whereas Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. has spiral grooves on the sutural band. Conilithes striatulus (Brocchi, 1814) from the Pliocene of Italy has a similar pattern (Pavia et al. 2022: fig. 26g), but has an angulated shoulder and a coeloconoid suture, all features that diverge from the subgenus Conus (Lautoconus) . The two species identified by Chirli &amp; Linse (2011) as Chelyconus striatulus (Brocchi, 1814) and Chelyconus pelagicus (Brocchi, 1814) are both morphologically similar to Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. and have similar patterns of spiral rows of dashes.</p><p>Conus (Lautoconus) ventricosus rhodesensis n. subsp. has been observed in several areas on Rhodes, namely Kritika (Gelasian), Faliraki, Malona, Lardos, and Ladiko (Chirli &amp; Linse 2011; personal observations). It seems that this subspecies was present on Rhodes throughout the early and late Pleistocene.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F43052FFA6A678FF57FBC53332F863	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Psarras, Christos;Merle, Didier;Moissette, Pierre;Koskeridou, Efterpi	Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier, Moissette, Pierre, Koskeridou, Efterpi (2024): The Pleistocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the island of Rhodes (Greece) and their palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas 46 (11): 423-444, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a11.pdf
03F43052FFA3A67EFF40F9403526F9E4.text	03F43052FFA3A67EFF40F9403526F9E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta 1991	<div><p>Subgenus Conus (Monteiroconus) da Motta, 1991</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Conus ambiguus Reeve, 1844 by original designation. Recent, West Africa.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Tortonian species of Conus (Monteiroconus) from Crete (Greece) were recently discussed by Psarras et al. (2023). Members of this subgenus do not occur in the Mediterranean today, but it seems that they were present at least during the Pleistocene (Juárez &amp; Matamales-Andreu 2016), as specimens identified as Conus (Monteiroconus) tabidus Reeve, 1844 were recovered from Tyrrhenian deposits (MIS 5e, 128-116 ka) from Mallorca. Furthermore, the discovery of another species ( Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp.) confirms that species of Conus (Monteiroconus) were present in the Mediterranean during warm Pleistocene interglacial periods.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F43052FFA3A67EFF40F9403526F9E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Psarras, Christos;Merle, Didier;Moissette, Pierre;Koskeridou, Efterpi	Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier, Moissette, Pierre, Koskeridou, Efterpi (2024): The Pleistocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the island of Rhodes (Greece) and their palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas 46 (11): 423-444, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a11.pdf
03F43052FFA3A663FC7FF9403458F9E4.text	03F43052FFA3A663FC7FF9403458F9E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis Psarras & Merle & Moissette & Koskeridou 2024	<div><p>Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 7-9)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 63A46EA6-1DD1-4454-8091-EA1866BD5D64</p><p>Lithoconus mercati – Chirli &amp; Linse 2011: 166, pl. 57, figs 1a-d (non Brocchi, 1814).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named after the type locality of Tsampika section where it was found.</p><p>TYPE LOCALITY. —Tsampika,Tsampika section, Rhodes, Greece (Fig.1).</p><p>TYPE HORIZON. — Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Pleistocene, Rhodes, Greece (Fig. 2).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Greece • 1 specimen; Rhodes, Tsampika; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section; Middle Pleistocene (Chibanian) to Upper Pleistocene; holotype: AMPG(IV) 4058 • 3 specimens; Rhodes, Tsampika; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section, small Tsampika section herein; Pleistocene; paratypes: MNHN.F.A88170-A88172.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Greece • one specimen (not complete specimen,shellshard); Rhodes;Tsampikasection,TSS; MiddlePleistocene (Chibanian) to Upper Pleistocene; MNHN.F.A88173 • 8 specimens; Rhodes, Tsampika; Ladiko-Tsampika Fm, Tsampika section; Middle to Upper Pleistocene; MNHN.F.A90345.</p><p>STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE. — Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) to Upper (?) Pleistocene of Rhodes, Greece (this work).</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Shell</p><p>Medium-sized shell (max length of about 52.3 mm), with low angled coeloconoid spire. Early spire whorls coeloconoid, slightly elevated with three to four spiral grooves on sutural ramp.Later spire whorls flatten with coeloconoid sutural ramps. Shoulder angulated, with maximum diameter below shoulder. Subsutural flexure moderately deep to shallow, strongly curved, moderately asymmetrical. Last whorl elongated, conical.</p><p>Colour pattern</p><p>The colour pattern on the spire whorls consists of thin axial flammulae. The pattern on the last whorl consists of two levels of pigmentation. The first one consists of two broad spiral bands, separated by a wide non-fluorescent band along the anterior part of the last whorl. The second level of pigmentation consists of spirally and axially arranged fluorescent dots, dashes and small flakes interrupted by non-fluorescent bars or small blotches. The second level of pigmentation persists on the fluorescent bands and the non-fluorescent areas.</p><p>REMARKS The specimens from Tsampika (Figs 7-8) are considered to be of the subgenus Conus (Monteiroconus) due to their coeloconoid and spirally grooved sutural ramp, and the relatively low spire outline. They resemble the morphology of Conus (Monteiroconus) ambiguus Reeve, 1844 in terms of the angulated shoulder, the low, angled spire, and the size of this species reaches 75 mm, while the largest specimen found in Tsampika is 70 mm. However, the spire of Conus (Monteiroconus) ambiguus Reeve, 1844 does not have spiral cords (Monteiro et al. 2004) or has three deeply incised spire grooves (Petuch 1975) and thus differs from the specimens from Tsampika. In addition, the pattern of the last whorl of Conus (Monteiroconus) ambiguus is usually pale and consists of a purple-cream ground colour (Monnier et al. 2018a), although it has rarely been observed to have evenly distributed spiral rows and two slightly darker spiral bands in the middle and anterior part of the last whorl (Reeve 1844: pl. 54, fig. 244; see also Monnier et al. 2018a: fig. 2). The colour patterns of Conus (Monteiroconus) ambiguus and Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp. differ in the density of the axial flammulae on the spire (which are denser in Conus (Monteiroconus) ambiguus) and in the presence of spiral dashes, dots, flakes and non-fluorescent bars on the spiral pattern of the Tsampika population (Fig. 9).</p><p>Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp. (Figs 7; 8) resembles other Conus (Monteiroconus) species from the Pliocene, such as Conus (Monteiroconus) antiquus Lamarck, 1810, Conus (Monteiroconus) villalvernensis Pavia &amp; Dulai &amp; Festa &amp; Gennari &amp; Pavia &amp; Carnevale, 2022, and Conus (Monteiroconus) virginalis (Brocchi, 1814) recently discussed from Italy (Pavia et al. 2022). However, Conus (Monteiroconus) antiquus has a different colour pattern variation (see Psarras et al. 2023), while the two species discussed in Pavia et al. (2022) have a higher spire and elevated spire whorls, so we do not consider them conspecific to the Rhodes material. Juárez &amp; Matamales-Andreu (2016) identified Conus (Monteiroconus) tabidus Reeve, 1844, a species originally described from West Africa, from the Tyrrhenian (MIS 5e) of Mallorca. This species usually lacks a colour pattern or displays fine and irregular spiral stripes, or occasionally some subquadrate blotches on an overall white background. This pattern is very different from that observed on the Rhodes specimens. Juárez &amp; Matamales-Andreu (2016) did not describe a residual colour pattern on the Mallorcan material.</p><p>Several elongate and low spired specimens have been identified as Conus testudinarius Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (synonym of Conus (Chelyconus) ermineus Born, 1778), an extant West African species (e.g., Cuerda 1957; Anapliotis 1961, 1963a, b, 1966; Charrier 1961; Vazzana 1988; Ruggeri &amp; Buccheri 1968; Callapez &amp; Soares 2000; Vicens et al. 2012; Zazo et al. 2013). The occurrence of Conus (Chelyconus) ermineus Born, 1778 in the Mediterranean during the Tyrrhenian (e.g., Muhs et al. 2015) is also questionable, as no one has yet shown any of the fossils under UV light. Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp. differs strongly from Conus (Chelyconus) ermineus in the colour pattern and in the morphology of the coeloconoid spire.</p><p>Chirli &amp; Linse (2011) found specimens resembling Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp. at Malona. The figured specimens are very similar to those found at Tsampika. One specimen from Malona, stored at the AMPG, confirms Conus (Monteiroconus) tsampikaensis n. sp being present in that locality (Fig. 8E). The presence of this species in Arkhangelos Fm, which is certainly older than Tsampika (Cornée et al. 2018), indicate that the species was present in the Mediterranean during the Middle Pleistocene in at least two interglacial periods.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F43052FFA3A663FC7FF9403458F9E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Psarras, Christos;Merle, Didier;Moissette, Pierre;Koskeridou, Efterpi	Psarras, Christos, Merle, Didier, Moissette, Pierre, Koskeridou, Efterpi (2024): The Pleistocene Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the island of Rhodes (Greece) and their palaeoecological significance. Geodiversitas 46 (11): 423-444, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2024v46a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2024v46a11.pdf
