identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F4630BFFDB88023EAF57DF37FF6634.text	03F4630BFFDB88023EAF57DF37FF6634.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina conifera Klautau & Borojevic 2001	<div><p>Clathrina conifera Klautau &amp; Borojević, 2001</p><p>(Fig. 3; Table 3)</p><p>Synonyms: Clathrina primordialis [non C. primordialis (Haeckel, 1872)]— Borojević 1971: 527; Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976: 992; Mothes de Moraes 1985: 228; Klautau et al. 1994: 372; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999: 160. Clathrina conifera — Klautau &amp; Borojević 2001: 404; Klautau &amp; Valentine 2003: 18; Monteiro &amp; Muricy 2004: 682; Muricy &amp; Hajdu 2006: 86; Lanna et al. 2007: 1554; Custódio &amp; Hajdu 2011: 4; Muricy et al. 2011: 33; Bouzon et al. 2012: 42; Klautau et al. 2016: 16; Bumbeer et al. 2016: 4.</p><p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ2009, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 08/II/1999 .</p><p>Colour: White in life and in ethanol (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Clathroid cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, with one simple apical osculum (Fig. 3A). No water-collecting tubes. Consistency soft and delicate, and cormus surface smooth. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed only of triactines without organisation (Fig. 3B, C).</p><p>Spicules (Table 3):</p><p>Triactines: Regular to subregular (equiangular, but with all the actines with different lengths). Actines are straight and conical, with blunt tips (Fig. 3C). Size: 81.3 (±13.6)/9.8 (±1.4) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The specimen was collected on a vertical wall, associated with Haliclona (Soestella) sp. (class Demospongiae).</p><p>Geographic distribution: Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Pernambuco State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Vitória-Trindade Seamounts Chain, Espírito Santo State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Armação dos Búzios, Arraial do Cabo, Cagarras Archipelago and Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Mothes de Moraes 1985; Klautau et al. 1994; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999; Klautau &amp; Borojević 2001; Klautau &amp; Valentine 2003; Monteiro &amp; Muricy 2004; Muricy &amp; Hajdu 2006); Ubatuba, Búzios Island (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (Borojević 1971; Lanna et al. 2007; present work); Currais Marine Protected Area, Paraná State (Bumbeer et al. 2016); Arvoredo and Campeche Islands, Santa Catarina State (Bouzon et al. 2012), Brazil.Adriatic Sea ecoregion— Island of Lokrum (Klautau et al. 2016), Croatia.</p><p>Remarks: Both cormus and spicules correspond to the original description, as well as to Lanna et al. (2007), who firstly reported C. conifera from São Sebastião (Table 3). Clathrina conifera has a wide distribution in Brazil, occurring from the northeastern to the southeastern Brazilian coast (approx. 3.000 km). Recently it was found also in the Adriatic Sea, with the morphological identification being confirmed by molecular analyses (Klautau et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFDB88023EAF57DF37FF6634	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFDD88013EAF50AF349A60C5.text	03F4630BFFDD88013EAF50AF349A60C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ascandra arenaria Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Ascandra arenaria sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9C6C8B9A-3972-4523-A558-65FAE77FA311</p><p>(Figs. 4, 5; Table 4)</p><p>Etymology: From the Latin arenarius, meaning “sandy”, referring to the large amount of sediment accumulated among the sponge tubes.</p><p>Type locality: Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype — MNRJ757, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 09/I/1996.</p><p>Diagnosis: Ascandra with branching tubes connected only at the base, where they are loosely anastomosed. Skeleton composed of predominantly lanceolate diactines, one category of triactines and one of tetractines. The triactines are the most abundant spicules.</p><p>Colour: White in life and in ethanol (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Cormus formed by elongated, erect, branching tubes, connected and loosely anastomosed at the base (Fig. 4A). Each tube ends in a simple osculum (Fig. 4A). The external surface of the tubes is slightly hispid, as well as their lumen. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of triactines and tetractines arranged without organisation, and diactines that lie perpendicular or obliquely to the tubes (Fig. 4B–D). The triactines are the most abundant spicules.</p><p>Spicules (Table 4):</p><p>Diactines: Often curved, with the proximal tip sharp and thicker than the distal one, which is predominantly lanceolate, but can also be sharp (Fig. 5A). Size: 214.5 (±38.3)/11.3 (±1.9) µm.</p><p>Triactines: Regular to subregular, rarely sagittal with the unpaired actine shorter than the paired ones. Actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips (Fig. 5B, C). Size: 132.0 (±17.1)/11.5 (±1.3) µm.</p><p>Tetractines: Regular to subregular. Basal actines are conical to slightly conical and sharp (Fig. 5D). The apical actine is smooth, curved and conical, occasionally undulated near the tip and sharply pointed. It varies greatly in length, being sometimes longer than the basal actines (Fig. 5D, E). Size: basal—135.6 (±24.4)/13.6 (±2.8) µm; apical—53.3 (±27.5)/8.7 (±2.6) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The specimen had sediment accumulated among the tubes at the base of the body, with associated bryozoans, bivalve molluscs, and polychaete tubes (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião Island (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (provisionally endemic), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The genus Ascandra currently comprises 19 species (De Voogd et al. 2025), of which only two have lanceolate diactines in the skeleton: A. mascarenica Klautau, Lopes, Tavares &amp; Pérez, 2021 (from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean), and A. polejaeffi Lopes, Padua, Azevedo &amp; Klautau, 2025 (from Espírito Santo, Brazil). Ascandra arenaria sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from both by the presence of a single category of tetractines, whereas A. mascarenica and A. polejaeffi exhibit two size categories. In addition, A. mascarenica differs from the new species by its more anastomosed cormus with a large water-collecting tube and the predominance of tetractines in the skeleton.</p><p>We also compared A. arenaria sp. nov. with specimens from the Brazilian coast previously identified by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976) as A. atlantica, due to the shared presence of lanceolate diactines. As noted by Klautau &amp; Valentine (2003), these specimens do not correspond to Ascandra atlantica (Thacker, 1908) from Cape Verde, as they exhibit a clathroid body and lanceolate diactines. A taxonomic revision of these specimens is needed, as they may correspond to A. polejaeffi, or possibly represent an undescribed species. However, like A. mascarenica and A. polejaeffi, these specimens have two size categories of tetractines, which distinguishes them from the new species described herein.</p><p>As the presence of diactines has not been fully validated as a reliable diagnostic character in Ascandra, although it has often been used for species distinction, we compared our new species with two Ascandra species that have a single category of triactines and tetractines but lack diactines: A. brandtae (Rapp, Göcke, Tendal &amp; Janussen, 2013), from Antarctica, and A. spalatensis Klautau, Imešek, Azevedo, Pleše, Nikolić &amp; Ćetković, 2016, from the Adriatic Sea. The former differs from A. arenaria sp. nov. by having spicules with cylindrical actines and a higher abundance of tetractines. The latter differs in having smaller triactines [90.5 (±17.2)/8.0 (±0.8) µm] and tetractines [basal actine: 99.4 (±16.9)/12.0 (±1.6) µm], and a longer and thicker apical actine in the tetractines [74.3 (±1.9)/10.8 (±0.0) µm] compared to our new species [triactines—132.0 (±17.1)/11.5 (±1.3) µm; tetractines—basal actine: 135.6 (±24.4)/13.6 (±2.8) µm, apical actine: 53.3 (±27.5)/8.7 (±2.6) µm].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFDD88013EAF50AF349A60C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFDF881F3EAF53C73588608C.text	03F4630BFFDF881F3EAF53C73588608C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphoriscus pedunculatus Klautau, Cavalcanti & Borojevic 2017	<div><p>Amphoriscus pedunculatus Klautau, Cavalcanti &amp; Borojević, 2017</p><p>(Fig. 6; Table 5)</p><p>Synonyms: Amphoriscus pedunculatus — Klautau et al. 2017: 105; Cóndor-Luján et al. 2019: 1825; Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2021: 51.</p><p>Type locality: Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ2043, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; L. H. Lima, 03/II/1999 . MNRJ30125, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. M. Custódio &amp; C. Santos, 03/ V /2002. UFRJPOR6933, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008. UFRJPOR6998, close to Dart shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 30/XI/2008. UFRJPOR7025, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 03/XII/2008. UFRJPOR7027, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 03/XII/2008. UFRJPOR7042, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 .</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and white with a yellowish peduncule in ethanol (Fig. 6A, B).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Specimens with a tubular body, yellowish solid peduncle at the base, and apical osculum ornamented with few trichoxeas not forming a conspicuous crown (Fig. 6A, B). The external surface is slightly hispid only under high magnification due to numerous trichoxeas (Fig. 6A, B). The atrial cavity is also hispid but due to the apical actines of the atrial tetractines. Aquiferous system syconoid.</p><p>The oscular skeleton is formed by tetractines and a few trichoxeas. The cortical skeleton is composed of tetractines and triactines, the latter less abundant (Fig. 6C). The cortical spicules are arranged pointing the unpaired actine to the base of the sponge. Short trichoxeas are abundant throughout the cortex (Fig. 6C, D). The subatrial skeleton is formed by few triactines (Fig. 6E). The choanoskeleton is inarticulate. The atrial skeleton is composed only of tetractines, which project their apical actines into the atrial cavity (Fig. 6D, E). The peduncle has externally abundant triactines and few tetractines, which are identical to the cortical ones, in addition to trichoxeas. As in the cortex of the main body, the triactines and tetractines have a parallel organisation along the surface of the peduncle.</p><p>Spicules (Table 5):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Short, very thin, straight or slightly curved and sharp. Size: 110.5 (±13.7)/1.3 (±0.0) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines and tetractines: Sagittal, with conical and sharp actines. Basal actines are straight and the unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones. The apical actine of the tetractines is straight, conical, sharp and, on average, shorter than the unpaired actine (Fig. 6F, G). Triactines size: paired—188.0 (±36.7)/22.4 (±3.9) µm; unpaired—257.0 (±45.6)/23.1 (±4.2) µm. Tetractines size: paired—217.5 (±36.6)/30.8 (±4.1) µm; unpaired—314.0 (±49.0)/31.9 (±3.4) µm; apical—285.8 (±32.5)/29.0 (±4.8) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines: Sagittal, with slightly conical and sharp actines. The paired actines are slightly curved towards the unpaired one, which is straight and longer (Fig. 6H). Size: paired—89.0 (±18.0)/9.0 (±1.5) µm; unpaired—166.3 (±23.6)/9.5 (±1.7) µm.</p><p>Atrial tetractines: Sagittal, with slightly conical and sharply pointed basal actines.The paired actines are slightly curved, while the unpaired one is straight and longer (Fig. 6I). The apical actine is a little curved, smooth, conical, sharp, and shorter than the basal ones. Size: paired—81.5 (±10.1)/8.1 (±1.1) µm; unpaired—123.5 (±15.9)/8.2 (±0.9) µm; apical—76.5 (±8.7)/7.6 (±1.2) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The specimens MNRJ2043 and MNRJ30125 were associated with bivalve molluscs and bryozoans. Some specimens were found protected from sunlight on a bank of calcareous algae.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (Klautau et al. 2017; present study); Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State (Klautau et al. 2017), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Amphoriscus pedunculatus is a quite common species in the study area, its type locality, and was recently re-described by Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti (2021). This species was also reported for Rio de Janeiro State (Klautau et al. 2017), so its distribution is, at least for now, restricted to the Southeastern Brazil ecoregion. It is important to highlight a variability in spicule dimensions between the specimen MNRJ2043 and the holotype. The actines of the cortical triactines and tetractines, as well as the basal actines of the atrial tetractines are thicker [basal actines of atrial tetractines—paired actines: 8.1 (±1.1) µm, unpaired actine: 8.2 (±0.9) µm] and the trichoxeas are longer [110.5 (±13.7) µm] in the specimen analysed here than in the holotype [basal actines of atrial tetractines— paired actines: 5.0 (±1.5) µm, unpaired actine: 5.0 (±1.5) µm; trichoxea: 40.9 (±15.8) µm]. Additionally, the apical actine of the cortical tetractines is longer than the basal actines in the holotype [paired actine: 179.5 (±32.3) µm, unpaired actine: 238.5 (±58.2) µm, apical actine: 288.8 (±53.9) µm], while in MNRJ2043 the unpaired actine of these spicules is, on average, longer than the other actines [paired actines: 217.5 (±36.6) µm, unpaired actine: 314.0 (±49.0) µm, apical actine: 285.8 (±32.5) µm].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFDF881F3EAF53C73588608C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFC188163EAF513F35466428.text	03F4630BFFC188163EAF513F35466428.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphoriscus tenax Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Amphoriscus tenax sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 277D8B1A-57ED-4207-BE4A-6BB2A5ABC77A</p><p>(Figs. 7–11; Table 6)</p><p>Etymology: From the Latin tenax, meaning “tenacious” or “adhesive”, referring to the way the tubes tightly adhere to one another when the sponge is manipulated, due to its dense hispidation.</p><p>Type locality: Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype — MNRJ30124, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. M. Custódio &amp; C. Santos, 03/V/2002 . Paratypes —UFRJPOR5976, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.364166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.274166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.364166/lat -27.274166)">Paredão do Saco</a> d’água, REBIOMAR Arvoredo, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (27°16'27"S, 48°21'51"W), depth 6–10 m, coll. F. Azevedo &amp; A. Padua, 08/XII/2009 . UFRJPOR6061, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.37611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.285" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.37611/lat -27.285)">Parcel do Boi</a>, REBIOMAR Arvoredo, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil (27°17'06"S, 48°22'34"W), depth 10–12 m, coll. F. Azevedo &amp; A. Padua, 11/XII/2009 .</p><p>Additional material examined: MNRJ30122, same as the holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis: Amphoriscus with a body composed of ramified tubes, densely hispid due to the presence of two categories of diactines (diactine I, thick and smooth, and diactine II, much thinner and with jagged distal tip). Tufts of anchor-like triactines are distributed throughout the body and concentrated at the base, forming root tufts.</p><p>Colour: Beige or white in life and in ethanol (Fig. 7).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge formed by single or multiple erect tubes, branched at the base (Fig. 7A–C). Each tube ends in a single apical osculum with a crown of trichoxeas. The consistency is friable. Numerous diactines and tufts of anchor triactines protrude through the body surface (Fig. 7A–E), causing the tubes to easily adhere to one another when the sponge is manipulated, making them difficult to separate (a velcro-like effect). The atrial cavity is also hispid because of the projecting apical actines of the tetractines, in addition to diactines and anchor triactines, which eventually cross the choanosome, piercing the atrium. Aquiferous system syconoid.</p><p>The oscular crown is formed by trichoxeas and some diactines, and it is sustained by tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 8A). The cortical skeleton is composed of two categories of diactines and tufts of anchor triactines perpendicularly positioned to the surface, in addition to tetractines and rare triactines (Figs. 8B; 9A–F). The diactines I are more abundant than the diactines II. The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulate, composed of the apical actines of the cortical tetractines and of the unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 8C–E). The atrial skeleton is formed by tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 8F). The anchor triactines are organised in tufts protruding through the surface of the tubes (arrows in Fig. 7B), but the longest tufts group at the base and are conspicuous in most specimens, where they form “root-tufts”, i.e., structures for attachment to the substrate (arrowheads in Fig. 7B, E; Figs. 9G, H; 10).</p><p>Spicules (Table 6):</p><p>Diactines I: Curved, with the distal tip blunt or sharp and thicker than the proximal tip, which is sharp (Fig. 11A). Size: 512.5 (±89.4)/12.5 (±1.8) µm.</p><p>Diactines II: Straight through most of their length, but strongly curved at the distal tip, which is jagged and sharply pointed. The proximal tip is smooth and sharp. They are much thinner than diactines I, rare and usually broken (Fig. 11B). Size: 407.5 (±42.3)/6.9 (±1.2) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal, variable in shape and size. Some are robust, with conical, stout and sharp actines, similar to the basal system of the cortical tetractines. Others are a little smaller and thinner, with slightly conical and sharp actines. The unpaired actine is straight and usually longer than the paired ones (Fig. 11C). Size: paired—143.6 (±27.5)/13.3 (±3.9) µm; unpaired—186.8 (±36.2)/14.5 (±4.7) µm.</p><p>Cortical tetractines: Sagittal (near the oscular region, they are even more sagittal). Basal actines are conical, sharp and can be slightly undulated. The paired actines are often curved and a little shorter than the unpaired one (Fig. 11D). The apical actine is straight, smooth, conical, sharp and longer than the basal ones, sometimes reaching the atrium. Size: paired—167.0 (±21.5)/18.4 (±2.7) µm; unpaired—172.3 (±25.6)/20.9 (±3.3) µm; apical—196.5 (±23.5)/20.5 (±2.1) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are inwardly curved. In many of them, the paired actines differ in size (Fig. 11E). The apical actine is very short, thin, smooth, straight, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—122.0 (±9.9)/7.9 (±0.7) µm; unpaired—187.5 (±27.8)/9.6 (±0.7) µm. Tetractines size: paired—114.4 (±15.9)/8.0 (±1.1) µm; unpaired—160.6 (±34.0)/8.6 (±1.6) µm; apical—21.3 (±4.1)/5.2 (±0.5) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal (near the osculum, they are strongly sagittal). Basal actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips and may be undulated. The unpaired actine is straight and it can be longer or shorter than the curved paired actines (Fig. 11F, G). The apical actine is curved, smooth, conical, sharp and shorter than the basal ones. Triactines size: paired—125.4 (±17.0)/8.2 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—132.7 (±29.3)/8.9 (±1.2) µm. Tetractines size: paired—135.8 (±23.3)/8.3 (±0.9) µm; unpaired—141.3 (±31.2)/9.3 (±0.9) µm; apical— 54.9 (±10.0)/8.3 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Anchor triactines: Anchor-like, variable in size. The unpaired actine is long, curved at the proximal region, cylindrical and sharp, while the paired actines are extremely short and hook-shaped (Fig. 11H, I). Size: paired—17.4 (±3.2)/8.7 (±1.3) µm; unpaired—280.9 (±160.3)/10.3 (±1.2) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The specimens from São Sebastião were collected alongside Arturia alcatraziensis (Lanna et al., 2007), coral polyps, numerous polychaetes, bivalve molluscs, microcrustaceans, and a dromiid crab. The specimens from Arvoredo were collected on a vertical wall, exposed to sunlight, growing anchored through their root-tufts to coralline and green algae (Fig. 7C, E), with sediment accumulated among their tubes.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (present study); Arvoredo Islands, Santa Catarina State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Among the 17 valid species of Amphoriscus (De Voogd et al. 2025), only two species have anchorshaped spicules: A. synapta (Schmidt in Haeckel, 1872), whose type locality is Bahia, in northeastern Brazil, and A. ancora Van Soest, 2017, described from the coast of Suriname. Differently from A. tenax sp. nov., A. synapta lacks diactines and has only tetractines in the cortical, subatrial and atrial skeletons. Furthermore, in A. synapta the anchor spicules are tetractines, present only at the base of the sponge, whereas in A. tenax sp. nov. these spicules are triactines and are not restricted to the base of the sponge.</p><p>The species that most resembles A. tenax sp. nov. is A. ancora, as they share the presence of anchor triactines. Yet they do not share the same skeletal composition, as A. ancora lacks diactines, cortical triactines, subatrial tetractines, and atrial triactines, spicule categories present in the new species. Additionally, like A. synapta, A. ancora differs from the new species by having tufts of anchor spicules restricted to the base of the sponge.</p><p>Klautau et al. (2017) and Cóndor-Luján et al. (2019) investigated attachment structures in the family Amphoriscidae, exploring their potential phylogenetic signal and adaptations to different habitats. Our molecular results suggest that different kinds of attachment structures (peduncle vs root tufts) evolved independently in Amphoriscidae . For instance, three species with peduncle [ A. pedunculatus, Leucilla micropilosa Cóndor-Luján et al., 2018 and Leucilla nuttingi (Urban, 1902)] were recovered in a strongly supported clade (Fig. 2; BS = 96%), whereas A. tenax sp. nov. was not part of this group. Interestingly, this clade also includes a species lacking a peduncle, Leucilla mancoraensis . This absence has been suggested to result from secondary loss (Cóndor-Luján et al. 2019). Amphoriscus tenax sp. nov. was retrieved as a sister species of Sycon caminatum, which lacks attachment structures altogether, with relatively low support. We hypothesise that A. tenax might share closer evolutionary relantioships with A. ancora and A. synapta, but no DNA sequences are currently available for these species to test this hypothesis. Regarding habitat, our observations that A. tenax sp. nov. attaches to other organisms (e.g. algae), usually covered by sediment, via root-tufts agree with Klautau et al. (2017). In fact, it seems that both peduncles and root-tufts may serve for attachment to a variety of organisms, including coralline algae, hydroids, bryozoans, and other sponges (Klautau et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFC188163EAF513F35466428	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFC988123EAF51803304617C.text	03F4630BFFC988123EAF51803304617C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucilla uter Polejaeff 1883	<div><p>Leucilla uter Poléjaeff, 1883</p><p>(Figs. 12, 13; Table 7)</p><p>Synonyms: Leucilla uter — Poléjaeff 1883: 53 (except for the specimens BMNH.1884.4.22.30 and BMNH.1884.4.22.31, from Philippines); Dendy 1892: 114; Dendy 1893: 185; Dendy &amp; Row 1913: 784; Borojević &amp; Boury-Esnault 1987: 35; Muricy et al. 1991: 1187; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999: 160; Muricy et al. 2011: 25; Cóndor-Luján et al. 2019: 14. Polejna uter — Lendenfeld 1885: 1115. Leucilla australiensis (in part.)— Borojević 1967: 221 [non Leucilla australiensis (Carter, 1886); non Leucilla australiensis sensu Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976].</p><p>Type locality: Bermuda, British Overseas Territory, North Atlantic Ocean .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ30126, MNRJ30127, MNRJ30129, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. M. Custódio &amp; C. Santos, 03/ V /2002. MNRJ5855, Celada, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Carvalho, 01/ V /2002.</p><p>Comparative material examined: Lectotype of Leucilla uter — BMNH.1884.4.22.21 (slides), Bermuda, Challenger Exp., station 36, 23/IV/1873, depth 59 m.</p><p>Colour: White in life and white or beige in ethanol (Fig. 12A, B).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: The external morphology ranges from vasiform to tubular (Fig. 12A, B), with a single apical osculum, ornamented with a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 12C). The consistency is friable, and the surface is rough. The external surface is slightly hispid, particularly near the osculum, where large diactines are concentrated, protruding through the cortex (arrows in Fig. 12A, B). The atrial cavity is wide and hispid.Aquiferous system sylleibid, with nearly spherical choanocyte chambers radially arranged around exhalant canals (Fig. 12D).</p><p>The skeleton of the oscular margin that supports the crown of trichoxeas is composed of diactines, tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 12C). The cortical skeleton is composed of rare diactines perpendicularly positioned on the surface and concentrated in the suboscular region, in addition to the basal actines of cortical tetractines, rare triactines and a few fragments of trichoxeas (Fig. 12E). The diactines can cross the choanosome. The choanosomal skeleton is composed of the apical actine of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines and tetractines (Fig. 12D, F). The subatrial spicules occur adjacent to the atrium, or slightly displaced, forming one or two additional layers in the choanosome, but the skeleton remains inarticulate. The subatrial tetractines are a little more abundant than the triactines. The atrial skeleton is formed almost exclusively by tetractines, as triactines are very rare (Fig. 12G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 7):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Very thin, cylindrical and always broken (some fragments found on the cortex). Size:&gt;850.0/5.0 µm.</p><p>Diactines: Fusiform, straight or curved, with both tips sharp (Fig. 13A). Often broken. Size:&gt;800.0/25.0 µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal, but extremely variable in shape and size. Some are robust, with conical actines similar to the basal system of the cortical tetractines. Others are much thinner, with cylindrical actines, resembling the subatrial and atrial spicules, and with the unpaired actine straight and longer than the basal ones, which are inwardly or outwardly curved (Fig. 13B). Size: paired—160.2 (±45.0)/11.3 (±6.1) µm; unpaired—222.0 (±92.2)/11.8 (±5.0) µm.</p><p>Cortical tetractines: Large, sagittal. Basal actines are straight, conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is frequently a little shorter than the paired ones (Fig. 13C). The apical actine is long, conical to slightly conical, straight and sharp. Size: paired—265.8 (±32.2)/28.5 (±5.0) µm; unpaired—259.0 (±39.6)/28.0 (±3.5) µm; apical— 337.3 (±69.1)/26.1 (±4.3) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal, but variable in shape and width. Basal actines are slightly conical to cylindrical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight or slightly undulated and longer than the paired ones, which are inwardly curved and sometimes unequal in length. The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, straight or slightly curved and variable in length (Fig. 13D, E). Triactines size: paired—210.3 (±54.6)/15.9 (±4.4) µm; unpaired—350.5 (±59.2)/17.6 (±4.3) µm. Tetractines size: paired—214.6 (±53.8)/19.6 (±5.0) µm; unpaired—339.2 (±63.3)/20.1 (±4.6) µm; apical—113.3 (±68.8)/15.1 (±4.2) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Slightly sagittal (strongly sagittal only near the osculum). Basal actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and usually longer than the paired ones, which are curved and often unequal in length. The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, laterally compressed, curved, and sharply pointed (Fig. 13F). Tetractines size: paired—171.8 (±35.6)/9.9 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—231.0 (±81.7)/10.2 (±1.2) µm; apical—51.0 (±11.4)/7.1 (±1.2) µm.</p><p>Ecology: A polychaete was found inside the specimen MNRJ30127. Another specimen (MNRJ5855) was growing on a bryozoan colony.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Bermuda ecoregion— Bermuda Islands, North Atlantic Ocean (Poléjaeff 1883), British Overseas Territory. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State (Muricy et al. 1991; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999); São Sebastião Island (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil. Agulhas Bank ecoregion— South Africa (Borojević 1967; uncertain). Torres Strait Northern Great Barrier Reef ecoregion— Australia (Lendenfeld 1885; uncertain).</p><p>Remarks: Leucilla uter was originally described by Poléjaeff (1883) from Bermuda and from the Philippines. However, according to a recent unpublished revision of the genus Leucilla (Chagas 2021), the specimens from the Philippines (paralectotypes) belong to Paraleucilla . Our specimens from São Sebastião closely match the original description of L. uter, except for the presence of rare spicule types present in our samples but absent in the original description of L. uter (diactines, cortical triactines, and atrial triactines). To verify if these spicules are present and just not mentioned in the original description, we analysed microscope slides of the lectotype of L. uter, from Bermuda (kindly loaned by T. White and C. Valentine, NHM).</p><p>Indeed, rare triactines are present in the cortex and atrium of the lectotype. Concerning the diactines, Poléjaeff (1883) reported only the presence of trichoxeas (&lt;400/2.5 µm) in L. uter, not diactines. Nonetheless, in our specimens the diactines are rare and confined to the oscular and suboscular regions. It is possible that the same happened with the type of L. uter, however, it was not possible to verify this because the lectotype is fragmented and no microscope slides of the oscular or suboscular regions are available (Cléslei Chagas, personal communication).</p><p>Regarding the aquiferous system of L. uter, it may be considered irregularly sylleibid or intermediate between sylleibid and leuconoid (Poléjaeff 1883 —see Plate 6, fig. 2a; Lendenfeld 1885; Dendy 1893 —see Plate 13, fig. 21). This ambiguous designation arises from the presence of both spherical choanocyte chambers and elongated chambers arranged around canals. In our specimens, the aquiferous system exhibits a more typical sylleibid structure (Fig. 12D).</p><p>Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976) and Borojević &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987) synonymised L. sacculata (Carter, 1890) and L. australiensis (Carter, 1886) to L. uter . These synonymies were not accepted by Muricy et al. (2011), however, they regarded specimens from South Africa and the Brazilian coast, previously identified as L. australiensis by Borojević (1967) and Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976), as L. uter . According to Chagas (2021), the South African specimens likely correspond to Paraleucilla, while those from northeastern and southeastern Brazil match the characteristics of Paraleucilla perlucida . Therefore, L. uter is currently known from the Bermuda and Southeastern Brazil ecoregions (Poléjaeff 1883; Muricy et al. 1991; Chagas 2021; this study).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFC988123EAF51803304617C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFCD882D3EAF546B341466D8.text	03F4630BFFCD882D3EAF546B341466D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro & Borojevic 2004	<div><p>Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro &amp; Borojević, 2004</p><p>(Figs. 14–16; Table 8)</p><p>Synonyms: Leucilla? australiensis — Muricy et al. 1991: 1187. Leucilla aff. australiensis — Nassar &amp; Silva 1999: 200. Paraleucilla magna — Klautau et al. 2004: 03; Longo et al. 2004: 440; Muricy &amp; Hajdu 2006: 87; Longo et al. 2007: 1751; Junqueira et al. 2009: 157; Zammit et al. 2009: 135; Guardiola et al. 2012: 72; Longo et al. 2012: 2; Canning-Clode et al. 2013: 263; Cvitković et al. 2013: 95; Bertolino et al. 2014: 109; Dailianis et al. 2016: 610; Guardiola et al. 2016: 123; Mačić &amp; Petović 2016: 65; Marra et al. 2016: 4; Klautau et al. 2016: 37; Topaloğlu et al. 2016: 53; Gerovasileiou et al. 2017: 368; Ulman et al. 2017: 35; Bachetarzi et al. 2019: 41; Chebaane et al. 2019: 620; Sghaier et al. 2019: 37; Bensari et al. 2020: 397; Cavalcanti et al. 2020: 3574; Evcen &amp; Çınar 2020: 151; Katsanevakis et al. 2020: 173; Tamburini et al. 2021: 6; Santín et al. 2024: 8; Lopes et al. 2025: 189.</p><p>Type locality: Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ2996, between São Pedro and Veloso, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6–10 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 06/I/2000 . MNRJ5831, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 16 m, coll. U. Pinheiro &amp; M. Carvalho, 03/ V /2002. MNRJ5921, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth unknown, coll. U. Pinheiro &amp; M. Carvalho, 02/ V /2002. UFRJPOR6893, Saquinho da Sumítica, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR6926, Parcel da Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR6936, 6937, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 02/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR6999, Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7032, Saquinho da Sumítica, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7055, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7058, Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 15 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 05/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR9302, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 5–7 m, coll. S. López, 18/III/2023 . UFRJPOR9303, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 5–7 m, coll. S. López, 05/IV/2023 .</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and beige or white in ethanol (Fig. 14A–C).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge of tubular or massive body, with irregular, folded surface (Fig. 14A–C). Oscula are apical and naked (Fig. 14D). Both the external and atrial surfaces are smooth, and the consistency is friable. Aquiferous system leuconoid, with spherical or slightly elongated choanocyte chambers and several subcortical lacunae (Fig. 14E).</p><p>The oscular margin is formed by T-shaped triactines (Fig. 14D). The cortical skeleton is composed of numerous triactines and tetractines (Fig. 15A), with apical actines pointing to the atrium, occasionally crossing it. In most specimens, the choanosomal skeleton is inarticulate near the surface (outer region) and disorganised below the subatrial skeleton (inner region), a typical feature of the genus. In the disorganised layer, scattered triactines and tetractines, similar to the subatrial ones, are present, with the tetractines being more abundant. However, in some specimens, there is no disorganised zone and the choanosomal skeleton remains inarticulate, formed by the apical actine of the cortical tetractines and the unpaired actine of the subatrial triactines and tetractines (Fig. 15B–D). The atrial skeleton is formed by numerous triactines and, in some specimens, few tetractines (Fig. 15E–G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 8):</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal. Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with blunt to sharp tips. The paired actines are straight or a little undulated and longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 16A). Size: paired—225.0 (±31.7)/13.0 (±2.2) µm; unpaired—224.0 (±43.7)/13.5 (±2.2) µm.</p><p>Cortical tetractines: Large, sagittal. Basal actines are straight and conical, with sharp tips. The paired actines are straight or slightly curved and longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 16B). The apical actine is long, straight, conical to slightly conical, with sharp to blunt tips. Size: paired—352.0 (±43.6)/31.0 (±3.8) µm; unpaired—307.5 (±41.0)/30.0 (±3.2) µm; apical—424.5 (±85.4)/30.1 (±7.0) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines: Sagittal. Actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and only slightly longer than the paired ones, which are inwardly curved (Fig. 16C). Size: paired—271.4 (±55.3)/19.3 (±2.9) µm; unpaired—291.4 (±38.2)/19.2 (±2.7) µm.</p><p>Subatrial tetractines: Sagittal and as large and robust as the cortical tetractines. Basal actines are straight and conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is usually a little longer than the paired ones (Fig. 16D). The apical actine is often longer than the basal ones and slightly curved, conical, with sharp to blunt tips. Size: paired—269.3 (±61.7)/22.3 (±6.2) µm; unpaired—283.5 (±55.4)/25.3 (±5.5) µm; apical—243.8 (±74.4)/21.9 (±6.7) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The paired actines are straight or curved, sometimes undulated, while the unpaired actine is straight, shorter and thinner than the paired ones (Fig. 16E–G). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, straight, conical, sharply pointed, and smooth or spined at the tip (Fig. 16F, G). Triactines size: paired—256.3 (±40.7)/17.4 (±2.2) µm; unpaired—187.8 (±68.0)/16.3 (±1.9) µm. Tetractines size: paired—235.8 (±50.0)/16.1 (±2.4) µm; unpaired—170.0 (±66.1)/15.8 (±2.2) µm; apical—49.1 (±11.6)/16.1 (±2.6) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Specimen MNRJ2996 was growing attached to a fishing line, with several polychaete tubes on its surface. Specimen MNRJ5831 was associated with a branching bryozoan colony.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Espírito Santo State (Lopes et al. 2025), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Angra dos Reis, Arraial do Cabo, Sepetiba Bay, Itacuruçá, Niterói and Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State (Muricy et al. 1991; Klautau et al. 2004; Muricy &amp; Hajdu 2006; Junqueira et al. 2009; Cavalcanti et al. 2020); São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (Klautau et al. 2004; Muricy &amp; Hajdu 2006; Junqueira et al. 2009; Cavalcanti et al. 2020; present study); Florianópolis and Moleques do Sul Islands, Santa Catarina State (Junqueira et al. 2009; Cavalcanti et al. 2020), Brazil. Azores Canaries Madeira ecoregion— Azores Archipelago and Madeira Island (Canning-Clode et al. 2013; Guardiola et al. 2016; Santín et al. 2024), Portugal. South European Atlantic Shelf ecoregion— Portugal (Guardiola et al. 2016). Alboran Sea ecoregion— Algeria (Bensari et al. 2020). Western Mediterranean ecoregion— Spain, Italy, Algeria and Tunisia (Longo et al. 2007; Bertolino et al. 2014; Dailianis et al. 2016; Marra et al. 2016; Ulman et al. 2017; Bachetarzi et al. 2019; Katsanevakis et al. 2020; Tamburini et al. 2021). Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of Sidra ecoregion— Tunisia and Libya (Chebaane et al. 2019; Sghaier et al. 2019; Katsanevakis et al. 2020). Ionian Sea ecoregion— Malta and Italy (Longo et al. 2007; Zammit et al. 2009; Ulman et al. 2017). Adriatic Sea ecoregion— Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro (Longo et al. 2007; Cvitković et al. 2013; Klautau et al. 2016; Mačić &amp; Petović 2016; Cavalcanti et al. 2020; Katsanevakis et al. 2020). Aegean Sea ecoregion— Turkey (Sea of Marmara) and Greece (Topaloğlu et al. 2016; Gerovasileiou et al. 2017; Ulman et al. 2017; Evcen &amp; Çınar 2020). Levantine Sea ecoregion— Cyprus and Egypt (Ulman et al. 2017; Sghaier et al. 2019).</p><p>Remarks: We found for the first time a few tetractines in the atrial skeleton of some specimens of P. magna (MNRJ2996, MNRJ5831, MNRJ5921). Initially we thought they could be Leucilla, as they did not present the disorganised choanosomal zone characteristic of Paraleucilla . However, we also found some tetractines in the atrial skeleton of specimens of P. magna from the Eastern Mediterranean (SEP, pers. obs.). In that study, DNA sequences were successfully obtained from two specimens with atrial tetractines, only one of which exhibited the disorganised zone. Both specimens clustered with sequences of P. magna with 100% similarity. Thus, we interpret the presence of a few atrial tetractines as part of the intraspecific variability of P. magna, as well as the lack of the disorganised zone (the latter previously shown by Lanna et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFCD882D3EAF546B341466D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFF388283EAF52A636AA66D9.text	03F4630BFFF388283EAF52A636AA66D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraleucilla perlucida Azevedo & Klautau 2007	<div><p>Paraleucilla perlucida Azevedo &amp; Klautau, 2007</p><p>(Figs. 17–19; Table 9)</p><p>Synonyms: Leucilla australiensis (in part.)— Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1031 [non L. australiensis (Carter, 1886)]. Paraleucilla perlucida — Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007: 07; Muricy et al. 2011: 26; Cóndor-Luján et al. 2019: 1816.</p><p>Type locality: Botinas Islands, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ30131, MNRJ30133, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Ventura, 30/IV/2002 . MNRJ30134, Celada, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Carvalho, 01/ V /2002. UFRJPOR6891, 6892, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 03/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR6894, Saquinho da Sumítica, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7015, 7019, close to Dart shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 30/XI/2008 . UFRJPOR7056, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Paraleucilla perlucida —UFRJPOR4961, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.32833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.32833/lat -23.05)">Botinas Islands</a>, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (-23.05000, -44.32833), depth 3 m, coll. M. Klautau, 11/VI/2005. UFRJPOR4928, Botinas Islands, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, depth 3 m, coll. M. Klautau &amp; E. Lanna, 17/IV/2004.</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and beige or white in ethanol (Fig. 17A, B, C).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge body highly variable in morphology, from oval (Fig. 17A) to tubular (Fig. 17B) or almost spherical in shape (Fig. 18A), with variable hispidation as well, but a single, apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas is present in all specimens. The external surface varies from slightly hispid, when the protruding diactines are rare or broken, to quite hispid when these spicules are abundant (Fig. 17C). The atrial cavity is wide and hispid (Fig. 17A). Aquiferous system leuconoid.</p><p>The oscular crown of trichoxeas is supported by tetractines and some oblique diactines. The cortical skeleton is composed of the basal system of large tetractines and triactines, the latter variable in shape, size, and abundance, depending on the specimen and on the region of the body. For instance, in the specimen MNRJ30133, cortical triactines seem to be concentrated in the basal region of the body (Fig. 18B), whereas in the specimen MNRJ30131 they are much rarer (Fig. 17D). Sparse tufts of diactines (2–6 in each) also occur in the cortex (Fig. 17E), and rare cortical microdiactines were found only in one specimen (MNRJ30133), near its base. The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulate near the surface (outer region) and disorganised below the subatrial skeleton (inner region), what is typical of the genus (Fig. 17F). The inner region is supported by large triactines and tetractines similar to those of the subatrial skeleton (Fig. 17G), irregularly scattered. Sometimes, there is a second subatrial skeleton, adjacent to the atrial one, composed of triactines and tetractines smaller and thinner than those of the original subatrial skeleton. In specimens with a thicker body wall, this second subatrial skeleton is not evident, consequently, the subatrial triactines II and subatrial tetractines II may be very rare. The atrial skeleton is exclusively composed of tetractines (Fig. 17H).</p><p>Spicules (Table 9):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long, very thin and cylindrical, usually broken. Size:&gt;1250.0/7.5 µm.</p><p>Diactines: Straight or slightly curved, fusiform and with sharp tips. Most of them were broken (Fig. 19A). Size:&gt;780.0/25.0 µm.</p><p>Microdiactines: Slightly curved, smooth, fusiform, with both tips sharp. Size: 145.7 (±38.0)/3.9 (±0.7) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal, variable in shape and size. Few are large, robust, with conical actines, being similar to the basal system of the cortical tetractines. Most of them are small, with slightly conical, sharply to bluntly pointed actines, and curved paired actines which are longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 19B). Size: paired—292.0 (±35.6)/24.5 (±3.7) µm; unpaired—190.0 (±62.0)/24.0 (±3.8) µm.</p><p>Cortical tetractines: Large, sagittal. Basal actines are straight, conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is a little shorter than the paired ones (Fig. 19C). The apical actine is long, straight, conical to slightly conical and sharp. Size: paired—454.5 (±97.5)/45.4 (±9.0) µm; unpaired—393.1 (±126.5)/48.5 (±9.9) µm; apical—627.5 (±115.8)/43.5 (±9.2) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines I: Large, sagittal, variable in width. Basal actines are conical to slightly conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and similar to or longer than the paired ones, which are inwardly curved (Fig. 19D, E). The apical actine is greatly variable in length, straight, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—395.3 (±75.9)/36.8 (±10.0) µm; unpaired—508.0 (±81.9)/39.8 (±8.8) µm. Tetractines size: paired—435.0 (±74.7)/44.0 (±8.7) µm; unpaired—519.7 (±97.6)/47.6 (±9.4) µm; apical—228.3 (±141.3)/40.0 (±7.3) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines II: Small and thin, sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and much longer than the paired ones, which are curved (Fig. 19F). The apical actine is short, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—235.4 (±48.2)/16.0 (±4.3) µm; unpaired—396.4 (±112.7)/18.8 (±4.1) µm. Tetractines size: paired—175.0/7.5 µm; unpaired—250.0/8.8 µm; apical—25.0/5.0 µm.</p><p>Atrial tetractines: Slightly sagittal (but strongly sagittal near the osculum). Basal actines are cylindrical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and usually shorter than the paired ones, which are slightly curved (Fig. 19G). The apical actine is smooth, curved, conical, sharp and shorter than the basal ones. Size: paired—223.6 (±40.8)/10.8 (±1.7) µm; unpaired—160.5 (±83.1)/11.8 (±1.2) µm; apical—85.3 (±15.7)/9.9 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Specimens MNRJ30131 and MNRJ30133 were collected in a cave, protected from sunlight, while the other specimens were found exposed to sunlight.</p><p>Geographic distribution: São Pedro and São Paulo Islands ecoregion—São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (Cóndor-Luján et al.2019), Brazil.Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Bahia states (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Chagas 2021), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion—Vitória-Trindade Seamounts Chain, Espírito Santo State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Chagas 2021), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Angra dos Reis and Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007; Chagas 2021); São Sebastião and Búzios Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The specimens from Ilhabela fit well the description of P. perlucida, with overall similar skeletal composition and spicules shape. Besides, sequences of our specimens grouped with a sequence of P. perlucida from São Pedro and São Paulo archipelago with 100% similarity and high support (BS = 96%) (Fig. 2).</p><p>Although most of our specimens do not present microdiactines and subatrial tetractines II, these categories are rare in the holotype, as indicated by the low number of measured spicules in the original description (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007). Regarding spicule dimensions, the specimens MNRJ30131 and MNRJ30133 have larger, more robust spicules, especially cortical tetractines [paired actines: 454.5 (±97.5)/45.4± (9.0) µm, unpaired actine: 393.1 (±126.5)/48.5 (±9.9) µm] and subatrial triactines I [paired actines: 395.3 (±75.9)/36.8 (±10.0) µm, unpaired actine: 508.0 (±81.9)/39.8 (±8.8) µm], compared to the holotype [cortical tetractines—paired actines: 272.0 (±49.0)/28.0 (±4.0) µm, unpaired actine: 246.0 (±49.0)/28.0±7.0 µm; subatrial triactines I—paired actines: 178.0 (±34.0)/14.0 (±3.0) µm, unpaired actine: 270.0 (±34.0)/14.0 (±3.0) µm]. However, we measured these spicule categories in specimen UFRJPOR4928 (from the type locality and examined in the original description) and there was an overlap of spicule size ranges (Table 9), indicating that the differences in spicule dimensions can be attributed to variability.</p><p>Paraleucilla perlucida is widely distributed along the Brazilian coast, since specimens from several localities previously identified as Leucilla australiensis by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976) actually correspond to P. perlucida (Chagas 2021) . Indeed, the description and illustrations provided by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976) closely match the original description of P. perlucida . This wide distribution is further supported by the results of our phylogenetic analysis.</p><p>taken in the present work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFF388283EAF52A636AA66D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFF888233EAF5158358865DC.text	03F4630BFFF888233EAF5158358865DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grantia kempfi Borojevic & Peixinho 1976	<div><p>Grantia kempfi Borojević &amp; Peixinho, 1976</p><p>(Figs. 20, 21; Table 10)</p><p>Synonyms: Grantia kempfi — Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1019; Muricy et al. 2011: 27; Van Soest 2017: 205; Lopes et al. 2025: 179.</p><p>Type locality: off Goiana, Pernambuco State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: UFRJPOR7009, 9147, Saco da Ponta Grossa, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 03/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR6935, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7030, Serraria Islet, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 04/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7034, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 03/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7039, 9153, 9156, Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7048, 9157, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7051, Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 15 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 05/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR9149, Saquinho da Sumítica, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Grantia kempfi — MNHN. LBIM. C1975-4 (= MNRJ037) (specimen and slides), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.71722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.66722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.71722/lat -7.66722)">Off Goiana</a>, Pernambuco State, Brazil (-7.66722, -34.71722), depth 19–20 m, coll. M. Kempf, 04/III/1969.</p><p>Colour: White or pinkish beige in life and beige in ethanol (Fig. 20A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Grantia with an oval body, the basal region wider than the apical one (Fig. 20A). The surface is quite hispid due to the projection of numerous diactines and trichoxeas. The single osculum is apical, ornamented with a dense and long crown of trichoxeas. The atrium is also hispid due to the projection of the apical actines of the atrial tetractines. Aquiferous system syconoid, with elongated and unbranched choanocyte chambers (Fig. 20B).</p><p>The well-developed crown of trichoxeas is supported by T-shaped triactines, with the unpaired actine much thinner than the paired ones. The cortical skeleton consists of several layers of triactines, many of which project their unpaired actine outwards (Fig. 20C). When these triactines are bordering the ostia, the unpaired actine is bent over the inhalant aperture (Fig. 20C, inset). Transitional forms between these cortical triactines and the tubar ones are observed. Additionally, there are giant diactines, with the distal portion protruding through the cortex, inclined obliquely towards the osculum and penetrating only superficially into the choanosome (Fig. 20B, C). Trichoxeas can also be found in this layer, tangentially or perpendicularly positioned. The tubar skeleton is articulate, composed of several rows of tetractines and triactines, the latter being more abundant (Fig. 20D). The subatrial skeleton is supported by triactines and very rare tetractines (Fig. 20E). The atrial skeleton is also thick, formed mainly by tetractines, in addition to few triactines, pointing their unpaired actine to the base of the sponge (Fig. 20F).</p><p>Spicules (Table 10):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Very long, slender and cylindrical, with sharp tips (Fig. 21A).</p><p>Large diactines: Curved, thicker at mid-length, with the distal tip lanceolate, while the proximal tip is sharp (Fig. 21B, C). Size: 1,400.0 (±774.0)/25.0 (±0.0) µm.</p><p>Small diactines: Curved, smooth, fusiform, with both tips sharp (Fig. 21D). Size: 129.3 (±41.8)/3.5 (±0.4) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal. Actines are conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine can be straight or sharply bent (over the ostia) and is shorter than the paired ones, which are almost straight (Fig. 21E). Size: paired—85.1 (±13.1)/8.2 (±1.1) µm; unpaired—67.2 (±10.5)/8.8 (±1.4) µm.</p><p>Tubar triactines and tetractines: Sagittal, variable in shape. Basal actines are slightly conical, with sharp to blunt tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are slightly curved and, sometimes, undulated and unequal in length. The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, slightly curved and sharp (Fig. 21F, G). Triactines size: paired—70.1 (±12.9)/7.0 (±1.2) µm; unpaired—111.8 (±13.4)/7.1 (±1.3) µm. Tetractines size: paired—78.2 (±11.4)/7.3 (±1.3) µm; unpaired—120.8 (±19.8)/7.6 (±1.1) µm; apical—27.0 (±6.6)/5.1 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal and thinner than the tubar ones. Basal actines are cylindrical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and much longer than the paired ones, which are inwardly curved. They are thinner than the tubar ones. The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, sharp and slightly curved (Fig. 21H, I). Triactines size: paired—65.7 (±19.1)/5.7 (±1.6) µm; unpaired—129.1 (±25.4)/5.9 (±1.1) µm. Tetractines size: paired—83.3 (±13.8)/5.8 (±1.4) µm; unpaired—121.7 (±12.8)/6.7 (±0.7) µm; apical—15.0 (±3.5)/4.4 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines vary from cylindrical to conical, with blunt tips. The unpaired actine is straight, tapering abruptly near the base, but may sometimes be swollen near the distal end. It is longer than the paired actines, which are nearly straight and often unequal in length. The apical actine of the tetractines is slightly conical, smooth, curved near the tip and sharply pointed (Fig. 21J, K). Triactines size: paired— 80.5 (±16.7)/7.0 (±0.9) µm; unpaired—181.5 (±39.8)/7.6 (±1.0) µm. Tetractines size: paired—90.4 (±18.1)/5.5 (±2.0) µm; unpaired—179.5 (±36.0)/7.1 (±1.1) µm; apical—79.7 (±15.0)/5.8 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Ecology: This species is found in cryptic habitats (caves/holes) or exposed to sunlight on rocky substrate, usually associated with algae turfs. Some of the analysed specimens were partially covered with sediment.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Guianan ecoregion— Guyana (Van Soest 2017). Amazonia ecoregion—Amapá State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco and Alagoas states (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Bahia State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976) and Espírito Santo State (Lopes et al. 2025), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The specimens correspond well to the original description of Grantia kempfi and subsequent descriptions by Van Soest (2017) and Lopes et al. (2025). Regarding the ostiolar triactines mentioned by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976), we interpret these spicules in this study as a variety of cortical triactines since, apart from the bent unpaired actine, they are similar in shape and dimensions.</p><p>We found the small fusiform diactines described by Lopes et al. (2025) in the spicule preparations of only two of our specimens, UFRJPOR7009 and UFRJPOR6935. This feature likely represents intraspecific variation, as specimen UFRJPOR7009 clustered phylogenetically with two other specimens that lacked these diactines, showing minimal genetic divergence (p-distance: 0–0.3%). Additionally, the fusiform diactines in our specimens are significantly smaller [129.3 (±41.8)/3.5 (±0.4) µm] compared to those of a specimen from Espírito Santo State [413.5 (±238.2)/14.2 (±2.8) µm]. These observations suggest that the abundance (rare or absent) and size of fusiform diactines in G. kempfi may vary considerably.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFF888233EAF5158358865DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFFC883E3EAF50CB343565DC.text	03F4630BFFFC883E3EAF50CB343565DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra anoducta Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Leucandra anoducta sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 12F1F5DC-2DBB-450D-8038-9C90E484E007</p><p>(Figs. 22–25; Table 11)</p><p>Etymology: From “ano-” (without) and “ductus” (Latin for “canal”), referring to the absence of visible choanosomal canals in this species.</p><p>Type locality: Celada, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype — MNRJ5908, Celada, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Carvalho, 01/V/2002 . Paratype — MNRJ30123, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. M. Custódio &amp; C. Santos, 03/ V /2002 .</p><p>Diagnosis: Leucandra with a lobate massive body and leuconoid aquiferous system, without visible choanosomal canals lined by spicules. The cortical skeleton is formed mainly by small sagittal triactines, while the choanosomal skeleton consists of large regular triactines. Diactines, microdiactines and trichoxeas are also present in the cortex. The atrial skeleton comprises triactines and less abundant tetractines.</p><p>Colour: White in life and white or beige in ethanol (Figs. 22A; 23A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Massive and lobate body, with one or more oscula without ornamentation, localised on the top of short tubes or as simple openings on the surface of the body (Figs. 22A, B; 23A). The consistency is friable and the texture is rough. The external surface may be slightly hispid, mainly in the tubes bearing oscula (Fig. 23B). The hispidation is due to the protruding actines of cortical and choanosomal triactines, as well as diactines, especially in the paratype (MNRJ30123), where diactines are more abundant (Fig. 23B, C). The atrium is slightly hispid, as the atrial tetractines project their short apical actines into its lumen. Aquiferous system leuconoid, but choanosomal canals are not evident (Figs. 22B, 23D).</p><p>The oscular margin is formed by T-shaped triactines and tetractines, in addition to rare, small diactines in the holotype (Fig. 22C). The cortical skeleton consists of two categories of triactines: smaller triactines are predominant and form the outer layer, while some larger triactines, identical to the choanosomal ones, are arranged tangentially beneath them, forming an inner layer (Figs. 22D, 24A). Diactines, microdiactines and trichoxeas are also present in the cortex, being more abundant in the paratype than in the holotype. Diactines are often concentrated near the oscular region, projecting perpendicularly (Fig. 23B, C), while microdiactines and trichoxeas are found scattered, either singly or in tufts (Figs. 22E, F; 24A–D). Despite being more common in the paratype, the microdiactines are not abundant. The choanosomal skeleton is disorganised, comprising large triactines (Figs. 22B, 23D). The atrial skeleton is formed predominantly by triactines, but tetractines are also abundant (Fig. 22G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 11):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Straight or curved, thin and cylindrical (Fig. 24C). Often broken. Size:&gt;285.0/2.5 µm.</p><p>Diactines: Variable in size. The proximal tip is usually straight and thicker than the distal one, which is slightly curved, a characteristic more evident in the largest diactines. The tips vary from sharp to blunt (Fig. 25A, B). Size: 212.0 (±43.1)/8.0 (±2.0) µm.</p><p>Cortical microdiactines: Straight or slightly curved, with a sharp proximal tip and a lanceolate distal tip, delimited by a ring-like swelling. Spines are usually present at the distal tip, while the proximal tip is smooth. They are thicker at mid-length or near the proximal end (Fig. 25C). Size: 97.2 (±21.3)/4.4 (±1.2) µm.</p><p>Small cortical triactines: Sagittal. Actines are straight or subtly undulated, cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp to blunt tips. The unpaired actine is frequently longer than the paired ones, but highly variable in size (Fig. 25D). Size: paired—201.5 (±34.2)/13.4 (±2.0) µm; unpaired—182.0 (±39.1)/12.8 (±2.1) µm.</p><p>Large cortical triactines: Identical in shape and size to the choanosomal triactines (Fig. 22D). Size: 299.5 (±61.5)/27.6 (±6.9) µm.</p><p>Choanosomal triactines: Regular to subregular, with straight, conical, and sharply pointed actines (Fig. 25E). Size: 359.5 (±61.6)/33.8 (±7.2) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp to blunt tips. The unpaired actine is straight and shorter than the paired ones, which are slightly curved (Fig. 25F). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, slightly curved, smooth and sharp (Fig. 25G). Triactines size: paired—222.8 (±27.1)/13.9 (±2.1) µm; unpaired—148.5 (±39.5)/12.4 (±2.1) µm. Tetractines size: paired—231.5 (±37.7)/13.4 (±2.2) µm; unpaired—145.5 (±54.6)/12.3 (±2.6) µm; apical—53.5 (±9.1)/10.1 (±1.8) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The holotype was epibiont on a bivalve and associated with bryozoans and a coral polyp. The paratype was also epibiont on a bivalve, with sediment on its surface, in addition to tubicolous polychaetes, bryozoans and ascidians.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião Island (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (provisionally endemic), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The genus Leucandra is noteworthy for its high species richness, comprising 143 valid species (De Voogd et al. 2025). Nevertheless, L. anoducta sp. nov. is remarkable for the absence of distinguishable choanosomal canals lined by spicules, combined with the presence of cortical diactines and microdiactines. This combination of features is shared only with L. reniformis Tanita, 1942 and L. uschuariensis Tanita, 1942, both from the southern Chilean and Argetinian coasts, respectively. However, the new species differs from both mainly in the shape and dimensions of its spicules. In both L. reniformis and L. uschuariensis, the cortical and choanosomal skeletons are composed of triactines identical or similar in shape (slightly sagittal) and size, whereas in L. anoducta sp. nov., these spicule categories are quite distinct (cortical triactines are predominantly small and sagittal, while choanosomal triactines are larger and regular). Additionally, the diactines of L. reniformis and L. uschuariensis are more robust (230–420/28–45 µm and 470–700/25–45 µm, respectively) than those of the new species [212.0 (±43.1)/8.0 (±2.0) µm]. Leucandra reniformis has diactines with the distal end thicker than the proximal one, whereas the opposite is observed in the diactines of L. anoducta sp. nov. Furthermore, although cortical and atrial spicules of L. uschuariensis and L. anoducta sp. nov. are corresponding in size, the choanosomal triactines of the new species [359.5 (±61.6)/33.8 (±7.2) µm] are much larger and more robust than those of L. uschuariensis (paired actines: 145–220/18–23 µm, unpaired actine: 120–220/18–23 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFFC883E3EAF50CB343565DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFE2883A3EAF52A634B0656C.text	03F4630BFFE2883A3EAF52A634B0656C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra caribea Condor-Lujan, Louzada, Hajdu & Klautau 2018	<div><p>Leucandra caribea Cóndor-Lújan, Louzada, Hajdu &amp; Klautau, 2018</p><p>(Figs. 26, 27; Table 12)</p><p>Synonyms: Leucandra caribea — Cóndor-Lújan et al. 2018: 35.</p><p>Type locality: Tug Boat, Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (Caribbean Sea) .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ5856, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Ventura , 30/IV/2002. UFRJPOR6932, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008. UFRJPOR7023, 9088, Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 15 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 05/XII/2008. UFRJPOR9083, Velasquez shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , 30/XI/2008. UFRJPOR9087, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 03/XII/2008. UFRJPOR9301, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4–8 m, coll. S. López , 18/III/2023.</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Leucandra caribea —UFRJPOR6754, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.86233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.06894" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.86233/lat 12.06894)">Tug Boat</a>, Caracasbaai, Willemstadt, Curaçao (12.06894, -68.86233), depth 13.9 m, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 23/VIII/2011.</p><p>Colour: Beige or white in life and white in ethanol (Fig. 26A, B).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: This sponge varies in morphology from vase-shaped to globular (Fig. 26A, B), with a single, apical osculum surrounded by a membrane with a few short trichoxeas that do not form a conspicuous crown (Fig. 26C). The external surface is smooth and soft, and the consistency is compressible. The atrial cavity is also smooth, as tetractines are rare. Aquiferous system leuconoid.</p><p>The skeleton of the oscular membrane is composed of T-shaped triactines and rare tetractines arranged in parallel, supporting a very short crown of trichoxeas, which is only visible under a microscope (Fig. 26C). The cortical skeleton is composed of an outer layer of small triactines and an inner layer of large triactines, the latter similar to the choanosomal ones (Fig. 26D). Additionally, there are short fragments of trichoxeas scattered through the cortex, especially near the osculum. The choanosomal skeleton is disorganised and formed by large triactines (Fig. 26E). The exhalant canals are abundant in the choanosome and lined by numerous tetractines and rare triactines, with the apical actines facing their lumen (Fig. 26F). The atrial skeleton is composed of triactines and few tetractines (Fig. 26G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 12):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Short, very thin and cylindrical. Usually broken (Fig. 27C). Size:&gt;112.0/1.3 µm.</p><p>Small cortical triactines: Slightly sagittal. Actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and often a little shorter than the paired ones, which are curved (Fig. 27A). Size: paired—255.0 (±44.3)/13.4 (±2.6) µm; unpaired—231.3 (±54.9)/14.4 (±2.0) µm.</p><p>Large cortical triactines: Identical in shape and size to the choanosomal triactines (Fig. 26D, arrowhead 2). Size: 554.0 (±63.5)/47.0 (±5.7) µm.</p><p>Choanosomal triactines: Regular to subregular. Actines are straight, conical and sharp. Greatly variable in size, but most of them are large (Fig. 27B). Size: 716.3 (±209.2)/51.7 (±16.6) µm.</p><p>Triactines and tetractines of the canals: Slightly sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and similar in length to the paired ones, which are curved (Fig. 27C). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, curved, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—196.7 (±12.9)/13.8 (±1.4) µm; unpaired—196.3 (±43.9)/15.6 (±1.3) µm. Tetractines size: paired—196.5 (±34.6)/11.9 (±2.4) µm; unpaired— 198.3 (±48.3)/13.5 (±2.2) µm; apical—65.6 (±12.1)/9.3 (±1.5) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal. Basal actines are slightly conical to conical, with sharp tips. The paired actines are straight or slightly curved and longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 27D, E). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, curved, smooth, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—253.8 (±48.3)/15.5 (±2.6) µm; unpaired—184.0 (±39.1)/15.6 (±2.8) µm. Tetractines size: paired—230.5 (±49.7)/14.4 (±2.7) µm; unpaired—176.5 (±44.4)/16.6 (±2.5) µm; apical—68.4 (±13.7)/10.5 (±1.5) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Most specimens were found in caves and other areas protected from sunlight, except for UFRJPOR7034, which was found exposed to sunlight, in association with algae.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southern Caribbean ecoregion— Curaçao (Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018). Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela) and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The external morphology and the skeletal composition of the specimens match the original description of L. caribea, first described from Curaçao, and so far, considered endemic to the Caribbean Sea. Nevertheless, based on the original description, we identified minor potential differences regarding the atrial spicules: according to the measurements provided by Cóndor-Luján et al. (2018), the atrial triactines and tetractines have the unpaired actine similar to or longer (on average) than the paired ones [atrial tetractines—paired actines: 206.9 (±28.7) µm, unpaired actine: 237.6 (±35.1) µm], whereas in the specimen MNRJ5856 the inverse proportion was observed, i.e., the unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones [atrial tetractines—paired actines: 230.5 (±49.7) µm, unpaired actine: 176.5 (±44.4) µm]. Additionally, the atrial spicules of the holotype seem less sagittal in the original description than in our specimens (Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018, Fig. 20E, F). To evaluate these potential differences, we anaysed tangential sections of the atrial skeleton of the holotype of L. caribea . Many of the atrial spicules in L. caribea have the unpaired actine shorter than the paired ones. Besides, most of these spicules were strongly sagittal, similar to those in the Brazilian specimens, corroborating our identification. Thus, the distribution of L. caribea is here expanded to the southeastern Brazilian coast, and comprises a large distribution gap where the species has not yet been reported from, including the Brazilian north and northeast coasts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFE2883A3EAF52A634B0656C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFE588333EAF575337E56610.text	03F4630BFFE588333EAF575337E56610.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra rudifera (Polejaeff 1883)	<div><p>Leucandra rudifera (Poléjaeff, 1883)</p><p>(Figs. 28–32; Table 13)</p><p>Synonyms: Leuconia rudifera — Poléjaeff 1883: 58; Burton 1956: 117; Burton 1963: 292. Leucandra rudifera — Thacker 1908: 773; Moraes et al. 2006: 167; Muricy et al. 2011: 28. Leucandra globosa — Muricy et al. 1991: 1187; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999: 160.</p><p>Type locality: Bermuda, British Overseas Territory, North Atlantic Ocean .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ30132, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Ventura, 30/IV/2002 . UFRJPOR9077, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Leucandra rudifera — BMNH.1884.4.22.42-44 (slides), Bermuda, Challenger Exp., station 36, 23/IV/1873, depth 59 m.</p><p>Additional material examined: BMNH.1948.3.8.6 (slides), Atlantide Exp. Western Africa, station 151, depth 65 m. MNRJ5581, Comprida Island, northern shore, Cagarras Archipelago, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, depth 10– 12 m, coll. L. Monteiro, 13/III/2002 . MNRJ8080, Comprida Island, northern shore, Cagarras Archipelago, RJ, Brazil, depth 10–12 m, coll. L. Monteiro, 15/II/2004 . MNRJ8994, 8999, Palmas Island, southern shore, Cagarras Archipelago, RJ, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. Moraes &amp; L. Monteiro, 23/II/2005 . MNRJ7390 B, first pool of Parcel do Túnel, Trindade Island, Espírito Santo, Brazil, depth 2.5 m, coll. F. Moraes, 19/VIII/2003 .</p><p>Colour: Beige or white in life and in ethanol (Fig. 28A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Oval sponge with a single apical osculum surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 28A–C). The consistency is friable. Diactines and microdiactines protrude through the surface, making it hispid (Fig. 28A). The atrial cavity is reduced and hispid due to the apical actines of the atrial tetractines and atrial grapnel spicules. The aquiferous system is leuconoid, with subcortical lacunae extending transversely from the surface deep into the choanosome (Figs. 28D; 29A). Additionally, wide exhalant canals are present, appearing as invaginations of the atrium (Figs. 28D; 29A).</p><p>The oscular crown is formed by trichoxeas and supported by T-shaped tetractines and few triactines (Fig. 28B, C). The cortical skeleton is composed of a tangential layer of triactines and a few tetractines, whose apical actines project into the choanosome (Fig. 29B, C). Large diactines protrude perpendicularly or obliquely through the surface, reaching about one-third of the choanosome (Figs. 28D; 29A). Trichoxeas and cortical microdiactines are also abundant, occurring singly or in tufts, arranged tangentially or perpendicularly to the cortex (Fig. 30A, B). Although there is no well-defined subcortical skeleton, pseudosagittal triactines occur sparsely in this region (Fig. 29D). The choanosomal skeleton consists of triactines and is predominantly disorganised, however, there are traces of articulation near the external surface, where some of the choanosomal triactines are arranged in layers, with the unpaired actine pointing to the cortex (Fig. 29A). The choanosomal canals are lined by tetractines and triactines, the former more abundant (Fig. 29E). The atrial skeleton is mainly composed of tetractines, very rare triactines and grapnel spicules (Figs. 29F; 30C). A single pentactine was observed in the atrium (Fig. 29F, inset). The grapnel spicules are arranged tangentially to the atrial surface, oriented in various directions, forming a reticulation that covers the atrial tetractines and lines the entire atrial cavity (Fig. 30C, D). Additionally, they are organised into tufts projecting into the atrium, often arranged around the apical actines of the atrial tetractines (Figs. 29F; 30E, F).</p><p>Spicules (Table 13):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long, thin, cylindrical, with sharp tips.</p><p>Diactines: Slightly curved and fusiform, with both tips sharp (Fig. 31A). Size: 1,345.0 (±473.7)/44.5 (±7.2) µm.</p><p>Cortical microdiactines: Straight or slightly curved. The distal tip is harpoon-shaped and spined, while the proximal tip is sharp, smooth and usually thicker. A ring-like swelling is present near the distal tip, bordered by spines directed towards the proximal end. The spines distributed along each side of the spicule point towards the different tips (Fig. 32A). Size: 85.1 (±14.8)/2.9 (±2.3) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines and tetractines: Slightly sagittal, variable in size. Basal actines are conical to slightly conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and a little shorter than the paired ones, which are often undulated and outwardly curved (Fig. 31B, C). The apical actine of the tetractines is straight or slightly undulated, conical, sharp and variable in size. Triactines size: paired—218.0 (±61.2)/14.8 (±4.4) µm; unpaired—197.5 (±55.0)/15.9 (±4.2) µm. Tetractines size: paired—228.3 (±64.3)/15.8 (±4.7) µm; unpaired—184.8 (±69.9)/17.3 (±5.4) µm; apical—160.1 (±91.5)/16.2 (±4.8) µm.</p><p>Subcortical triactines: Pseudosagittal. Actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and frequently shorter than the paired ones, which are curved (Fig. 31D). Size: paired 1—268.6 (±63.7)/23.5 (±5.0) µm; paired 2—347.3 (±90.1)/23.0 (±4.9) µm; unpaired—231.4 (±65.8)/24.8 (±4.7) µm.</p><p>Choanosomal triactines: Large, slightly sagittal and variable in size, sometimes with all actines different in length. Actines are conical, with sharp tips. The paired actines are straight or slightly curved and longer than the unpaired one (Fig. 31E). Size: paired—414.8 (±82.6)/32.5 (±5.5) µm; unpaired—361.0 (±59.2)/34.2 (±5.0) µm.</p><p>Triactines and tetractines of the canals: Sagittal, but variable in shape and size. Basal actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. Some are slightly sagittal and large, with the paired actines outwardly curved, others are more sagittal and smaller, with the paired actines slightly curved towards the unpaired one, which is much shorter (Fig. 31F). The apical actine of the tetractines is smooth, curved, conical and sharp. Triactines size: paired—156.5 (±46.5)/14.2 (±2.9) µm; unpaired—170.0 (±56.7)/16.3 (±2.9) µm. Tetractines size: paired—243.2 (±56.5)/17.3 (±5.4) µm; unpaired—196.6 (±80.3)/19.2 (±6.2) µm; apical—72.6 (±31.7)/10.5 (±4.4) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight or undulated and shorter than the paired ones, which are straight or slightly curved outwardly (Fig. 31G). The apical actine of the tetractines is smooth, curved, conical, sharp and can be as long as the unpaired actine. Triactines size: paired—199.2 (±37.3)/9.8 (±0.9) µm; unpaired—94.2 (±9.7)/9.8 (±0.9) µm. Tetractines size: paired—241.3 (±51.4)/10.3 (±1.1) µm; unpaired—120.3 (±43.3)/10.2 (±1.4) µm; apical—93.3 (±30.7)/8.1 (±1.0) µm.</p><p>Grapnel spicules: They are tetractines whose basal actines are similar to short hooks. The apical actine is very long and sinuous, with spines distributed along most of its length. It tapers in the middle and gradually swells near the tip, which is sharp and smooth. Both the basal actines (hooks) and spines are directed towards the tip of the apical actine (Fig. 32B). Size: 58.1 (±12.0)/1.3 (±0.0) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Species collected on rocky surfaces, exposed to sunlight and inside caves. No associated organisms were found.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Bermuda ecoregion— Bermuda Islands, North Atlantic Ocean (Poléjaeff 1883), British Overseas Territory. Cape Verde ecoregion— Cape Verde Archipelago (Thacker 1908), Western Africa. Gulf of Guinea West ecoregion— Guinea-Bissau (Burton 1956; uncertain), Western Africa. Namaqua ecoregion— South Africa (Burton 1963; uncertain). Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands ecoregion—Trindade Island, Espírito Santo State (Moraes et al. 2006), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Arraial do Cabo and Cagarras Archipelago (Muricy et al. 1991; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999; present study), Rio de Janeiro State; Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Leucandra rudifera (Poléjaeff, 1883) was originally described from Bermuda and later recorded to the Cape Verde archipelago (Thacker 1908) and to the western and southern coasts of Africa (Burton 1956, 1963). The species was also reported to the Brazilian coast: Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro), as Leucandra globosa Sarà, 1951 (Muricy et al. 1991; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999; see also Muricy et al. 2011), and Trindade Island (Espírito Santo) (Moraes et al. 2006).</p><p>We had the opportunity to examine the slides of the holotype of L. rudifera, along with slides of the Western African specimens, the specimen from Trindade Island (Moraes et al. 2006), and additional Brazilian specimens from Cagarras Archipelago, Rio de Janeiro (unpublished). Our analysis of the holotype confirms the identification of our specimens as L. rudifera . Indeed, we observed in the holotype few cortical tetractines and subcortical pseudosagittal triactines, as well as rare atrial triactines, spicule categories not mentioned in the original description, and shared with our specimens. Furthermore, the cortical microdiactines of the holotype are harpoon-shaped and spined, like those of the Brazilian specimens—another feature not mentioned in the original description of L. rudifera .</p><p>It is worth noting that in the specimens from Rio de Janeiro, cortical tetractines are comparatively rarer, and they were not found in the specimen from Trindade Island. This suggests that the abundance, and possibly even the presence, of cortical tetractines in L. rudifera may be subject to intraspecific variation. This is the main reason we refrained from transferring L. rudifera to Leucandrilla . Although the presence of cortical tetractines, subcortical pseudosagittal triactines, and traces of articulation in the choanoskeleton are part of the diagnosis of Leucandrilla (Cavalcanti et al. 2019), in two species of the genus (including the type species) redescribed by Cavalcanti et al. (2019), the cortical tetractines are abundant, not rare (or apparently absent) as in Leucandra rudifera .</p><p>Regarding the specimens from Western Africa identified as L. rudifera by Burton (1956), we did not observe grapnel spicules in their skeletal sections. In all other features, these specimens match the holotype and the Brazilian ones. However, the absence of grapnel spicules raises the possibility that these specimens may represent a different species. Additionally, Burton (1963) identified a sponge from South Africa as L. rudifera without providing a description. Therefore, we consider the records of L. rudifera from Western and South Africa as uncertain for now.</p><p>The presence of grapnel spicules in the atrium is considered the main diagnostic feature of L. rudifera . However, Leucandra globosa (Sarà, 1951), described from the Mediterranean Sea, also bears this spicule type. Leucandra globosa has a spicular composition similar to that of L. rudifera and it is possible that they are synonyms (Muricy et al. 2011). Nevertheless, we identified the present specimens as L. rudifera because this species is from the Western Atlantic and has priority over L. globosa, as the former was described in 1883 by Poléjaeff.</p><p>We produced the first C-LSU sequence for L. rudifera, which was identical to that of a specimen from St. Helena, South Atlantic, identified as Paraleucilla sp. 1 by Alvizu et al. (2018). Hence, this material should be re-examined in future studies, because it is possible that Paraleucilla sp. 1 (Alvizu et al. 2018) corresponds to L. rudifera .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFE588333EAF575337E56610	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFFEC884F3EAF542733DD60CC.text	03F4630BFFEC884F3EAF542733DD60CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucandra serrata Azevedo & Klautau 2007	<div><p>Leucandra serrata Azevedo &amp; Klautau, 2007</p><p>(Figs. 33–35; Table 14)</p><p>Synonyms: Leucandra serrata — Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007: 11; Muricy et al. 2008: 126; Lanna et al. 2009: 16; Ignacio et al. 2010: Table S1; Muricy et al. 2011: 29; Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2017: 205; Oricchio et al. 2019: 887; Fonseca et al. 2023: 16.</p><p>Type locality: Bonfim Island, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ2979, 2993, between Ponta do Baleeiro and Saco Grande, São Sebastião Channel, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 09/I/2000 . MNRJ2997, between Ponta do Baleeiro and Saco Grande, São Sebastião Channel, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 5 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 08/ I/2000 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Type specimens of Leucandra serrata . Holotype —UFRJPOR4878, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.33166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.02333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.33166/lat -23.02333)">Bonfim Island</a>, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro (-23.02333, -44.33166), depth 2 m, coll. M. Klautau, 05/IV/2003 . Paratypes —UFRJPOR4879 and 4881, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.32833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.32833/lat -23.05)">Botinas Islands</a>, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro (-23.05000, -44.32833), depth 2 m, coll. M. Klautau, 05/IV/2003 .</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and white in ethanol (Fig. 33A–D).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Massive sponges, with one to two apical oscula ornamented with a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 33A–C). The surface is predominantly irregular, conulose, and hispid because diactines protrude through the cortex (Fig. 33D). However, in some regions of the body, the diactines are arranged tangentially to the surface, giving it a smooth appearance (Fig. 33C, arrowhead). The atrial surface is hispid. Aquiferous system leuconoid.</p><p>The oscular crown of trichoxeas is supported by tetractines and rare triactines. The cortical skeleton is composed of triactines (Fig. 34A, B) and large diactines protruding singly or in tufts (with 2–6 spicules) through conules in the cortex (Fig. 34C, arrowheads) or lying on the surface. Three jagged microdiactines were found only in one specimen (MNRJ2993), protruding through the cortex (Fig. 34B). Rarely, pseudosagittal triactines were found in the subcortical region (Fig. 34D). The choanosomal skeleton is disorganised, formed by triactines (Fig. 34C). The choanosomal canals are surrounded by tetractines (Fig. 34E). The atrial skeleton is composed of numerous tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 34F). Fragments of trichoxeas were occasionally seen in the cortex and in the atrium.</p><p>Spicules (Table 14):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long, thin, cylindrical and sharp. Often broken. Size:&gt;1,300.0/5.0 µm.</p><p>Diactines: Straight or slightly curved and fusiform, with both tips sharp (Fig. 35A). In the specimen MNRJ2993, some diactines presented the distal tip lanceolate. Size: 1,021.9 (±345.7)/33.8 (±11.9) µm.</p><p>Cortical microdiactines: Long, thin and sinuous, with a jagged distal tip and a smooth, thicker proximal tip (Fig. 34B). They are extremely rare or absent. Size: 442.5 (±67.2)/2.5 (±0.0) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Slightly sagittal, variable in size, but most are as thin as the atrial ones. Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and shorter than the paired ones, which are outwardly curved (Fig. 35B). Size: paired—256.8 (±58.2)/7.0 (±2.1) µm; unpaired—203.5 (±71.1)/7.1 (±2.5) µm.</p><p>Subcortical triactines: Pseudosagittal. Actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. Sometimes they are not typical pseudosagittals because the shorter paired actine is almost straight (Fig. 35C). Size: paired 1—247.5 (±71.8)/19.0 (±6.2) µm; paired 2—325.8 (±78.3)/18.0 (±5.9) µm; unpaired—186.5 (±55.1)/19.6 (±5.3) µm.</p><p>Choanosomal triactines: Large, variable in size, usually subregular, rarely regular. Actines are straight and conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is often shorter than the paired ones (Fig. 35D). Size: paired—407.5 (±82.4)/28.3 (±9.5) µm; unpaired—301.5 (±68.3)/30.3 (±9.8) µm.</p><p>Tetractines of the canals: Slightly sagittal, with slightly conical and sharp basal actines. The unpaired actine is straight and a little shorter than the paired ones, which are curved (Fig. 35E). The apical actine is curved, smooth, conical and sharp. Size: paired—197.3 (±35.4)/9.9 (±1.6) µm; unpaired—186.5 (±66.2)/10.8 (±2.2) µm; apical— 70.0 (±17.8)/7.4 (±1.9) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Strongly sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and shorter than the paired ones, which are straight or slightly curved (Fig. 35F, G). The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, curved, smooth and sharp. Triactines size: paired—242.5 (±63.2)/6.3 (±1.3) µm; unpaired—185.3 (±75.6)/6.8 (±1.2) µm. Tetractines size: paired—265.5 (±47.0)/7.0 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—220.3 (±60.8)/7.5 (±0.8) µm; apical—64.0 (±12.0)/5.0 (±0.8) µm.</p><p>Ecology: All specimens were found exposed to high sedimentation (Fig. 34A), and one of them was partially covered by sediment. The same was observed in specimens from Rio Grande do Norte state by Lanna et al. (2009). Tubes of terebellid polychaetes were found on the external surface of our specimens (Fig. 34A, C), in addition to errant polychaetes and a small tanaid crustacean.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Northeastern Brazil ecoregion— Rio Grande do Norte State (Muricy et al. 2008; Lanna et al. 2009), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Bahia State (Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2017; Fonseca et al. 2023), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Angra dos Reis and Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007; Ignacio et al. 2010; Oricchio et al. 2019); São Sebastião Island (Ilhabela) and São Sebastião Channel (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (Oricchio et al. 2019; present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Leucandra serrata was reported for the first time in São Sebastião Island by Oricchio et al. (2019), however, that study was not focused on sponges and no taxonomic description was provided then. Our specimens exhibit some differences from the original description of L. serrata, namely: i) diactines arranged in tufts protruding from conules on the surface, ii) diactines lying tangentially to the cortex in some regions, iii) a few lanceolate diactines (specimen MNRJ2993), iv) rare pseudosagittal subcortical triactines, and v) microdiactines that are very rare or even absent and longer [442.5 (±67.2)/2.5 (±0.0) µm] than those in the original description [111.0 (±17.9)/1.5 (±0.0) µm]. To address these potential differences, we examined the type material of L. serrata . We concluded that these features are variable within the species. For instance, although we did not observe diactines arranged in tufts in the type specimens, the paratype UFRJPOR4879 has a conulose surface, similar to our specimens. Additionally, in the holotype, some diactines are arranged tangentially to the surface and these spicules occasionally exhibit a lanceolate distal tip. Furthermore, subcortical pseudosagittal triactines, although rare, were found in all type specimens.</p><p>Regarding the jagged microdiactines, characteristic of L. serrata, they were rare in the holotype, occurring mainly near the oscular region, whereas in the paratype UFRJPOR4879, they were relatively common and variable in size. Beyond their variation in size and abundance, microdiactines also differ in shape, as they may be only slightly jagged or even smooth at the distal tip (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007; Fonseca et al. 2023; present study). This high variability suggests that microdiactines should not be considered diagnostic for L. serrata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFFEC884F3EAF542733DD60CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF9188493EAF54CE33BB6634.text	03F4630BFF9188493EAF54CE33BB6634.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycettusa flamma (Polejaeff 1883)	<div><p>Sycettusa flamma (Poléjaeff, 1883)</p><p>(Figs. 36–38; Table 15)</p><p>Synonyms: Amphoriscus flamma — Poléjaeff 1883: 49; Topsent 1891: 12; Mello-Leitão et al. 1961: 2. Grantessa flamma — Dendy &amp; Row 1913: 752; Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976: 1011. Sycettusa flamma — Muricy et al. 2011: 29.</p><p>Type locality: Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: MNRJ2040, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 10 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 07/II/1999 . MNRJ30130, Celada, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu &amp; M. Carvalho, 01/ V /2002. UFRJPOR7006, Saco da Ponta Grossa, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 03/XII/2008 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Sycettusa flamma — BMNH.1884.4.22.25 (slides), off Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Challenger Exp., shallow water, September 1873.</p><p>Colour: White or beige in life and beige in ethanol (Figs. 36A; 37A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge body formed by two or three large tubes connected at the base, with apical and wide oscula ornamented with a well-developed crown of trichoxeas (Figs. 36A; 37A, B). The external surface is heavily hispid due to the numerous diactines projecting through the cortex. The atrial cavity is wide and hispid, with the apical actines of the atrial tetractines projecting into its lumen. Aquiferous system syconoid, but rather irregular (more evident in the specimen MNRJ2040), with narrow, elongated choanocyte chambers that seem to branch distally (Figs. 36B; 37C, D).</p><p>The skeleton of the oscular crown is composed of long trichoxeas and large diactines, supported by tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 37B). The cortical skeleton is formed by tangential triactines (Fig. 36C) and large diactines that protrude perpendicularly through the surface and cross the body wall, occasionally reaching the atrium. The subcortical skeleton consists in a layer of pseudosagittal triactines (Fig. 36D) and the subatrial skeleton in triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 36E). The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulate (Figs. 36B; 37C, D), as is typical of the genus. In the specimen MNRJ2040, which has a thicker body wall than MNRJ30130, a single intermediate layer of triactines is present in the choanosome (Fig. 36B). The atrial skeleton is composed of several tetractines and rare triactines (Fig. 36F), arranged with the paired actines curved towards the osculum and the unpaired actine pointing to the base of the sponge (Fig. 36F). Fragments of trichoxeas are common in the cortical and atrial skeletons (Fig. 36D, E —inset).</p><p>Spicules (Table 15):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long, thin, cylindrical, and usually broken. Size:&gt;3,000.0/7.0 µm.</p><p>Diactines: Large, straight or slightly curved. The distal tip is usually lanceolate, while the proximal tip is sharp and thicker (Figs. 36D inset; 38A). Size: 2,341.3 (±519.3)/71.5 (±10.4) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Slightly sagittal, with slightly conical and sharp actines. The unpaired actine is straight and of similar length or slightly shorter than the paired ones, which are outwardly curved (Fig. 38B). Size: paired— 226.8 (±45.2)/16.3 (±3.9) µm; unpaired—226.3 (±50.5)/18.8 (±2.8) µm.</p><p>Subcortical triactines: Pseudosagittal. Actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The shortest paired actine (paired 1) is curved, sometimes undulated, while the unpaired actine is straight and the longest paired actine (paired 2) is almost straight or undulated (Fig. 38C). Size: paired 1—265.0 (±50.1)/20.3 (±3.8) µm; paired 2—357.0 (±66.7)/20.8 (±3.6) µm; unpaired—169.0 (±41.8)/21.0 (±2.8) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal, with conical to slightly conical and sharp basal actines. The paired actines are curved towards the unpaired one, which is straight or undulated, and longer and thicker than the paired ones (Fig. 38D, E). When the triactines are displaced into the choanosome (MNRJ2040), they become less sagittal, and the unpaired actine is shorter, more similar in length to the paired ones. The apical actine of the tetractines is very short and thin, straight, conical, and sharp. Triactines size: paired—309.0 (±62.3)/24.3 (±4.3) µm; unpaired—512.0 (±112.2)/27.2 (±5.2) µm. Tetractines size: paired—262.9 (±46.3)/20.4 (±4.0) µm; unpaired— 413.3 (±77.5)/23.3 (±3.1) µm; apical—41.2 (±9.5)/7.6 (±1.5) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Slightly sagittal (but strongly sagittal near the osculum), with cylindrical and sharp basal actines. The paired actines are curved and generally similar in size to the unpaired one, which is straight (Fig. 38F). The apical actine of the tetractines is shorter than the basal ones, cylindrical, curved, laterally compressed, and sharp. Triactines size: paired—201.1 (±43.9)/9.3 (±1.2) µm; unpaired—191.1 (±61.5)/11.4 (±1.3) µm. Tetractines size: paired—237.5 (±43.1)/9.8 (±0.8) µm; unpaired—241.5 (±57.5)/11.8 (±1.4) µm; apical—105.8 (±15.5)/9.3 (±1.1) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Specimens were collected in a hole inside a vertical wall or exposed to sunlight. Sediment was accumulated among the long cortical diactines of the specimens, where organisms such as tubiculous and errant polychaetes, bryozoans, bivalves, ophiuroids and a dromiid crab were found.</p><p>Geographic distribution:Azores Canaries Madeira ecoregion— Canary Islands, North Atlantic Ocean (Topsent 1891), Spain. Amazonia ecoregion— Amapá State (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), Brazil. Eastern Brazil ecoregion— Bahia State (Poléjaeff 1883), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião and Búzios Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The specimens fit well Poléjaeff’s (1883) description of S. flamma from Salvador, Bahia, later reported from the northern Brazilian coast by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976). The main difference is that the original description did not mention atrial triactines, only tetractines. However, upon examining the holotype, we found rare atrial triactines. Poléjaeff (1883) also did not report triactines in the middle of the choanosome, but we observed these spicules both in the holotype and in one of our specimens (MNRJ2040). Conversely, these spicules were absent in specimen MNRJ30130, which has a thinner body wall, suggesting that their presence may be related to body wall thickness, likewise the desorganised zone of Paraleucilla (Lanna et al. 2017) . When present, these triactines form only a single layer, maintaining the inarticulate nature of the choanosomal skeleton, a feature characteristic of the genus.</p><p>Our specimens, as well as those from Amapá (northern Brazil) described by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976), exhibit overall smaller spicules compared to the holotype (Table 15). However, spicule shape and other morphological features remain consistent with the holotype of S. flamma . Thus, the geographic distribution of S. flamma is extended here from the northern and northeastern regions to the southeastern Brazilian coast, with notable variability in spicule dimensions across its range.</p><p>In our phylogenetic tree, the C-LSU sequence of S. flamma was not within the main clade of Sycettusa species, formed by S. hastifera, S. simplex (Jenkin, 1908), S. hirsutissima Van Soest &amp; De Voogd, 2018, and S. stauridia (Haeckel, 1872) . Instead, S. flamma clustered with Sycon conulosum, Leucilla antillana, and Paraleucilla perlucida, which belong to the families Syconidae and Amphoriscidae . This result agrees with previous findings indicating the non-monophyly of the genus Sycettusa and the family Heteropiidae (e.g. Alvizu et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF9188493EAF54CE33BB6634	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF9788463EAF548033E666D8.text	03F4630BFF9788463EAF548033E666D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycettusa hastifera (Row 1909)	<div><p>Sycettusa hastifera (Row, 1909)</p><p>(Fig. 39)</p><p>Synonyms: Grantilla hastifera — Row 1909: 200. Grantilla quadriradiata — Row 1909: 198. Grantessa hastifera — Dendy 1913: 19; Dendy &amp; Row 1913: 752; Dendy 1916: 81; Borojević 1967: 210; Muricy et al. 1991: 1187; Muricy &amp; Silva 1999: 160. Sycettusa cf. hastifera — Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007: 16. Sycettusa aff. hastifera — Voigt et al. 2012: 3. Sycettusa hastifera — Muricy et al. 2011: 29; Van Soest &amp; De Voogd 2018: 113; Lopes et al. 2025: 191.</p><p>Type locality: Suez Harbour, Egypt, Red Sea .</p><p>Material examined: UFRJPOR9146, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 03/XII/2008 .</p><p>Colour: White in life and in ethanol (Fig. 39A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Small tubular specimen, with a single apical osculum, without conspicuous ornamentation (Fig. 39A). The external surface is slightly hispid due to projecting diactines, particularly near the osculum, while the atrial surface is smooth (Fig. 39A). Aquiferous system syconoid (Fig. 39B).</p><p>The cortical skeleton consists of lanceolate diactines protruding through the surface (Fig. 39C) and a tangential layer of slightly sagittal triactines (Fig. 39D). The choanosomal skeleton is inarticulate (Fig. 39B), composed of the longer paired actine of the subcortical pseudosagittal triactines (Fig. 39E) and the unpaired actine of the subatrial sagittal triactines (Fig. 39F). The atrial skeleton is formed exclusively by slightly sagittal triactines smaller than the cortical ones (Fig. 39G).</p><p>Ecology: Specimen found exposed to sunlight, associated with algae.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Northern and Central Red Sea ecoregion— Egypt (Row 1909), Saudi Arabia (Van Soest &amp; De Voogd 2018) and Gulf of Aqaba, Israel (Van Soest &amp; De Voogd 2018). Seychelles ecoregion— Providence Island (Dendy 1913), Bird Island and St. François Atoll (Van Soest &amp; De Voogd 2018), Seychelles. Western India ecoregion—Western India (Dendy 1916). Natal ecoregion— South Africa (Borojević 1967). Eastern Brazil ecoregion (invasive species)— Espírito Santo State (Lopes et al. 2025), Brazil. Southeastern Brazil ecoregion (invasive species)—Arraial do Cabo and Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State (Muricy et al. 1991; Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007); São Sebastião Island (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Originally described from the Red Sea and subsequently reported from Indo-Pacific localities, this species was first recorded in the Southwestern Atlantic—where it is considered invasive—in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State (Muricy et al. 1991). Since then, it has been reported from Angra dos Reis (Azevedo &amp; Klautau 2007) and the neighbouring state of Espírito Santo (Lopes et al. 2025). In the present study, it is reported for the first time from São Paulo State, representing its southernmost known occurrence in the Western Atlantic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF9788463EAF548033E666D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF9988433EAF53CE36A96514.text	03F4630BFF9988433EAF53CE36A96514.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vosmaeropsis recruta Cavalcanti, Bastos & Lanna 2015	<div><p>Vosmaeropsis recruta Cavalcanti, Bastos &amp; Lanna, 2015</p><p>(Figs. 40, 41; Table 16)</p><p>Synonyms: Vosmaeropsis recruta — Cavalcanti et al. 2015: 478.</p><p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil .</p><p>Material examined: UFRJPOR6996, close to the Dart shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 30/XI/2008 . UFRJPOR6929, Parcel da Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7045, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 .</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and white in ethanol (Fig. 40A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge tubular, with new branches growing near the base (Fig. 40A). The osculum is apical and surrounded by a crown of trichoxeas (Fig. 40A, B). The external surface is very hispid because of several projecting diactines and trichoxeas. Aquiferous system leuconoid, with subcortical lacunae. However, in some sections, it resembles a sylleibid organisation, with wide exhalant canals (Fig. 40C).</p><p>The oscular crown of trichoxeas is supported by T-shaped triactines and tetractines (Fig. 40B). The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines, diactines obliquely arranged, and few trichoxeas that occasionally form discrete tufts (Fig. 40D). The subcortical skeleton is composed of pseudosagittal triactines (Fig. 40D). The choanosomal skeleton is disorganised but shows traces of articulation, since many of the tubar triactines point their unpaired actine to the cortex (Fig. 40C, E). The subatrial skeleton is formed by triactines, with the long unpaired actine crossing a large part of the choanosome (Fig. 40C, F). Only one subatrial tetractine was found. The atrial skeleton is mainly composed of triactines, but tetractines are also common (Fig. 40G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 16):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long, thin, cylindrical, sometimes curved, with sharp tips. The oscular trichoxeas are thicker than typical trichoxeas.</p><p>Diactines: Large, curved, with the distal tip lanceolate and the proximal one thicker (Fig. 41A–C). Size: 1,319.5 (±604.6)/46.1 (±16.3) µm.</p><p>Cortical triactines: Sagittal. Actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are almost straight, undulated and sometimes unequal in length (Fig. 41D). Size: paired—152.7 (±31.2)/10.5 (±1.5) µm; unpaired—172.8 (±45.8)/10.1 (±1.5) µm.</p><p>Subcortical triactines: Pseudosagittal. Actines are sligthly conical, with sharp tips. All actines are frequently undulated (Fig. 41E). Size: paired 1—254.3 (±25.9)/13.2 (±2.8) µm; paired 2—157.7 (±35.5)/11.9 (±2.2) µm; unpaired—131.8 (±25.2)/12.4 (±2.5) µm.</p><p>Choanosomal triactines: Slightly sagittal. Actines are sligthly conical, with sharp tips, and frequently undulated. The paired actines are curved outwardly and similar in length to or shorter than the unpaired one (Fig. 41F). Size: paired—211.3 (±50.5)/15.5 (±2.3) µm; unpaired—229.0 (±43.9)/16.7 (±2.6) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines are sligthly conical to cylindrical, with sharp tips, and can be undulated. The unpaired actine is much longer than the paired ones. They are as thin as the subcortical and choanosomal triactines (Fig. 41G). The only tetractine observed had a short, conical and sharp apical actine. Triactines size: paired—173.3 (±30.6)/14.6 (±2.5) µm; unpaired—281.9 (±57.7)/15.9 (±2.1) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines are slightly conical to cylindrical, with blunt to sharp tips, and can be undulated. The unpaired actine is straight and shorter (more common) or similar in length to the paired ones, which are generally slightly curved (Fig. 41H, I). The apical actine of the tetractines is short, conical, smooth and sharp. Triactines size: paired—206.2 (±46.1)/12.3 (±1.4) µm; unpaired—138.1 (±65.0)/12.4 (±1.3) µm. Tetractines size: paired—181.2 (±37.6)/13.6 (±2.0) µm; unpaired—157.3 (±47.3)/13.1 (±2.2) µm; apical—44.0 (±9.6)/9.1 (±1.4) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Unlike the type specimens from Arraial do Cabo, which were found on artificial (plastic) substrates, the specimens from Ilhabela were collected on natural rocky substrates, in burrows or associated with algae .</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro State (Cavalcanti et al. 2015); São Sebastião and Búzios Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (present study), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Our specimens closely match the diagnostic features of V. recruta, originally described and (until now) only known from the neighbouring state of Rio de Janeiro. There is only a minor difference concerning the size of the diactines, which are, on average, slightly longer and thicker [1,319.5 (±604.6)/46.1 (±16.3) µm] than those of the holotype [905.9 (±418.0)/37.9 (±7.4) µm]. Additionally, we found a single subatrial tetractine (similar to the subatrial triactines, but with a short apical actine), a spicule type not mentioned in the original description and probably very rare in this species. Thus, the distribution of V. recruta is expanded to São Paulo State, although it remains restricted to the Southeastern Brazil ecoregion.</p><p>The C-LSU sequences of V. recruta were identical to that of an unidentified specimen of Heteropiidae sp. from St. Helena Island, generated by Alvizu et al. (2018), and they formed a strongly supported clade (BS = 100%). As no formal description of this St. Helena specimen has been provided, a revision is required to confirm whether it corresponds to V. recruta .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF9988433EAF53CE36A96514	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF9C885E3EAF57F335166610.text	03F4630BFF9C885E3EAF57F335166610.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucosolenia sebastianensis Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Leucosolenia sebastianensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C79B5925-25B8-43B0-9DD0-2EDAEB52B82D</p><p>(Figs. 42–44; Table 17)</p><p>Etymology: Named after its type locality, São Sebastião.</p><p>Type locality: Between Ponta do Baleeiro and Saco Grande, São Sebastião Channel, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype — MNRJ2975, between Ponta do Baleeiro and Saco Grande, São Sebastião Channel, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 09/I/2000 . Paratypes —UFRJPOR9090, Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR9103, Serraria Islet, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 04/XII/2008 .</p><p>Diagnosis: Leucosolenia with a basal reticulation of tubes bearing lateral diverticula, and some erect oscular tubes. The skeleton predominantly consists of triactines, along with tetractines, trichoxeas, and two size categories of curved, lanceolate diactines—one large and smooth, the other small and spined. The unpaired actine of the triactines and tetractines is usually longer than the paired ones.</p><p>Colour: White in life and in ethanol (Fig. 42A, B).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Sponge with creeping basal tubes giving rise to erect tubes with simple apical oscula. The large basal tubes branch into numerous thinner, elongated tubes that terminate in dead ends, forming lateral diverticula (Fig. 42A, B). The external surface of the tubes is slightly hispid due to trichoxeas and two types of diactines that protrude obliquely. The inner surface is also hispid, as the apical actines of the tetractines project into the lumen of the tubes. Aquiferous system asconoid.</p><p>The skeleton is composed of trichoxeas, two size categories of diactines, triactines and tetractines. The oscular skeleton consists of triactines and tetractines, in addition to a few small diactines (Fig. 43A). Two categories of diactines and trichoxeas are scattered on the outer surface of the tubes, projecting obliquely and oriented in various directions. Small diactines are more abundant near the osculum and along the oscular tubes (Figs. 43B; 44A, B), whereas larger ones are rarer, mostly found in the basal tubes (Fig. 43C, D). The body wall skeleton is formed by triactines and tetractines arranged in parallel near the oscular region, with the unpaired actines pointing to the base of the sponge (Fig. 43E). These spicules gradually become disorganised and slightly less sagittal towards the basal portion of the body (Fig. 43F). They vary in thickness, with the most robust forms predominantly occurring on the outer surface of the tubes. Triactines are, in general, more abundant than tetractines, especially in the basal tubes (Fig. 43F). The apical actines of the tetractines penetrate the lumen of the tubes and are curved towards the osculum.</p><p>The abundance of trichoxeas and diactines (of both categories) varies among the specimens. In UFRJPOR9103, which is more hispid than the other specimens, trichoxeas and large diactines are more abundant. Additionally, the robust forms of triactines and tetractines are more common in UFRJPOR9090, indicating variability also in their abundance across specimens.</p><p>Spicules (Table 17):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Long and thin, cylindrical, sharp, usually broken.</p><p>Large diactines: Nearly straight for most of their length, but curved near the proximal tip. They gradually taper from half their length, which is the thickest part, towards the distal tip, which is lanceolate, smooth and sharp. Often the lance shape is less evident than in the small diactines (Fig. 44C). Size: 241.7 (±17.5)/6.1 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Small diactines: Slightly curved, with the proximal half usually thicker than the distal one. Spines are often present from half their length to the distal tip, which is lanceolate (Fig. 44D). Size: 112.0 (±31.5)/4.3 (±1.1) µm.</p><p>Triactines and tetractines: Sagittal. Basal actines are conical to slightly conical, with sharp tips. The paired actines are slightly curved towards the unpaired one, which is straight. The unpaired actine is usually similar in length to or a little longer than the paired ones (Fig. 44E, F). Near the osculum, they are strongly sagittal, with thinner actines. The apical actine of the tetractines is short, curved, conical, sharp, and thinner than the basal ones. Triactines size: paired—84.2 (±16.3)/8.6 (±1.9) µm; unpaired—88.5 (±15.7)/8.6 (±2.0) µm. Tetractines size: paired—83.3 (±13.3)/9.4 (±2.0) µm; unpaired—91.3 (±14.7)/8.9 (±1.9) µm; apical—34.4 (±5.0)/6.5 (±1.3) µm.</p><p>Ecology: The specimen MNRJ2975 was found growing among the branches of a brownish bryozoan colony, likely Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758), covered by sediment particles. Associated organisms included bivalve molluscs and polychaete tubes. The specimen UFRJPOR9103 was collected in a burrow, sheltered from sunlight.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião Channel (São Sebastião), São Sebastião and Búzios Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (provisionally endemic), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: Among the 43 species of Leucosolenia (De Voogd et al. 2025), only two species share with our specimens a skeleton composed of triactines, tetractines, and two size categories of diactines, both lanceolate: L. botryoides (Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786) from the United Kingdom, and L. microspinata Longo, 2009, from Italy. The former species is characterised by short, oval tubes and predominantly robust, “T-shaped” triactines and tetractines in the skeleton. According to Minchin (1904), L. botryoides also has two size categories of lanceolate diactines, but the smaller ones are straight. Therefore, L. sebastianensis sp. nov. differs from L. botryoides in both body shape and spicule morphology. Regarding L. microspinata, it can be easily distinguished from L. sebastianensis sp. nov. by its spherical body, composed of a dense reticulation of tubes, and by the presence of spines in the large diactines and in the apical actines of the tetractines.</p><p>It is worth comparing our specimens also with L. arachnoides (Haeckel, 1872), originally described from the Eastern Atlantic (unspecified locality), because it is the only species of the genus recorded on the Brazilian coast (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976; Muricy et al. 2011) and its taxonomic status is still doubtful (Lavrov et al. 2024). Leucosolenia arachnoides (Haeckel, 1872) was a variety of L. variabilis Haeckel, 1870 (published in 1872 as Ascandra variabilis var. arachnoides) with the skeleton formed predominantly by small fusiform diactines, arranged in various directions, creating a spider-web-like layer on the surface of the tubes. It also bears large lanceolate diactines, triactines and tetractines, but in lesser abundance. Latter, Dendy &amp; Row (1913) elevated this and other varieties of L. variabilis to the species level.</p><p>The Brazilian specimens identified as L. arachnoides by Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976) possess two categories of diactines, with the smaller ones forming a dense web that fills the spaces between the triactines and tetractines (Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976), consistent with Haeckel’s (1872) original description. However, in these specimens, the unpaired actine of the triactines and tetractines appears either similar in length to or longer than the paired ones (Table 17), differing from the original description and suggesting they may represent a distinct species. Nonetheless, our specimens differ from L. arachnoides sensu Borojević &amp; Peixinho (1976), as the small diactines in the latter are fusiform (see Borojević &amp; Peixinho 1976, p. 1006, fig. 10). These differences further support the identification of the specimens from São Sebastião as a new species.</p><p>We agree with Lavrov et al. (2024) that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a crucial tool in Leucosolenia taxonomy, as the presence of spines in the spicules, which are not visible under light microscopy, appears to be more common than previously thought. In L. sebastianensis sp. nov., the spines on the small diactines were only observed after detailed inspection in SEM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF9C885E3EAF57F335166610	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF81885A3EAF538837EE656C.text	03F4630BFF81885A3EAF538837EE656C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycon caissarum Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Sycon caissarum sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EAB35F33-1D52-4607-8D9B-4219927E0334</p><p>(Figs. 45, 46; Table 18)</p><p>Etymology: Dedicated to the traditional caiçara people of Southeastern Brazil, especially the community inhabiting Búzios Island, the type locality of this species.</p><p>Type locality: Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype —UFRJPOR7038, Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 01/XII/2008 . Paratypes —UFRJPOR7037, same as the holotype. UFRJPOR6922, Velasquez shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, 30/XI/2008 .</p><p>Additional material examined: UFRJPOR6931, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7043, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 . UFRJPOR7054, Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 15 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 05/XII/2008 .</p><p>Comparative material examined: Haeckel’s slides of Sycon ampulla (Haeckel, 1870), deposited in MNHN.</p><p>Diagnosis: Sycon with small body, bearing oscular membrane (neck) and a crown. Skeleton with diactines and trichoxeas in the distal cones, triactines in tubar and subatrial regions, and triactines and slightly fewer tetractines in the atrium. Tetractines with short apical actines, which are similar in thickness to the basal actines. Diactines notably thicker than the other spicules.</p><p>Colour: Beige in life and in ethanol (Fig. 45A).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Small oval or vase-shaped Sycon, with soft consistency. The surface is minutely hispidated by the tufts of diactines projecting through the distal cones (Fig. 45A). There is a single apical osculum ornamented by a crown of trichoxeas, which is supported by a membrane (Fig. 45B). The crown may be very long, as in the specimen UFRJPOR6922, in which it corresponds to 40% of the body length. The atrium is central and slightly hispid. Aquiferous system syconoid, with fully coalescent and unbranched choanocyte chambers (Fig. 45C).</p><p>The oscular margin comprises a ring of “T-shaped” triactines and tetractines (Fig. 45B), supporting a long crown of trichoxeas. Between this ring and the choanocyte chambers, there is a membrane (or neck) formed by more sparsely distributed spicules, which are progressively less sagittal towards the base of the sponge. In addition, diactines similar to those found in the distal cones are present, projecting obliquely from the oscular membrane (Fig. 45B). The skeleton of the distal cones is formed by triactines and tufts of diactines (about 10–15 per distal cone) and trichoxeas (Fig. 45D). The tubar skeleton is articulate, composed of triactines organised in rows (Fig. 45C, E). The subatrial skeleton is composed only of triactines (Fig. 45F). The atrial skeleton is composed of triactines and tetractines, with triactines being slightly more abundant (Fig. 45G).</p><p>Spicules (Table 18):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Very thin, cylindrical and often broken.</p><p>Diactines: Variable in size, but usually large and slightly curved. They are thickest in the proximal half (Fig. 46A). The distal tip is usually blunt and thicker than the proximal tip, which is sharp. Size: 328.4 (±106.1)/10.5 (±4.0) µm.</p><p>Triactines of the distal cones: Sagittal, variable in shape. Actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and shorter or longer than the paired ones, which are almost straight or curved towards the atrium, sometimes undulated and unequal in length (Fig. 46B). Sometimes they are less sagittal and have thicker actines than the tubar triactines. Some of them have the unpaired actine strongly bent over the inhalant openings between the radial tubes (Fig. 45D, inset). Size: paired—79.7 (±12.6)/6.3 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—96.8 (±30.1)/6.0 (±1.0) µm.</p><p>Tubar triactines: Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical, with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are slightly curved and frequently unequal in length (Fig. 46C). Size: paired— 93.3 (±10.6)/6.0 (±0.7) µm; unpaired—120.2 (±15.9)/5.8 (±0.6) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines: Strongly sagittal. Actines are cylindrical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are curved towards the distal cones. They are slightly thinner than the tubar triactines (Fig. 46D). Size: paired—64.8 (±13.6)/3.5 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—118.3 (±14.8)/4.4 (±0.8) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Slightly sagittal. Basal actines are cylindrical, with blunt tips. The paired actines are curved, sometimes unequal in size and undulated, and shorter than the unpaired one, which can be straight or undulated (Fig. 46E, F). In the longest unpaired actines, there is usually a swelling near the tip. The apical actine of the tetractines is slightly conical, sharp, smooth and curved towards the osculum. Triactines size: paired—127.3 (±21.6)/4.6 (±0.8) µm; unpaired—172.2 (±33.1)/5.1 (±0.8) µm. Tetractines size: paired—117.4 (±24.7)/4.6 (±1.0) µm; unpaired—171.0 (±33.0)/5.3 (±0.4) µm; apical—46.5 (±10.8)/5.4 (±0.8) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Most of the specimens were collected in protected habitats, but some were found exposed to sunlight, among algae.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela), São Paulo State (provisionally endemic), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The genus Sycon is speciose, currently comprising 84 valid species (De Voogd et al. 2025). We compared our specimens with all valid species, but here we focus on the species morphologically most similar to S. caissarum sp. nov., i.e., species sharing the following features: similar spicule composition; osculum with membrane (neck) and a crown of trichoxeas; fully coalescent, unbranched choanocyte chambers; and atrial tetractines with relatively short apical actines (&lt;100 µm). These include S. ampulla (Haeckel, 1870) from Venezuela; S. barbadense (Schuffner, 1877) from Barbados (Caribbean); S. boreale (Schuffner, 1877) and S. schuffneri Dendy &amp; Row, 1913, both from southern Norway; and S. raphanus Schmidt, 1862, from Croatia (Adriatic Sea).</p><p>Sycon ampulla was described by Haeckel (1872) based on two varieties: S. ampulla var. alopecurus, from Venezuela (Caribbean), and S. ampulla var. petiolata, from Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina).These varieties differ mainly by the presence of a peduncle only in var. petiolata, which also has shorter diactines (100–150/5 µm) in the distal cones compared to those of var. alopecurus (200–500/5 µm). Sycon caissarum sp. nov. is more similar to var. alopecurus due to the absence of a peduncle and similar diactine lengths [328.4 (±106.1) µm]. However, in var. alopecurus, the diactines are thinner, being similar in thickness to the tubar and atrial spicules, whereas in S. caissarum sp. nov., although variable in size, the diactines are notably thicker than the other spicules of the skeleton [diactines—10.5 (±4.0) µm; for example, tubar triactine—paired actines: 6.0 (±0.7) µm, unpaired actine: 5.8 (±0.6) µm]. Additionally, the atrial spicules of S. ampulla (both varieties) are smaller than those of S. caissarum sp. nov., with paired and unpaired actines measuring 60–80/5 µm, and the apical actines of the atrial tetractines sometimes reaching 100 µm, a length not observed in S. caissarum sp. nov. [atrial tetractines—paired actines: 117.4 (±24.7)/4.6 (±1.0) µm, unpaired actine: 171.0 (±33.0)/5.3 (±0.4) µm, apical actine: 24.3–46.5 (±10.8)–67.5 µm]. We examined Haeckel’s microscope slides of S. ampulla var. petiolata deposited in the MNHN (Paris) and the skeleton is consistent with the original description, confirming the aforementioned differences relative to the new species.</p><p>Our species is also similar to S. barbadense and S. boreale, but can be distinguished by differences in spicule shape and size. Both species possess atrial tetractines with apical actines considerably thicker (13 µm) than those of S. caissarum sp. nov. [5.4 (±0.8) µm]. In S. barbadense, the apical actines are longer (usually 80 µm), and the paired and unpaired actines of the atrial spicules are thicker (9 µm). In S. boreale, the tubar triactines are less sagittal than those of the new species. Moreover, in S. barbadense and S. boreale, the atrial spicules have straighter actines (see Schuffner 1877, p. 436, plate XXVI, figs. 13, 14).</p><p>Regarding S. schuffneri, the diactines of the distal cones are smaller and thinner (220/4 µm), while the atrial spicules have longer and thicker actines (paired actines: 200/9 µm, unpaired actine: 250/9 µm), when compared to our species [diactines—328.4 (±106.1)/10.5 (±4.0) µm; atrial triactine—paired actines: 127.3 (±21.6)/4.6 (±0.8) µm, unpaired actine: 172.2 (±33.1)/5.1 (±0.8) µm]. Lastly, S. caissarum sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from S. raphanus by the latter’s much larger diactines (1000–3000/20–24 µm), longer apical actines of the atrial tetractines (60–120 µm), and overall longer and thicker spicules (for example, tubar triactines—paired actines: 100–180/10–12 µm, unpaired actine: 150–250/10–12 µm). Therefore, we conclude that our specimens represent a new species to science.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF81885A3EAF538837EE656C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
03F4630BFF8588563EAF505A36316082.text	03F4630BFF8588563EAF505A36316082.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sycon crassapicale Pereira & Azevedo & Hajdu & Cavalcanti & Klautau 2025	<div><p>Sycon crassapicale sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0798DA3F-160B-493A-A16D-A545B9D5406</p><p>(Figs. 47–49; Table 19)</p><p>Etymology: From the Latin “crassus” (= thick, stout), referring to the thick apical actines of the atrial tetractines.</p><p>Type locality: Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil .</p><p>Type material: Holotype —UFRJPOR7046, Costa do Aquário, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti, V. Padula &amp; R. Berlinck, 05/XII/2008 . Paratypes —UFRJPOR6934, Sumítica Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008 . MNRJ2976, between Ponta do Baleeiro and Saco Grande, São Sebastião Channel, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. E. Hajdu, 09/I/2000 .</p><p>Additional material examined: MNRJ30128, Alcatrazes Archipelago, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 12 m, coll. M. Custódio &amp; C. Santos , 03/ V /2002 . UFRJPOR6927, Parcel da Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 6 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 02/XII/2008. UFRJPOR6939, Saquinho da Sumítica, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , 01/XII/2008. UFRJPOR6997, 7018, close to Dart shipwreck, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 4 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , 30/XI/2008. UFRJPOR7029, Serraria Islet, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 9 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , 04/XII/2008. UFRJPOR7053, Coroa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 15 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti &amp; V. Padula, 05/XII/2008. UFRJPOR9069, 9075, Parcel da Pedra Lisa, Búzios Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 7 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , 01/XII/2008. UFRJPOR9076, Saco do Poço, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth 13 m, coll. F. F. Cavalcanti , V. Padula &amp; L. Kremer, 03/XII/2008. UFRJPOR9292, São Sebastião Island, Ilhabela, São Paulo State, Brazil, depth unknown, coll. F. Oricchio , date unknown.</p><p>Comparative material examined: Holotype of Sycon conulosum —UFRJPOR6707, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.08567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.21197" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.08567/lat 12.21197)">Daai Booi</a>, St.Willibrordus, Curaçao (12.21197, -69.08567), depth 3–5 m, coll. B. Cóndor-Luján, 18/VIII/2011.</p><p>Diagnosis: Sycon of tubular body and conulose surface, with an oscular membrane but lacking a crown. The skeleton is composed of diactines, trichoxeas, triactines and few tetractines, the latter occurring exclusively in the atrium. The atrial triactines and tetractines are only slightly sagittal (with a reduced unpaired angle). Their unpaired actine is much longer than the paired ones, and often swollen at the tip. The apical actine of the tetractines is very short yet robust.</p><p>Colour: Slightly greenish (MNRJ2976) or white in vivo and white to beige in ethanol (Fig. 47A, B).</p><p>Morphology and anatomy: Tubular to slightly oval body, with a single apical osculum, surrounded by a membrane (Fig. 47A–C). The consistency is soft. The surface is conulose and delicately hispid due to tufts of diactines and trichoxeas protruding through the distal cones. The atrial cavity is central and only slightly hispid, as the atrial tetractines are few and have short apical actines. Aquiferous system syconoid, with fully coalescent and unbranched choanocyte chambers (Fig. 47D).</p><p>The oscular membrane is supported by T-shaped triactines and tetractines (Fig. 47C, inset). Tetractines are common at the oscular margin but become rare towards the base of the membrane. Diactines similar to those of the distal cones and trichoxeas are present throughout the oscular membrane, projecting obliquely, but do not form a crown (Fig. 47C). At the base of the membrane, transitional stages between oscular and atrial triactines and tetractines are found. The distal cones show tufts of diactines (about 10 to 15) and some trichoxeas, in addition to triactines (Figs. 47E; 48A, B). The tubar skeleton is articulate, composed of successive layers of triactines, which point their unpaired actine to the external surface (Figs. 47D; 48A). The subatrial skeleton has only triactines (Fig. 47F). The atrial skeleton presents triactines and few tetractines, which project their apical actine into the atrial cavity, making it slightly hispid (Figs. 47G; 48C, D). Rare fragments of trichoxeas were seen in the atrium.</p><p>Spicules (Table 19):</p><p>Trichoxeas: Very thin, cylindrical, and always broken.</p><p>Diactines: Straight or slightly curved and fusiform, usually with both tips sharp. Rarely, the distal tip is lanceolate (Fig. 49A). Size: 275.0 (±56.5)/9.2 (±2.1) µm.</p><p>Triactines of the distal cones: Slightly sagittal, with conical to slightly conical and sharp actines. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which are curved outwardly (Fig. 49B). Size: paired—67.5 (±7.6)/7.1 (±0.9) µm; unpaired—112.1 (±16.6)/6.8 (±1.1) µm.</p><p>Tubar triactines: Sagittal, variable in shape. Actines are slightly conical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and longer than the paired ones, which can be almost straight or curved and similar or unequal in length (Fig. 49C). Size: paired—66.2 (±9.7)/6.1 (±1.1) µm; unpaired—108.6 (±20.7)/5.9 (±1.1) µm.</p><p>Subatrial triactines: Strongly sagittal, with cylindrical and sharp actines. The paired actines are thinner and curved towards the unpaired one, which is straight and longer (Fig. 49D). Size: paired—73.4 (±9.4)/5.5 (±0.6) µm; unpaired—134.0 (±15.8)/6.9 (±0.9) µm.</p><p>Atrial triactines and tetractines: Slightly sagittal. Basal actines are slightly conical to cylindrical and sharp. The unpaired actine is straight and frequently much longer and slightly thinner than the paired ones, which are a little curved. Often, one of the paired actines is much shorter than the other. When the unpaired actine is particularly long, it tapers in the middle and then swells near the tip (Fig. 49E, F). The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, short but stout (thick), sharply pointed and only slightly curved, sometimes with a constriction at the base (Fig. 49G). Triactines size: paired—89.3 (±18.5)/6.6 (±0.9) µm; unpaired—171.8 (±30.6)/6.8 (±0.9) µm. Tetractines size: paired—91.9 (±12.5)/7.4 (±0.6) µm; unpaired—152.0 (±26.5)/7.6 (±0.8) µm; apical—34.8 (±4.1)/7.0 (±1.0) µm.</p><p>Ecology: Specimens were found exposed to sunlight in association with algae or protected from sunlight in burrows or on banks of calcareous algae. Some of them were partially covered with sediment.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Southeastern Brazil ecoregion—São Sebastião, Búzios and Sumítica Islands (Ilhabela), São Sebastião Channel and Alcatrazes Archipelago (São Sebastião), São Paulo State (provisionally endemic), Brazil.</p><p>Remarks: The spicular composition and skeletal organisation of S. crassapicale sp. nov. is common throughout the genus; however, a remarkable feature is the apical actine of the atrial tetractines, very short and thick. This feature is relatively rare in the genus, so we compared S. crassapicale sp. nov. more closely with four species whose atrial skeleton is composed of triactines and few tetractines, the latter with short apical actines (&lt;50 µm). These species are: S. bellum Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti, 2017, from Bahia State (Brazil), S. boreale (Schuffner, 1877), from southern Norway, S. conulosum Cóndor-Luján, Louzada, Hajdu &amp; Klautau, 2018, from Curaçao (Caribbean), and S. minutum Dendy, 1892, from Australia.</p><p>Sycon boreale differs from S. crassapicale sp. nov. by the presence of an oscular membrane with a crown of trichoxeas, while a crown is not conspicuous in the new species. The spicule morphology also varies, as S. boreale has predominantly less sagittal tubar triactines compared to those in S. crassapicale sp. nov. Additionally, spicule dimensions differ, as in S. boreale the paired and unpaired actines of the atrial spicules are more similar in length (around 180 µm), and the apical actines of the atrial tetractines are slightly longer and considerably thicker (50/13 µm) compared to those of the new species [34.8 (±4.1)/7.0 (±1.0) µm].</p><p>Sycon minutum differs from S. crassapicale sp. nov. by presenting atrial spicules with paired and unpaired actines more similar in length (both actines around 120 µm) and much thinner (3.5 µm thick) when compared to those of S. crassapicale sp. nov. [atrial triactine—paired actines: 89.3 (±18.5)/6.6 (±0.9) µm, unpaired actine: 171.8 (±30.6)/6.8 (±0.9) µm]. Besides, in S. minutum the subatrial triactines are similar in shape to the tubar ones, while these categories can be easily distinguished in our new species.</p><p>As S. crassapicale sp. nov., S. bellum has an osculum surrounded by a membrane and no crown of trichoxeas or diactines. Despite this shared feature and similar spicule composition, spicule shape and dimensions differ. The atrial spicules of S. bellum are more sagittal (with a wider unpaired angle) (see Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2017, p. 215, fig. 7E, F) compared to those of our specimens. Additionally, in S. bellum, the unpaired actines of both the tubar and distal cone triactines, as well as the atrial triactines and tetractines, are very similar in length to the paired actines [e.g., triactines of the distal cones—paired actines: 67.6 (±12.3) µm, unpaired actine: 64.0 (±17.9) µm; atrial triactines—paired actines: 134.4 (±22.1) µm, unpaired actine: 142.7 (±27.4) µm]. In contrast, S. crassapicale sp. nov. has spicules with the unpaired actine notably longer than the paired actines, particularly the atrial ones (Table 19). Lastly, the apical actines of the atrial tetractines in S. bellum appear to be cylindrical (see Chagas &amp; Cavalcanti 2017, p. 214, fig. 6F).</p><p>Sycon conulosum is the most morphologically similar species to S. crassapicale sp. nov., which prompted us to examine the holotype of this species. We found relevant differences between them, once more related to the atrial spicules. The atrial triactines and tetractines are more sagittal in S. conulosum (see Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018, p. 51, fig. 27E, F) than in the new species. In terms of spicule dimensions, the unpaired actine of the atrial triactines and tetractines of S. conulosum is only slightly longer than the paired ones [atrial triactines—paired actines: 103.0 (±11.8) µm, unpaired actine: 126.6 (±23.7) µm]. In contrast, in S. crassapicale sp. nov., this difference is much more pronounced [atrial triactines—paired actines: 89.3 (±18.5) µm, unpaired actine: 171.8 (±30.6) µm]. Additionally, in S. crassapicale sp. nov., the unpaired actines are often swollen near the tip, a feature not observed in the holotype of S. conulosum . Moreover, the atrial tetractines seem to be rarer in S. conulosum than in the new species.</p><p>In our phylogenetic analysis, sequences from the holotype and one of the paratypes of S. crassapicale sp. nov. grouped with 100% similarity and high support (BS = 100%). Despite the morphological similarities between S. crassapicale sp. nov. and S. conulosum, these species were retrieved in distant clades in our tree (Fig. 2). Sycon conulosum appears as a sister species of the group formed by Paraleucilla perlucida and Leucilla antillana, while S. caissarum sp. nov. and S. crassapicale sp. nov. clustered with Sycon ciliatum from Norway, and Grantessa tumida from Curaçao (Fig. 2). Interestingly, the positions of S. crassapicale sp. nov. and S. conulosum in our phylogenetic tree suggests that morphological resemblance within the genus Sycon does not necessarily reflect close evolutionary relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F4630BFF8588563EAF505A36316082	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Pereira, Sara Emilly;Azevedo, Fernanda;Hajdu, Eduardo;Cavalcanti, Fernanda F.;Klautau, Michelle	Pereira, Sara Emilly, Azevedo, Fernanda, Hajdu, Eduardo, Cavalcanti, Fernanda F., Klautau, Michelle (2025): Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from São Sebastião, São Paulo: new species and new records in two marine protected areas of Southeastern Brazil Ecoregion. Zootaxa 5688 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5688.1.1
