taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F28783086E0935E84B85330215FB86.taxon	description	Diagnostic character: Surface layer sclerites enlarged clubs (>> 0.1 mm) with the handle thin, conic, and multiple transversal ornamented rows.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783086E0935E84B85330215FB86.taxon	description	Scale of calyx low <ring <lip <long lip <long, low is near absent and long is up to 10 mm and usually tubular, lip is when the lower part is longer than the upper, and ring is low but uniform. Description: Colonies up to 80 cm in height with cylindrical (circular in cross section) elongated branches (2 – 2.5 mm diameter) (1 A). Colour in alcohol or dry specimens pale beige. Branches grow continuously without ramifications up to 50 cm. No calyx in the polyp aperture, just a small prominence around the aperture. Middle layer of interpolyp coenenchyme with ornamented spindle sclerites about 1 mm long, in some instances up to 1.8 mm (Bayer & Deichmann, 1958). Inner layer, or axial sheath, with purple sclerites exhibiting conic, stubby, and prominent lateral ornamentations. Superficial layer with abundant club sclerites (torch-like) up to 0.24 mm long, thin handle and much acute ornamentation in the head. Diagnostic features: The anthocodial sclerites are flat rods of several sizes with some deformations. These rods are placed either on the base of the polyp or on the tentacles (Bayer, 1961). Distribution and habitat: Lesser Antilles, Florida, Bahamas, San Andrés I. (Colombia), and Bermuda. Oceanic reefs in depths between 40 and 70 m. Examined material: USNM 50563. Holotype, (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean; Bahamas, Great Bahaman Bank, between Andros and Great Exuma Islands (23 ° 34 ′ 00 ″ N, 076 ° 33 ′ 00 ″ W), 65 m, USFC, 12. iv. 1886, Albatross R / V. USNM 57999 (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean; Bermuda, Bermuda Island (32 ° 06 ′ 00 ″ N, 065 ° 05 ′ 00 ″ W), 55 m, 31. vii. 1964, Pillsbury R / V, University of Miami. Without catalogue number USNM, Jamaica, Discovery Bay, R. Kinzie, 1970, 45 m.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F2878308680934E84E876F0208F8EC.taxon	description	Description: Colonies up to 1 m in height but usually shorter than 60 cm. External coloration ochre (Fig. 1 B). Branching pattern variable from candelabrum to bushy. Some colonies with enlarged and poorly ramified branches. Terminal branches approximately 0.7 mm in diameter. Sclerites from the middle layer enlarged, and having transparent spindles up to 2 mm in length, usually thin 0.09 – 0.2 mm wide. Purple spindles between 0.13 and 0.5 mm in axial layer; ornamentation with simple to laterally deformed ornaments. Surface layer with dense club sclerites that resemble a torch between 0.13 and 0.35 mm in length. Polyp rods flattened and quite small. Diagnostic features: The calyx has two hemispheric lips, which form the aperture. Distribution and habitat: Caribbean province exclusive of Bermuda. Shallow water to 25 m with moderate wave exposure on reef terraces and slopes. Examined material: USNM 50747, holotype, col. Bayer, F. M., 18. viii. 1951; (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean; USA; Florida; Biscayne Bay, Soldier Key; Seaward Side of Key. USNM 50760; North Atlantic Ocean, USA, Florida, Florida Keys, Caesar Creek, between Elliott and Old Rhodes Key, col. Benedict J. E. 1901. USNM 50690, Paratype, North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Florida Keys, USA; Ceasar’s Creek, col. Benedict, J. E., 1901.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783086B0939EBF58059045BFB4C.taxon	description	Description: Colonies up to 30 cm in height, branching mainly in one plane; branches long but scarcely branched (Fig. 1 C). Dry colonies beige to pale ochre. Sclerites from middle layer large and acute; spindles up to 1.5 mm. Axial layer sclerites variable in size and form; acute spindles or short spindles with prominent ornamentation. Polyp rods flattened. Surface sclerites torch-like clubs. Diagnostic features: The calyx is tubular, very prominent and up to 10 mm, usually longer than the branch diameter. Distribution and habitat: Bahamas, Antilles, and Central America. Possible in deeper reef slopes of oceanic reefs (14 – 40 m). Eunicea laxispica is particularly abundant on the leeward reefs and slopes of San Salvador and Abaco, Bahamas, where it was observed sharing habitat with E. mammosa (pers. observ., December, 1998). Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 085 (U- 62), Isla Narsa, Capurganá, Golfo de Urabá, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 2. x. 1995, leeward terrace 15 m ICN-MHN-CO- 093 (N- 13), Banco de Serrana, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 15. vi. 1995, lagoonal patch reef, 3.5 m depth. USNM 97687, (19), isla Tesoro, islas del Rosario, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace on the mixed corals zone 17 m. USNM 97686 (18), Isla Tesoro, Islas del Rosario, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace on the mixed corals zone 15 m. (platantaginea morphotype). INV- CNID- 377 (P- 45), isla de Providencia, Colombian Caribbean, 20. x. 1994, col. J. A. Sánchez, lagoonal patch reef 10 m. INV-CNID- 376 (B- 22), Banco Bushnell, continental shelf Colombian Caribbean, 4. x. 1995, tableau mixed corals zone 14 m. USNM 51555, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea; Virgin Islands, St. John, Chocolate Hole. 6 m, col. Chess T., 9. i. 1960, donor: Randall J. USNM 51952, (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea; Barbuda, Cocoa Point, Smithsonian-Bredin Expedition, 26. iv. 1956. USNM 50266, (Eunicea hummelincki Stiasny) North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Virgin Islands, St. John, 5 m, col. Shoemaker C. R., 10. vii. 1915. EUNICEA LAXISPICA (LAMARCK, 1815) (FIGS 1 D, 2 F – H, Q)	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783086B0939EBF58059045BFB4C.taxon	description	Description: Colonies up to 30 cm in height, branching mainly in one plane; branches long but scarcely branched (Fig. 1 D). Dry colonies beige to pale ochre. Sclerites from middle layer large and acute; spindles up to 1.5 mm. Axial layer sclerites variable in size and form; acute spindles or short spindles with prominent ornamentation (Fig. 2 Q). Polyp rods flattened. Surface sclerites torch-like clubs (Fig. 2 F – H). Diagnostic features: The calyx is tubular, very prominent and up to 10 mm, usually longer than the branch diameter. Distribution and habitat: Bahamas, Antilles, and Central America. Possibly in deeper reef slopes of oceanic reefs (14 – 40 m). Eunicea laxispica is particularly abundant on the leeward reefs and slopes of San Salvador and Abaco, Bahamas, where it was observed sharing habitat with E. mammosa (pers. observ., December, 1998). Examined material: USNM 57997. (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea: Lesser Antilles, St Barthelemy (17 ° 51 ′ 30 ″ N, 062 ° 38 ′ 42 ″ W) 35 – 37 m; 22. vii. 1969, Pillsbury R / V; University of Miami. USNM 51739, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Virgin Islands, St. John, col. Schroeder. R. E., xi. 1960, donor Randall J. USNM 51557, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Virgin Islands, St. John, Cabrithorn Point, 14 m, col. Chess T., 4. i. 1960, donor Randall J. USNM 57994, (70 % ETOH) North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Antigua, Antigua Island (17 ° 15 ′ 30 ″ N, 62 ° 02 ′ 12 ″ W) 22 m, 20. vii. 1969, Pillsbury R / V, University of Miami.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783086B0939EBF58059045BFB4C.taxon	description	Description: Colonies either forming a distinguishable candelabrum (with thicker branches and medium calyx) or a bush (having both medium and large calyx; Fig. 1 E). Coloration varies from beige, dark yellow to ochre, and occasionally purple. Middle layer sclerites ornamented spindles up to 2 mm length and 0.38 mm width (five to eight times longer than wider). Axial layer sclerites sharp spindles (0.16 – 0.4 mm length and 0.04 – 0.08 mm width), deep purple colour. Tentacular armature with rods up to 0.17 mm in length (Fig. 2 Y). Surface layer with dense torch-like club sclerites up to 0.22 mm in length (Fig. 2 I). Diagnostic features: Tubular polyp aperture with stout edges and ‘ mammiform’ appearance. Distribution and habitat: Widespread in the Tropical Western Atlantic. Eunicea mammosa is found in exposed or semi-exposed reefs between 1 and 30 m in depth. Examined material. ICN-MHN-CO- 084 (P- 19), Pearstick Bar, isla de Providencia (13 ° 28 ′ 18.6 ″ N, 81 ° 21 ′ 57 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, de 21. x. 1994, shallow patch reef 1.8 m. ICN- MHN-CO- 077 (P- 21), Pearstick Bar, isla de Providencia, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 21. x. 1994, inner shallow patch reef 2 m. ICN-MHN- CO- 096 (E- 178), Cayos de Bolivar (Courtown Cays), (12 ° 24 ′ 11 ″ N, 81 ° 28 ′ 19 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 26. vi. 1994, lagoonal patch reef 4 m. USNM 97685, (17), isla Tesoro, islas del Rosario, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace on the mixed corals zone 15 m. - INV-CNID- 374 (AR- 5), Parque Tayrona, arrecifes ‘ la piscinita’, Colombian Caribbean, viii. 1995, col. J. A: Sánchez, rock barrier 1.5 m. INV-CNID- 373 (R- 43), Banco de Roncador, Colombian Caribbean, 28. v. 1995, col. J. A. Sánchez, shallow lagoonal patch reef 2 m. INV-CNID- 375 (R- 24), Banco de Roncador, Colombian Caribbean, 27. v. 1995, fore-reef terrace 18 m. USNM 51903, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mexico; Quintana Roo, Mujeres Island, Channel Side of Inlet, 1 – 2 m prof. col, Bousfield, 30. iii. 1960, Smithsonian-Bredin. USNM 59061, (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean, Bahamas, Abaco Islands, Great Abaco Island, Barrier Reef, col. Lightly R. J., v. 1979, donor: Lightly R. J. USNM 34521, North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf Of Mexico, Cuba, Jutias Cays, reef flat between Jutia and Little Cays, col. Bartsch & Henderson, 12. v. 1914, Tomas Barrera Expedition.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F2878308640938E84D862B042DFEB5.taxon	description	Diagnostic features: Middle layer spindles observed under light microscope with a nontranslucent dark (black, purple, or brown) internal core and transparent periphery or warts.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F2878308640938E84D862B042DFEB5.taxon	description	Description: Robust colonies branching in one plane resembling a perfect candelabrum. Branches and axis usually compressed in the same plane of branching (Fig. 1 F). Calyx with prominent inferior lip and ascendant, sometimes covers upper lip. Middle layer with large and stout spindles up to 2 mm length and 0.38 mm width (3.5 times longer than wider). Axial layer with spindles of complex ornaments, colourless radiates, or pale violet forms (Fig. 2 R). Polyp with strong anthocodial armature without collar. Armature of ornate and / or flat rods up to 0.25 mm in length (Fig. 2 V). Diagnostic features: The surface layer has many small foliate club sclerites up to 0.15 mm in length (Fig. 2 N). Unlike these small clubs, larger ones lack an axial pattern (i. e. handle and head). The branch tips are stout decreasing in diameter, branches elliptical in section, most other species circular in cross-section. Comments: Euniceopsis atra Verrill was synonymized as a form of E. tourneforti by Bayer (1961). However, part of the USNM material of E. atra more closely resembles (using the character analysis of characters from this paper) E. fusca (especially the material from Bermuda) and the remaining material (north-eastern Caribbean) belonged to Eunicera knighti and Eunicera pallida. Therefore, there is no apparent relationship between E. atra and E. tourneforti, and it will be necessary to review the type specimen of E. atra deposited in the Peabody Museum (Yale University) before clarifying the status of this probably valid species. Distribution and habitat: Cosmopolitan in the Tropical Western Atlantic. Semi-exposed reefs (terraces and patch reefs) with unidirectional water flow between 4 and 15 m in depth. Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 086 (E- 89), Albuquerque Cays (12 ° 10 ′ 36 ″ N, 81 ° 51 ′ 05 ″ W), San Andrés and Providencia archipelago, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, vi. 1994, Leeward shallow reef 2.5 m. ICN-MHN-CO- 083 (E- 88), Cayos de Bolivar (Courtown Cays) (12 ° 23 ′ 07 ″ N, 81 ° 27 ′ 25 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 22. v. 1994, leeward algal ridge, 6 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 97690 (22), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 20. viii. 1992, Fore-reef terrace on dead stands of Acropora palmata 7 m; USNM 97691 (23), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace on the slope 20 m. 17. x. 1992; INV-CNID- 379, (E- 90) Cayos de Albuquerque (12 ° 10 ′ 00 ″ N, 81 ° 51 ′ 49 ″ W), San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago, Colombian Caribbean; 2. vi. 1994, Leeward reef, 2 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. INV- CNID- 378, (U- 24), Cabo Tiburón, Golfo de Urabá, Colombian Caribbean, 28. ix. 1995, calcareous terrace 10 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 83597, North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, The Grenadines, Tobago Cays, (Ci- 229; 460), 12 m, col. Fenical W., vii. 1986. USNM 14556, (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean; Bahamas, Little Bahama Bank, Great Abaco Island, USFC 1886. USNM 50275, North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Florida Keys, Dry 1925.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F287830866093AE80E810C034DFE9B.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 I, 2 O)	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F287830866093AE80E810C034DFE9B.taxon	description	Description: Colonies usually small (<0.3 m) but up to 0.5 m in height. Asexual (vegetative) propagation from fragments commonly observed (Fig. 1 I). Colony with disorganized branching but with a dichotomous trend. Slim branches between 2.5 and 3.5 mm in diameter. Polyp apertures with low calyx as an enlargement of the lower lip. Middle layer with spindle sclerites up to 2 mm in length. Axial layer sclerites spindles up to 0.2 mm in length colourless or slightly violet, sometimes with large ornamentations. Polyp armature composed of slightly curved rods between 0.05 and 0.22 mm in length. Diagnostic features: The surface layer contains clubs with smooth folds, sometimes fused, up to 0.18 mm in length (Fig. 2 O, see also Fig. 8). Distribution and habitat: Widespread in the Tropical Western Atlantic. Most reef environments with intermediate wave exposition and depth. Along the Caribbean coast of Colombia E. fusca was found to be very common exhibiting extensive vegetative propagation. Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 079 (Q 1), El Morrito, Santa Marta Bay (Punta Betín), Caribbean coast of Colombia, 4. iii. 1996, hard ground and rubble 6 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 97688 (20) Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 17. x. 1992; fore-reef terrace on rubble sand areas 8 m. INV-CNID- 372, (E- 98), Albuquerque Cays (12 ° 10 ′ 29 ″ N, 81 ° 51 ′ 11 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 30. v. 1994, lagoonal patch reef, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 51783, Bermuda, Somerset Island, 5 – 6 m, col. Tucker T., 31. viii. 1960, donor: Peterson L. W. USNM 52414, (70 % ETOH), Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Yucatan, Peninsula, Campeche Bank, Alacranes Reef, col. Bonet F., vii. 1961, donor: Bonet F. USNM 83600, Gulf of Mexico, United States, Florida, Florida Keys, (F 87 - 23), 12 m. col. W. Fenical, vii. 1987.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F2878308670921EB9F826902B9FD8F.taxon	description	Description: Colonies up to 1.8 m in height, long branches, irregular branching (Fig. 4). Terminal branches 5 – 15 mm without the calyx. Calyx long, paler than the surrounding tissue in dry samples. Middle layer sclerites robust spindles between 0.58 and 2.66 mm in length and 0.08 and 0.72 in diameter (Fig. 5). Axial layer sclerites with ornate spindles, lavender or purple, or irregular bodies up to 0.25 mm (Fig 7 D – F). Surface layer with small foliate and irregular clubs between 0.07 and 0.19 mm in length (Fig. 6). Polyp with anthocodial armature consisting of robust rods between 0.15 and 0.57 mm and also small ones between 0.08 and 0.18 mm (Fig. 7 A – C); little sclerite bodies and octoradiate forms in the tentacles. Longer tentacles when expanded, usually pale brown probably because of content of zooxanthellae. There were two morphotypes in this species amongst all the examined material except for the type material. The ‘ slender form’ is about 20 cm in height with branches up to 12 cm long. It has often few club sclerites mostly of small sizes (Fig. 6 A) and larger polyp rods (Fig. 7 C). Middle layer sclerites are robust (Fig. 7 A) and visible at the surface, which has a brown appearance in dry specimens. The ‘ thick form’ has colonies about 40 cm in height (Fig. 5 C, D) with thick branches up to 2 cm in diameter near the base. Black coloured coenemchyme with the calyx aperture pale and about three orders of branching but most branches are longer than 20 cm. Both morphotypes have tubular and prominent calyces up to 0.5 mm in length with a semihermetic aperture and with the lower lip longer than the upper one as an enlarged lobule. Calyx tube whiter than the rest of the colony (Fig. 4). The type material is not well preserved and most of these features were not observed but they are mentioned in Bayer (1961). Another interesting feature of E. clavigera is the size of the extended polyps in comparison with other Euniceopsis species (e. g. Fig. 8 E – I). Distribution and habitat: Antilles, Central America, and the Caribbean coast of South America, probably widespread in Caribbean. Semi-exposed reef terraces and slopes between 10 to 30 m depths. Material examined: USNM 50265, holotype, (70 % ETOH), Caribbean Sea, Netherlands Antilles, Curacao, Caracas Baai, col. Zaneveld J. S. & P. W. Hummelinck, 22. iv. 1955, on chain buoy for 15 + years, submerged several metres deep. USNM 50076, Paratype, Bermuda, North Rock, col. diver For E. Deichmann, 23. vii. 1951, donor: MCZ, Harvard. USNM 100644, Riding Rock Reef, Leeward terrace, 12 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15. viii. 1999, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 97700 (32), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace 20 m; ICN-MHN-CO- 097 (B- 38), Isla Fuerte, Banco Bushnell, Colombian Caribbean, Col. J. A. Sánchez, 4. x. 1995, mixed coral zone 18 m. INV-CNID- 385, (F- 14), isla Fuerte, bajo ‘ el bobito’, Caribbean coast of Colombia, 3. x. 1995, col. J. A. Sánchez, marginal terrace 10 m. USNM 100646, Riding Rock Reef, Leeward terrace, slope edge, 17 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15. viii. 1999, col. J. A. Sánchez. ICN-MHN- CO- 088 (U- 60), Isla Narsa, Capurganá, Gulf of Urabá, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez, terrace edge 15 m. (30 cm in height). ICN-MHN-CO- 075 (E- 162), Albuquerque Cays, San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, vi. 1994, outer slope 20 m. INV-CNID- 386, (E- 135), Courtown Cays (12 ° 27 ′ 21.2 ″ N, 81 ° 27 ′ 57.2 ″ W), San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 23. vi. 1994; fore-reef terrace 20 m. USNM 54910, (70 % ETOH), North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea; Jamaica, Portland Point (17 ° 35 ′ 54 ″ N, 077 ° 21 ′ 48 ″ W), St. No. 1220, 24 – 27 m, 6. vii. 1970, Pillsbury R / V, University of Miami. USNM 97692 (24), isla Tesoro, islas del Rosario, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, xii. 1992; fore-reef terrace slope 25 m. USNM 92593, Bahamas, Crooked island, 18 m, 30. ix. 1994, col. Jenkins K. M., W. Fenical (No. 6). EUNICEA CALYCULATA ELLIS & SOLANDER, 1786 (FIGS 2 M, S, W, 8 A, G)	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F2878308670921EB9F826902B9FD8F.taxon	description	Description: Tall colonies up to 1.8 m in height with thick and long branches (Fig. 8 A, G). Branches cylindrical and flexible ranging between 6 to 20 mm thick. High polymorphism in branch thickness and calyx. Calyx either present or not, some with only projecting aperture borders, others prominent with hermetic seals or conic walls. Several colours: reddish ochre, beige, and dark ochre. Middle sclerite layer composed of transparent spindle sclerites of 0.6 – 2 mm in length sometimes curved and widened at middle. Axial layer sclerites pale violet spindles up to 0.25 mm length with a few but notable ornamentations (Fig. 2 S). Anthocodial sclerites numerous; wide collar with rod sclerites of about 0.1 – 0.5 mm length (Fig. 2 W). Diagnostic features: The surface sclerites contain two discrete kinds of club sclerites. There are small and enlarged clubs with multiple and radial rows in the handle ending in a sharp head, reaching a length up to 0.12 mm (Fig. 2 M). In addition, torch clubs are present with just one row of ornamentations in the handle. Comments: Because the different calyx morphotypes described above usually live in the same habitat, it is possible that this taxon is a complex of several species. The morphotype E. coronata described by Bayer (1961) is very likely to be a valid and different species. Notwithstanding the huge variation of Eunicea calyculata, the morphotype E. coronata does not match either the sclerites or the external variation of the former. Morphotype E. coronata ’ s branches are significantly thinner than E. calyculata. The sclerites are quite different with larger anthocodial rods as well as club sclerites. This morphotype deserves a careful revision, hopefully including some sort of ecological information. I reviewed the type of the morphotype but new observations and material are needed from its geographical range (Florida, both Atlantic and Gulf Mexico). Distribution and habitat: Caribbean province excluding some places from the West coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Fore-reef terraces and seaward reefs with moderate exposition to wave and currents between 10 and 30 m in depth. Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 090 (E- 83), Albuquerque Cays (12 ° 12 ′ 07 ″ N, 81 ° 50 ′ 43 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 5. vi. 1995, col. J. A. Sánchez, fore-reef terrace 18 m. USNM 97694 (26), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace edge, mixed coral zone 15 m. USNM 97695 (27) Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace edge, mixed coral zone 15 m. INV-CNID- 370 (E- 85), Bolivar Cays (Courtown) (12 ° 24 ′ 25 ″ N, 81 ° 29 ′ 24 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 24. v. 1995, leeward terrace; col. J. A. Sánchez. INV-CNID- 369 (F- 1), Isla Fuerte, bajo ‘ el bobito’, Colombian Caribbean, 3. x. 1995, col. J. A. Sánchez, marginal terrace 10 m. USNM 51741, Hipotype, Florida, Soldier Key, col. Bayer F. M., 10. x. 1960. USNM 87107, Gulf Of Mexico, United States, Florida, Cape Sable, (25 ° 17 ′ 32 ″ N, 81 ° 39 ′ 49 ″ W) 13 m, col. LGL Ecological Research Associates, 15. v. 1984, Suncoaster R / V, Expedition Southwest Florida Shelf, Minerals Management. USNM 50079, Bermuda, col. Deichmann E., 1951, donor: Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard. USNM 51981, Bermuda, Bermuda Island, Southampton, South Shore, 24 – 27 m, col. Tucker T., 3. ix. 1960, donor: Peterson L. W.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783087C0921E84C816C05DBF935.taxon	description	Description: Elastic and slimy colonies up to 0.5 m in height, surface usually smooth without prominent calyxes (Fig. 8 B). Colonies exhibit dichotomous but sparse branching. Branch tips thick and stout. Dry coloration is grey to pale ochre. Sclerites from middle layer ornate and up to 1 mm in length. Anthocodial sclerites include diverse forms and are ornate. Surface layer composed of many torch club sclerites exhibiting congruent rows of ornamentations at the handle. Diagnostic features: The axial layer presents pale purple sclerites generally short (<0.17 mm) with two or three very notable ornamentations at each side. In its natural environment, this species resembles the slimy forms of Pseudoplexaura spp. but it can be distinguished by noting the black tentacles of the expanded polyp. It is abundant toward deep reef areas (<20 m). Distribution: Widespread in the Caribbean province. Examined material: USNM 50430, Holotype, (70 % ETOH), Florida, Biscayne Bay, Soldier Key, col. Bayer F. M., 19. iv. 1948. USNM 50692, Paratype, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, Franklin County, Between John’s Pass & Pass a Grille, col: Hemphill H., i. 1884, donor: Hemphill, H. USNM 50759, Gulf Of Mexico, USA, Florida, Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas, 1925. USNM 44235, (70 % ETOH), Gulf Of Mexico, USA, Florida, East Bay, 8 miles north-east of Buoy, (29 ° 50 ′ N, 84 ° 32 ′ W), 13 m, 26. x. 1948.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783087C0920E81F85D30556FAE4.taxon	description	Description: Colonies up to 0.5 m in height, long ascendant branches of 3 – 7 mm diameter (Fig. 8 C). Dry specimens white. Polyps retracted in ample apertures, minute conic walls. Aperture oval in shape and toward the branch tips a smooth border. Middle layer sclerites transparent spindles 0.7 – 1.5 mm, usually less than 1 mm length. Anthocodial crown reduced, flat rod sclerites, no collar, smallest in Euniceopsis. Surface sclerites torch clubs (0.09 – 0.17 mm), sharp tips coming off the head. Diagnostic features: The axial layer contains purple spindles (0.13 – 0.22 mm) with spines and usually with a few projecting spines (Fig. 2 T). Distribution and habitat: Until now there are just records from Cuba (type species), Jamaica, Tobago, and the Colombian Caribbean, probably widespread in the Caribbean province. Fore-reef terraces moderate to highly exposed to wave movement at intermediate depths (12 – 20 m). Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 074 (E- 110), Albuquerque Cays (12 ° 11 ′ 44 ″ N, 81 ° 52 ′ 10 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, 3. vi. 1994, leeward terrace 16 m. USNM 97693 (25), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 10. xii. 1992; Reef slope, 25 m. INV-CNID- 384 (E- 111). Albuquerque Cays, (12 ° 08 ′ 14 ″ N, 81 ° 51 ′ 12 ″ W), San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago, Colombian Caribbean, 4. vii. 1994, slope edge, 17 m. USNM 54908 (70 % ETOH) Caribbean Sea, Jamaica, Morant Cays (17 ° 23 ′ 36 ″ N, 076 ° 02 ′ 12 ″ W) (7006, Sta. no. 1195), 9 – 27 m, 3. vii. 1970, Pillsbury R / V, University Of Miami. EUNICEA FLEXUOSA LAMOUROUX, 1821 (FIGS 2 A, J, 8 D)	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783087C0920E81F85D30556FAE4.taxon	description	2007: 1. Description: Colonies with a variety of forms such as bushy, candelabrum, and sometimes dense stands of short branches. Terminal branches show a dichotomous pattern of branching (Fig. 8 D). The polyp aperture is also polymorphic, it may be just a little prominence of the lower lip or a well-developed calyx also with the lower lip prominent. It is also possible to observe a cline between the two forms of calyx but the different morphs may occur in the same habitat. Polyp armature, without collar, consisting of ornate rods between 0.05 and 0.3 mm in length. The axial layer contains capstans and spindles sclerites with diverse arrangements as well as ornamentations; they have purple coloration, and 0.01 – 0.26 mm in length. The surface layer contains club sclerites with foliated and fused lobules in the head, which may be slightly serrated; the clubs are up to 0.22 mm in length (Fig. 7 J). Particular features: Middle layer sclerites are robust spindles up to 4.5 mm (Fig. 7 A). Distribution and habitat: Widespread in the Tropical Western Atlantic. All kinds of reef or rocky environments with hard grounds and some water movement (moderate to rough) between 0.5 and 30 m in depth. Examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 076 (U- 58), isla Narsa, Capurganá, Gulf of Urabá, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez, 2. x. 1995, slope edge 12 m. ICN-MHN-CO- 087 (F- 19) Isla Fuerte, bajo ‘ el bobito’, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez, 3. x. 1995, marginal terrace 10 m. ICN-MHN- CO- 089 (Pfl-R Tayrona National Park, Arrecifes, ‘ La Piscinita’, Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, rock barrier 1 m. ICN-MHN-CO- 092 (AR- 1), Tayrona National Park, Arrecifes, ‘ La Piscinita’, Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, rock barrier 1 m. USNM 97680 (12), Tesoro island, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 16. ix. 1992; fore-reef terrace, dead stands of Acropora palmata 7 m; INV- CNID- 382, (AR- 3), Tayrona National Park, Arrecifes, ‘ La Piscinita’, Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, rock barrier 1 m. USNM 51811, North Atlantic Ocean; Bermuda, Somerset Island, 5 – 6 m prof. col. Tucker T., 1. ix. 1960. USNM 14380, North Atlantic Ocean, Bahamas, New Providence, Island, Nassau, East end of Island, col. Nye W. Jr., 1886, Albatross R / V.	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
03F28783087D0924E85886B800C8F954.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: USNM 100646, Riding Rock Reef, leeward reefs, 12 m, San Salvador, Bahamas, 15. viii. 1999, col. J. A. Sánchez. Paratypes: ICN-MHN-CO- 098, (Q- 1), El morrito, Santa Marta Bay (front of Punta Betín), Caribbean coast of Colombia, 4. iii. 1996, rubble substrate in rocky littoral 6 m, col. J. A. Sánchez (secondary chemical compounds of the same colony in Cobar et al., 1997). USNM 97733 (64), Isla Tesoro, Rosario islands, Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez & A. Ramirez, 10. xii. 1992; Outer slope 16 m; ICN-MHN- CO- 091 (B- 20), Banco Bushnell, continental platform Caribbean coast of Colombia, col. J. A. Sánchez, mixed plateau 12 m. INV-CNID- 388, (E- 173), Cayos de Bolivar (Courtown Cays) (12 ° 24 ′ 25 ″ N, 81 ° 29 ′ 24 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 24. v. 1995, Leeward terrace 12 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. IM-ANDES 228, Isla Tesoro, Colombian Caribbean, 12. x. 1992, fore-reef terrace 16 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. Description: Colonies tall and bushy up to 1.3 m in height. Thin branches 3 – 5 mm in diameter or less at the branch tips (Fig. 9). Small and brown (probably because of zooxanthellae) polyps. Numerous low calyces disposed uniformly with a projecting lower tip. Middle layer sclerites blunt and usually with less than 1 mm in length (Fig. 10 A – D). A clear dark core in the sclerite noted under the light microscope. Axial layer composed of a diverse array of ornate forms of capstans and spindles usually purple-coloured and up to 0.11 – 0.17 mm in length (Fig. 11 E). Polyp armature composed of ornate sclerites (0.14 – 0.32 mm in length) as well as little flat rods (0.06 – 0.12 mm; e. g. Fig. 11 D). The surface layer contains tiny club sclerites (foliate to torched) with short handle (Fig. 11 A – C), which are the shortest observed amongst Eunicea species. The holotype is a grey-brown colony of about 25 cm in height, which was branching in one plane when collected (Fig. 9). All Caribbean samples have low variation with respect to both middle layer spindles and the tiny club-sclerites from the outer layer. The species was named after the extinct Colombian tribe Tayrona distributed in the Caribbean coast. Particular features: Surface layer with tiny and foliate club sclerites of 0.07 – 0.11 mm in length, mostly small sizes. Distribution and habitat: Florida, Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, San Andrés and Providencia Archipelago, and the Caribbean coast of Colombia (probably throughout the Caribbean). Shallow semi-exposed shallow reefs, leeward terraces, and slope edge between 2 and 25 m in depth. Additional examined material: ICN-MHN-CO- 078 (E- 155), Bolivar Cays (Courtown) (12 ° 24 ′ 25 ″ N, 81 ° 29 ′ 24 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 24. v. 1995, Leeward terrace, 12 m, col. J. A. Sánchez. ICN-MHN-CO- 095 (N- 12), Serrana bank, Colombian Caribbean, col. J. A. Sánchez, shallow patch reef 8 m (0.8 m height). INV- CNID- 371, (E- 84 a), Albuquerque Cays (12 ° 69 ′ 17 ″ N, 81 ° 53 ′ 59 ″ W), Colombian Caribbean, 3. vi. 1994, forereef terrace, col. J. A. Sánchez. USNM 55064, Turks and Caicos Islands, Grand Turk Island; 21 ° 21 ′ 42 ″ N, 070 ° 57 ′ 18 ″ W, 7 – 8 m, col. Pillsbury R / V University of Miami, 19. vii. 1971. ADDITIONAL SPECIES COMPARISONS Additional evidence, independent from that used in the systematic analysis, from some natural history traits was gathered to further validate the ‘ species’ status in Eunicea. The compared pairs, as previously mentioned, were E. tourneforti – E. cf. clavigera, E. fusca – E. tayrona sp. nov., and E. succinea – E. succinea plantaginea morphotype. Even though some differences were found in the latter pair, the information was not completely conclusive and it is still considered the same species. However, this case was useful to control for the differences between the other species pairs, where straightforward differences were noted. Variation in colonial size and module array The cover index, an indicator of the colonial architecture (e. g. Jordan & Nugent, 1978; Sánchez et al. 1997), was different only between E. fusca and E. tayrona sp. nov. (one-way ANOVA with log [x + 1] transformed data, F = 18.78, d. f. = 66, P <0.00001; homogeneous variances: F = 0.64, P = 0.88). It is important to note that E. fusca grows mainly through asexual propagation; therefore significant differences in colony size were expected. There was a significant correlation between the projected shade and height in all the species (P << 0.02) exhibiting similar trends in terms of slope and r 2 amongst pairs (data not shown). Actually, there were no differences between the adjusted means of the analysis for the different species pairs analyzed (P> 0.05), but there were differences in the slopes between E. fusca and E. tayrona sp. nov. (analysis of covariance with log [x + 1] transformed data: Shared slope = 17.4, d. f. = 64, F = 5.02, P <0.05). Therefore, the differences in colony size were present just in the case where asexual propagation was important in the life history traits, as in the case of E. fusca. The module and associated structures (i. e. calyx) were highly variable amongst Eunicea species. Means and ranges of calyx length and density varied between pairs of species (Table 3). These differences were expected, even amongst morphotypes, because amongst the characteristics of E. succinea forma plantaginea are enlarged and tampered branches that may predict differences in calyx density. Another particularity of each species was the diameter of the branch in the very last portion of the tip. Interestingly, in some species the branch tip was thicker or more clavate than a few centimetres below whereas in others it was the same or even narrower (tampering) as expected. The morphotypes (E. succinea) were the only ones that exhibited the same pattern of cross sectional area at the tip. Differences within the other pairs were evident (Table 2). Female fecundity The analysed species were gonochoric, separate sexes, with eggs and spermaries showing spheric to lenticular shapes. Gonads were placed in rows in the base of the septa and closely intermingled with mesenteric filaments. There were some problems with the data from male gonads. These data were highly variable in number and volume per species; therefore it was not possible to afford comparisons. Unfortunately, Eunicea fusca samples were not fertile enough to recognize gonads. Otherwise, eggs were bright ochre with a dark pole in the species from the Euniceopsis subgenus or a bright yellowish colour in Eunicea s. s. Overall, all the species had a large range of variation (Table 4) and non-normal distributions. Most of the eggs were of small sizes and just a few (usually less than five) were notably larger than the rest. Euniceopsis species had a higher number of eggs per polyp than the species of Eunicea s. s. (30 – 80 vs. 17 – 20: Table 4). The number of eggs, volume per gonad polyp, and egg diameter was significantly different between Eunicea tourneforti and E. cf. clavigera (Table 4), which corroborated that they are different species. Between the morphs of E. succinea there were no consistent differences. The mean values of number of eggs per polyp did not exhibit significant Results from comparisons between pairs of species through the Mann – Whitney nonparametric test for unequal independent samples (one tail normal approximation, Z; e. g. Zar, 1996) from the same parameters. Any of the pair had homogeneous variances (F between variances, P << 0.05). Results from comparisons between pairs of species through the Mann – Whitney nonparametric test for unequal independent samples (one tail normal approximation, Z; Zar, 1996) from the same parameters. None of the pairs had homogeneous variances (F between variances, P << 0.05). differences whereas volume per gonad and diameter of eggs did so (Table 4).	en	Sánchez, Juan Armando (2009): Systematics of the candelabrum gorgonian corals (Eunicea Lamouroux; Plexauridae; Octocorallia; Cnidaria). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2): 237-263, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00515.x
