taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F287E2FFDB36318E63F10CFBEE1F70.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Two species, one in China, the other with two varieties, one variety in N Thailand and China, the other in India (Maharashtra, Sikkim, Assam), Myanmar, S China (Yunnan, Hainan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java. Note — The plant is always noted as dioecious (e. g., Radcliffe-Smith 2001) and generally there are only flowers of one sex present in a specimen. However, specimens are found with two branches, one with staminate flowers and another, separate branch with fruits. These may come from different plants, but it is also possible that the different sexes appear on the same plant, but separated in time (dichogamous), whereby the staminate and fruit stage overlap. Another indication for this idea is that in O. paniculata var. katharinae the staminate flowers are always present among the new leaves, and the pistillate flowers among the older leaves. Field observations are needed to clarify the matter.	en	van Welzen, P. C., Winkel, E. (2015): A revision of Ostodes (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 59 (3): 185-190, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687895, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687895
03F287E2FFD936308E62F558FEFD186A.taxon	description	Shrubs to trees, to 16 m high, dbh to 40 cm; flowering branches 4 – 13 mm thick, bark whitish to greyish brown to brown. Outer bark thin, rough to very finely roughened to pustular lenticellate to smooth, grey to brown; inner bark light to dirty yellow, c. 1 cm thick; latex thin, red (to yellowish red); sapwood yellow-white. Stipules ovate to ovate-elliptic, 1 – 1.6 by 0.5 – 1 mm, outside somewhat sericeous, otherwise glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1.5 – 25 cm long, ± round in transverse section, near apex with adaxial furrow to slightly channelled, (sub) glabrous; blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 4.5 – 29.5 by 2.2 – 12.5 cm, 1.5 – 3 (– 4) times as long as wide, base slightly emarginate to rounded to widely acute, margin flat to somewhat recurved, teeth 7 – 14 mm apart, apex acuminate to cuspidate, both surfaces smooth, upper surface dull dark green, glabrous, lower surface light green, hairy when young, glabrescent; venation slightly raised on both sides (no domatia) to flat above and raised below (domatia present), nerves 8 – 10 per side. Inflorescences up to 33 cm long, subglabrous, green; bracts ovate to long triangular, up to 3.7 by 1 mm, margins sometimes basally with a gland-like structure, bracteoles broadly triangular, up to 1 by 1.3 mm. Staminate flowers 8.3 – 17.5 mm diam; pedicel 4.8 – 13 mm long from abscission zone; calyx: outer lobes ovate, 3.3 – 7.3 by 2.5 – 6 mm, inner lobes ovate to obovate, petal-like in W Malesia, 4.2 – 6 by 3.2 – 6 mm; petals 5, elliptic to oblong, 4.3 – 10 by 3.8 – 6 mm; filaments 3.3 – 4.7 mm long, anthers 0.6 – 1.2 by 0.6 – 1 mm. Pistillate flowers 11.2 – 13 mm diam; pedicel 7 – 14 mm long from abscission zone; calyx: outer lobes smaller, triangular, c. 2 – 4.5 by 5.5 – 7.5 mm, inner larger, more obovoid or apically split, c. 4.5 – 8 by 6 – 8 mm (see note 2); petals 5, ovate to elliptic, 5 – 8.5 by 5 – 7.5 mm; ovary ovoid, 2 – 4 by 2 – 4 mm, yellowish green to red, hairs (especially long ones) caducous, style 0.5 – 1 (– 5 in fruit) mm long, stigmas 2.5 – 4 (– 5 in fruit) mm long, apex 1 – 2 mm long. Fruits ellipsoid to obovoid, 3 - lobed, 2.2 – 3.5 cm high by 1.9 – 2.8 cm wide, inner wall 2 (– 4.5) mm thick; pedicel up to 16 mm long; columella 1.6 – 2.9 cm long. Seeds 1.1 – 1.7 by 1.1 – 1.5 by 0.9 – 1.4 cm, not marbled in N Thailand to marbled in Java. Distribution — India (Maharashtra, Sikkim, Assam), Myanmar, S China (Yunnan, Hainan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java; seemingly absent from Cambodia and Peninsular Malaysia. Habitat & Ecology — Shaded understorey of primary rainforest, evergreen forest to secondary forest, often with much bamboo, along rivulets, 330 – 2500 m. Bedrock: granite, lime- stone. Flowering: February to April, July, October, November; fruiting: January, April to December. Vernacular names — Sumatra: Medang pergam. Java: Gin- tung, Kaliki moengkim, Kamatakkiang, Kei djahe, Kidjarak, Ki Krantunnang, Ki-momuntjangan, Kirendang, Kirendong (Blume 1825), Kitanglan, Kitoengkoe, Krantunnang, Tankoroh, Walang. Notes — 1. There is quite some variation, Table 1 shows the major geoclines in characters between N Thailand and Java. 2. There are several disjunctions (Map 1), the species is unknown for the Malay Peninsula and for the greater part of Thailand (mainly present in N Thailand and a few specimens from S and SW Thailand). However, these disjunctions do not provide a real gap in the variation that can be used to discern different entities. The disjunctions in Map 1 for Indochina is due to specimens that could not be georeferenced and the status of the W Indian (Maharashtra) specimen is unclear, the label could be incorrect. 3. Radcliffe-Smith (2001) regarded the inner sepals of the pistillate flowers as petals. They appear indeed petal-like, but unlike the petals they lack basal hairs on the inside. 4. Junghuhn s. n. (L 0158629) has an inflorescence that turn- ed into a witches’ broom.	en	van Welzen, P. C., Winkel, E. (2015): A revision of Ostodes (Euphorbiaceae) in Malesia. Blumea 59 (3): 185-190, DOI: 10.3767/000651915X687895, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651915x687895
