identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F38792FFCCFFF3FF0F05D6FD85FA3A.text	03F38792FFCCFFF3FF0F05D6FD85FA3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Derbidae Spinola 1839	<div><p>Family- Derbidae Spinola,1839</p><p>Subfamily - Breddiniolinae Fennah,1950</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F38792FFCCFFF3FF0F05D6FD85FA3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen;Sanmugasundharam, Suriya	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen, Sanmugasundharam, Suriya (2025): First report of the blue Derbid planthopper Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Derbidae) as a pest of grapes from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 125 (2): 131-139, DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835, URL: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835
03F38792FFCFFFF1FF3E0169FA3BF859.text	03F38792FFCFFFF1FF3E0169FA3BF859.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malenia Haupt 1924	<div><p>Malenia Cedusa</p><p>Transversely oblique carina across the gena between the Carina is quite distinct from the subantennal process, subantennal process and the lateral carina of the frons be- and as long as the basal width of the process. ing not longer than half the basal width of the process. (Fig. 4A).</p><p>numerous cross veins near apex and anal region, observed infrequently within documented faunal distributions → Family Fulgoridae – Forewings generally measuring less than 10 mm, wing patterning variable, hindwings lacking extensive cross-venation, body exhibiting generalised morphological adaptations for varied environmental niches → 4</p><p>4. Forewings overlapping at rest, trailing margins angled posteriorly, body dorsoventrally compressed, often associated with structural adaptations mimicking substrates → Family Achillidae – Forewings not overlapping at rest, body form highly variable, dorsoventral compression not a defining characteristic → 5</p><p>5. Beak with apical segment subequal in length and width (except in Cedusa), forewings frequently exhibiting tubercles along claval veins, antennae often bearing projections or subtended by a shelf-like structure, median carina of frons absent, parameres of males elongate, extending well beyond the pygofer → Family Derbidae (majority of genera) – Beak with apical segment distinctly longer than wide, forewings lacking tubercles along claval veins or possessing tubercles uniformly distributed across all veins, antennae never bearing projections or subtended by a shelf-like structure, median carina of frons present, parameres of males shorter than pygofer → 6</p><p>6. Frons exhibiting two or three median carinae, head frequently elongate with anterior projections, median ocellus absent, wing veins smooth, lacking tubercles → Family Dictyopharidae – Frons with a single median carina, head not elongate,median ocellus present above frontoclypeal suture, wing veins frequently tuberculate → Family Cixiidae</p><p>7. Forewings with tubercles concentrated on claval veins, or if tubercles are present throughout the claval area, wings waxy with numerous small peripheral cells, beak with apical segment subequal in length and width, frons often compressed with median carina absent, parameres of males elongated beyond the pygofer → Family Derbidae – Forewings lacking tubercles along claval veins or tubercles present throughout all veins, beak with apical segment distinctly longer than wide, frons not compressed, median carina present, parameres of males shorter than pygofer → 8</p><p>8. Forewings waxy, bearing tubercles between veins on clavus, numerous costal crossveins, frequently observed in taxa with structural adaptations for arboreal niches → Family Flatidae – Forewings not waxy, tubercles absent from clavus, costal crossveins not numerous, venation indicative of variable functional adaptations → 9</p><p>9. Hind tibiae without lateral spines, forewings exhibiting reticulate venation extending fully to the apex of the abdomen, body colour predominantly green or pink, frequently associated with taxa displaying broad-leafed habitat specialisations → Family Acanaloniidae – Hind tibiae bearing lateral spines, forewing venation not reticulate, brachypterous forms often exposing abdominal segments, body colouration typically brown, black, straw-coloured, or occasionally pink in sexually dimorphic individuals → 10</p><p>10. Brachypterous forms prevalent, forewings shorter than abdomen, frons bearing sublateral carinae that enclose a large disc-like or elongate areolet, sublateral carinae converging ventrally or nearly so, hind tibiae with a single lateral spine → Family Caliscelidae</p><p>– Forewings covering abdomen in both brachypterous and macropterous forms, frons with a median carina, sublateral carinae absent or, if present, never converging ventrally, hind tibiae bearing two lateral spines → Family Derbidae</p><p>11. Clavus closed, combined anal veins reaching wing margin within claval area, head projecting slightly beyond eyes, frons generally broad (except in certain Cedusa species), forewings relatively short, subantennal processes present → 12 – Clavus open, combined anal veins not reaching wing margin within claval area, head significantly projecting forward, frons narrow, forewings elongate, subantennal processes weakly developed or absent → Other Derbidae</p><p>12. Antennae terete, subtended by a flattened subantennal process from gena or anterior pronotal margin, face not strongly compressed, clavus at least half the length of the entire forewing→ Genus Cedusa – Antennae not subtended by a subantennal process, clavus reduced, face strongly compressed → Other Derbidae</p><p>13. Body uniformly dark (black, deep blue, dark grey) or pale with yellowish-brown patches, subantennal process large, extending laterally from gena, completely subtending antennae, sensory pits absent on head and wings → 14 – Body with variable colouration, sensory pits present on head and wings, subantennal process absent or weakly developed → Other Cedusinae</p><p>14. Forewings dark bluish-black with a waxy coating, legs orange, male phallus large, broad, claspers hook-shaped, curving inward and upward, body length 4.9–5.2 mm, Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch, 1851) – Forewings lacking waxy coating, colouration not uniformly bluish-black, claspers with alternative morphologies → Other Cedusa species</p><p>15. Elytra exhibiting distinct maculation, patterning dispersed as spotted pigmentation across the wing surface → 16</p><p>– Elytra uniformly colored, maculation absent → 18</p><p>16. Frons marked with a brown “V” at the junction with the clypeus → Cedusa pseudomaculata (Caldwell, 1944)</p><p>– Frons marked with a brown “O” at the junction with the clypeus → Cedusa neomaculata (Caldwell, 1944)</p><p>17. Elytra white at the base, transitioning to a darker apex → Cedusa apicata (Caldwell, 1944)</p><p>– Elytra consistently brown throughout, veins variably colored → Other Cedusa species</p><p>18. Male clasper morphology variable, with differentiation based on structural complexity → 19</p><p>19. Clasper inner margin smooth, lacking prominent teeth or notches → 20</p><p>– Clasper inner margin bearing well-developed teeth or notches → 23</p><p>20. Clasper exhibiting a basal projection → 21</p><p>– Clasper lacking basal projections → 22</p><p>21. Projection long and recurved → Cedusa mexicana (Caldwell,1944)</p><p>– Projection short, inner margin straight → Cedusa delongi (Caldwell,1944)</p><p>22. Clasper oval, possessing a prominent apical hook → Cedusa furcata (Caldwell,1944)</p><p>– Clasper rectangular, apical hook inconspicuous →</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F38792FFCFFFF1FF3E0169FA3BF859	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen;Sanmugasundharam, Suriya	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen, Sanmugasundharam, Suriya (2025): First report of the blue Derbid planthopper Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Derbidae) as a pest of grapes from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 125 (2): 131-139, DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835, URL: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835
03F38792FFC9FFF6FF2A0464FC75F941.text	03F38792FFC9FFF6FF2A0464FC75F941.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch 1851)	<div><p>Adults of Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch)</p><p>Material examined: India; 1 ♂; 2♀; CVB 1♂; 2♀</p><p>Geolocation - Grapes block of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar (34˚’46.6”N; 74˚ 52› 47.2»E), Srinagar, Kashmir.</p><p>Diagnostic characters of Cedusa vulgaris: Adults: Mediumsized, approximately 4 to 6 mm, light to dark blue coloured, covered with white patches, red coloured eyes are distinctly visible (Fig. 1). (a) Head and pronotum: A low, broadly rounded longitudinal carina on the frons is quite distinct, and the head and pronotum typically lack pale colouration (Fig. 3). The head has no more than raised margins on the frons, while the antennae and antennal troughs are pale in colour. Terminal segments of the beak are short, subequal in length (Fig. 4A, B). (b) Legs: Pale yellow to orange-coloured legs; second segment of hind tarsi with row of apical spines (Fig. 4A). (c) Abdomen: Red to orange patches are present on the ventral side. (d). Wings: Both fore and hindwings are dark to pale brown; many forms are fragile with wings greatly surpassing the end of the abdomen; often with pustules along the claval vein of the wing; the apex of the claval vein (A2) touches the wing margin, indicating a close connection to the outer edge. Additionally, the branches of the stem MA form an anterior comb, contributing to the overall venation pattern. (e) Phallus and paramere: Males with parameres exceeding abdomen in ventral view; apical hook of male clasper is rather long, slender and moderately curved anteriorly (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Symptoms: Adults suck sap from leaves from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Distinct white patches of discolouration due to loss of sap can be noticed (Fig. 2), loss of sap in leaves may reduce their photosynthetic efficiency and reduce the movement of essential elements, which makes leaves gradually wilt when the population reaches alarming levels. This is the first instance of Cedusa hoppers seen feeding on leaves of grapes with fewer populations. Only feeding symptoms were seen. For establishing the possibility of economic loss or severe damage, further observations are required. Rows of vines where adults were seen, also exhibited some viral infection symptoms such as vein clearing, curling and distortions. Since many leafhoppers and other sucking pests were already known to transmit viral diseases to grapes (Harish and Cherian, 2024). We only suspect that Cedusa could be a potential vector of viral or phytoplasma diseases, which has to be confirmed through further studies.</p><p>Seasonality: Mostly observed in June, when the bunches were developing, these hoppers were seen sucking saps which pose a little obstruction in regular growth and development. The population was high during the last week of June and started gradually decreasing from the last week of July to mid-August.</p><p>Distribution and host plants: The genus Cedusa is known to be spread over South America, North America, Europe, Africa and Australia. Few reports in Asia were also found, sparsely, with less information. There is no report of this planthopper from the Indo-Malayan region. A list of host plants associated with adults is given in Table 3. Mostly, nymphs are found to feed on fungal hyphae, hosts of adults of many species are not known (Wilson et al., 2015). This is the first ever report of the genus infesting grapes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F38792FFC9FFF6FF2A0464FC75F941	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen;Sanmugasundharam, Suriya	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen, Sanmugasundharam, Suriya (2025): First report of the blue Derbid planthopper Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Derbidae) as a pest of grapes from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 125 (2): 131-139, DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835, URL: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835
03F38792FFC9FFF6FF6A00B3FE32FC49.text	03F38792FFC9FFF6FF6A00B3FE32FC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cedusa zedusa (Caldwell 1944)	<div><p>Cedusa zedusa (Caldwell,1944)</p><p>23. Clasper with a deep, broad notch → Cedusa pedusa (McAtee,1924)</p><p>– Clasper with a narrow, deep notch → Cedusa funesta (Fowler,1904)</p><p>24. Frons with longitudinal ridge → 25</p><p>– Frons without longitudinal ridge → 27</p><p>25. Elytra brown, transparent at apex → 26</p><p>– Elytra uniformly coloured → 27</p><p>26. Body small (&lt;4 mm), frons narrow, legs pale → Cedusa minuenda (Ball, 1928)</p><p>– Body larger (&gt; 4 mm), frons broader → 27</p><p>27. Forewings relatively short, parameres elongate → Cedusa metcalfi (Flynn &amp; Kramer, 1983)</p><p>– Forewings longer, parameres shorter → 28</p><p>28. Body dark brown to black, distributed widely in the USA and Honduras → Cedusa mallochi (McAtee, 1924)</p><p>– Body colouration variable, distribution different → Other Cedusa species</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F38792FFC9FFF6FF6A00B3FE32FC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen;Sanmugasundharam, Suriya	Gul, Madhanram Gnanapragasam Shaheen, Sanmugasundharam, Suriya (2025): First report of the blue Derbid planthopper Cedusa vulgaris (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Derbidae) as a pest of grapes from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 125 (2): 131-139, DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835, URL: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v125/i2/2025/172835
