identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F387BC4844FF86EEFA491D3D47446E.text	03F387BC4844FF86EEFA491D3D47446E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saccamminidae Brady 1884	<div><p>Saccamminidae Brady, 1884</p><p>According to conventional, morphology-based taxonomic systems (Loeblich &amp; Tappan 1987; Sen Gupta 1999; Lee et al. 2000), the monothalamous foraminiferans are divided in taxa based on the test composition. Those with an organic test form the order Allogromiina while those with an agglutinating test form the order Textulariida. The textulariid superfamily Astrorhizacea is defined by an agglutinated test that is irregular, rounded, tubular or branching, nonseptate or with the interior only partially subdivided. It includes the family Saccamminidae in which the test is free or attached, globular or elongate; single or multiple, rounded or slitlike apertures are present. The subfamily Saccammininae Brady, 1884 commonly has a distinctive organic oral apparatus consisting of an ‘inward projecting tube enclosing a gel-like capsule’ (Loeblich &amp; Tappan 1987; Lee et al. 2000). However, the systematic division of higher taxa based on morphology has little support from molecular studies (Pawlowski et al. 2002). We therefore recognise the family Saccamminidae only in order to provide a systematic context for our new taxa that is consistent with previous studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387BC4844FF86EEFA491D3D47446E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cedhagen, Tomas;Gooday, Andrew J.;Pawlowski, Jan	Cedhagen, Tomas, Gooday, Andrew J., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean *. Zootaxa 2096: 9-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187761
03F387BC4844FF87EEFA4F5C3D24478A.text	03F387BC4844FF87EEFA4F5C3D24478A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptammina	<div><p>Leptammina gen. nov.</p><p>Etymology: The first part of the name is derived from the Greek word leptos (λεπτος) meaning thin and refers to the thin test wall. The last part, -ammina, is a common ending of many generic names of agglutinating foraminiferans, particularly those with tests of sand grains, and is derived from the Greek word ammos (αΜΜος), meaning sand.</p><p>Type species: Leptammina flavofusca sp. nov.</p><p>Definition: Test free, monothalamous and more or less spherical, up to 2 mm diameter. Wall delicate, flexible, with inner organic layer overlain by fine, loosely agglutinated mineral grains. Single prominent circular aperture, which may protrude slightly from the test surface. Cell body with well-developed peduncular sheath.</p><p>Remarks: The two species described below look superficially different, particularly in terms of their colour. However, they are united by a number of test features, notably the wall structure, the presence of a peduncular sheath, and the size and form of the aperture. Moreover, our molecular analyses indicate that they are closely related (Fig. 6).</p><p>At least one globular, soft-walled monothalamous foraminiferan with a single aperture has been included in the genus Saccammina . Hedley (1962) placed his new species S. alba here, but with evident hesitation. He remarks — 'The present author has followed Le Calvez (1935) in placing a Foraminifer with a fragile, white shell in the genus Saccammina, the type species of which has a hard, brittle, ferruginous shell. If, in the future, sufficient becomes known about the various species of saccamminids to warrant a division into two genera, it seems likely that a basis for it may be found in the two shell types.' We agree that the differences between softwalled saccamminids in general and the type species Saccammina sphaerica Carpenter, 1869 are sufficient to justify the establishment of at least one new genus. The type species of the genus Saccammina is large, up to at least 4 mm diameter, with a rigid, fairly coarsely and firmly agglutinated wall. In these respects, it is unlike S. alba or the two delicate, soft-walled species described here. We establish the new genus Leptammina to accommodate our new species and S. alba . The last species, however, is included with some hesitation because of lack of molecular data.</p><p>Several other genera of soft-walled saccamminids have been described. Perhaps the most similar genus to Leptammina is Pilulinella (type species P. sphaerica Saidova, 1975). It is described by Loeblich and Tappan (1987) as being 'spherical', 1–2 mm in diameter with a single rounded terminal aperture and a wall composed of 'fine clay' particles on an organic base. The aperture in Pilulinella is reported to be a kind of double structure, although this could indicate the presence of a peduncular sheath. Unfortunately, not enough information is currently available about Pilulinella to determine how close it is to the new genus. However, the apparently greater size of the aperture may be one distinguishing feature. The diameter of the rim of the aperture is about one third of the test diameter in Pilulinella and about a fifth to a tenth of the test diameter in Leptammina .</p><p>Ovammina (type species O. opaca Dahlgren, 1962; synonym Dahlgrenia Lena, 1974) resembles Leptammina in having an agglutinated test wall made of minute mineral particles underlain by an organic layer. Both genera also have an entosolenian tube. It differs from Leptammina in being smaller (length130–700 µm) and ovoid, egg-shaped or fusiform rather than rounded in general test shape There is also no evidence in the new genus for the ring of accessory apertures around the main aperture that develop in Ovammina during gametogenesis.</p><p>Psammophaga (type species P. simplora Arnold, 1982) resembles Leptammina in having an outer finely agglutinating test layer and an inner organic wall. Both genera also have an entosolenian tube. One obvious difference is that Psammophaga ingests large quantities of mineral particles (Arnold 1982), a feature never observed in Leptammina . The test also has a relatively much thicker inner organic layer than that of Leptammina .</p><p>Like Saccammina, the genus Pilulina (type species P. jeffreysii Carpenter, 1875) is a heterogeneous taxon in need of revision. The species P. jeffreysii is large, up to at least 4 mm diameter, with a fairly rigid test wall and an elongate slit-like aperture. Pilulina does not have any similarity to Leptammina . However, some species assigned to this genus differ from the type species so much that their placement is questionable. Pilulina ovata Cushman, 1910, described from the North Pacific Ocean, has an oval test with a very thin, finely agglutinated wall. However, it is much larger than Leptammina and has an irregularly shaped aperture. Another species, Pilulina argentea Höglund, 1947, resembles superficially the "silver saccamminid" of Pawlowski et al. (2002, 2005) so much that we earlier believed them to be identical. Höglund (1947) included this species in the genus Pilulina with some hesitation. He wrote "Rather than erect a new genus, I am referring this species to Pilulina, although neither the aperture nor the structure of the wall exactly coincides with any of the hitherto described species belonging to this genus". Molecular evidence (see below) suggests that one undescribed species with a reflective, silver-coloured test wall is closely related to Leptammina .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387BC4844FF87EEFA4F5C3D24478A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cedhagen, Tomas;Gooday, Andrew J.;Pawlowski, Jan	Cedhagen, Tomas, Gooday, Andrew J., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean *. Zootaxa 2096: 9-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187761
03F387BC4845FF82EEFA4D00389B474B.text	03F387BC4845FF82EEFA4D00389B474B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptammina grisea	<div><p>Leptammina grisea gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–2)</p><p>Material: Polarstern Station 102#11 (Agassiz trawl) 25 specimens; Station 102#13 (Epibenthic sledge) 2 specimens; Station 110#8 (Epibenthic sledge) 1 specimen; Station 133#2 (Epibenthic sledge) 1 specimen.</p><p>Derivation of name: grisea is the Medieval Latinization of the French word gris, and means grey. It refers to the colour of the test.</p><p>Diagnosis. Approximately spherical species of Leptammina, up to 2 mm diameter, characterized by soft, delicate, finely agglutinated test, grayish or violet-grey in colour and opaque, with dull, non-reflective surface. Single, prominent circular aperture. Cell body dark greenish, with single nucleus. Peduncular sheath well developed.</p><p>Deposition of type material: The holotype from Station 102#11 and paratypes from Stations 102#11, 102#13, 110#8, and 133#2 are deposited in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7537.</p><p>Description. General morphology. The test is free and a distinctive grey or violet-grey colour. Unfixed specimens are roughly spherical, occasionally more elongate, and often somewhat irregular in shape (Figs 1 A–D). The diameter ranges from 620 to 1360 µm (mean 0.91 mm; median 0.91 mm; n=24 individuals). There is one round aperture on a short neck and surrounded by a thin raised collar.</p><p>Test wall. The wall is soft, delicate and easily detached. The surface has a dull, non-reflective appearance. It is smooth when viewed under the light microscope but slightly rough when viewed at higher magnifications (1,000X–5,000X) in the SEM. The wall includes a thin, outer agglutinated layer, up to 30 µm thick, and an inner organic lining, ~3 µm thick (Figs 1 E–F; 2F). The outer layer is composed of small mineral particles varying in size from ~10 µm maximum dimension to 1 µm or less (Figs 2 A–B). Many of these particles are angular in shape.</p><p>Cell body. In fresh, newly collected individuals, the cell body is a dark green or brownish green and entirely fills the test (Fig. 1 E–F). A distinct peduncular sheath (stomostyle) is located immediately inside the aperture and may extend into the apertural neck and cover the rim of the aperture (Fig. 2 C). It is also continuous with the inner organic lining of the test wall. Light microscopic sections reveal one large nucleus, up to 240 µm diameter, of the granular type with numerous nucleoli, located within an exonuclear vacuole. The center of the nucleus is occupied by a vacuole, up to 200 µm wide (Fig. 2 F). Large vacuoles are also visible within the cytoplasm of sectioned individuals. Pseudopodia were not observed, although a thin string of cytoplasm projects along the central axis of the peduncular sheath (Fig. 2 C). However, in critical-point dried individuals studied by SEM, the cell body consists of a dense network of fine pseudopodia (reticulopodia) that incorporate stercomata, mineral particles, diatoms, and other foreign particles (Fig. 2 D).</p><p>Remarks: Leptammina grisea gen. et sp. nov. closely resembles Saccammina alba in the general form and construction of the test. The main differences are that the test is larger (620 to 1360 µm compared to a maximum size of 400 µm in S. alba), the test wall is thicker, and the surface is greyish rather than white. It should also be noted that S. alba was described from an intertidal setting whereas the new species occurs at bathyal and abyssal depths. Leptammina grisea gen. et sp. nov. differs from Pilulina argentea in having a dull grey rather than reflective, silvery surface. See also “Remarks” under L. flavofusca gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution: Weddell Sea, central part at 4795, 4822, and 4698 m depth, northwestern part at 1580 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387BC4845FF82EEFA4D00389B474B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cedhagen, Tomas;Gooday, Andrew J.;Pawlowski, Jan	Cedhagen, Tomas, Gooday, Andrew J., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean *. Zootaxa 2096: 9-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187761
03F387BC4840FF83EEFA4C413BF9469B.text	03F387BC4840FF83EEFA4C413BF9469B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptammina flavofusca	<div><p>Leptammina flavofusca gen. et sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 3–5)</p><p>Material. Polarstern station 102#11 (Agassiz trawl) 125 specimens; Station 102#13 (Epibenthic sledge) 199 specimens; Station 80#9 (Epibenthic sledge) 11 specimens; Station 110#8 (Epibenthic sledge) 50 specimens; Station 81#9** (Agassiz trawl) 8 specimens.</p><p>Derivation of name: flavofusca is derived from the Latin words flavus, meaning yellow and fuscus, meaning brown, dusky or tawny. It refers to the colour of the test.</p><p>Diagnosis. Approximately spherical species of Leptammina, up to 1.2 mm in diameter, with test wall composed of very thin, finely agglutinated layer overlying inner organic lining. Single prominent circular aperture. Peduncular sheath well developed. Cell body brownish-yellow in colour, visible through semitransparent test wall, with single large nucleus.</p><p>Deposition of type material: The holotype from Station 102#11 and paratypes, from Stations 102#11, 102#13, 80#9, 110#8, and 81#9** are deposited in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, under reg. no. SMF XXVII 7536.</p><p>Description. General morphology. The test is free and brownish-yellow in colour. Unfixed specimens have a very even, approximately spherical shape (Fig. 3) and range in diameter from 345 to 1210 µm (mean=690 µm; median=702 µm; n=180). When dried for examination in the SEM, some distortion of the shape usually occurs. There is a single circular aperture surrounded by a thin collar at the end of a very short neck (Figs 4 B–C).</p><p>Test wall. The wall is &lt;10 µm thick, semitransparent, and comprises a very thin and delicate outer agglutinated layer and an inner organic lining (Fig. 5 A–D). The surface is smooth, dull and non-reflective. The agglutinated particles that comprise the outer layer are &lt;10 µm in size and generally angular, with larger particles embedded in a matrix of finer particles, one to a few µm in size (Fig. 4 E–F).</p><p>Cell body. The brownish-yellow cell body completely fills the test interior but may shrink after fixation. A distinct organic peduncular sheath (stomostyle) is located immediately inside the aperture (Fig. 5 B); it may extend into the apertural neck and onto the rim of the aperture. A projection from the peduncular sheath forms the inner organic lining along the entire inside of the test. Some vacuoles are visible in sectioned individuals. There is one large nucleus, up to 165 µm diameter, of the granular type, with few scattered nucleoli along its periphery (Fig. 5 A). The nucleus is a folded or approximately round in shape and is located within an exonuclear vacuole. A vacuole, up to 100 µm wide; is sometimes located in the center of the nucleus. Pseudopodia have not been observed but a thin string of cytoplasm projects through the centre of the peduncular sheath, along its central axis. However, examination of the cell body of critical-point dried individuals by SEM reveals a dense network of cytoplasm organized like fine pseudopodia (reticulopodia), in which are embedded stercomata, mineral particles, and other foreign inclusions (Fig. 4 D).</p><p>Remarks: Leptammina flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. differs from L. grisea gen. et sp. nov. in the smoother and more regular shape of the test, which is yellowish-brown rather than greyish in colour. Both species were most abundant at Station 102. It might be argued that the species look different merely due to the available inorganic particles available at any given site but the fact that they co-occurred argues against this possibility. Leptammina flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. is also clearly distinguished from Saccammina alba and Pilulina argentea by the distinctive colour of the test.</p><p>Distribution: Weddell Sea, central part at 4795 m depth; off Kapp Norvegia at 3138 and 4385 m depth.</p><p>Molecular characterization. Seven sequences of L. flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. and six sequences of L. grisea gen. et sp. nov. were obtained from four and three isolates of each species, respectively. No particular structural features (introns, insertions) were observed. The sequenced fragments ranged from 1110 to 1112 nucleotides in L. grisea gen. et sp. nov. and from 1132 to 1137 nucleotides in L. flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. The GC content was 39.0–39.5% in L. flavofusca gen. et sp. nov. and 40.8–41.2 % in L. grisea gen. et sp. nov. The sequences of both species differed by 15.4 to 16.2 %, while the divergence within each species was below 1 %.</p><p>Thirteen sequences of Leptammina gen. nov. were aligned to 41 sequences including the major groups of monothalamous foraminiferans (Fig. 6). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that both species group together with an undescribed Antarctic shallow water species, called “silver saccamminid” (Gooday et al. 1996) in a very strongly supported clade (100 %). The relationships between the two Leptammina species were relatively weakly supported (79 %) and in some trees the “silver saccammminid A26” branched among them. The three species clustered together with several other monothalamous species of the lineage C, a heterogeneous assemblage including, among others, genera such as Hippocrepinella Heron-Allen &amp; Earland, 1932, Rhizammina Brady, 1879, Toxisarcon Cedhagen &amp; Pawlowski, 2002, Gloiogullmia Nyholm, 1974, Cylindrogullmia Nyholm, 1974, Bathyallogromia Gooday, Holzmann, Guiard, Cornelius &amp; Pawlowski, 2004, as well as the Xenophyophorea (Aranda da Silva, unpublished).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F387BC4840FF83EEFA4C413BF9469B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Cedhagen, Tomas;Gooday, Andrew J.;Pawlowski, Jan	Cedhagen, Tomas, Gooday, Andrew J., Pawlowski, Jan (2009): A new genus and two new species of saccamminid foraminiferans (Protista, Rhizaria) from the deep Southern Ocean *. Zootaxa 2096: 9-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187761
