identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F32B77FFE5FFA50E92FB2CFBA84DA3.text	03F32B77FFE5FFA50E92FB2CFBA84DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariidae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Family Ariidae Bleeker, 1858</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>Type genus: Arius Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Included subfamilies Ariinae Bleeker 1858</p><p>Bagreinae Schultz, 1944</p><p>Galeichthyinae Acero &amp; Betancur-R, 2007.</p><p>Diagnosis (all non-ambiguous)</p><p>Contact face between lateral ethmoid and frontal through two facets that delimit a fenestra (14, 2&gt; 3), state 0 in Ketengus; bony blade anteriorly connecting nasal tubules present (21, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Osteogeneiosus; posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Arius, Aspistor, Betancurichthys, Cathorops dasycephalus, Cephalocassis, Cinetodus, Cryptarius, Doiichthys, Hemiarius, Hemipimelodus, Ketengus, Nedystoma, Nemapteryx, Neoarius (except Neoarius hainesi), Notarius, Pachyula, Paracinetodus, Pauparius, and Potamosilurus; epioccipital posterior process present (42, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates present (58, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Hemipimelodus, Ketengus, Nedystoma, Pachyula, Potamarius (except Potamarius usumacintae), and Potamosilurus; otic capsule very large, limited by prootic, pterotic, and exoccipital (70, 0&gt; 2), state 1 in Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii); lapilli otoliths several times larger than asteriscus and sagitta (75, 0&gt; 1); space between transcapular process and otic capsule moderately large (89, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Chinchaysuyoa, Occidentarius, Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii); posterior process of exoccipital present (90, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Notarius; posterior infraorbital S-shaped (97, 0&gt; 1), state 2 in Bagre; lachrymal-antorbital very wide (100, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Plicofollis dussumieri, Plicofollis layardi, Plicofollis nella, and Plicofollis polystaphylodon; dorsal crest of premaxilla present (125, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Ketengus; anterior portion of second basibranchial very expanded (165, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of proximal cartilage of fourth epibranchial about half as wide as posterior portion (188, 0&gt; 1); third pharyngobranchial angled in form of boomerang (192, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Doiichthys, Ketengus, and Paragenidens; dorsal processes of upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate long (197, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Cinetodus and state 2 in Doiichthys and Nedystoma; anterior and posterior nostrils close together (232, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Within the Ariidae, the subfamilies Ariinae and Bagreinae share a suite of molecular and morphological characters not found in the species of the Galeichthyinae . The MP and ML results place the Ariinae plus Bagreinae as the sister group to the Galeichthyinae (Figs 1–2). Morphological character states that are shared by those two subfamilies and absent in Galeichthyinae are as follows: anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel partially or totally delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid (24, 0&gt; 1); enclosure of aortic canal present (76, 0&gt; 1); subvertebral process well developed (78, 0&gt; 1); basioccipital lateral process present (82, 0&gt; 1), sesamoid bone I very long and subtriangular (145, 0&gt; 1); urohyal long 157 (0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal as long as or longer than distal portion of bone (162, 0&gt; 1); distal portion of uncinate process of third epibranchial truncate (183, 0&gt; 1); mesial one-fourth of fourth epibranchial thin, its width about twice its length (186, 0&gt; 1), superficial ventral ossification of Weberian apparatus entirely covering aortic canal (209, 0&gt; 1); 19 or more precaudal vertebrae (215, 0&gt; 1); and protractor muscle of parapophysis of fourth vertebra contacting posterior process of epioccipital (249, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 1&gt; 2); epioccipital posterior process very long (43, 0&gt; 1); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions very narrow and long (65, 0&gt; 1); otolith anteromesial process conspicuous (72, 0&gt; 1); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); exoccipital bony crest parallel to vertebral column and mesially folded (92, 1&gt; 2); articulation of the autopalatine with lateral ethmoid slightly displaced to anterior portion of bone (111, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of urohyal not projected anteriorly (156, 1&gt; 0); Müllerian ramus distal third gently curved (208, 0&gt; 1), 15 or more ribs (213, 0&gt; 1); adipose-fin base very short (222, 0&gt; 3); gas bladder shape cordiform (239, 0&gt; 1), and lateral line not bifurcated, reaching dorsal caudal-fin lobe (247, 0&gt; 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE5FFA50E92FB2CFBA84DA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE2FFA40CA8FF66FA0C4BFA.text	03F32B77FFE2FFA40CA8FF66FA0C4BFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariidae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Key to subfamilies, tribes, subtribes, and genera of Ariidae</p><p>1a. Bones forming cephalic shield smooth or grooved; shape of vomerine tooth plates transversely elongate ...............................2</p><p>1b. Bones forming cephalic shield granulated; shape of vomerine tooth plates absent or not elongate …. Ariinae ......................3</p><p>2a. Posterior process of cleithrum connected by bony blade to second dorsal process of cleithrum; adipose-fin base longer than anal-fin base; maxillary barbel cylindrical; two pairs of mental barbels .............................. Galeichthyinae (genus Galeichthys)</p><p>2b. Posterior process of cleithrum free from second dorsal process of cleithrum; adipose-fin base shorter than one-half length of anal-fin base; maxillary barbel compressed; one pair of mental barbels ................................................. Bagreinae (genus Bagre)</p><p>3a. New World genera of Ariinae ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>3b. Old World genera and Subtribes of Ariini ............................................................................................................................................. 12</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE2FFA40CA8FF66FA0C4BFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE2FFA40DEFFDC5FF4A4DAB.text	03F32B77FFE2FFA40DEFFDC5FF4A4DAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeichthyinae Acero	<div><p>Subfamily Galeichthyinae Acero &amp; Betancur-R., 2007</p><p>(Figs 1–3)</p><p>Type genus: Galeichthys Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>Frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); parieto-supraoccipital process base almost as narrow as posterior portion (46, 1&gt; 0); ventral crest of parieto-supraoccipital process weakly developed, restricted to base of process (48, 1&gt; 0); anterior margin of otolith irregular, concave (71,?&gt; 2); transcapular process forming a right angle in relation to body axis (86, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process very short and thick (87, 0&gt; 1); bony crest of exoccipital shallow and inconspicuous (91, 0&gt; 1); posterior branch of lachrymal-antorbital short and little differentiated (99, 1&gt; 0); maxilla wide for proximal two-thirds with edges parallel, narrow distally, thin and acute posteriorly (102, 0&gt; 1); autopalatine posterior cartilage as long as anterior cartilage (114, 1&gt; 0); anterodorsal process of anguloarticular present (118, 0&gt; 1); opercle posterior portion not well developed posteriorly (129, 1&gt; 0); second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first ray (148, 0&gt; 1); posterior portion of second basibranchial long and wide (167, 2&gt; 0); third basibranchial long and narrow (169, 1&gt; 2); mesial portion of first epibranchial large and depressed (180, 0&gt; 1); space for insertion of teeth on fifth ceratobranchial very large (194, 1&gt; 0); median crest associated with neural spine of third vertebra low or absent (201, 1&gt; 0); seventh vertebra free from ventral superficial ossification (214, 0&gt; 10); anterior and middle nuchal plates indistinct (217, 1&gt; 0); posterior process of cleithrum connected by bony blade from second dorsal process of cleithrum (228, 0&gt; 1); basipterygium anterior internal process partially connected to bony lamina (231, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder Müllerian window short (241, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Galeichthys Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates previous morphological and molecular studies and confirms the recognition of a subfamily for the genus Galeichthys, as the sister group of all other members of the family Ariidae (Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE2FFA40DEFFDC5FF4A4DAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE2FFA40E9FFDC5FABE4FCD.text	03F32B77FFE2FFA40E9FFDC5FABE4FCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeichthys Valenciennes 1840	<div><p>Galeichthys Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 4A – 5)</p><p>Type species: Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>That of the Galeichthyinae, above.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Galeichthys ater Castelnau, 1861</p><p>Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Galeichthys peruvianus Lütken, 1874</p><p>Galeichthys trowi Kulongowski, 2010 *.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Total-evidence analysis corroborated previous morphological (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012) and molecular (Betancur-R.2009) studiesregardingthemonophylyandrelationship of the genus. Supported by morphological and molecular data, Betancur-R. et al. (2007) had the same interpretation of the phylogenetic relationship of Galeichthys, examining only Galeichthys ater and Galeichthys peruvianus, whereas Kailola (2004), based only on morphological evidence, recognized the same species composition, but with a unique hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Marine, southern Africa, and north-western coast of South America (Fig. 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE2FFA40E9FFDC5FABE4FCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE2FFA60E82FA2CFEEB4CA9.text	03F32B77FFE2FFA60E82FA2CFEEB4CA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bagreinae Schultz 1944	<div><p>Subfamily Bagreinae Schultz, 1944</p><p>(Figs 1–2)</p><p>Type genus: Bagre Cloquet, 1816 .</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Bagre Cloquet, 1816 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid moderately long, delimiting between one-fourth and one-half length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 1); lachrymal-antorbital and frontal distinct from each other (22, 0&gt; 1); ventral tip of subvertebral process rounded (80, 0&gt; 1); anterior infraorbital conspicuously curved (96, 0&gt; 1); posterior infraorbital L-shaped (97, 1&gt; 2); two anterior branches and one mesial branch in lachrymal-antorbital anterior part (98, 0&gt; 2); maxilla cylindrical, moderately long and distally acute (101, 0&gt; 1); maxillary condyle large (103, 1&gt; 2); autopalatine conical, short, and robust (104, 0&gt; 1); autopalatine ventral process present and very conspicuous (112, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of premaxilla delimiting contact area with mesethmoid beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process very large (139, 0&gt; 1); posterior ceratohyal long (153, 0&gt; 1); posterior end of urohyal bifurcate (158, 0&gt; 1); median constriction of third basibranchial displaced to posterior one-fourth (170, 0&gt; 1); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus blade evident only in basal third of length (206, 2&gt; 1); 39 or more caudal vertebrae (216, 1&gt; 0); adipose-fin origin vertically above posterior one-half of anal fin (223, 1&gt; 2); second dorsal cleithral process on lower portion of cleithrum (225, 0&gt; 1); maxillary barbel compressed (235, 0&gt; 1); mental barbel one pair (237, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Bagre panamensis; medial groove of cranium shallow with margins not very conspicuous (31, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Bagre bagre and Bagre filamentosus; dorsal-fin spine prolonged into filament (221, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Bagre panamensis; lateral line bifurcated, reaching dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes (247, 0&gt; 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE2FFA60E82FA2CFEEB4CA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE0FFA60C1CF93CFB0C4DB5.text	03F32B77FFE0FFA60C1CF93CFB0C4DB5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bagre Cloquet 1816	<div><p>Bagre Cloquet, 1816</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 4A, 6)</p><p>Type species: Silurus bagre Linnaeus, 1766 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>That of the Bagreinae, above.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Bagre bagre Linnaeus, 1766</p><p>Bagre filamentosus Swainson, 1839</p><p>Bagre marinus Mitchill, 1815</p><p>Bagre panamensis Gill, 1863</p><p>Bagre pinnimaculatus Steindachner, 1876 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Predominantly marine, eastern and western America (Fig. 4).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The MP and ML analyses corroborate the morphological diagnosis, species composition, and the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of Bagre presented in previous morphological studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012). With different interpretations of phylogenetic relationships, Kailola (2004), Betancur-R. et al. (2007), and Betancur-R. (2009) show the same definition and species composition as found in the total-evidence analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE0FFA60C1CF93CFB0C4DB5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFEFFFA80C48FF46FE7E4DA7.text	03F32B77FFEFFFA80C48FF46FE7E4DA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariinae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Subfamily Ariinae Bleeker, 1858</p><p>MP 100, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–2)</p><p>Type genus: Arius Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid medial notch narrow and deep (1, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Cryptarius and Ketengus, state 2 in Batrachocephalus, Bleekeriella, Brustiarius utarus, Cochlefelis, Doiichthys, Nedystoma, Nemapteryx, Netuma, Notarius grandicassis, Osteogeneiosus, Pararius mastersi, Papuarius, Potamosilurus (except Potamosilurus velutinus), Sciades parkeri, and Sciades proops; bones forming cephalic shield granulated (33, 0&gt; 1); vomerine tooth plates rounded (56, 0&gt; 1), state 2 in Brustiarius (except Brustiarius utarus) and Pararius proximus, state 3 in Aspistor; accessory tooth plates large, oval to subtriangular (60, 0&gt; 2), state 0 in Aceroichthys, Ariopsis guatemalensis, Bleekeriella, Chinchaysuyoa, Cochlefelis, Neoarius, Paracinetodus, and Papuarius, state 1 in Brustiarius, Hexanematichthys, Nemapteryx, Pararius, and Potamarius usumacintae, state 2 in Ariopsis (except Ariopsis guatemalensis), Arius aff. nenga, Arius dispar, Arius maculatus, Arius oetik, Carlarius, Genidens machadoi, Netuma, Notarius, Occidentarius, Pseudosciades, and Sciades, state 3 in Batrachocephalus, Cathorops, Cephalocassis, Cryptarius, Doiichthys, and Hemiarius; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen about twice as large as trigemino-facialis foramen (68, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Paragenidens and Potamosilurus; articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid moderately large (109, 0&gt; 1); anterior cartilage of autopalatine moderately long, one-third to one-fifth as long as bone itself (113, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Osteogeneiosus and state 3 in Batrachocephalus and Ketengus; premaxilla wide and moderately long, its length more than three times in width (120, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Aceroichthys, Brustiarius uterus, and Cochlefelis, state 2 in Arius gagora, Cathorops, Cephalocassis, Hemipimelodus, Neoarius hainesi, Notarius rugispinis, Notarius phrygiatus, Paracinetodus, and Plicofollis (except Plicofollis platystomus) and state 3 in Doiichthys, Cinetodus, Pachyula, Paragenidens, and Potamarius (except Potamarius usumacintae); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, moderately long (127, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Aceroichthys, Arius leptonotacanthus, Arius nenga, Arius oetik, Bleekeriella, Brustiarius utarus, Cinetodus, Hexanematichthys, Nedystoma, Pararius mastersi, and Pseudosciades and state 2 in Cathorops, Crypatrius, Hemiarius, and Pachyula; more than one-half of posterior part of interopercle contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Arius leptonotacanthus, Batrachocephalus, Bleekeriella, Ketengus, Neoarius (except Neoarius hainesi), Notarius (except Notarius rugispinis and Notarius phrygiatus), Plicofollis platystomus, and Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii); metapterygoid as deep as long in perpendicular section (135, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Doiichthys, state 2 in Cathorops, Cinetodus, Chinchaysuyoa, Cryptarius, Hemipimelodus, Pachyula, Paragenidens, Plicofollis, and Potamarius izabalensis and state 3 in Batrachocephalus and Ketengus; first external branchiostegal ray as broad proximally as distally (147, 0&gt; 1); second basibranchial mushroom shaped (166, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Cochlefelis, Brustiarius, Doiichthys, Neoarius, Notarius (except Notarius rugispinis, Notarius planiceps, and Notarius phrygiatus), Osteogeneiosus, Sciades couma, and Sciades herzbergii .</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Aspistor, Cephalocassis, Cryptarius, Hemiarius, Hemipimelodus, Doiichthyina (except Bleekeriella, Cinetodus, Neoarius, Pachyula, Paracinetodus, Papuarius, and Potamosilurus velutinus), Notarius (except Notarius armbrusteri and Notarius biffi), Plicofollis platystomus, Plicofollis layardi, and Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades couma); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid of variable length and lateroposteriorly oriented (12, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Aceroichthys, Brustiarius (except Brustiarius utarus), Cochlefelis danielsi, Pararius, Plicofollis layardi, Sciades (except Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii) and state 2 in Doiichthys, Paragenidens, Plicofollis dussumieri, Plicofollis nella, Plicofollis polystaphylodon, and Potamarius (except Potamarius usumacintae); posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long (27, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Arius leptonotacanthus, Arius nenga, Brustiarius, Cathorops (except Cathorops dasycephalus), Genidentini (except Paragenidens), Neoarius hainesi, Netuma, Plicofollis (except Plicofollis platystomus), state 2 in Aspistor, Hemiarius, Notarius rugispinis, Notarius phrygiatus, Papuarius, and state 3 in Cephalocassis, Doiichthys, Hemipimelodus, Nedystoma, and Nemapteryx; extrascapular subquadrangular (37, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Arius, Batrachocephalus, Betancurichthys, Brustiarius (except Brustiarius utarus), Genidens, Ketengus, Notarius (except Notarius rugispinis, Notarius planiceps, Notarius phrygiatus, and Notarius troschelii), Pararius mastersi, Paragenidens, Plicofollis, Potamarius (except Potamarius izabalensis), Sciades dowii and state 2 Cathorops, Cinetodus, and Paracinetodus; temporal fossa moderate to very large (39, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Arius nenga, Bleekeriella, Brustiarius (excluded Brustiarius utarus), Cathorops, Cryptarius, Genidens, Hemipimelodus, and Pararius; articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid slightly displaced to posterior portion of bone (111, 1&gt; 2), state 0 in Doiichthys, and state 1 in Brustiarius, Cochlefelis, Nemapteryx, and Neoarius; dorsal crest of hyomandibula present (140, 0&gt; 1); first epibranchial parallel to second epibranchial (179, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Ketengus; nuchal plate and parieto-supraoccipital contacting one another through a convex-concave articulation (220, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Notarius armbrusteri, Notarius biffi, Notarius kessleri, and Notarius neogranatensis and state 2 in Aspistor, Notarius troschelii, Pararius mastersi, Sciades (except Sciades herzbergii, Sciades parkeri, and Sciades proops).</p><p>Included tribes</p><p>Incertae sedis Ariinae</p><p>Ariini Bleeker, 1858</p><p>Cathoropsini tribe nov.</p><p>Genidentini tribe nov.</p><p>Sciadeini tribe nov.</p><p>Key to New World genera, Ariinae</p><p>4a. Adipose-fin base long or very short; ventral tip of subvertebral process acute or spatulate; otolith longer than wide; otolith antero-mesial process inconspicuous ….. Cathoropsini ...................................................................................................................... 5</p><p>4b. Adipose-fin base moderately long; ventral tip of subvertebral process rounded; otolith almost as long as wide; otolith anteromesial process conspicuous …. Incertae sedis, Genidentini and Sciadeini ....................................................................................... 6</p><p>5a. Accessory tooth plates small, oval; temporal fossa very reduced; anterior margin of otolith markedly irregular, concave; superficial ventral ossification of complex vertebra regularly arched ................................................................................. Cathorops</p><p>5b. Accessory tooth plates large, oval to subtriangular; temporal fossa moderate to very large; anterior margin of otolith straight or slightly irregular; otolith posterior margin rounded; superficial ventral ossification of complex vertebra keeled ................. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Notarius</p><p>6a. Posterior cranial fontanel absent; epiphyseal bar indistinct ................................................................................................................. 7</p><p>6b. Posterior cranial fontanel present; epiphyseal bar distinct ................................................................................................................... 8</p><p>7a. Mesethmoid median portion moderately large; distinct fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal; lateral margin of premaxilla with slight concavity; Müllerian ramus distal third gently curved; females with conspicuous pad on pelvic fin … ( Sciadeini) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Ariopsis</p><p>7b. Mesethmoid median portion very wide; indistinct fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal; lateral margin of premaxilla with a very conspicuous concavity; Müllerian ramus distal third straight; females without conspicuous pad on pelvic fin … ( Sciadeini) ................................................................................................................................................................... Sciades</p><p>8a. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very small or indistinct; temporal fossa absent; subvertebral process indistinct or weakly developed … (incertae sedis) .................................................................................................................... Occidentarius</p><p>8b. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal distinct and moderately wide; temporal fossa present; subvertebral process well developed ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9</p><p>9a. Posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long; premaxilla very wide and short, as long as wide (except Paragenidens grandoculis); mesethmoid median portion very narrow (except Potamarius usumacintae); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid long and posteriorly oriented (except Potamarius usumacintae); optic foramen very large; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen small, equal to width of trigemino-facialis foramen .......................................................................... 10</p><p>9b. Posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small opening; premaxilla wide and moderately long, its length more than three times in width; mesethmoid median portion moderately wide; lateral horn of lateral ethmoid variable length and lateroposteriorly oriented; optic foramen moderately large or very reduced; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen large, about twice as large as trigemino-facialis foramen ................................................................................................................... 11</p><p>10a. Snout very long, snout length 0.5–0.8 times in cephalic shield width at frontal area and 1.6–1.8 times in body width …. ( Sciadeini) .................................................................................................................................................................................... Potamarius</p><p>10b. Snout moderately long, snout length 1.0–1.5 times in cephalic shield width at frontal area and 2.2–2.7 times in body width … ( Genidentini) ..................................................................................................................................................................... Paragenidens</p><p>11a. Posterior process of cleithrum moderately long, about one-half vertical length of lateral face of cleithrum; gas bladder with single chamber; temporal fossa very reduced; teeth restricted to mesial two-thirds of dentary; pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital shorter than anterior border with sphenotic … ( Genidentini) ................................................... Genidens</p><p>11b. Posterior process of cleithrum very long, equal to vertical length of lateral face of cleithrum; gas bladder with three chambers; temporal fossa moderate to very large; teeth restricted to mesial three-fourths of dentary; pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital longer than anterior border with sphenotic … ( Genidentini) .......................................... Chinchaysuyoa .</p><p>Ariinae incertae sedis</p><p>(Figs 1–3)</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Occidentarius Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2007.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The monotypic genus Occidentarius listed here falls within the Ariinae in MP and ML analyses, but its position within the subfamily differs markedly among the different analyses. As such, it is treated here as a member of the Ariinae, but not included within either of the named tribes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFEFFFA80C48FF46FE7E4DA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFEEFFAA0EDFF9ECFED2489B.text	03F32B77FFEEFFAA0EDFF9ECFED2489B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Occidentarius Betancur-R. & Acero P. 2007	<div><p>Occidentarius Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2007</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 7–8)</p><p>Type species: Arius platypogon Günther, 1864 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very small or indistinct (17, 1&gt; 0); temporal fossa absent (38, 0&gt; 1); epioccipital contacting small narrow area of diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 2&gt; 0); ventral crest of parieto-supraoccipital process well-developed through entire extension of process (48, 0&gt; 1); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of third vertebra very high (201, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1). Ambiguous optimization: Vomer lateral processes wide (53, 1&gt; 0); tooth plates associated with vomer present (55, 0&gt; 1); subvertebral process indistinct or weakly developed (78, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of urohyal projected anteriorly (156, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Occidentarius platypogon (Günther, 1864) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Marine, western America (Fig. 7).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus Occidentarius was well defined in previous morphological and molecular studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2003, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), which was corroborated in the present analysis, but without consensus regarding its relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFEEFFAA0EDFF9ECFED2489B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFECFFAA0C0EFD76FEEC4DDE.text	03F32B77FFECFFAA0C0EFD76FEEC4DDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathoropsini Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Cathoropsini tribe nov.</p><p>MP 64, BI 1, ML 85</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 9)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 429CBD26- 08F8-4207-BB19-13F4260D7CFB.</p><p>Type genus: Cathorops Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2,?&gt; 0), state 1 in Notarius biffi, Notarius kessleri, and Notarius neogranatensis, and state 2 in Notarius cookei, Notarius grandicassis, and Notarius troschelii; bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); otolith longer than wide (73, 0&gt; 1); subvertebral process long and narrow (79, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process forming a right angle in relation to body axis 86 (0&gt; 1), state 0 in Notarius cookei and Notarius grandicassis; exoccipital bony crest parallel to vertebral column and mesially folded (92, 1&gt; 2), state 3 in Notarius .</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Frontal mesial laminar projection present (23, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel formed by frontals and parieto-supraoccipital (25, 1&gt; 0); pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital longer than anterior border with sphenotic (36, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Notarius; vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Aspistor; otolith anteromesial process inconspicuous (72, 1&gt; 0), homoplastic in Galeichthys; dorsal crest of urohyal projected anteriorly (156, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Notarius rugispinis, Notarius planiceps, and Notarius phrygiatus; 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Notarius; seventh vertebra free from ventral superficial ossification (214, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included genera Notarius Gill, 1863</p><p>Cathorops Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>BI analyses and ML analyses did not recognize Aspistor as a valid genus as was reported by Marceniuk and Menezes (2007) and Marceniuk et al. (2012) on morphological evidence (see Notarius Remarks).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFECFFAA0C0EFD76FEEC4DDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFECFFAC0E88FD9BFBCB4EB6.text	03F32B77FFECFFAC0E88FD9BFBCB4EB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cathorops Jordan & Gilbert 1883	<div><p>Cathorops Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 9A – 10)</p><p>Arius hypophthalmus Steindachner, 1876 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel throughout their entire extension (7, 0&gt; 1); frontal as main component of bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal (15, 0&gt; 2); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very large (17, 1&gt; 2); epioccipital contacting both diagonal and transversal crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates small, vertically oval (60, 2&gt; 3); otic capsules weakly differentiated (69, 0&gt; 1); anterior margin of subvertebral process keeled (81, 0&gt; 1); basioccipital lateral process very long (84, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process depressed (88, 0&gt; 1); premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width (120, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very short (127, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral margin of opercle concave or almost straight (128, 0&gt; 1); posterior margin of interopercle straight and inclined (130, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of interopercle compressed and bifurcate (132, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process rounded (138, 0&gt; 2); ventral crest of hyomandibula absent (142, 0&gt; 1); second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first ray (148, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal compressed (150, 0&gt; 1); anterior margin of urohyal not notched (154, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); general aspect of superficial ventral ossification of Weberian ossification regularly arched (211, 0&gt; 1); 18 or fewer precaudal vertebrae (215, 1&gt; 0); second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process (226, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Temporal fossa very reduced (39, 1&gt; 0); anterior margin of otolith markedly irregular, concave (71,?&gt; 3); anterior opening of aortic canal within base of subvertebral process and anteriorly oriented (77,?&gt; 2); ventral tip of subvertebral process spatulate (80,?&gt; 3).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Cathorops agassizii (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888) Cathorops aguadulce (Meek, 1904)</p><p>Cathorops arenatus (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Cathorops belizensis Marceniuk &amp; Betancur-R., 2008 * Cathorops dasycephalus (Günther, 1864)</p><p>Cathorops festae (Boulenger, 1898)</p><p>Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner, 1876)</p><p>Cathorops higuchii Marceniuk &amp; Betancur-R., 2008 Cathorops hypophthalmus (Steindachner, 1876) Cathorops kailolae Marceniuk &amp; Betancur-R., 2008 * Cathorops liropus (Bristol, 1897) *</p><p>Cathorops manglarensis Marceniuk, 2007</p><p>Cathorops mapale Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2005 Cathorops melanopus (Günther, 1864) *</p><p>Cathorops multiradiatus (Günther, 1864)</p><p>Cathorops nuchalis (Günther, 1864) *</p><p>Cathorops raredonae Marceniuk, Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2009 Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829) *</p><p>Cathorops steindachneri (Gilbert &amp; Starks, 1904)</p><p>Cathorops taylori (Hildebrand, 1925)</p><p>Cathorops tuyra (Meek &amp; Hildebrand, 1923)</p><p>Cathorops wayuu Betancur-R., Acero P. &amp; Marceniuk, 2012.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, eastern and western Central and South America (Fig. 9).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The monophyly Cathorops has been shown to be well supported in previous studies (Betancur-R. et al. 2007, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), but there is no consensus regarding their relationships in previous morphological and molecular studies (Betancur-R. et al. 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012). Results of the total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly of Cathorops and its sister group relationship with Notarius (including Aspistor), as postulated in previous molecular studies.</p><p>Within Cathorops, species share a suite of molecular and morphological characters not found in the species of Cathorops dasycephalus . The total-evidence hypothesis presented above places Cathorops dasycephalus as the sister group to all remaining Cathorops, and was assigned to a separate subgenus Cathorops (Precathorops) Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. (2007). Morphological character states shared by the remaining species, in Cathorops (Cathorops), are as follows: fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid present (3, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid small, not filled with cartilage (4,?&gt; 0); mesethmoid posterior horn tubular, narrow and elongate (5, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid very long, delimiting one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 2); posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small opening (27, 1&gt; 0); extrascapular delimiting more than three-fifths of temporal fossa (40, 0&gt; 1); tooth plates associated with vomer absent (55, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates molariform (61, 0&gt; 1); ventral process at symphysis of dentary long and very conspicuous (115, 1&gt; 2); teeth acicular and molariform on dentary (117, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid one and a one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); first hypobranchial very elongate transversely, its mesial face well developed and acute 172 (0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial inconspicuous (173, 0&gt; 1); second hypobranchial very elongate transversely, its mesial face acute (176, 0&gt; 1); space for insertion of teeth on fifth ceratobranchial very small (194, 1&gt; 2); cardinal veins at same level of aortic canal (210, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of cleithrum very short (224, 1&gt; 0); cleithrum lateral face very narrow (227, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0&gt; 1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFECFFAC0E88FD9BFBCB4EB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFEAFFAF095EFB07FD814CC5.text	03F32B77FFEAFFAF095EFB07FD814CC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notarius Gill 1863	<div><p>Notarius Gill, 1863</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 93</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 9B, 11)</p><p>Type species: Arius grandicassis Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Epiphyseal bar transversely elongate and longitudinally narrow (29, 0&gt; 1); medial groove of cranium absent 30 (0&gt; 1); vomer anterior margin very pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of exoccipital absent (90, 1&gt; 0); exoccipital bony crest parallel to vertebral column and mesially folded (92, 1&gt; 2); sesamoid bone I irregularly shaped (145, 1&gt; 2); accessory crest connecting transverse and median crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra present (204, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid acute (11, 1&gt; 0); interior margin of otolith straight or slightly irregular (71, 0&gt; 1); anterior opening of aortic canal at base of subvertebral process and anteroventrally oriented (77,?&gt; 1); ventral tip of subvertebral process acute (80,?&gt; 2); adipose-fin base long (222, 3&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>440 • Marceniuk et al.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Notarius armbrusteri Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2006 Notarius biffi Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P., 2004</p><p>Notarius bonillai (Miles, 1945)</p><p>Notarius cookei (Acero P. &amp; Betancur-R., 2002) Notarius grandicassis (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Notarius insculptus (Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883)</p><p>Notarius kessleri (Steindachner, 1876)</p><p>Notarius aff. kessleri</p><p>Notarius lentiginosus (Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1888) Notarius luniscutis (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Notarius neogranatensis (Acero P. &amp; Betancur-R., 2002) Notarius osculus (Jordan &amp; Gilbert, 1883) *</p><p>Notarius parmocassis (Valenciennes, 1840) *</p><p>Notarius phrygiatus (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Notarius planiceps (Steindachner, 1876)</p><p>Notarius aff. planiceps</p><p>Notarius quadriscutis (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Notarius rugispinis (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Notarius troschelii (Gill, 1863) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, eastern and western Central and South America (Fig. 9).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly, relationships, and species composition of Notarius as previously uncovered by molecular evidence (Betancur-R. et al. 2007; Betancur-R. 2009). The generic names Amphiarius and Aspistor, recognized as valid in previous morphological analyses (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), are treated herein as junior synonyms of Notarius .</p><p>Genidentini tribe nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFEAFFAF095EFB07FD814CC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFE9FFB10EEBF98BFE7F4FF1.text	03F32B77FFE9FFB10EEBF98BFE7F4FF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk 2019	<div><p>Chinchaysuyoa Marceniuk et al. 2019</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 12A – 13)</p><p>Type species: Arius labiatus Boulenger, 1898 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid posterior horn tubular, narrow, and elongate (5, 0&gt; 1); bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); vomer anterior margin very pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates small, transversely elongate, and narrow (60, 2&gt; 0); optic foramen very reduced (67, 1&gt; 2); anterior opening of aortic canal at base of subvertebral process and anteroventrally oriented (77, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of exoccipital connected to Müllerian ramus by suture (93, 0&gt; 1); one-half or less of interopercle posterior part contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0); anterior portion of interopercle compressed and bifurcate (132, 0&gt; 1); interopercle anterior portion conspicuously narrow (133, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid one and a one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); uncinate process of third epibranchial much longer and wider than mesial portion of third epibranchial delimited by uncinate process (182, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of cleithrum very long (224, 1&gt; 2); gas bladder with three chambers (238, 0&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Chinchaysuyoa ortegai Marceniuk, Marchena, Oliveira &amp; Betancur-R., 2019</p><p>Chinchaysuyoa labiata (Boulenger, 1898) *.</p><p>442 • Marceniuk et al.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, western South America in Ecuador and Peru (Fig. 12).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly, relationships, and species composition of Chinchaysuyoa, as proposed by Marceniuk et al. (2019b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFE9FFB10EEBF98BFE7F4FF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF7FFB10C74F9D9FCC44DA7.text	03F32B77FFF7FFB10C74F9D9FCC44DA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Genidens Castelnau 1855	<div><p>Genidens Castelnau, 1855</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 12B, 14)</p><p>Type species: Bagrus genidens Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Temporal fossa very reduced (39, 1&gt; 0); dentary teeth restricted to mesial two-thirds (116, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal two-thirds as long as distal portion of bone (162, 1&gt; 2); posterior portion of second basibranchial short and wide (167, 2&gt; 3).</p><p>Ambiguousoptimization: Mesialborderwithparieto-supraoccipital as long as distal portion of bone (36, 1&gt; 0); tooth plates attached to vomer by ligaments (57, 0&gt; 1); otolith posterior margin rounded (74, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal as long as or longer than distal portion of bone (162, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803)</p><p>Genidens genidens (Cuvier, 1829)</p><p>Genidens machadoi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)</p><p>Genidens planifrons (Higuchi, Reis &amp; Araújo, 1982) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, east and southern South America (Fig. 12).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Total-evidence analysis supports the monophyly of Genidens, as reported in previous phylogenetic studies (Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), with a new hypothesis of relationships. The species of Genidens form a species flock, as evidenced by their shallow genetic divergences (Cerqueira et al, unpublished work).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF7FFB10C74F9D9FCC44DA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF6FFB00C4BFF59FDE44C00.text	03F32B77FFF6FFB00C4BFF59FDE44C00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragenidens Marceniuk 2019	<div><p>Paragenidens Marceniuk et al. 2019</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 12C, 15)</p><p>Type species: Arius grandoculis Steindachner, 1877 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 1&gt; 0); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid long and posteriorly oriented (12, 1&gt; 2); bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); anterior margin of vomer very pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1&gt; 0); optic foramen very large (67, 1&gt; 0), homoplastic in Potamarius; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen small, equal to width of trigemino-facialis foramen (68, 1&gt; 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process very short and thick (87, 0&gt; 1); maxilla lateral and mesial margins considerably closer to each other proximally, distally narrow and pointed (102, 2&gt; 3); premaxilla very wide and short, only as long as wide (120, 1&gt; 3); opercle posterior portion well developed posteriorly (129, 0&gt; 1); interopercle rectangular (134, 0&gt; 1), homoplastic in Potamarius; metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0&gt; 1); bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent (159, 0&gt; 1); third basibranchial long and narrow (169, 1&gt; 2); third pharyngobranchial funnel shaped (192, 1&gt; 0); 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long (27, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Paragenidens grandoculis (Steindachner, 1877) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, east coast of Brazil (Fig. 12).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the result of a previous morphological and molecular study that supports the recognition of Paragenidens (Marceniuk et al. 2019c) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF6FFB00C4BFF59FDE44C00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF6FFB0095DFF46FA1E4EF6.text	03F32B77FFF6FFB0095DFF46FA1E4EF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciadeini Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Sciadeini tribe nov.</p><p>MP 84, BI 1, ML 98</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 16)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 02882C05- C5B8-48C9-B796-0339081B8412.</p><p>Type genus: Sciades Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Potamarius izabalensis; posterior process of exoccipital connected to Müllerian ramus by suture (93, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel absent (26, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Potamarius; epiphyseal bar indistinct (28, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Potamarius; temporal fossa absent (38, 0&gt; 1); subvertebral process indistinct or weakly developed (78, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Potamarius .</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Ariopsis Gill, 1861</p><p>Potamarius Hubbs &amp; Miller, 1960</p><p>Sciades Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis brings significant results concerning the definition of limits and species composition of Sciades .The present analysis supports the hypothesis of monophyly, relationships, and species composition as defined based on previous molecular studies (Betancur-R. et al. 2007, Betancur-R. 2009). The inclusion of Old World species in Sciades (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), here assigned to Hexanematichthys or Pseudosciades, is interpreted as a result of morphological convergence, mainly smaller skull openings (characters 26, 28, and 93).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF6FFB0095DFF46FA1E4EF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF6FFB2095AFADEFE014BB4.text	03F32B77FFF6FFB2095AFADEFE014BB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariopsis Gill 1861	<div><p>Ariopsis Gill, 1861</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 99</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 16A, 17)</p><p>Type species: Arius milberti Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>444 • Marceniuk et al.</p><p>Third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Ariopsis guatemalensis; Müllerian ramus bone blade evident only in basal third (206, 2&gt; 1), state 2 in Ariopsis canteri .</p><p>Included species</p><p>Ariopsis assimilis Günther, 1864 *</p><p>Ariopsis canteri Acero P., Betancur-R. &amp; Marceniuk, 2017 Ariopsis felis Linnaeus, 1766</p><p>Ariopsis gilberti Jordan &amp; Williams, 1895 *</p><p>Ariopsis guatemalensis Günther, 1864</p><p>Ariopsis jimenezi Marceniuk et al., 2017 *</p><p>Ariopsis seemanni Günther, 1864</p><p>Ariopsis simonsi Starks, 1906 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, brackish, and marine waters, North America, Central America and northern South America (Fig. 16).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly of Ariopsis and the relationships established by molecular data (Betancur-R. et al. 2007, Betancur-R. 2009), with the same species composition as in the recent revision of the genus (Marceniuk et al. 2017b). The overall morphological similarity of Sciades and Ariopsis is expressed by the synonymy of the genera in previous morphological analyses (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF6FFB2095AFADEFE014BB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF4FFB50C50FE1FFD20497B.text	03F32B77FFF4FFB50C50FE1FFD20497B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potamarius Hubbs & Miller 1960	<div><p>Potamarius Hubbs &amp; Miller, 1960</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 16B, 18)</p><p>Type species: Conorhynchos nelsoni Evermann &amp; Goldsborough, 1902 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Epioccipital contacting small narrow area of diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 2&gt; 0); lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly (63, 0&gt; 1); optic foramen very large (67, 1&gt; 0); distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen small, equal to width of trigemino-facialis foramen (68, 1&gt; 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); opercle posterior portion well developed posteriodorsally (129, 0&gt; 1); interopercle rectangular (134, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel present (26, 0&gt; 1); epiphyseal bar conspicuous (28, 1&gt; 0); temporal fossa present (38, 1&gt; 0); vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1); subvertebral process well developed (78, 0&gt; 1); maxilla lateral and mesial margins considerably closer to each other proximally, distally narrow and pointed (102, 2&gt; 3); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0&gt; 1); second basibranchial spindle-shaped (166, 1&gt; 0); third basibranchial very short and wide (169, 1&gt; 0); extensionofdiagonalcrestassociatedwithposterior branch of parapophysis of complex vertebra short, reaching transverse crest (199, 1&gt; 0); opening delimited by epioccipital posterior process and crests of sustentaculum of Weberian apparatus very large (203, 2&gt; 0); 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1&gt; 0); second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process (226, 0&gt; 1); protractor muscle of parapophysis of fourth vertebra originating from ventral surface of parieto-supraoccipital process and posterior process of epioccipital (248, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Potamarius izabalensis Hubbs &amp; Miller, 1960</p><p>Potamarius nelsoni Evermann &amp; Goldsborough, 1902 Potamarius usumacintae Betancur-R. &amp; Willink, 2007.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, eastern Central America (Fig. 16).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly, relationships and species composition of Potamarius sensu Betancur-R. et al. (2007) and Betancur-R. (2009), with results showing that the previous inclusion of Paragenidens grandoculis in Potamarius (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012) was the result of morphological convergence (characters 64, 67, 68, 120), apparently the result of secondary invasion of freshwater environments (Marceniuk et al. 2019b, c).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF4FFB50C50FE1FFD20497B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF3FFB50C49FC52FBFF4C4E.text	03F32B77FFF3FFB50C49FC52FBFF4C4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sciades Muller & Troschel 1849	<div><p>Sciades Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 16C, 19)</p><p>Type species: Bagrus (Sciades) emphysetus Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid acute (11, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very small or indistinct (17, 1&gt; 0); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions very narrow and long (65, 0&gt; 1), reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); otic capsule of moderate size, limited by prootic, pterotic, and exoccipital (70, 2&gt; 1), reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; space between transcapular process and otic capsule very large (89, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; one-half or less of interopercle posterior part contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0), reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; Müllerian ramus distal third straight (208, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 1&gt; 2); autopalatine posterior portion conspicuously compressed (106, 0&gt; 1); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid mesoposteriorly oriented (110, 0&gt; 1); lateral margin of premaxilla with a very conspicuous concavity (123, 1&gt; 2); sesamoid bone I very long and subrectangular (145, 2&gt; 3); sesamoid bone II irregularly elongate (146, 0&gt; 1); first external branchiostegal ray proximally narrow and distally broad (147, 1&gt; 0); reversed in Sciades couma and Sciades herzbergii; complex formed by anterior and median nuchal plates shield-like (218, 0&gt; 1); reversed in Sciades couma, Sciades herzbergii, and Sciades passany; nuchal plate overlaying parieto-supraoccipital (220, 1&gt; 2); groove connecting posterior nostrils present (233, 0&gt; 1); reversed in Sciades parkeri and Sciades proops .</p><p>Included species</p><p>Sciades couma (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Sciades dowii (Gill, 1863)</p><p>Sciades herzbergii (Bloch, 1794)</p><p>Sciades passany (Valenciennes, 1840)</p><p>Sciades parkeri (Traill, 1832)</p><p>Sciades proops (Valenciennes, 1840) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, eastern South America, from Colombia to east coast of Brazil and western South and Central America from Panama to Ecuador (Fig. 16).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See Tribe Sciadeini Remarks.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF3FFB50C49FC52FBFF4C4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF3FFB70F4EF951FA324F83.text	03F32B77FFF3FFB70F4EF951FA324F83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariinae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Key to Old World genera and subtribes of Ariinae</p><p>12a. Two pairs of accessory tooth plates … (incertae sedis) ............................................................................................................. Netuma 12b. One pair accessory tooth plates .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 13a. Teeth in premaxilla cuspidate; teeth in dentary spatulate or cuspidate; autopalatine depressed and mesially angled in its anterior third .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 13b. Teeth in premaxilla acute; teeth in dentary acicular; autopalatine cylindrical ............................................................................... 15 14a. Maxillary barbel absent; lateral ethmoid contacts frontal … ( Ariina)................................................................... Batrachocephalus 14b. Maxillary barbel present; lateral ethmoid not contacting frontal … ( Ariina) ................................................................... Ketengus</p><p>15a. Maxillary barbel osseous; mental barbels absent … ( Ariina) ..................................................................................... Osteogeneiosus</p><p>15b. Maxillary barbel fleshy; mental barbels present .................................................................................................................................. 16</p><p>16a. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal distinct and very large; posterior process of cleithrum very short; ventral tip of subvertebral process spatulate ...................................................................................................................................................... 17</p><p>16b. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal indistinct to moderately wide; posterior process of cleithrum moderately long to very long; ventral tip of subvertebral process split or acute ................................................................................................ 22</p><p>17a. Tooth band on fifth ceratobranchial very small; dorsal processes of upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate very long and conspicuous, connected by bony blade ................................................................................................................................................................. 18</p><p>17b. Tooth band on fifth ceratobranchial very large to moderate; dorsal processes of upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate very short or absent, not connected by bony blade .................................................................................................................................................... 19</p><p>18a. Accessory tooth plates absent; premaxilla wide and moderately long, its width more than three times its length; upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate very long and narrow, its width more than four times its length … ( Doiichthyina) .................................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Nedystoma</p><p>18b. Accessory tooth plates present; premaxilla as long as wide; upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate long and narrow, its width three times its length … ( Doiichthyina) ............................................................................................................................................ Doiichthys</p><p>19a. Fenestra delimited by parieto-supraoccipital, pterotic and sphenotic present; ventral crest of hyomandibula absent; accessory crest connecting transverse and median crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra present ....................... 20</p><p>19b. Fenestra delimited by parieto-supraoccipital, pterotic and sphenotic absent; ventral crest of hyomandibula present; accessory crest connecting transverse and median crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra absent ......................... 21</p><p>20a. Temporal fossa moderate to very large; lateral line not bifurcated at caudal region, extending to dorsal caudal-fin lobe; superficial ventral ossification of Weberian apparatus keeled … ( Ariina) ............................................................................ Cephalocassis</p><p>20b. Temporal fossa very reduced; lateral line bifurcated at caudal region, extending to dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes; superficial ventral ossification of Weberian apparatus regularly arched … ( Ariina) ....................................................... Hemipimelodus</p><p>21a. Dorsal-fin spine without filament; optic foramen moderately large; posterior cranial fontanel wide and long (Marceniuk et al. 2012: fig. 2B) … ( Ariina) ...................................................................................................................................................... Hemiarius</p><p>21b. Dorsal-fin spine prolonged into a filament; optic foramen very reduced; posterior cranial fontanel very wide and long (Marceniuk et al. 2012: figs 3A, 5B) … ( Doiichthyina) ................................................................................................... Nemapteryx</p><p>22a. Cleithrum lateral face very narrow; teeth on dentary restricted to mesial two-thirds; anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel not delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid; vomer arrow shaped … ( Ariina) .................................. Cryptarius</p><p>22b. Cleithrum lateral face moderately wide; teeth on dentary restricted to mesial one-third; anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel partially or totally delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid; vomer variable, but not arrow shaped ....... 23</p><p>23a. Posterior process of cleithrum very long, equal to vertical length of lateral face of cleithrum; ventral surfaces of parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae conspicuously concave; anterior and posterior portions of basioccipital lateral process equally developed .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24</p><p>23b. Posterior process of cleithrum very short to moderately long, less than one-third to about one-half vertical length of lateral face of cleithrum; ventral surfaces of parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae straight; posterior portion of basioccipital lateral process extending further laterally than anterior portion .......................................................................................................... 26</p><p>24a. Premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width; Müllerian ramus slender … ( Doiichthyina) ........... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... Paracinetodus</p><p>24b. Premaxilla very wide and short, as long as wide; Müllerian ramus robust .................................................................................... 25</p><p>25a. Epioccipital not exposed dorsally; extrascapular subtriangular; accessory tooth plates present; upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate round, as wide as long … ( Doiichthyina) ...................................................................................................................... Cinetodus</p><p>25b. Epioccipital exposed dorsally; extrascapular subquadrangular; accessory tooth plates absent; upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate oval, its width twice in its length … ( Doiichthyina) ..................................................................................................... Pachyula</p><p>26a. Lateral line at caudal region bifurcated, reaching dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes; accessory tooth plates with molariform teeth (except Arius manillensis and Arius oetik); vomer anterior margin very pronounced and acute; extrascapular subrectangular ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 27</p><p>26b. Lateral line at caudal region not bifurcated, reaching dorsal caudal-fin lobe (except Neoarius hainesi); accessory tooth plates with needle-like teeth; vomer anterior margin weakly pronounced and serrated (except Potamosilurus and Neoarius hainesi); extrascapular subquadrangular or subtriangular (except Brustiarius and Pararius proximus) .................................................... 31</p><p>27a. Vomerine tooth plates present, entirely free from vomer; otolith posterior margin irregular; gas bladder lateral diverticula present; urohyal posterolateral processes as long as or longer than distal portion of bone … (incertae sedis) ............................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Plicofollis</p><p>27b. Vomerine tooth plates absent; otolith posterior margin rounded; gas bladder lateral diverticula absent; urohyal posterolateral processes almost as long as distal portion of bone .............................................................................................................................. 28</p><p>28a. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very small or indistinct; second dorsal cleithral process posteriorly directed and parallel to posterior process; pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital as long as anterior border with sphenotic ...................................................................................................................................................................................... Kyataphisa</p><p>28b. Fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal distinct and moderately wide; second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process; pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital longer than anterior border with sphenotic ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29</p><p>29a. Transcapular process depressed; bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent ................ Jayaramichthys</p><p>29b. Transcapular process cylindrical or columnar; bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal present ........... 30</p><p>30a. Orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions as two short and wide leaf-like processes … ( Ariina) .......................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................. Betancurichthys</p><p>30b. Orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions as slight projections with straight lateral faces … ( Ariina) .................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Arius</p><p>31a. Posterior cranial fontanel absent ............................................................................................................................................................ 32</p><p>31b. Posterior cranial fontanel present ........................................................................................................................................................... 33</p><p>32a. Temporal fossa absent … ( Ariina) .............................................................................................................................. Hexanematichthys</p><p>32b. Temporal fossa present ............................................................................................................................................................................. 35</p><p>33a. Accessory tooth plates small, oval to rounded; connection between posterior process of exoccipital and Müllerian ramus by suture; autopalatine posterior portion very compressed … ( Doiichthyina) ................................................................. Bleekeriella</p><p>33b. Accessory tooth plates large, oval to subtriangular; connection between posterior process of exoccipital and Müllerian ramus by ligaments; autopalatine posterior portion only slightly compressed ......................................................................................... 34</p><p>34a. Lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly … ( Doiichthyina) ............................................... Pararius</p><p>34b. Lateral margins of orbitosphenoid uniformly parallel for entire length … ( Doiichthyina) ........................................ Brustiarius</p><p>35a. Accessory tooth plates absent … ( Doiichthyina) ........................................................................................................... Potamosilurus</p><p>35b. Accessory tooth plates present ................................................................................................................................................................ 36</p><p>36a. Posterior branches of mesethmoid very long, delimiting one-half length of anterior cranial fontanel; lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent … ( Doiichthyina) ....................................................................................... Aceroichthys</p><p>36b. Posterior branches of mesethmoid short, delimiting less than one-half length of anterior cranial fontanel; lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid present .................................................................................................................................... 37</p><p>37a. Accessory tooth plates large, oval to subtriangular ............................................................................................................................. 38</p><p>37b. Accessory tooth plates small, transversely elongate and narrow or oval to round ........................................................................ 39</p><p>38a. Margin of parieto-supraoccipital process contacting nuchal plate convex; lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly … ( Ariina) .......................................................................................................................................... Pseudosciades</p><p>38b. Margin of parieto-supraoccipital process contacting nuchal plate concave or notched; lateral margins of orbitosphenoid uniformly parallel for entire length … (incertae sedis) .................................................................................................................. Carlarius</p><p>39a. Accessory tooth plates narrow and oval to rounded … ( Doiichthyina) .......................................................................... Brustiarius</p><p>39b. Accessory tooth plates transversely elongate and narrow ................................................................................................................. 40</p><p>40a. Thirty-nine or more caudal vertebrae; mesial one-fourth of fourth epibranchial robust, almost as wide as long … ( Doiichthyina) .............................................................................................................................................................................. Cochlefelis</p><p>40b. Thirty-eight or fewer caudal vertebrae; mesial one-fourth of fourth epibranchial thin, its width about twice its length .......... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41</p><p>41a. Posterior cranial fontanel wide and long; articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid slightly displaced to posterior portion of bone … ( Doiichthyina) ........................................................................................................................................... Papuarius</p><p>41b. Posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small opening or relatively narrow and long; articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid in middle of bone … ( Doiichthyina) ......................................................................................................................... Neoarius</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF3FFB70F4EF951FA324F83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF1FFB60C69FA08FE1A4DA4.text	03F32B77FFF1FFB60C69FA08FE1A4DA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariini Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Tribe Ariini Bleeker, 1858</p><p>MP 97, BI 1, ML 91</p><p>(Figs 1–3)</p><p>Type genus: Arius Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>Vomerine tooth plates transversely elongate (56, 1&gt; 0), state 2 in Brustiarius (except Brustiarius utarus) and Pararius mastersi; sesamoid bone I short and triangular (145, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Ariina, Betancurichthys, Bleekeriella, Cinetodus, Doiichthys, Nedystoma, Nemapteryx, and Pachyula .</p><p>Included subtribes</p><p>Incertae sedis Ariini</p><p>Ariina Bleeker, 1858</p><p>Doiichthyina Weber, 1913 . Remarks</p><p>The recognition of the Tribe Ariini corroborates the monophyletic grouping found in the molecular study of Betancur-R. (2009), separating the Old World fauna (a monophyletic group within Ariinae, the Tribe Ariini) from the fauna found in the New World (a paraphyletic group within Ariinae).Ariines exhibit a large amount of morphological convergence in taxa occupying similar habitats (e. g., forms restricted to freshwater in general have skulls with more conspicuous openings vs.predominantly marine forms with smaller or no cranial openings).</p><p>Ariini incertae sedis</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 20)</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Carlarius Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007</p><p>Netuma Bleeker, 1858</p><p>Plicofollis Kailola, 2004 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The three genera listed here are each monophyletic and all fall within the Ariini, but their positions within that clade differ markedly among the MP, BI, and ML analyses. As such, they are treated here as members of the Ariini, but not included within either of the named subtribes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF1FFB60C69FA08FE1A4DA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF0FFB90EF7F92BFF034C14.text	03F32B77FFF0FFB90EF7F92BFF034C14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carlarius Marceniuk & Menezes 2007	<div><p>Carlarius Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 20A, 21)</p><p>Type species: Arius heudelotii Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>450 • Marceniuk et al.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesial border of pterotic with parieto-supraoccipital longer than anterior border with sphenotic (36, 0&gt; 1); epioccipital dorsally visible (41, 0&gt; 1); vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1); tooth plates associated with vomer absent (55, 1&gt; 0); first external branchiostegal ray proximally narrow and distally broad (147, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal almost as long as or longer than distal portion of bone (162, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Opercle posterior portion not well developed posteriorly (129, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Carlarius heudelotii .</p><p>Included species</p><p>Carlarius gigas (Boulenger, 1911) * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Carlarius heudelotii Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Carlarius latiscutatus Günther, 1864</p><p>Carlarius parkii Günther, 1864 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, western Africa (Fig. 20).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis corroborates the monophyly and species composition of Carlarius as uncovered previously by morphological and molecular studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), but without consensus regarding its relationships in the MP, BI, and ML analyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF0FFB90EF7F92BFF034C14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFFFFB90C06F9FCFA2F4CC1.text	03F32B77FFFFFFB90C06F9FCFA2F4CC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Netuma Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Netuma Bleeker, 1858</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 20B, 22)</p><p>Type species: Bagrus netuma Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid medial notch indistinct, obscured by bone deposition (1, 1&gt; 2); posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); posterior cranial fontanel reduced to small opening (27, 1&gt; 0); vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates two pairs (59, 0&gt; 1); exoccipital posterior process not supporting Müllerian ramus (94, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0&gt; 1); first external branchiostegal ray narrow proximally and broad distally (147, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal posteriorly oriented, forming angle less than 60° (161, 0&gt; 1); posterior portion of second basibranchial short and wide (167, 2&gt; 3); third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial at middle of bone (174, 0&gt; 1); lateral margin of third pharyngobranchial well developed and acute (193, 0&gt; 1); adipose-fin base very short (222, 2&gt; 3); adipose-fin origin vertically above posterior one-half of anal fin (223, 1&gt; 2); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 2&gt; 1); lateral line bifurcated, reaching dorsal and ventral caudal-fin lobes (247, 1&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Netuma bilineata Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Netuma aff. bilineata</p><p>Netuma patriciae Takahashi, Kimura &amp; Motomura, 2019 Netuma thalassina Rüppell, 1837 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, eastern Africa, South and Southeast Asia, southern New Guinea, and northern Australia (Fig. 20).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Netuma is a well-defined genus that was determined to be monophyletic in previous morphological and molecular studies (Kailola 2004, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), a condition corroborated here, but without consensus of its relationships in the MP, BI, and ML analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFFFFB90C06F9FCFA2F4CC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFFFFBB0EB1F8DFFD514CFE.text	03F32B77FFFFFFBB0EB1F8DFFD514CFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plicofollis Kailola 2004	<div><p>Plicofollis Kailola, 2004</p><p>MP 92, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 20C, 23)</p><p>Type species: Arius argyropleuron Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); maxilla with mesial and lateral margins parallel for proximal two-thirds, converging in distal one-third, distal margin truncate (102, 2&gt; 0); posterior margin of interopercle straight and inclined (130, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal very thick (152, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal more than one-half as long as distal portion of bone (162, 2&gt; 3); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 0&gt; 1); extension of diagonal crest associated with posterior branch of parapophysis of complex vertebra short, reaching transverse crest (199, 1&gt; 0); opening delimited by epioccipital posterior process and crests of sustentaculum of Weberian apparatus moderate (203, 2&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Plicofollis argyropleuron Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Plicofollis aff. argyropleuron sp 1</p><p>Plicofollis aff. argyropleuron sp 2</p><p>Plicofollis crossocheilos (Bleeker, 1846) * sedis mutabilis Plicofollis dussumieri Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Plicofollis layardi Günther, 1866</p><p>Plicofollis aff. layardi</p><p>Plicofollis magatensis Herre, 1926 *</p><p>Plicofollis nella Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Plicofollis platystomus Day, 1877</p><p>Plicofollis polystaphylodon Bleeker, 1846</p><p>Plicofollis aff. polystaphylodon</p><p>Plicofollis tenuispinis Day, 1877</p><p>Plicofollis tonggol Bleeker, 1846 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, eastern Africa, South and Southeast Asia, southern New Guinea, and northern Australia (Fig. 20).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Plicofollis was established by Kailola (2004) based on the examination of Plicofollis argyropleuron, Plicofollis polystaphylodon, and Plicofollis nella . Monophyly of the genus was ratified, and its species composition revised, based on morphological and molecular data (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012, 2017c). The results of the total-evidence analysis corroborate the monophyly of the genus, with the addition of four currently unnamed species, but without consensus on its relationships within the Ariinae (Betancur-R. 2009).</p><p>In addition to the diagnostic character states listed above, all species of Plicofollis except Plicofollis platystomus share the following morphological states. On the basis of this suite of characters, we interpret Plicofollis platystomus as the sister to all other species of Plicofollis . Posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small opening (27, 1&gt; 0); epioccipital dorsally visible (41, 0&gt; 1); general shape of vomer arrow shaped (49, 1&gt; 2); vomer lateral processes short (52, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of posterior process of vomer as narrow as distal portion (54, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates large, longitudinally elongate (60,?&gt; 4); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions slight projections with straight lateral faces (65, 0&gt; 3); lachrymal-antorbital narrow (100, 0&gt; 1); premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width (120, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral margin of opercle concave or almost straight (128, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of interopercle compressed and bifurcate (132, 0&gt; 1); interopercle subrectangular (134, 0&gt; 2); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); second basibranchial short and narrow (167, 2&gt; 4); contact face between first epibranchial and first pharyngobranchial very conspicuous (177, 0&gt; 1); posterior margin of first epibranchial straight (181, 0&gt; 1); margin of lateral uncinate process of third epibranchial notched (185, 0&gt; 1); first pharyngobranchial large and depressed (190, 0&gt; 1). The following additional morphological character states are shared by species of Plicofollis except Plicofollis platystomus, but are of ambiguous optimization. Tooth plates associated with vomer present (55, 0&gt; 1); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital small and columnar (85, 1&gt; 0); exoccipital posterior process not supporting Müllerian ramus (94, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of hyomandibula long and low (141, 1&gt; 0); posterior end of urohyal truncated (158, 0&gt; 2); 15 or more ribs (213, 0&gt; 1); adipose-fin base very short (222, 2&gt; 3); adipose-fin origin vertically above posterior one-half of anal fin (223, 1&gt; 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFFFFBB0EB1F8DFFD514CFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFDFFBB0C5DF8D6FB764E2B.text	03F32B77FFFDFFBB0C5DF8D6FB764E2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ariina Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Subtribe Ariina Bleeker, 1858</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24)</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>Posterior cranial fontanel formed by frontals and parieto-supraoccipital (25, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Arius leptonotacanthus, Arius nenga, Osteogeneiosus, and Pseudosciades; anterior margin of otolith straight or slightly irregular (71, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Hemiarius stormii; otolith posterior margin rounded (74, 1&gt; 0), state 0 in Hemiarius stormii; orientation of exoccipital bony crest perpendicular to vertebral column and directed posteriorly (92, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Hexanematichthys; sesamoid bone I very long and subtriangular (145, 0&gt; 1), state 2 in Osteogeneiosus; 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1&gt; 0), state 1 in Hexanematichthys; second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process (226, 0&gt; 1), state 0 in Arius aff. nenga, Batrachocephalus, and Hexanematichthys .</p><p>Included genera</p><p>Arius Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Batrachocephalus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>Betancurichthys gen. nov.</p><p>Cephalocassis Bleeker, 1852</p><p>Cryptarius Kailola, 2004</p><p>Jayaramichthys gen. nov.</p><p>Kyataphisa gen. nov.</p><p>Hemiarius Bleeker, 1862</p><p>Hemipimelodus Bleeker, 1857</p><p>Hexanematichthys Bleeker, 1858</p><p>Ketengus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>Osteogeneiosus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>Pseudosciades gen. nov.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The recognition of the subtribe Ariina corroborates the results of a previous molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009), which uncovered a distinct lineage of the Ariinae in Asia vs. that in Papua New Guinea and Australia ( Doiichthyina).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFDFFBB0C5DF8D6FB764E2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFDFFBD0EAFFB89FD7F4C92.text	03F32B77FFFDFFBD0EAFFB89FD7F4C92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arius Valenciennes 1840	<div><p>Arius Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>(Figs 1–2, 24A – 25)</p><p>Type species: Pimelodus arius Hamilton, 1822 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates ventral to orbitosphenoid and metapterygoid (62, 0&gt; 1); orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid lateral expansions slight projections with sinuous lateral face (65, 0&gt; 2); autopalatine very compressed at articulation with lateral ethmoid (108, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); lateral margin of third pharyngobranchial well developed and acute (193, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Müllerian ramus bone blade evident only in basal third (206, 2&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Arius acutirostris Day, 1877 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius africanus Günther, 1867 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius arenarius Müller &amp; Troschel, 1849 * sedis mutabilis Arius arius Hamilton, 1822</p><p>Arius brunellii Zollezi, 1939 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius burmanicus Day, 1870 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius dispar Herre, 1926</p><p>454 • Marceniuk et al.</p><p>Arius gagora Hamilton, 1822</p><p>Arius jatius Hamilton, 1822 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius jella Day, 1877 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius leptonotacanthus Bleeker, 1849 sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius macronotacanthus Bleeker, 1846 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius maculatus Thunberg, 1792</p><p>Arius malabaricus Day, 1877 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius manillensis Valenciennes, 1840</p><p>Arius microcephalus Bleeker, 1855 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius nenga Hamilton, 1822 sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius aff. nenga sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius oetik Bleeker, 1846</p><p>Arius subrostratus Valenciennes, 1840 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Arius venosus Valenciennes, 1840 * sedis mutabilis.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, eastern Africa and South to Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus Arius undoubtedly has the most complex taxonomy of the Ariidae, serving to accommodate taxa without clear affinities elsewhere (Marceniuk and Menezes2007). Recent morphological studies have recognized the monophyly of Arius with the inclusion of Betancurichthys madagascariensis (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), an arrangement not supported by Betancur-R. (2009), a molecular study that does not recognize the monophyly of Arius . The MP and ML analysis supports the monophyly of Arius without Betancurichthys madagascariensis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFDFFBD0EAFFB89FD7F4C92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFBFFBD0C55F910FAFE4FD6.text	03F32B77FFFBFFBD0C55F910FAFE4FD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Batrachocephalus Bleeker 1846	<div><p>Batrachocephalus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 26)</p><p>Type species: Batrachocephalus ageneiosus Bleeker, 1846 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very wide (2, 0&gt; 2); nasal fan shaped (19, 0&gt; 2); posterior cranial fontanel absent (26, 1&gt; 0); epiphyseal bar indistinct (28, 0&gt; 1); sphenotic long and narrow (35, 1&gt; 0); posterior portion of anterior ceratohyal columnar and very thick (151, 0&gt; 1); posterior ceratohyal long (153, 0&gt; 1); anterior margin of urohyal not notched (154, 0&gt; 1); second dorsal cleithral process posteriorly directed and parallel to posterior process (226, 1&gt; 0); maxillary barbel absent (234, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Anteroventral portion of opercle subtriangular (127, 2&gt; 3).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Batrachocephalus mino Hamilton, 1822 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The MP analysis of the data matrix corroborates previous morphological studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), both in terms of species composition and the relationship of Batrachocephalus with Ketengus plus Osteogeneiosus, which contrasts with the hypothesis of Kailola (2004),</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFBFFBD0C55F910FAFE4FD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFBFFBC0EAAFA0DFBA54FFD.text	03F32B77FFFBFFBC0EAAFA0DFBA54FFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Betancurichthys Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Betancurichthys gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 27)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CF91C445- 9AA0-4852-8291-6F9FD57C9CD2.</p><p>Type species: Arius madagascariensis Vaillant, 1894 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0&gt; 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel formed by frontals and parieto-supraoccipital (25, 1&gt; 0); otolith posterior margin rounded (74, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1); dorsal-fin spine prolonged into filament (221, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Sesamoid bone I very long and subtriangular (145, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after Colombian ichthyologist Ricardo Betancur-R. for his dedication to the knowledge of the taxonomy, evolution, and biogeography of marine catfishes. Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Betancurichthys festinus Ng &amp; Sparks, 2003 * sedis mutabilis Betancurichthys madagascariensis Vaillant, 1894 Betancurichthys uncinatus Ng &amp; Sparks, 2003 * sedis mutabilis.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, western Madagascar (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus Betancurichthys was established to accommodate species endemic to Madagascar, in the western Indian Ocean, corroborating molecular results presented by Betancur-R. (2009). Its inclusion in the Ariina is supported by the BI and ML analyses. The inclusion of Betancurichthys festinus and Betancurichthys uncinatus in the genus is provisional, based on the distribution and life habits of the species restricted to freshwater in Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFBFFBC0EAAFA0DFBA54FFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFFAFFBF0EA9F9D4FDBD4DD2.text	03F32B77FFFAFFBF0EA9F9D4FDBD4DD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cephalocassis Bleeker 1852	<div><p>Cephalocassis Bleeker, 1852</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24B, 28)</p><p>Type species: Arius melanochir Bleeker, 1852 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel throughout their entire extension (7, 0&gt; 1); anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel not delimitedbydorsalexpansionoforbitosphenoid (24, 1&gt; 0); fenestra delimited by parieto-supraoccipital, pterotic and sphenotic present (34, 0&gt; 1); parieto-supraoccipital process base almost as narrow as posterior portion (46, 1&gt; 0); vomer anterior margin very pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); tooth plates associated with vomer absent (55, 1&gt; 0); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1&gt; 0); optic foramen very reduced (67, 1&gt; 2); basioccipital lateral process absent (82, 1&gt; 0); space between transcapular process and otic capsule very small (89, 1&gt; 2); teeth on dentary restricted to mesial two-thirds (116, 1&gt; 0); premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width (120, 1&gt; 2); interopercle anterior portion conspicuously narrow (133, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); ventral crest of hyomandibula absent (142, 0&gt; 1); second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first ray (148, 0&gt; 1); second basibranchial spindle shaped (166, 1&gt; 0); first hypobranchial very elongate transversely, with well-developed and acute mesial face (172, 0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial very conspicuous (173, 0&gt; 1); second hypobranchial very elongate transversely, its mesial face acute (176, 0&gt; 1); posterior margin of fourth epibranchial slightly convex, one-fourth as wide as long (187, 0&gt; 1); accessory crest connecting transverse and median crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra present (204, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel very wide and long (27, 2&gt; 3).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Cephalocassis melanochir Bleeker, 1852 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Hemipimelodus had been treated as a junior synonym of Cephalocassis in recent morphological studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), a condition supported by an extensive list of shared synapomorphies (2, 15, 50, 85, 116, 120, 135, 142, 166, 204, 148, 200, and 222) including an autapomorphy (presence of a fenestra delimited by the supraoccipital, pterotic, and sphenotic). The total-evidence analysis, however, corroborates results of a previous molecular analysis (Betancur-R. 2009), which supports the recognition of Cephalocassis and Hemipimelodus as valid genera, indicating a strong morphological convergence of lineages restricted to freshwater. The inclusion of Cephalocassis in the subtribe Ariina is supported by the MP and ML analyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFFAFFBF0EA9F9D4FDBD4DD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF9FFBE0EABFDADFCA34AD9.text	03F32B77FFF9FFBE0EABFDADFCA34AD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cryptarius Kailola 2004	<div><p>Cryptarius Kailola, 2004</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24C, 29)</p><p>Type species: Arius truncatus Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid medial notch large and shallow (1, 1&gt; 0); mesethmoid median portion very wide (2, 0&gt; 2); epioccipital contacting small narrow area of diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 1&gt; 0); epioccipital posterior process and medial crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra connected (45, 0&gt; 1); vomer arrow shaped (49, 1&gt; 3); vomer anterior margin weakly pronounced and serrated (50, 1&gt; 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process at right angle to body axis (86, 0&gt; 1); articulation between metapterygoid and quadrate by interdigitated suture in small portion of contact and by overlapping in remaining contact area (136, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process rounded (138, 0&gt; 2); anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal compressed (150, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal long (160, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal almost as long as distal portion of bone (162, 2&gt; 0); posterior portion of second basibranchial long and wide (167, 2&gt; 0); first pharyngobranchial large and depressed (190, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1); lateral line not bifurcated, reaching dorsal caudal-fin lobe (247, 2&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Interopercle anterior portion thin and acute (133, 0&gt; 2); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); adipose-fin base very short (222, 2&gt; 3).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Cryptarius daugueti Chevey, 1932 * sedis mutabilis Cryptarius truncatus Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cryptarius was established by Kailola (2004), and has been recognized as valid by both morphological (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012) and molecular studies (Betancur-R. 2009), but without consensus on its relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF9FFBE0EABFDADFCA34AD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFF8FF810C01FF31FEE54AF9.text	03F32B77FFF8FF810C01FF31FEE54AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemiarius Bleeker 1862	<div><p>Hemiarius Bleeker, 1862</p><p>MP 94, ML 91</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 30)</p><p>Type species: Cephalocassis stormii Bleeker, 1858 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest on premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of hyomandibula short and high (141, 0&gt; 1); third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula shallow, rounded bulges (244, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Hemiarius bleekeri Popta, 1900 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Hemiarius hardenbergi Kailola, 2000 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Hemiarius harmandi Sauvage, 1880 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Hemiarius manillensis Valenciennes, 1840 * sedis mutabilis Hemiarius stormii Bleeker, 1858</p><p>Hemiarius sumatranus Anonymous, 1830</p><p>Hemiarius verrucosus Ng, 2003 * sedis mutabilis.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Predominantly brackish waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis supports the monophyly of Hemiarius as observed in previous morphological studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012). The inclusion of Hemiarius in the subtribe Ariina is supported by the MP and ML analyses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFF8FF810C01FF31FEE54AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC7FF810C58FED0FBF24821.text	03F32B77FFC7FF810C58FED0FBF24821.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemipimelodus Bleeker 1857	<div><p>Hemipimelodus Bleeker, 1857</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 31)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 84D53B59- 4ABB-4F76-B370-F9A510BB29F2.</p><p>Type species: Pimelodus borneensis Bleeker, 1851 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel along entire extension (7, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very large (17, 1&gt; 2); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel very wide and long (27, 1&gt; 3); epiphyseal bar transversely elongate and longitudinally narrow (29, 0&gt; 1); medial groove of cranium absent (30, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by parieto-supraoccipital, pterotic and sphenotic present (34, 0&gt; 1); ventral crest of parieto-supraoccipital process well developed through entire extension of process (48, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates absent (58, 1&gt; 0); optic foramen very reduced (67, 1&gt; 2); ventral tip of subvertebral process spatulate (80, 2&gt; 3); premaxilla narrow and very long, its length two to three times in width (120, 1&gt; 2); ventral crest of hyomandibula absent (142, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of urohyal projected anteriorly (156, 0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial inconspicuous (173, 1&gt; 0); second hypobranchial transversely elongate, its mesial face acute (176, 0&gt; 1); distal portion of uncinate process of third epibranchial acute (183, 1&gt; 0); posterior margins of fourth epibranchial slightly convex, one-fourth as wide as long (187, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of third vertebra very high (201, 0&gt; 1); accessory crest connecting transverse and median crests associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra present (204, 0&gt; 1); general aspect of superficial ventral ossification regularly arched (211, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of cleithrum very short (224, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Frontal as main component of bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal (15, 0&gt; 2); third basibranchial hourglass shaped (168, 1&gt; 0); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra low (200, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See Remarks of Cephalocassis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC7FF810C58FED0FBF24821	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC7FF800E83FD89FF6E4886.text	03F32B77FFC7FF800E83FD89FF6E4886.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexanematichthys Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Hexanematichthys Bleeker, 1858</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24D, 32)</p><p>Type species: Bagrus sondaicus Valenciennes, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid moderately long, delimiting between one-fourth and one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 1); posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); posterior cranial fontanel absent (26, 1&gt; 0); epiphyseal bar indistinct (28, 0&gt; 1); temporal fossa absent (38, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates small, oval to rounded (60, 2&gt; 1); lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly (63, 0&gt; 1); autopalatine posterior portion conspicuously compressed (106, 0&gt; 1); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid mesoposteriorly oriented (110, 0&gt; 1); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla with different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); Müllerian ramus distal third markedly curved (208, 1&gt; 2).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Exoccipital bony crest perpendicular to vertebral column and ventrolaterally directed (92, 1&gt; 0); 15 or more ribs (213, 0&gt; 1); second dorsal cleithral process posteriorly directed and parallel to posterior process (226, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Hexanematichthys sagor Hamilton, 1822 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis supports the validity of Hexanematichthys, corroborating the result of a previous molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009) that reveals a strong morphological convergence between Hexanematichthys and Sciades (characters 26, 28, 93, 106, and 110), which had resulted in them having previously been treated as synonyms (Marceniuk et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC7FF800E83FD89FF6E4886	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC6FF830944FF59FDC2493B.text	03F32B77FFC6FF830944FF59FDC2493B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jayaramichthys Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Jayaramichthys gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 33)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 84D53B59- 4ABB-4F76-B370-F9A510BB29F2.</p><p>Type species: Arius leptonotacanthus Bleeker, 1849 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal equally represented (15, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates large, longitudinally elongate (60, 3&gt; 4); face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process at right angle to body axis (86, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process depressed (88, 0&gt; 1); bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent (159, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1). Ambiguous optimization: Space between transcapular process and otic capsule very small (89, 1&gt; 2); contact area between interopercle and opercle no more than one-half of interopercle posterior face (131, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named for the Indian ichthyologist Kottore Chidambaram Jayaram (1926–2011) who contributed greatly to our understanding of the taxonomy, evolution, and biogeography of ariids from the Indian subcontinent. Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Jayaramichthys leptonotacanthus Bleeker, 1849 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Jayaramichthys is established to accommodate Jayaramichthys leptonotacanthus, not examined in a previous morphological study (Marceniuk etal. 2012),buttreatedasvalid(as Ariusleptonotacanthus) in a previous molecular study in Betancur-R.(2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC6FF830944FF59FDC2493B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC5FF830C79FC97FC4E48A9.text	03F32B77FFC5FF830C79FC97FC4E48A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ketengus Bleeker 1846	<div><p>Ketengus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 34)</p><p>Type species: Ketengus typus Bleeker, 1846 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid medial notch large and shallow (1, 2&gt; 0); fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid present (3, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by mesethmoid and lateral ethmoid large, filled with cartilage (4,?&gt; 0); mesethmoid posterior horn tubular, narrow and elongate (5, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel throughout their entire extension (7, 0&gt; 1); lateral ethmoid not contact frontal (14, 3&gt; 0); vomer diamond shaped (49, 1&gt; 0); vomer lateral processes absent (51, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates absent (58, 1&gt; 0); three anterior branches in lachrymal-antorbital anterior part (98, 2&gt; 3); teeth on dentary along entire bone (116, 1&gt; 2); dorsal crest of premaxilla present (125, 0&gt; 1); opercle posterior portion not well developed posteriorly (129, 1&gt; 0); ventral crest of hyomandibula absent (142, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of urohyal projected anteriorly (156, 0&gt; 1); one basibranchial series (164, 0&gt; 1); first hypobranchial club shaped (171, 0&gt; 1); second hypobranchial club shaped (175, 0&gt; 1); first epibranchial overlaying second epibranchial (179, 0&gt; 1); third pharyngobranchial funnel shaped (192, 1&gt; 0); seventh vertebra free from ventral superficial ossification (214, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Ketengus typus Bleeker, 1846 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The close relationship of Ketengus plus Osteogeneiosus established in previous morphological and molecular studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012) is further supported by the results of the total-evidence analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC5FF830C79FC97FC4E48A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC5FF820941FD34FEED489E.text	03F32B77FFC5FF820941FD34FEED489E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kyataphisa Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Kyataphisa gen. nov.</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1– 3, 24E, 35)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2981DCA4- DDB0-49A5-BE7A-6D05DD7E750.</p><p>Type species: Pimelodus nenga Hamilton, 1822 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior branches of mesethmoid moderately long, delimiting between one-fourth and one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very small or indistinct (17, 1&gt; 0); pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital as long as anterior border with sphenotic (36, 1&gt; 2); temporal fossa much reduced (39, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates small, vertically oval (60, 3&gt; 2); exoccipital posterior process not supporting Müllerian ramus (94, 1&gt; 0); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla of different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus bone blade evident only basally (206, 2&gt; 1); dorsal-fin spine prolonged into filament (221, 0&gt; 1); second dorsal cleithral process posteriorly directed and parallel to posterior process (226, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Kyataphisa is from the Bengali, meaning catfish.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Kyataphisa nenga Hamilton, 1822 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Kyataphisa is established to accommodate Kyataphisa nenga and a second species ( Kyataphisa aff. nenga) that was not examined in a previous morphological study (Marceniuk et al. 2012), corroborating a previous morphological study (as Arius caelatus in Marceniuk et al. 2012) and a molecular study (as Arius nenga in Betancur-R. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC5FF820941FD34FEED489E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC4FF850EACFF46FD504E92.text	03F32B77FFC4FF850EACFF46FD504E92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Osteogeneiosus Bleeker 1846	<div><p>Osteogeneiosus Bleeker, 1846</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24F, 36)</p><p>Type species: Osteogeneiosus militaris Linnaeus, 1758 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Nasal anterior curvature very pronounced (20, 0&gt; 1); bony blade not connecting nasal tubules anteriorly (21, 1&gt; 0); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); anterior portion of posterior process of vomer as narrow as posterior portion (54, 0&gt; 1); accessory tooth plates large, longitudinally elongate (60, 3&gt; 4); accessory tooth plates situated between premaxilla and lateral ethmoid (62, 1&gt; 2); maxilla cylindrical, very long and distally acute (101, 0&gt; 2); autopalatine cylindrical, very short and robust (104,?&gt; 2); anterior cartilage of autopalatine very short, less than one-third length of bone (113, 1&gt; 0); autopalatine posterior cartilage reduced to small sphere (114, 1&gt; 2); anteroventral portion of opercle subtriangular (127, 3&gt; 4); metapterygoid three times longer than deep (135, 3&gt; 4); urohyal short (157, 1&gt; 0); contact face between first epibranchial and first pharyngobranchial very conspicuous (177, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus distal one-third markedly curved (208, 1&gt; 2); mental barbel absent (236, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula present (243, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder diverticula present anterolaterally (246, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel partially or totally delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid (24, 0&gt; 1); posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0&gt; 1); maxillary condyle very large (103, 1&gt; 3); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, moderately long (127, 2&gt; 1); second external branchiostegal ray width less than one-half that of first ray (148, 1&gt; 0); second basibranchial mushroom shaped (166, 0&gt; 1); third basibranchial hourglass shaped (168, 1&gt; 0); 19 or more precaudal vertebrae (215, 0&gt; 1); gas bladder lateral diverticula with diverticula (244, 0&gt; 1); protractor muscle of parapophysis of fourth vertebra originating exclusively from ventral surface of posterior process of epioccipital (248, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The close relationship of Osteogeneiosus with Ketengus that was reported in previous morphological and molecular studies (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012) is supported by the results of the total-evidence analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC4FF850EACFF46FD504E92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC3FF850C7BFB70FBE34F7F.text	03F32B77FFC3FF850C7BFB70FBE34F7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudosciades Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Pseudosciades gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 24G, 37)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0A403C08- B65C-4292-B708-2B7E1AC9456D.</p><p>Type species: Arius sona Hamilton, 1822 . Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid moderately long, delimiting between one-fourth and one-half of anterior cranial fontanel length (8, 0&gt; 1); epioccipital dorsally visible (41, 0&gt; 1); margin of parieto-supraoccipital process contacting nuchal plate convex (47, 0&gt; 1); lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly (63, 0&gt; 1); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla of different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0&gt; 1); posterior end of urohyal truncated (158, 0&gt; 2); posterolateral processes of urohyal posteriorly oriented, forming an angle smaller than 60° (161, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus distal one-third markedly curved (208, 1&gt; 2); nuchal plate anterior margin slightly concave (219, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively within frontals (25, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Pseudo from Latin, meaning false, in reference to its convergent morphology with the Neotropical genus Sciades . Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Pseudosciades sona (Hamilton, 1822) .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, South and Southeast Asia (Fig. 24).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pseudosciades sona is an Old World species that shares with Sciades parkeri (type species of the New World genus Sciades) a medial groove of neurocranium delimited mainly by frontal bones, anterior and median nuchal plates forming a shield-like structure, and nuchal plate overlapping parietosupraoccipital, but were shown to be not closely related in the total-evidence analysis or in a previous molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC3FF850C7BFB70FBE34F7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC2FF840C12FA8AFBA1489E.text	03F32B77FFC2FF840C12FA8AFBA1489E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aceroichthys Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Aceroichthys gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1– 3, 38E, 39)</p><p>Type species: Arius dioctes Kailola, 2000 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid very long, delimiting one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 2); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid variable length and laterally oriented (12, 1&gt; 0); posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1&gt; 0); parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); exoccipital posterior process not supporting Müllerian ramus (94, 1&gt; 0); premaxilla wide and short, its length more than four times in width (120, 1&gt; 0); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); no more than one-half of posterior part of interopercle contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0); posterolateral processes of urohyal almost as long as distal portion of bone (162, 2&gt; 0).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named after the Colombian ichthyologist Arturo Acero P. (b. 1954) to honour his valuable contributions to ariid taxonomy. Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Aceroichthys dioctes Kailola, 2000 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, southern New Guinea and northern Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Aceroichthys is established based on morphological and molecular evidence to accommodate Aceroichthys dioctes, with phylogenetic relationships first reported in a molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC2FF840C12FA8AFBA1489E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC2FF860950FD49FDCC4FD2.text	03F32B77FFC2FF860950FD49FDCC4FD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bleekeriella Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Bleekeriella gen. nov.</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 40)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8CB66BBD-FB43-495E-B45A-EBF42667194F.</p><p>Type species: Arius leptaspis Bleeker, 1862 .</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>Posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); posterior cranial fontanel absent (26, 1&gt; 0); epiphyseal bar indistinct (28, 0&gt; 1); medial groove of cranium absent (30, 0&gt; 1); temporal fossa very reduced (39, 1&gt; 0); posterior process of exoccipital sutured to Müllerian ramus (93, 0&gt; 1); autopalatine posterior portion conspicuously compressed (106, 0&gt; 1); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid posteromesially oriented (110, 0&gt; 1); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla with different sizes (121,0&gt; 1); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); one-half or less of interopercle posterior part contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0); sesamoid bone I very long and subtriangular (145, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus bone blade evident only basally (206, 2&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus distal third markedly curved (208, 1&gt; 2).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named for the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker (1819–1878) who contributed greatly to our understanding of the taxonomy of ariids from the Indo–Malaysian archipelago. Gender: feminine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Bleekeriella leptaspis Bleeker, 1862</p><p>Bleekeriella aff. leptaspis .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Predominantly brackish waters, southern New Guinea and northern Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Arius leptaspis was previously included in Ariopsis Kailola 2004 or Sciades (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), but results of the total-evidence analysis indicate that it is not closely related to species of either genus, but is related closely to an unnamed species from Indonesia. These findings corroborate a previous molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC2FF860950FD49FDCC4FD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC2FF840C4DFF46FD974F24.text	03F32B77FFC2FF840C4DFF46FD974F24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doiichthyina Weber 1913	<div><p>Subtribe Doiichthyina Weber, 1913</p><p>MP 68, BI 1, ML 50</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38)</p><p>Type genus: Doiichthys Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Accessory tooth plates small, transversely elongate and narrow (60, 2&gt; 0), state 3 in Doiichthys . Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid medial notch large and shallow (1, 1&gt; 0), reversed Brustiarius (except Brustiarius utarus), Cinetodus, Neoarius, Pachyula, Pararius mastersi, and Potamosilurus velutinus; posterior cranial fontanel formed by frontals and parieto-supraoccipital (25, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The recognition of the subtribe Doiichthyina corroborates the results of a previous molecular study (Betancur-R. 2009), which recognized two distinct lineages of Ariina, one in Papua New Guinea and Australia ( Doiichthyina) and the other in Asia ( Ariina).</p><p>Included genera Aceroichthys gen. nov.</p><p>Bleekeriella gen. nov.</p><p>Brustiarius Herre, 1935</p><p>Cinetodus Ogilby, 1898</p><p>Cochlefelis Whitley, 1941</p><p>Doiichthys Weber, 1913</p><p>Nedystoma Ogilby, 1898</p><p>Nemapteryx Ogilby, 1908</p><p>Neoarius Castelnau, 1878</p><p>Megalosciades gen. nov.</p><p>Pachyula Ogilby, 1898</p><p>Paracinetodus gen. nov.</p><p>Pararius Whitley, 1940</p><p>Papuarius gen. nov.</p><p>Potamosilurus Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC2FF840C4DFF46FD974F24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC0FF860C0FFA3DFB1E4DAF.text	03F32B77FFC0FF860C0FFA3DFB1E4DAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Brustiarius Herre 1935	<div><p>Brustiarius Herre, 1935</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38A, 41)</p><p>Type species: Arius nox Herre, 1935 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Accessory tooth plates small, oval to rounded (60, 0&gt; 1); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla of different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process acute (138, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel small (27, 1&gt; 0); vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1); maxilla lateral and mesial margins considerably closer to each other proximally, distally narrow and pointed (102, 2&gt; 3); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid in middle of bone (111, 2&gt; 1); first external branchiostegal ray narrow proximally and broad distally (147, 1&gt; 0); posterior ceratohyal long (153, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Brustiarius nox Herre, 1935</p><p>Brustiarius solidus Herre, 1935</p><p>Brustiarius utarus Kailola, 1990 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater,northern New Guinea (Fig.38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>As indicated by the total-evidence analysis, Brustiarius follows the definition and species composition proposed in previous morphological studies (Kailola 2004, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), with the inclusion of Brustiarius utarus sensu Betancur-R. (2009). The species in Brustiarius were treated as a species flock, based on the shallow genetic divergences found by Betancur-R. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC0FF860C0FFA3DFB1E4DAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCFFF880C79FF59FF104AF9.text	03F32B77FFCFFF880C79FF59FF104AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinetodus Ogilby 1898	<div><p>Cinetodus Ogilby, 1898</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 42)</p><p>Type species: Arius froggatti Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 2&gt; 0); extrascapular subtriangular (37, 1&gt; 2); epioccipital contacting a small narrow area of diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 1&gt; 0); vomer anterior margin very pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); basioccipital lateral process absent with anterior and posterior portions equally developed (83, 1&gt; 0); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1); upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate round, as wide as long (195, 1&gt; 0); dorsal processes of upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate very short or absent (197, 1&gt; 0); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus robust (207, 0&gt; 1); ventral surfaces of parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae conspicuously concave (212, 0&gt; 1); adipose fin long (222, 2&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguousoptimization: Mesethmoidmedialnotchnarrowanddeep (1, 0&gt; 1); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1); premaxilla very wide and short, as long as wide (120, 1&gt; 3); posterior process of cleithrum very long (224, 0&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Cinetodus froggatti Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, southern New Guinea and northern Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The results of the total-evidence analysis support the recognition of Cinetodus as previously defined by morphological and molecular data (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur–R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012), with a new hypothesis of relationships.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCFFF880C79FF59FF104AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCEFF880C07FF28FB734BDD.text	03F32B77FFCEFF880C07FF28FB734BDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cochlefelis Whitley 1941	<div><p>Cochlefelis Whitley, 1941</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38C, 43)</p><p>Type species: Arius spatula Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Posterior branch of lateral ethmoid depressed (13, 0&gt; 1); vomer lateral processes very narrow (53, 0&gt; 1); parasphenoid very wide in ventral view (66, 0&gt; 1); exoccipital posterior process not supporting Müllerian ramus (94, 1&gt; 0); maxilla lateral and mesial margins slender proximally, narrow and pointed distally (102, 2&gt; 3); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid in middle of bone (111, 2&gt; 1); premaxilla wide and short, its length more than four times in width (120, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest on premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); anteroventral portion of opercle subtriangular (127, 1&gt; 4); one-half or less of interopercle posterior part contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0); first external branchiostegal ray narrow proximally and broad distally (147, 1&gt; 0); posterior ceratohyal long (153, 0&gt; 1); third basibranchial long and narrow (169, 1&gt; 2); mesial one-fourth of fourth epibranchial robust, almost as wide as long (186, 1&gt; 0); 39 or more caudal vertebrae (216, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel formed exclusively frontals (25, 0&gt; 1); lateral margin of third pharyngobranchial weakly developed and rounded (193, 1&gt; 0); 15 or more ribs (213, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Cochlefelis danielsi Regan, 1908</p><p>Cochlefelis insidiator Kailola, 2000 * sedis mutabilis</p><p>Cochlefelis spatula Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish water, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The monophyly and species composition of Cochlefelis, sensu Kailola 2004, Betancur-R. 2009, and Marceniuk et al. 2012, are supported by the total-evidence analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCEFF880C07FF28FB734BDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCEFF8B0947FE34FE164911.text	03F32B77FFCEFF8B0947FE34FE164911.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doiichthys Weber 1913	<div><p>Doiichthys Weber, 1913</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 44)</p><p>Type species: Doiichthys novaeguineae Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid long and posteriorly oriented (12, 1&gt; 2); nasal not well defined (19, 0&gt; 1); ventral crest of parieto-supraoccipital process weakly developed, restricted to base of process (48, 1&gt; 0); three infraorbitals (95, 3&gt; 1); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid slightly anterior to middle of bone (111, 2&gt; 0); metapterygoid twice as deep as long in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 0); first external branchiostegal ray proximally narrow and distally broad (147, 1&gt; 0); posterior ceratohyal very long (153, 0&gt; 2); urohyal very long (157, 1&gt; 2); posterior end of urohyal bifurcate (158, 0&gt; 1); urohyal posterolateral processes one-third as long as distal portion of bone (162, 2&gt; 4); first and second epibranchials straight for entire length (178, 0&gt; 1); mesial portion of first epibranchial very large and depressed (180, 0&gt; 2); first pharyngobranchial on mesialendoffirstepibranchial (191, 1&gt; 0); thirdpharyngobranchial funnel shaped (192, 1&gt; 0); upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate long and narrow, its length three times its width (195,?&gt; 2); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra low (200, 1&gt; 0); median crest associated with neural spine of third vertebra low or absent (201, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Accessory tooth plates present (58, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Doiichthys novaeguineae Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish waters, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis supports a sister group relationship of Doiichthys plus Nedystoma, which was uncovered previously in independent molecular and morphological studies (Kailola 2004, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012). The synonymy of Doiichthys with Nedystoma proposed by Kailola (2004) is rejected and Doiichthys is recognized as a valid genus following Marceniuk and Menezes (2007) and Betancur-R. (2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCEFF8B0947FE34FE164911	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCDFF8A0EB2FF59FDDB4860.text	03F32B77FFCDFF8A0EB2FF59FDDB4860.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalosciades Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Megalosciades gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 45)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1DF58A15- AE63-4686-BEE0-9511F9971FFF.</p><p>Type species: Arius augustus Roberts, 1978 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The genus Megalosciades is defined based on unique characters of external morphology reported by Roberts (1978) in the species description: extremely short maxillary barbel; very small eye; broad head and broad mouth.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Named for the disproportionally large head of the type species in comparison to those observed in Sciades and close relatives. Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Megalosciades augustus Roberts, 1978 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Over that past two decades, Megalosciades augustus has been treated by different authors as a valid species in three different genera: Arius, Nemapteryx, and Neoarius . Molecular data (Betancur-R. 2009) does not support the inclusion of that species within any of those genera, nor does it appear to be the sister group of any of them. Although BI and ML analyses support the inclusion of Megalosciades augustus in Cochlefelis, the two genera are externally very distinct (Figs 45, 53) and the absence of internal morphological data makes it impossible to establish a diagnosis. This is an unstable situation, which may be resolved by assigning that enigmatic species to its own genus, within which it can remain until a discoverery that its phylogenetic position is actually embedded within another genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCDFF8A0EB2FF59FDDB4860	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCCFF8A0C02FD70FBE24B3B.text	03F32B77FFCCFF8A0C02FD70FBE24B3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nedystoma Ogilby 1898	<div><p>Nedystoma Ogilby, 1898</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38D, 46)</p><p>Type species: Hemipimelodus dayi Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 2&gt; 1); premaxilla wide and moderately long, its length more than three times in width (120, 3&gt; 1); premaxilla lateral and mesial portions of different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1); anterior margin of premaxilla fringed (122, 0&gt; 1); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very long (127, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of hyomandibula short and high (141, 0&gt; 1); second external branchiostegal ray almost as wide as first ray (148, 0&gt; 1); distal portion of third external branchiostegal ray spatulate (149, 0&gt; 1); contact face between first epibranchial and first pharyngobranchial very conspicuous (177, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Upper (pharyngeal) tooth plate very long and narrow, its length more than four times its width (195,?&gt; 3).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Nedystoma dayi Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Predominantly freshwaters, but also in brackish waters, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks See Remarks of Doiichthys .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCCFF8A0C02FD70FBE24B3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCCFF8D0EBDFE93FD19485B.text	03F32B77FFCCFF8D0EBDFE93FD19485B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nemapteryx Ogilby 1908	<div><p>Nemapteryx Ogilby, 1908</p><p>MP 100, BI 1, ML 100</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 47)</p><p>Type species: Arius stirlingi Ogilby, 1898 .</p><p>Diagnosis (all of ambiguous optimization)</p><p>Posterior branches of mesethmoid narrow (6, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid parallel throughout (7, 0&gt; 1); posterior branches of mesethmoid moderately long, delimiting between one-fourth and one-half of length of anterior cranial fontanel (8, 0&gt; 1); fenestra delimited by lateral ethmoid and frontal very large (17, 1&gt; 2); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); anterior portion of anterior cranial fontanel not delimited by dorsal expansion of orbitosphenoid (24, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel very wide and long (27, 1&gt; 3); tooth plates associated with vomer present (55, 0&gt; 1); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1&gt; 0); optic foramen very reduced (67, 1&gt; 2); ventral tip of subvertebral process spatulate (80, 2&gt; 3); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process very short and thick (87, 2&gt; 1); articulation of autopalatine with lateral ethmoid in middle of bone (111, 2&gt; 1); premaxilla wide and moderately long, its length more than three times its width (120, 2&gt; 1); dorsal crest of premaxilla beginning between lateral one-third or one-half of anterior margin (124, 0&gt; 1); metapterygoid anterior process acute (138, 1&gt; 0); dorsal crest of hyomandibula short and high (141, 0&gt; 1); second basibranchial mushroom shaped (166, 0&gt; 1); distal portion of uncinate process of third epibranchial truncate (183, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus bone blade inconspicuous (206, 2&gt; 0); dorsal-fin spine prolonged into a filament (221, 0&gt; 1); cleithrum lateral face very narrow (227, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Nemapteryx armiger De Vis, 1884 .</p><p>Nemapteryx aff. armiger .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, southern New Guinea and northern Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The total-evidence analysis supports the morphological and molecular distinctiveness of Nemapteryx (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012), with the addition of a currently unnamed species from New Guinea (Betancur-R. 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCCFF8D0EBDFE93FD19485B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCBFF8C0C75FDB2FDD149BD.text	03F32B77FFCBFF8C0C75FDB2FDD149BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neoarius Castelnau 1878	<div><p>Neoarius Castelnau, 1878</p><p>BI 0.74</p><p>(Figs 1–2, 48)</p><p>Type species: Arius curtisii Castelnau, 1878 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 2&gt; 1); pterotic mesial border with parieto-supraoccipital longer than anterior border with sphenotic (36, 0&gt; 1); anterior process of first hypobranchial in middle of bone (174, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1); one-half or less of interopercle posterior part contacting ventral margin of opercle (131, 1&gt; 0); Müllerian ramus distal one-third markedly curved (208, 1&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Neoarius berneyi Whitley, 1941</p><p>Neoarius graeffei Kner &amp; Steindachner, 1867</p><p>Neoarius aff. graeffei sp 1</p><p>Neoarius aff. graeffei sp 2</p><p>Neoarius hainesi Kailola, 2000</p><p>Neoarius midgleyi Kailola &amp; Pierce, 1988</p><p>Neoarius pectoralis Kailola, 2000 * sedis mutabilis.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Fresh, brackish, and marine waters, southern New Guinea and Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The MP and BI analyses support the monophyly of Neoarius in contrast to previous morphological studies, which treated the group as asynonymof Ariopsis (Kailola2004) orasavalidgenus (Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012). This study supports the inclusion of Neoarius midgleyi and two currently unnamed species into the genus (Betancur-R. 2009) and renders Amissidens (type species: Arius hainesi Kailola, 2000) into synonymy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCBFF8C0C75FDB2FDD149BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCAFF8C0C14FC04FAD448DD.text	03F32B77FFCAFF8C0C14FC04FAD448DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachyula Ogilby 1898	<div><p>Pachyula Ogilby, 1898</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38F, 49)</p><p>Type species: Hemipimelodus crassilabris Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 2&gt; 0); epioccipital visible dorsally (41, 0&gt; 1); vomer anterior margin pronounced and acute (50, 0&gt; 1); basioccipital lateral process absent with anterior and posterior portions equally developed (83, 1&gt; 0); anteroventral portion of opercle subtrapezoidal, very short (127, 1&gt; 2); metapterygoid one and a one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1&gt; 2); posterolateral processes of urohyal short (160, 1&gt; 0); third basibranchial chalice shaped (168, 0&gt; 1); posterior margin of first epibranchial straight (181, 1&gt; 0); first pharyngobranchial large and depressed (190, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra very high (202, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus robust (207, 0&gt; 1); ventral surfaces of parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae conspicuously concave (212, 0&gt; 1); adipose fin-base long (222, 2&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid medial notch narrow and deep (1, 0&gt; 1); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1); Müllerianramusdistalone-thirdgentlycurved (208, 2&gt; 1); posterior process of cleithrum very long (224, 0&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Pachyula crassilabris Ramsay &amp; Ogilby, 1886</p><p>Pachyula conorhynchus Weber, 1913 * sedis mutabilis.</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Total-evidence analysis confirms the validity of this genus, in agreement with previous morphological and molecular studies(Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R.2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCAFF8C0C14FC04FAD448DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFCAFF8F0943FD37FDEB4B75.text	03F32B77FFCAFF8F0943FD37FDEB4B75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paracinetodus Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Paracinetodus gen. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38B, 50)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 01D775F1- CA33-42B6-AE05-AC1D3E9DBE6C.</p><p>Type species: Arius carinatus Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1); extrascapular subtriangular (37, 1&gt; 2); epioccipital contacting small narrow area of diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra (44, 2&gt; 0); ventral tip of subvertebral process acute (80, 0&gt; 2); basioccipital lateral process absent with anterior and posterior portions equally developed (83, 1&gt; 0); transcapular process at right angle to body axis (86, 0&gt; 1); transcapular process short and thick (87, 0&gt; 2); space between transcapular process and otic capsule small (89, 1&gt; 2); premaxilla narrow and long, length two to three times its width (120, 1&gt; 2); bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent (159, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal two-thirds as long as distal portion of bone (162, 0&gt; 2); transverse crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra high (200, 0&gt; 1); median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra high (202, 0&gt; 1); Müllerian ramus bony blade evident in more than one-half length (206, 0&gt; 2); ventral surfaces of parapophyses of fifth and sixth vertebrae conspicuously concave (212, 0&gt; 1); seventh vertebra free from ventral superficial ossification (214, 0&gt; 1); posterior process of cleithrum very long (224, 1&gt; 2); second dorsal cleithral process dorsally directed and parallel to first dorsal process (226, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Derived from the Greek ‘para’ for ‘near’, highlighting its morphological similarity with the genus Cinetodus . Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Paracinetodus carinatus Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater,southern New Guinea (Fig.38). Remarks</p><p>Arius carinatus was included in Cinetodus in previous morphological studies (Kailola 2004, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Marceniuk et al. 2012). The results of the total-evidence analysis place the species in a lineage distinct from that of Cinetodus, corroborating a previous molecular result (Betancur-R. 2009), and requiring the establishment of the new genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFCAFF8F0943FD37FDEB4B75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC9FF8F0C7AFE5CFBBE48C4.text	03F32B77FFC9FF8F0C7AFE5CFBBE48C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pararius Whitley 1940	<div><p>Pararius Whitley, 1940</p><p>BI 1, ML 75</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38G and 51)</p><p>Type species: Arius proximus Ogilby, 1898 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid variable in length and laterally oriented (12, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel absent (26, 1&gt; 0); epiphyseal bar indistinct (28, 0&gt; 1); temporal fossa very reduced (39, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates small, oval to rounded (60, 0&gt; 1); lateral margins of orbitosphenoid progressively diverging anteriorly (63, 0&gt; 1); lateral and mesial portions of premaxilla of different sizes (121, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Pararius mastersi Ogilby, 1898</p><p>Pararius proximus Ogilby, 1898 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Brackish and marine waters, southern New Guinea and northern Australia (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The recognition of a close relationship between Pararius proximus and Pararius mastersi is a new result not found in previous studies (Kailola 2004, Marceniuk and Menezes 2007, Betancur-R. 2009, Marceniuk et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC9FF8F0C7AFE5CFBBE48C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC8FF8E0C25FF46FC544AF9.text	03F32B77FFC8FF8E0C25FF46FC544AF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Papuarius Marceniuk & Oliveira & Ferraris Jr 2024	<div><p>Papuarius gen.nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 52)</p><p>ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AD2D552B-DF0E-46F1-B9CD-B712C9703F4.</p><p>Type species: Arius latirostris Macleay, 1883 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 2&gt; 1); lateral ethmoid main component of bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal (15, 1&gt; 0); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1&gt; 0); posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long (27, 1&gt; 2); epiphyseal bar transversely elongate and longitudinally narrow (29, 0&gt; 1); medial groove of cranium absent (30, 0&gt; 1); anterior opening of aortic canal at base of subvertebral process and anteroventrally oriented (77, 0&gt; 1); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1); dorsal crest of hyomandibula short and high (141, 0&gt; 1); contact face between first epibranchial and first pharyngobranchial conspicuous (177, 0&gt; 1); distal portion of uncinate process of third epibranchial acute (183, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Lateral horn of lateral ethmoid compressed and spatulate (11, 0&gt; 1); posterolateral processes of urohyal lateroposteriorlyoriented,forminganglegreaterthan70° (161, 1&gt; 0).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The first part of the generic name comes from Papua, a common element of the names of the six Indonesian provinces as well as the independent country that together compose the island group called New Guinea. The second part is from the frequently used ariid generic name Arius . Gender: masculine.</p><p>Included species</p><p>Papuarius latirostris Macleay, 1883 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The genus Papuarius is established to accommodate Papuarius latirostris, a species that has been assigned to a number of different genera over time. In this study it is likewise assigned to different places within the Ariina, but without a clear association to any single genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC8FF8E0C25FF46FC544AF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
03F32B77FFC8FF8E0EDFFED0FC444EE5.text	03F32B77FFC8FF8E0EDFFED0FC444EE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potamosilurus Marceniuk & Menezes 2007	<div><p>Potamosilurus Marceniuk &amp; Menezes, 2007</p><p>MP 99, BI 1, ML 99</p><p>(Figs 1–3, 38H and 53)</p><p>Type species: Hemipimelodus macrorhynchus Weber, 1913 .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Lateral ethmoid as main component of bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal (15, 1&gt; 0); accessory tooth plates absent (58, 1&gt; 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0&gt; 1).</p><p>Ambiguous optimization: Mesethmoid medial notch indistinct, obscured by bone deposition (1, 1&gt; 2); mesethmoid median portion moderately wide (2, 2&gt; 1); dorsal crest of hyomandibula short and high (141, 0&gt; 1); adipose-fin base moderately long (222, 1&gt; 2).</p><p>Included species</p><p>Potamosilurus coatesi Kailola, 1990</p><p>Potamosilurus macrorhynchus Weber, 1913</p><p>Potamosilurus robertsi Kailola, 1990 * sedis mutabilis Potamosilurus velutinus Weber, 1907 .</p><p>Habitat and distribution: Freshwater, southern New Guinea (Fig. 38).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Potamosilurus is recognized as a valid genus, as defined by Marceniuk and Menezes (2007) excluding Papuarius latirostris, which is assigned to a new genus based on the results of the total-evidence analysis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F32B77FFC8FF8E0EDFFED0FC444EE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires;Oliveira, Claudio;Ferraris Jr, Carl J.	Marceniuk, Alexandre Pires, Oliveira, Claudio, Ferraris Jr, Carl J. (2024): A new classification of the family Ariidae (Osteichthyes: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200 (2): 426-476, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad078
