taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F36E01FFDBFFF51D6FD240FE3DFE45.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Acestridium discus Haseman, 1911. Type by monotypy. Gender neuter.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDBFFF51D6FD240FE3DFE45.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acestridium is diagnosed as monophyletic based on ten exclusive synapomorphies: large exposure of mesethmoid on dorsal surface of snout (char. 5.2); anterolateral margin of anterohyal concave (char. 32.1); lack of articulation of neural spine of sixth vertebral centrum to parieto-supraoccipital (char. 39.1); dorsal fin attached to neural spine of vertebral centrum 11 - 13 (char. 45.2); anterior margin of cleithrum convex, with hollow in mesial lamina (char. 58.1); lateropterygium absent (char. 61.1); ventral margin of infraorbital 4 expanded anteroventrally, its deepest point surpassing anterior margin of bone (char. 72.2); mid-ventral series of lateral plates absent (char. 83.3); and spatulate projections of snout are present (char. 90.1). In addition, there are 14 non-exclusive synapomorphies: ventral condyle of mesethmoid oval (char. 3.3); nasal capsule completely encapsulated (char. 7.0); posterolateral portion of lateral ethmoid narrower or as wide as anterior margin (char. 10.0); dorsal wall of swimbladder formed by compound pterotic and supraoccipital (char. 13.1); condyle of hyomandibula articulates to neurocranium only by prootic (char. 15.3); crest for insertion of levator arcus palatini muscle robust (char. 18.0); one lateral foramen in hyomandibula (char. 20.1); metapterygoyde-hyomandibula suture large (char. 21.0); interhyal absent (char. 33.1); second and third radials of pectoral fin joined along longest axis (char. 54.1); two postrostral plates (char. 66.2); odontodes on dorsal surface of pectoral-fin spine randomly distributed (char. 95.0); iris operculum present (char. 100.0); and lack of skin flap on dorsal surface of first pelvic-fin ray in males (char. 103.1). Comparisons. The species of Acestridium are further distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by a highly distinctive slender and elongated body, usually with green color in life. Acestridium is further distinguished by a snout that is produced into an anterior spatulate projection that bears hypertrofied odontodes (vs. snout not elongated) and by lacking the mid-ventral series of lateral plates (vs. midventral series present). They also have very delicate and poorly developed fins and the odontodes of the trunk are small and aligned forming conspicuous rows (vs. normally developed fins and odontodes not clearly aligned). It differs from all other genera, except for some species of Otocinclus, by possessing an iris operculum (vs. iris operculum absent). Acestridium is additionally distinguished from Hypoptopoma, Nannoptopoma, Otocinclus, Leptotocinclus, and Nannoxyropsis by the caudal peduncle, which is strongly depressed, elongated, and narrow (vs. caudal peduncle oval in cross-section). Acestridium is further distinguished from Niobichthys, its sister genus, by having a spatulate snout projection (vs. spatulate snout projection absent), by ten or 12 branched rays in the caudal-fin (vs. 14 branched rays); by the lateral-line canal that shifts to the ventral series of lateral plates after truncation of the median plate series (vs. shifting to the dorsal series); and by odontodes on the dorsal surface of the pectoral-fin spine that are randomly arranged (vs. arranged in two or three rows).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDBFFF41C92D43EFD48F8EB.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDBFFF41C92D43EFD48F8EB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hypoptopomatini is diagnosed as a monophyletic group based on ten exclusive synapomorphies: posterolateral portion of ventral surface of lateral ethmoid with ventral strut (char. 9.1); posterolateral portion of lateral ethmoid wider than anterior margin (char. 10.1); condyle of hyomandibula articulated to neurocranium at compound pterotic only (char. 15.1); crest for insertion of levator arcus palatini muscle reduced or absent (char. 18.1); ventral margin of preopercle not flat and not exposed (char. 24.1); posterior extension of preopercle reduced (char. 25.1); posterior ramus of preopercle oriented horizontally (char. 27.1); preopercle latero-sensory canal absent (char. 28.1); ventral surface of pectoral girdle completely exposed (char. 55.2); and arrector fossa of pectoral girdle completely closed (char. 56.2). In addition, there are four non-exclusive synapomorphies: dorsal canal of metapterygoid present and shallow (char. 17.2); metapterigoyd-hyomandibula suture reduced (char. 21.1); interhyal present (char. 33.0); and infraorbital 4 shallow, its depth equal to depth of infraorbital canal (char. 72.0). Comparisons. The species of Hypoptopomatini are small in size, usually 30 – 60 mm SL, but some Hypoptopoma species can reach 100 mm SL, and are distinguished from most other loricariids (except the remaining Hypoptopomatinae) by the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle, which is partially or completely exposed ventrally and bears odontodes (vs. the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle being covered by skin or plates). The Hypoptopomatini are further distinguished from the other hypoptopomatines by the preopercle, which is completely enclosed by the lateral plates of the cheek in a way such that the 4 th and the 5 th infraorbitals make ventral contact with the canal plate and the opercle (vs. the posterior ramus of the preopercle exposed on the lateral surface of the head and located between those same elements).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF51C9CD4BEFC44FE05.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Hypoptopoma thoracatum Günther, 1868. Type by monotypy. Gender neuter.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF51C9CD4BEFC44FE05.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hypoptopoma is diagnosed as monophyletic based on a single non-exclusive synapomorphy: odontodes enlarged on posterior margin of trunk plates (char. 96.1). This character is uniquely shared with Nannoptopoma sternoptychum. Comparisons. The species of Hypoptopoma are further distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by having a pointed, triangular snout (vs. snout rounded) and a very robust trunk, such that some of its species hold the largest body size within the Hypoptopomatinae, with standard length surpassing 100 mm (vs. smaller size). The dorsal profile of the head and body is straight from the snout tip to the dorsalfin origin (vs. dorsal profile convex). The greatest body width is at the eye, due to its large size and ventrolateral position (vs. greatest body width at cleithrum). The dermal plates of Hypoptopoma are very thick and strongly articulated to each other (vs. dermal plates normally developed and more loosely articulated). Unlike other hypoptopomatins, in most species of Hypoptopoma, the adipose fin may be present and there are enlarged and flattened odontodes positioned along the posterior margin of the trunk plates. Hypoptopoma is also differentiated from other hypoptopomatines, except Nannoptopoma, by having the trunk straight from the posteriormost dorsal and anal fin rays to the caudal fin (vs. trunk slightly concave). Contrary to all other genera, except Oxyropsis, Hypoptopoma have a ventrolateral displacement of the eyes, which are also visible in ventral view. Additionally, Hypoptopoma can be distinguished from Nannoptopoma, Otocinclus, Leptotocinclus, and from most species of Acestridium by the possession of serrations along the inner margin of the pectoral-fin spine (vs. serrations absent).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF51FF1D77EFA43F92A.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Otocinclus spectabilis Eigenmann, 1914. Type by original designation. Gender neuter.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF51FF1D77EFA43F92A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nannoptopoma is diagnosed as monophyletic based on two exclusive synapomorphies: distance between posterior process of coracoid and lateropterygium short, their tips touching or almost touching each other (char. 62.1); and two or three plates on single series of median abdominal plates (char. 89.1). In addition, there are three non-exclusive synapomorphies: anterior margin of mesethmoid rounded (char. 4.3); two median plates ventrally associated with second mid-ventral plate (char. 84.1); and one plate in lateral abdominal series (char. 88.1). Comparisons. The species of Nannopoptopoma are further distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by a welldeveloped pectoral fin and by anterior displacement of the pelvic fin, such that the posterior tip of the pectoral-fin spine reaches to or surpasses the posterior tip of the first unbranched pelvic-fin ray (vs. pectoral spines never reaching the tip of the unbranched pelvic-fin). Nannoptopoma can be further distinguished from all other genera by possessing only one lateral abdominal plate and two or three plates in a single series of median abdominal plates (vs. different plate configurations). Nannoptopoma is also distinguished from Hypoptopoma by having the greatest width of body at the cleithrum (vs. at the eyes); the caudal peduncle is rounded in cross section (vs. vertically oval); the pectoral-fin spine has no serrations in its inner margin (vs. serrae present); the adipose fin is always absent (vs. usually present); and the dorsal profile of the head and body is slightly convex from the snout tip to the dorsal-fin origin (vs. profile straight).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF61F0FD261FD00FB44.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Niobichthys ferrarisi Schaefer, Provenzano, 1998. Type by original designation. Gender masculine.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFDAFFF61F0FD261FD00FB44.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Niobichthys is diagnosed based on four nonexclusive autapomorphies: serrations on inner margin of pectoral-fin spine present and oblique (char. 51.1); anterior portion of basipterygium open, bearing pair of fenestrae (char. 60.0); snout tip covered by naked area (char. 63.1); and path of preopercle-mandibular branch of laterosenory canal passes from pterotic to fifth infraorbital (char. 74.1). Comparisons. The only species of Niobichthys is distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by the absence of a rostral plate, leaving a naked area in the snout tip (vs. rostral plate present), and by possession of conical, unicuspid accessory teeth in both the premaxilla and dentary (vs. accessory teeth absent). Niobichthys also differs from Hypoptopoma, Nannoptopoma, Otocinclus, Leptotocinclus, and Nannoxyropsis by having a strongly depressed, elongated and narrow caudal peduncle (vs. caudal peduncle not depressed). Additionally, Niobichthys is distinguished from Oxyropsis by the dorsolateral position of the eyes, which are not visible in ventral view (vs. eyes visible in ventral view), and by possession of precleithral plates (vs. precleithral plates absent). From Acestridium, Niobichthys is further distinguished by lacking the spatulate snout projection, by 14 branched rays in the caudal-fin (vs. 10 or 12 branched rays); by the lateral-line canal that shifts to the dorsal series of lateral plates after truncation of the median plate series (vs. shifting to the ventral series); and by odontodes on the dorsal surface of the pectoral-fin spine that are arranged in two or three rows (vs. odontodes randomly arranged).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD9FFF61D49D1BFFC00FA64.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Otocinclus vestitus Cope, 1872. Type by subsequent monotypy. Gender masculine.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD9FFF61D49D1BFFC00FA64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Otocinclus is diagnosed as monophyletic based on five exclusive synapomorphies: ventral ridge of lateral ethmoid absent (char. 6.2); teeth on pharyngeal jaws reduced and arranged in single series (char. 30.1); dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped (char. 47.1); esophageal diverticulum expanded into accessory gas bladder (char. 102.2); and contact organ present at base of caudal fin in males (104.1). In addition, there are four non-exclusive synapomorphies: anteroventral surface of mesethmoid with one pair of uncinate processes (char. 1.1); swimbladder capsule enlarged (char. 16.1); anterior portion of basipterygium open, bearing pair of fenestrae (char. 60.0); and possession of gap in pores of canal-bearing median plate series (char. 81.1). Comparisons. The species of Otocinclus are further distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by having a relatively robust and deep body and head, even though adult body size is moderately small, and its maximum standard length reaches 45 mm. In the species of Otocinclus, the fenestrae in the compound pterotic are progressively larger and irregular towards the posterolateral margin (vs. small and all with same size); and the mesethmoid completely covered by plates (vs. mesethmoid exposed). Otocinclus can be further distinguished by the possession of a V-shaped dorsal-fin spinelet and a functional locking mechanism of the dorsal-fin spine (vs. dorsal-fin spinelet absent); the lateral line not extending to the last plate in the median series (vs. lateral line extending to last plate in the median series); the posterior truncation of the mid-dorsal series, which goes from the compound pterotic to the caudal peduncle (vs. anteriorly truncated, with eight plates or less, not passing the posterior tip of the dorsal fin); and by the posteriorly truncated midventral series which extends to the caudal peduncle (vs. extending to a point between the dorsal and anal fins or even absent). Additionally, Otocinclus is distinguished by the presence of secondary sexual dimorphism in mature males in the form of a contact organ at the base of the caudal fin, composed by a patch of odontodes modified into a swirl (vs. swirl absent).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD9FFF71F0CD0DFFDA2FD85.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species: Oxyropsis wrightiana Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889. Type by original designation. Gender feminine.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD9FFF71F0CD0DFFDA2FD85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Oxyropsis is diagnosed as monophyletic based on three non-exclusive synapomorphies: width of exposed area of nuchal plate equal to its length (char. 35.1); 28 or more vertebrae (char. 41.0); and height of neural and haemal spines of caudal vertebra smaller than its width (char. 43.1). Comparisons. The species of Oxyropsis are further distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by having only one single row of aligned odontodes along the trunk midline lying adjacent and immediately dorsal to the lateral line canal (vs. odontodes not in a single row). Oxyropsis is distinguished from other hypoptopomatins, except Acestridium and Niobichthys, by the caudal peduncle strongly depressed, elongated and narrow (vs. caudal peduncle not depressed). Additionally, the species of Oxyropsis can be further distinguished from Hypoptopoma by the width of the exposed area of the nuchal plate, which is equal to its length, resulting in a typically small, roundish and not laterally expanded nuchal plate (vs. nuchal plate laterally expanded); and by the possession of only three plates in the mid-dorsal series (vs. four plates).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFF71D45D7FEFBC5FCAB.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BE 04 E 60 D- 92 F 2 - 43 CC-AE 8 D- 75 CD 1449 D 314	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFF71D45D7FEFBC5FCAB.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Leptotocinclus ctenistus.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFF71D45D7FEFBC5FCAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Leptotocinclus is diagnosed as monophyletic based on three non-exclusive synapomorphies: 12 caudalfin branched rays (char. 50.1); second and third radials of pectoral fin sutured along their longest axis (char. 54.1); and odontodes on dorsal margin of snout equal in size and arrangement compared to those on remainder of head (char. 91.0). Comparisons. Leptotocinclus can be readily distinguished from Nannoptopoma by the trunk, which is concave from posteriormost dorsal- and anal-fin rays to caudal fin (vs. a straight trunk); having a smaller and more delicate pectoralfin spine, representing 23 – 27 % SL (vs. 29.8 – 39.3 % SL), and the posterior process of the coracoid is far from the lateropterygium (Fig. 8 a; vs. posterior process of the coracoid and anterior tip of lateropterygium in contact or almost in contact; Fig. 8 b).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFF71D45D7FEFBC5FCAB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Leptotocinclus is from the Greek leptos, meaning fine, small, delicate, and Otocinclus, a genus of Hypoptopomatini, in reference to the delicate aspect of the species included. Gender. Masculine.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	description	u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o rg: a c t: C FA 9 9 F 2 2 - E 6 9 A - 4 8 F F - 9 C E 7 - DA 020 FB 32 DE 2 Fig. 15	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. INPA 53272, male, 26.5 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Maraã, igarapé São Sebastião, tributary to igarapé do Baré, lago Amanã basin, 02 ° 17 ’ 06 ” S 64 ° 40 ’ 36 ” W, 17 January 2010, H. Lazzarotto & J. Oliveira. Paratypes. Brazil, rio Amazonas basin: INPA 33985, 7, 19.1 - 29.0 mm SL, and MCP 51457, 2, 24.9 - 25.2 mm SL + 2 c & s, 24.3 - 26.7 mm SL, same data as holotype. INPA 33982, 14, 22.5 - 29.3 mm SL, and MCP 51458, 4, 25.0 - 26.4 mm SL + 2 c & s 23.3 - 26.5 mm SL, igarapé Solimõezinho, tributary to rio Unini, Barcelos, Amazonas, 01 ° 30 ’ 18 ” S 62 ° 58 ’ 15 ” W, 27 January 2010, H. Lazzarotto. INPA 34001, 8, 22.7 - 27.1 mm SL + 2 c & s 25.7 - 26.1 mm SL, and MCP 51459, 5, 23.3 - 26.9 mm SL, igarapé do Solimõezinho, rio Unini basin, Barcelos, Amazonas, 01 ° 30 ’ 17.7 ” S 62 ° 58 ’ 15 ” W, 27 January 2010, H. Lazzarotto. MPEG 16620, 1, 27.7 mm SL, igarapé Tamanduá, tributary to rio Coari, Coari, Amazonas, 04 ° 53 ’ 04.9 ” S 65 ° 13 ’ 34.5 ” W, 18 December 2008, L. Montag. MPEG 16621, 1, 27.3 mm SL, and MPEG 16622, 3, 25.7 - 29.9 mm SL, igarapé Marta, tributary to rio Coari, Coari, Amazonas, 04 ° 51 ’ 39.2 ” S 65 ° 04 ’ 40.4 ” W, 29 July 2008, W. Wosiacki. MPEG 16623, 1, 25.8 mm SL, igarapé Onça, tributary to rio Coari, Coari, Amazonas, 04 ° 52 ’ 08.7 ” S 65 ° 18 ’ 03.7 ” W, 14 December 2008, L. Montag. MPEG 16624, 1, 29.6 mm SL, igarapé Tartaruga, tributary to rio Coari, Coari, Amazonas, 04 ° 53 ’ 04.3 ” S 65 ° 20 ’ 06.5 ” W, 15 December 2008, L. Montag. Colombia, rioAmazonas basin: ICNMHN 10054, 1, 22.5 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 30 June 2002, C. A. Pinto. ICNMHN 10093, 2, 17.4 - 18.9 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 19 July 2002, C. A. Pinto. ICNMHN 10123, 8, 14.8 - 28.4 mm SL, and MCP 51460, 3, 20.9 - 25.1 mm SL + 1 c & s 19.8 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 30 May 2002, C. A. Pinto. ICNMHN 10286, 5, 26.1 - 30.6 mm SL, and MCP 51461, 2, 28.2 - 29.1 mm SL + 2 c & s, 27.5 - 31.4 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 12 January 2002, C. A. Pinto. ICNMHN 10327, 5, 24.9 - 30.1 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 10 December 2002, C. A. Pinto. ICNMHN 10348, 7, 18.7 - 27.6 mm SL, quebrada Tacana, tributary to río Amazonas at km 6.5 of road from Leticia to Tarapacá, Departamento Amazonas, 04 ° 09 ’ 15 ” S 69 ° 56 ’ 09 ” W, 17 July 2002, C. A. Pinto.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Leptotocinclus ctenistus is distinguished from its only congener by median series of abdominal plates, present and arranged in one single row (vs. median series of abdominal plates absent); and by 3 - 6 lateral abdominal plates (vs. 1 - 2, but one specimen with 3). Additionally, Leptotocinclus ctenistus is distinguished by larger size of preanal plate (7.0 - 12.0 % SL, Fig. 7 f vs. 1.5 - 6.4 % SL, Fig. 7 e).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	description	Description. Proportional measurements and counts in Tabs. 1 - 2. Body relatively small and slender, moderately elongated; head moderatly depressed. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; parietosupraoccipital slightly elevated leaving interorbital region convex. Trunk profile descending from dorsal-fin origin to anteriormost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Body deepest at dorsal-fin origin; body shallowest at posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Body ovoid to transversely depressed in cross section, progressively compressed posterior to anal-fin base. Greatest body width at cleithrum. Anterior margin of snout broadly rounded in dorsal view. Snout with slight depression anterior to each nostril. Eye large, laterally positioned, barely visible in ventral view; iris operculum absent. Compound pterotic perforate only laterally, fenestrae increasing in size towards posterolateral margin of bone. Pore between canal-bearing cheek plate and fourth infraorbital present. Three predorsal plates anterior to trapezoidal nuchal plate. Odontodes on dorsal margin of snout slightly larger than other odontodes on head. Odontodes on ventral margin of snout distinctly enlarged. Posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital without small tuft of enlarged odontodes even in specimens smaller than 20 mm SL. No other crests of odontodes on dorsal surface of head. Lips rounded and covered with globular papillae. Teeth slender, bifid, with blade-like larger medial cusp and smaller lateral cusp. Plates anterior to cleithrum absent. Median series of lateral plates complete with lateral line continuous. Odontodes on head and trunk pointed, uniform in size and shape and conspicuously aligned; odontodes on caudal peduncle slightly larger. Odontodes on ventral surface of body smaller and evenly distributed, not arranged in lines. Body almost entirely covered by plates, except area around anus, region overlying lateral opening of swimbladder capsule, area between lower lip and pectoral girdle, and area around fin bases. Ventral portions of cleithrum and coracoid completely exposed and supporting odontodes. Abdomen covered by 3 - 6 (mean 4) elongate lateral abdominal plates and single series of 4 - 8 polygonal to roughly square middle abdominal plates. Single, large preanal plate between the pelvic fins. Anal tube and male urogenital papilla slightly right turned. Total vertebrae 27; ribs 6, beginning on eighth vertebral centrum, in addition to large rib on sixth centrum. Dorsal fin I, 7, its origin at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin spinelet absent. Pectoral fin I, 6, with small axillary slit in skin behind fin insertion. Serrae absent along mesial margin of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral fin reaching to vertical through midpoint of pelvic-fin unbranched ray. Adipose fin absent. Pelvic fin i, 5, short, with robust thickened first ray shorter than two first branched rays. Skin flap absent on first unbranched pelvic-fin ray of males. Dorsal surface of first and sometimes second pelvic-fin branched rays with contact organ composed of row of enlarged odontodes. Anal fin i, 5; first anal-fin pterygiophore exposed in front of unbranched fin ray. Odontodes on pelvic-fin unbranched ray turned and strongly pointing mesially. Caudal fin i, 12, i (two specimens with i, 11, i), forked, upper and lower lobes equal. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body tan to medium brown. Dark brown melanophores on head more densely concentrated on compound pterotic, parieto-supraoccipital, frontals, postrostral plates, anterior surface of upper lip, and posterior and mesial portions of naris flap. Melanophores on body concentrated on skin covering swimbladder opening, predorsal area, and on lateral stripe. Longitudinal dark brown lateral stripe on midlateral surface of head and body; stripe beginning laterally on snout tip partially covering ventral half of eye and continuing to end of caudal peduncle. Light brown melanophores roughly arranged in four dorsal blotches; one anterior to dorsal fin, one on posterior portion of dorsal fin, two at caudal peduncle. Posteriormost plates of both dorsal and ventral series of lateral plates less pigmented. Ventral surface of body mostly unpigmented except for ventral portion of snout plates, canal-bearing cheek plate, lateral region of pectoral girdle, lateral portions of lateral abdominal plates, and lateral portions of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and pectoral fins with 5 - 6 dark brown spots, continued as irregular bands on branched rays. Pelvic fin with 3 - 4 and anal fin with 2 such spots. Caudal fin with trapezoidal dark brown spot at base and 3 - 4 bands of brown melanophores on unbranched and branched rays. Interradial membrane of all fins unpigmented. Sexual dimorphism. Males with a conical urogenital papilla behind the anal tube. Mature males also possess a pelvic-fin contact organ, composed of a row of enlarged odontodes on the dorsal surface of the first, sometimes second, pelvic-fin branched rays (Fig. 13). Those odontodes are almost three times the size of other odontodes on the dorsal surface of the pelvic fin.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Leptotocinclus ctenistus is known from tributaries to the rio Solimões and rio Negro in Brazil and Colombia (Fig. 16). Collecting localities are blackwater creeks and small rivers. The Quebrada Tacana is a blackwater creek with a sandy bottom and the collecting station is located on the Terra Firme, above the level of the yearly seasonal flood (Galvis et al., 2006).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name ctenistus from the Greek ktenistus, meaning combed, derived from ktenos, comb, in reference to the contact organ formed by a comb of odontodes on the pelvic fin of mature males. An adjective.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Leptotocinclus ctenistus is relatively frequent and abundant in the tributaries of the rio Solimões and rio Negro, with an EOO of approximately 128,000 km 2. As it is widespread and no eminent threats are detected, L. ctenistus can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2016).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD8FFFA1FCBD600FB9EFB85.taxon	discussion	Multivariate comparison. General morphological differences between Leptotocinclus ctenistus and L. madeirae were investigated using a Principal Components Analysis. The resulting first principal component included an expressive proportion of the total variance (57.3 %), but all variable loadings were positive and varied little in magnitude, suggesting that it represents a general size factor. Plots of factor scores of principal component 2 vs. 3 grouped specimens into two slightly overlapping clusters (Fig. 17). PC 2 and PC 3 included 17.3 % and 7.0 % of the total variance, respectively. Measurements with heavier loadings on PC 2 were pectoral-pelvic fin distance (0.29), postdorsal length (0.20), caudal-peduncle width (- 0.45), and naris diameter (- 0.65); on PC 3 heavier loadings were dorsal-fin base length (0.34), caudal-peduncle width (0.37), naris diameter (- 0.27), and suborbital depth (- 0.60). This difference in general morphospace indicates a slight body shape difference, difficult to detect with linear measurements, but supportive of the lineage independence hypothesis between Leptotocinclus ctenistus and L. madeirae.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	description	u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o rg: a c t: 3 7 9 B 5 5 F 7 - D F 5 3 - 4 3 D 5 - 9 E B 9 - 5651 BE 6 E 36 AF Fig. 18	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 51352, female, 30.4 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas, Humaitá, igarapé do Vinte e Dois at Recanto do Sanari, Transamazon road ca. 20 km SW of rio Madeira towards Lábrea, 07 ° 35 ’ 36 ” S 63 ° 10 ’ 27 ” W, 27 July 2004, P. Lehmann, P. Buckup, F. Lima, V. Bertaco & J. Pezzi. Paratypes. Brazil: Amazonas State, Rio Madeira basin: MCP 35888, 3, 20.5 - 23.4 + 2 c & s, 23.7 - 23.8 mm SL, same data as holotype. MCP 35886, 4, 18.4 - 23.9 + 1 c & s, 24.8 mm SL, igarapé do Doze at Transamazon road, ca. 12 km W of Humaitá towards Lábrea, 07 ° 34 ’ 25 ” S 63 ° 06 ’ 39 ” W, 27 July 2004, P. Lehmann, P. Buckup, F. Lima, V. Bertaco & J. Pezzi. UFRO-I 15682, 5, 19.7 - 24.8 mm SL, creek on Transamazon road, ca. 18 km W of Humaitá, 07 ° 35 ’ 36.7 ” S 63 ° 10 ’ 31 ” W, 9 August, 2012, D. Hungria. Rio Purus basin: MCP 35885, 1, 20.4 mm SL, creek tributary to rio Açuá, ca. 136 km SW of Humaitá on road BR- 319, Humaitá, 08 ° 12 ’ 13 ” S 63 ° 53 ’ 01 ” W, 28 July 2004, R. Reis, F. Langeani, E. Pereira & A. Cardoso. UFRO-I 16658, 11, 16.2 - 30.6 mm SL, rio Fortaleza on road BR- 319, near Realidade village, ca. 90 km N of Humaitá, 07 ° 05 ’ 04.5 ” S 63 ° 06 ’ 35 ” W, 9 August 2012, W. M. Ohara. UFRO-I 15681, 11, 19.0 - 25.6 mm SL + 1 c & s, 22.9 mm SL, rio Realidade on road BR- 319, at Realidade village, ca. 100 km N of Humaitá, 06 ° 59 ’ 07 ” S 63 ° 05 ’ 54.4 ” W, 9 August 2012, W. M. Ohara. UFRO-I 17317, 2, 20.2 - 23.1 mm SL, rio Realidade on road BR- 319, at Realidade village, ca. 100 km N of Humaitá, 06 ° 59 ’ 07 ” S 63 ° 05 ’ 53.4 ” W, 9 August 2012, W. M. Ohara. UFRO-I 15704, 4, 21.6 - 25.7 mm SL, mouth of lago Comprido into rio Ipixuna, near Transamazon road, ca. 38 km W of Humaitá, 07 ° 30 ’ 37 ” S 63 ° 20 ’ 23.6 ” W, 21 July 2012, W. M. Ohara.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Leptotocinclus madeirae is distiguished from L. ctenistus by lacking a median series of abdominal plates (vs. median series of plates present and arranged in one single row); and by 1 - 2 (except one specimen with 3) lateral abdominal plates (vs. 3 - 6). Additionally, Leptotocinclus madeirae is distinguished by the smaller size of the preanal plate (1.5 - 6.4 % SL, Fig. 7 e vs. 7.0 - 12.0 % SL, Fig. 7 f).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	description	Description. Proportional measurements and counts in Tabs. 2 - 3. Body relatively small and slender, moderately elongated; head moderatly depressed. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; parietosupraoccipital slightly elevated leaving interorbital region convex. Trunk profile descending from dorsal-fin origin to anteriormost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Body deepest at dorsal-fin origin; body shallowest at posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Body ovoid to transversely depressed in cross section, progressively compressed posterior to anal-fin base. Greatest body width at cleithrum. Anterior margin of snout broadly rounded in dorsal view. Snout with slight depression anterior to each nostril. Eye large, laterally positioned, barely visible in ventral view; iris operculum absent. Compound pterotic perforate only laterally, fenestrae increasing in size towards posterolateral margin of bone. Pore between canal-bearing cheek plate and fourth infraorbital present. Three predorsal plates anterior to trapezoidal nuchal plate. Odontodes on dorsal margin of snout slightly larger than other odontodes on head. Odontodes on ventral margin of snout distinctly enlarged. Posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital with small tuft of enlarged odontodes in specimens smaller than 20 mm SL; without other crests on dorsal surface of head. Lips rounded and covered with globular papillae. Teeth slender, bifid, with blade-like larger medial cusp and smaller lateral cusp. Plates anterior to cleithrum absent. Median series of lateral plates complete with continuous lateral line. Odontodes on head and trunk pointed, uniform in size and shape and conspicuously aligned; odontodes on caudal peduncle slightly larger. Odontodes on ventral surface of body smaller and scattered, not arranged in lines. Body covered by plates, except area around anus, region overlying lateral opening of swimbladder capsule, area between lower lip and pectoral girdle, and area around fin bases. Ventral portions of cleithrum and coracoid completely exposed and supporting odontodes. Abdomen covered by 1 - 3 (mean 2) small, ovate lateral abdominal plates; middle abdominal plates absent. Single, small preanal plate between pelvic fins. Anal tube slightly right turned. Total vertebrae 26; ribs 7, beginning on eighth vertebral centrum, in addition to large rib on sixth centrum. Dorsal fin I, 7, its origin at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin spinelet absent. Pectoral fin I, 6, with small axillary slit in skin behind fin insertion. Serrae absent along mesial margin of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral fin reaching to vertical through midpoint of pelvic-fin unbranched ray. Adipose fin absent. Pelvic fin i, 5, short, with robust thickened first ray shorter than two first branched rays. Odontodes on pelvic-fin unbranched ray turned and strongly pointing mesially. Anal fin i, 5; first anal-fin pterygiophore exposed in front of unbranched fin ray. Caudal fin i, 12, i, forked, upper and lower lobes equal. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body tan to medium brown. Dark brown melanophores on head more densely concentrated on compound pterotic, parieto-supraoccipital, frontals, postrostral plates, anterior surface of upper lip, and posterior and mesial portions of naris flap. Melanophores on body concentrated on predorsal area and lateral stripe. Longitudinal dark brown lateral stripe on midlateral surface of head and body; lateral stripe from snout tip partially covering ventral half of eye and continuing to end of caudal peduncle. Light brown melanophores arranged in four inconspicuous dorsal blotches; one anterior to dorsal fin, one on posterior portion of dorsal fin, two at caudal peduncle. Posteriormost plates of both dorsal and ventral series of lateral plates less pigmented. Ventral surface of body mostly unpigmented except for ventral portion of snout plates, canal-bearing cheek plate, lateral region of pectoral girdle, and lateral portions of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and pectoral fins with 5 - 6 dark brown spots, continued as irregular bands on branched rays. Pelvic fin with 3 - 4 and anal fin with two spots. Caudal fin with trapezoidal dark brown spot at base and 3 - 4 bands of brown melanophores on unbranched and branched rays. Interradial membrane of all fins unpigmented. Sexual dimorphism. A single known male (UFRO-I 16658) with a small urogenital papilla behind the anal tube.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Leptotocinclus madeirae is known from tributaries to the middle rio Madeira and Purus in Brazil (Fig. 16). Collecting localities are blackwater creeks and small rivers.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Leptotocinclus madeirae is named after the rio Madeira, in which basin is the type-locality. An adjective.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD4FFFD1FF6D5DDFE17FE25.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Leptotocinclus madeirae is relatively frequent and abundant in the tributaries of the middle rio Madeira, with an EOO of approximately 2,700 km 2. As the population is not fragmented, continuing decline cannot be inferred, and no eminent threats are detected, L. madeirae can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2016).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFD1D40D49EFC3FFC84.taxon	description	u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. o rg: a c t: 3 7 5 3 E 6 B F - 7 C 6 B - 4 7 6 D - 9 3 8 4 - 05 F 87880 A 16 B	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFD1D40D49EFC3FFC84.taxon	type_taxon	Type-species. Nannoxyropsis acicula.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFD1D40D49EFC3FFC84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nannoxyropsis is diagnosed as monophyletic based on three exclusive synapomorphies: posterior ventral corner of canal cheek plate towards ventral midline (char. 69.1); row of odontodes aligned along trunk midline, adjacent and immediately ventral to lateral line canal (char. 98.1); and one enlarged odontode at posterior margin of median lateral plates of caudal peduncle (char. 99.1). Comparisons. The species of Nannoxyropsis are distinguished from other hypoptopomatins by having two rows of aligned odontodes along the trunk midline, that lie adjacent and immediately dorsal and ventral to the lateral line canal (vs. one row in Oxyropsis or no aligned odontodes); by the posterovental corner of the canal cheek plate that projects towards the ventral midline (vs. canal cheek plate not projected medially); and by the presence of one distinctly enlarged odontode at the posterior margin of the median lateral plates of the caudal peduncle (vs. enlarged odontode absent). The species of Nannoxyropsis can be additionally differentiated from Oxyropsis by having a round to compressed caudal peduncle in cross section (vs. depressed caudal peduncle in cross-section); and by the last seven plates of the mid-ventral series having the same size as the adjacent plates in the median series (vs. the last mid-ventral plates having at most half the size of the adjacent median series plates).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFD1D40D49EFC3FFC84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Nannoxyropsis is from the Greek nannos, meaning small, and Oxyropsis, a genus of Hypoptopomatini, in reference to the small size of the species included. Gender. Feminine.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 05 ED 1 D 9 - 1707 - 4 C 90 - AB 18 - 07 B 7375209 B 5 Fig. 19	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MCP 51326, female, 27.1 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Itaituba, Igarapé Capiteo on Transamazonic road between Comunidade 28 and Vila Rayol, 04 ° 22 ’ 43 ” S 56 ° 16 ’ 32.9 ” W, 24 October 2016, R. E. Reis, T. P. Carvalho & B. B. Calegari. Paratypes. Brazil, Pará State, Rio Tapajós basin: MCP 51325, 3 23.4 - 24.3 mm SL + 2 tissue sample vouchers, same data as holotype. MCP 51324, 3, 24.9 - 25.4 mm SL + 1 tissue sample voucher, creek tributary to rio Tapajós ca. 20 km SW of Itaituba, on road to Comunidade 28, Itaituba, 04 ° 18 ’ 21 ” S 56 ° 05 ’ 54.4 ” W, 24 October 2016, R. E. Reis, T. P. Carvalho & B. B. Calegari. MPEG 25249, 23, 20.9 - 29.7 mm SL and MCP 51462, 7, 23.4 - 29.0 mm SL + 3 c & s, 23.9 - 27.8 mm SL, rio Tapajós near Mamãe Anã village, Jacareacanga, approx. 05 ° 46 ’ S 57 ° 23 ’ W, 4 October 2012, N. Benone. MPEG 26488, 38, 22.5 - 33.5 mm SL and MCP 51463, 15, 22.8 - 27.6 mm SL, rio Tapajós near Buburé village, Jacareacanga, 04 ° 42 ’ 58 ” S 56 ° 26 ’ 24 ” W, 6 January 2013, N. Benone. MZUSP 92752, 3, 23.2 - 25.7 mm SL, right margin of rio Tapajós at Pimental, 04 ° 34 ’ 15 ” S 56 ° 15 ’ 39 ” W, 11 November 2006, L. M. Sousa & J. L. Birindelli.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Nannoxyropsis acicula is distinguished from N. ephippia by lacking preopercle latero-sensory canal (vs. sensory canal present); and by odontodes on posterior margin of the parieto-supraoccipital enlarged, forming crest (vs. odontodes not enlarged or forming crest). Nannoxyropsis acicula is further distinguished from N. ephippia by a longer head (34.8 - 39.4 vs. 29.4 - 33.5 % SL); a narrower snout (width of snout measured at widest point of mouth opening 37.0 - 40.7 vs. 43.1 - 45.3 % HL); a larger predorsal length (44.7 - 48.9 vs. 40.1 - 44.5 % SL); a smaller dorsal interorbital distance (37.1 - 42.4 vs. 43.0 - 54.2 % HL); a smaller number of plates in median series of lateral plates (20 - 22 vs. 23); and a smaller number of teeth on premaxilla (11 - 17 vs. 18 - 26).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	description	Description. Proportional measurements and counts in Tabs. 2, 4. Body relatively small and slender, moderately elongated; head moderatly depressed. Dorsal profile of head and body slightly convex from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin; parieto-supraoccipital slightly elevated leaving interorbital region convex. Trunk profile descending from dorsal-fin origin to anteriormost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Body deepest at dorsal-fin origin; body shallowest at posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Body ovoid to transversely depressed in cross section, progressively compressed posterior to anal-fin base. Greatest body width at cleithrum. Anterior margin of snout acute and triangular in dorsal view with rounded tip. Snout with slight depression anterior to each nostril. Eye large, laterally positioned, barely visible in ventral view; iris operculum absent. Compound pterotic perforate only laterally, fenestrae increasing in size posterolateral margin of bone. Pore between canal-bearing cheek plate and fourth infraorbital present. Three predorsal plates anterior to trapezoidal nuchal plate. Odontodes on dorsal and ventral margins of snout distinctly larger than other odontodes on head. Enlarged odontodes on ventral margin extending below eye. Posterior tip of parietosupraoccipital with tuft of enlarged odontodes; without other crests on dorsal surface of head. Lips rounded and covered with globular papillae. Teeth slender, bifid, with blade-like larger medial cusp and smaller lateral cusp. Plates anterior to cleithrum absent. Median series of lateral plates complete with lateral line continuous. Odontodes on head and trunk pointed, uniform in size and shape and conspicuously aligned; odontodes on caudal peduncle slightly larger. Odontodes on ventral surface of body smaller and scattered, not arranged in lines. Body covered by plates, except area around anus, region overlying lateral opening of swimbladder capsule, area between lower lip and pectoral girdle, and area around fin bases. Ventral portions of cleithrum and coracoid completely exposed and supporting odontodes. Abdomen covered by 2 - 6 (mean 4) transversely elongate lateral abdominal plates; middle abdominal plates 1 - 6 (mean 4). Single, large preanal plate between pelvic fins. Anal tube slightly right turned. Total vertebrae 26; ribs 3, beginning on tenth vertebral centrum, in addition to large rib on sixth centrum. Dorsal fin I, 7, its origin at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Dorsal-fin spinelet absent. Pectoral fin I, 6, with small axillary slit in skin behind fin insertion. Pectoral-fin spine with small serrae composed of retrorse, conical, acute teeth along posterior margin, one per ray segment. Serrae more conspicuous in younger specimens, absent in larger. Pectoral fin reaching to vertical through posterior third of pelvic-fin unbranched ray. Adipose fin absent. Pelvic fin i, 5, short, with robust thickened first ray shorter than two first branched rays. Odontodes on pelvic-fin unbranched ray turned and strongly pointing mesially. Anal fin i, 5; first analfin pterygiophore exposed in front of unbranched fin ray. Caudal fin i, 14, i, forked, upper and lower lobes equal. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body tan to light brown. Dark brown melanophores on head more densely concentrated on compound pterotic, parietosupraoccipital, frontals, postrostral plates, and anterior surface of upper lip. Longitudinal dark brown lateral stripe on midlateral surface of head and body; stripe beginning laterally on snout tip, crossing eye, and continuing to end of caudal peduncle. Brown melanophores arranged in four or five inconspicuous dorsal saddle-like blotches; one anterior to dorsal fin, one on posterior portion of dorsal fin, two or three at caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of body mostly unpigmented except for ventral portion of snout plates, canal-bearing cheek plate, and lateral portions of caudal peduncle. Dorsal and pectoral fins with 5 - 6 dark brown spots, continued as 3 - 4 irregular bands on branched rays. Pelvic fin with 1 - 2 and anal fin with 2 - 3 such spots. Caudal fin with dark brown spot at base and 5 - 7 bands of brown melanophores on unbranched and branched rays. Interradial membrane of all fins unpigmented. Sexual dimorphism. Males have a small urogenital papilla behind the anal tube. One mature male has a pelvic-fin contact organ, composed of a row of slightly enlarged odontodes on the dorsal surface of the first pelvic-fin branched rays. Those odontodes are approximately twice the size of other odontodes on the dorsal surface of the pelvic fin.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. Nannoxyropsis acicula is known from tributaries to the lower rio Tapajós in Brazil (Fig. 16). Collecting localities near Itaituba are clear to blackwater creeks with moderate water current, the bottom is composed of stones, gravel and mud or clay in parts, and there are moderate amounts of marginal vegetation. Dissolved oxygen at locality of lot MCP 51324 was 2.2 mg / l at the collecting event.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latim acicula, meaning needle, pin, in reference to the narrowness of the snout compared to N. ephippia. A noun in apposition.	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
03F36E01FFD2FFFF1FCED6E0FBDFF92B.taxon	conservation	Conservation status. Nannoxyropsis acicula is relatively frequent and abundant in the tributaries of the middle rio Tapajós, with an EOO of approximately 1,800 km 2. As the population is not fragmented, continuing decline cannot be inferred, and no eminent threats are detected, N. acicula can be categorized as Least Concern (LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2016).	en	Delapieve, Maria Laura S., A., Pablo Lehmann, Reis, Roberto E. (2017): An appraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of Hypoptopomatini cascudinhos with description of two new genera and three new species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology 15 (4), No. e 170079: 1-38, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170079, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20170079
