taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F087E22000FFF6FF4EFA992C32E16E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Elongate compact bodies with an eversible pharynx, prostomium with pair of antennae and simple palps and nuchal organs present at base. Pharynx with terminal papillae and many longitudinal rows of subterminal papillae, proximal surface may be smooth or covered with small verrucae, pair of subterminal jaws. Parapodia biramous, typically with well separated rami, with acicular, pre- and post chaetal lobes, ventral and dorsal cirrus. Chaetae simple, often barred or spinose, lyrate chaetae present or absent, aciculae thick. Except for some species of Micronephthys, branchiae are typically present on ventral margin of notopodia below dorsal cirrus occupying the interramal space. Terminal anus with single cirrus.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22000FFF6FF4EFA992C32E16E.taxon	discussion	Comments. The above definition is largely derived from the description of the family given by Ravara et al. (2010 b). Ohwada (1985) suggested that the morphology of the prostomium was a useful criterion in the identification of the nephtyids and that the shape of the antennae and palps and their point of insertion was useful, however the figures he provides are very schematic. Using this data he divides up the genus Nephtys into two groups although one of his species N. australiensis Fauchald, 1965, has now been transferred to Aglaophamus by Ravara et al. (2010 b). While accepting these are useful characters, in fixed material they are highly dependent on whether the pharynx is everted or not and we have not used his classification as the Australian species of Nephtys can be easily separated using other characters. For the new species described here we have provided this information although often it is not provided in other species descriptions which are listed in Tables 4 & 5. A recent paper by Dnestrovskaya and Jirkov (2010) has followed Ohwada (1985) classification for species of Micronephthys. We have also followed the chaetal terminology of Dnestrovkaya and Jirkov (2010, 2011) who recognise four main types: capillary, barred, chaetae with spines which we divide into two and lyrate. The development of chaetal spines varies considerably and in the most ornate cases (called spinose) the spines form regular transverse rows or combs of spines which we refer to as spinose and those with spines arranged in a single longitudinal row as serrated. We have not distinguished between those having fine and coarse spines, i. e spinose and spinulose as several earlier authors have (Rainer and Hutchings 1977; Rainer and Kaly 1988, for example) as this can be subjective. The detailed structure of the chaetae is only revealed with the use of the scanning electron microscope.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFF7FF4EFF9F2E51E4DC.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Micronephthys minuta (Théele, 1879), by monotypy.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFF7FF4EFF9F2E51E4DC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body of small size. Branchiae absent or present, if present, reduced, nearly straight and present on few chaetigers only; pre- and postchaetal lobes rudimentary (Hartman 1950). Acicular lobes conical, neuropodial postacicular lobes absent. First chaetiger not reduced, similar to remaining ones. Barred chaetae may be present; if so, restricted to anterior chaetigers. Lyrate chaetae may be present or absent. Aciculae of median and posterior parapodia with curved tips. Antennae and palps present. Pharynx with subterminal papillae, middorsal papilla present or absent, proximal region smooth or with verrucae. Nuchal organs rounded.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFF7FF4EFF9F2E51E4DC.taxon	discussion	Comments. This genus is now not easily distinguished from small specimens of Nephtys as they share many characters, but from the recent literature it appears the only distinguishing features are its small body size together with poorly developed parapodial lobes. Mature adults are required for correct identification to genus level. One character typically used to define the genus - " branchiae absent or poorly developed " requires some clarification by defining exactly what " poorly developed " means, as some species possess branchiae that occupy almost 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 rds of the interramal space, a feature which some species of Nephtys possess also. The estimation of the size of the branchiae is also relative to the size of the interramal space, which can range from a wide V-shape, to a narrow Ushape. We have expanded the definition to include the presence or absence of verrucae on the proximal region of the pharynx as occur in several species (see Table 4). Ravara et al. (2010 a) found that the genus Micronephthys was well supported and sister taxon to the genus Nephtys, however they suggest that it is heterogeneous and in need of revision. We agree, but this is beyond the scope of this study.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFFCFF4EFB1829ADE1C4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: AM W 41508, Australia, New South Wales, Port Stephens, Big Swan Bay South, 32 ° 43 ' 22 " S, 151 ° 58 ' 1 " E, Apr 2009. PARATYPES: AM W 41509 (1 gravid, 22 mm in length, 2 mm in width), AM W 41510 (1), AM W 41732, (1 on SEM), AM W 43573 (2), all from same location as holotype; USNM 1220304 (1), Port Stephens, Big Swan Bay South, 32 º 43 ' 37.3 " S, 151 º 58 ' 0 2.3 " E, Apr – May 2009; USNM 1220305 (1), Port Stephens, just west of Soldiers Point, muddy / sand site, 32 º 41 ' 58 " S, 152 ° 03 ’ 16 ” E, June 2009; BMNH 2013.442 – 443 (2), Port Stephens, 32 º 42 ' 49.0 " S, 152 º 01 ' 22.1 " E, Apr 2009. Additional material examined. New South Wales. Port Stephens, 32 ° 41 ' 35 " S, 152 ° 3 ' 9 " E, Apr 2009, 1, AM W 41581; Big Swan Bay South, 32 ° 43 ' 22 " S, 151 ° 58 ' 1 " E, Apr 2009, 1, AM W 41548, 1, AM W 41550, 1, AM W 41552, 7, AM W 41553; N of Soldiers Point, 32 ° 41 ' 22 " S, 152 ° 3 ' 32 " E, Apr 2009, Oct 2011, 1, AM W 41547; Lemon Tree Passage, 32 ° 44 ' 30 " S, 152 ° 2 ' E, Apr 2009, 1, AM W 41551, 1, AM W 41549 (parapodia 4, 8, 20, 35 mounted for SEM). Hawkesbury River, 1 km S of eastern end of Spectacle Island, 33 ° 32 ' S, 151 ° 7 ' 30 " E, May 1984, 2, AM W 41566, Aug 1984, 2, AM W 41567; 300 m NE of Green Point, 33 ° 34 ' S, 151 ° 13 ' 30 " E, Aug 1979, 1, AM W 41562, May 1982, Aug 1972, 2, AM W 41568, May 1983, 1, AM W 41569, Nov 1983, 1, AM W 41570; 50 m NE of Green Point, 33 ° 34 ' S, 151 ° 13 ' 30 " E, Aug 1983, 1, AM W 41563, 1, AM W 24728, Nov 1983, 1, AM W 41564, May 1984, 1, AM W 41572, 1, AM W 41573; near Juno Head, 33 ° 34 ' S, 151 ° 16 ' E, Feb 1984, 1, AM W 41571; near Hungry Beach, 33 ° 35 ' S, 151 ° 17 ' E, May 1983, 1, AM W 41565; 200 m S of eastern end of Spectacle Island, 33 ° 32 ' S, 151 ° 12 ' 30 " E, May 1984, 2, AM W 41561. Pittwater, W of Sand Point, 33 ° 35 ' 51 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 25 " E, Sep 2004, 1, AM W 41555, 3, AM W 41558, 1, AM W 41559, Dec 2004, 1, AM W 41560; Pittwater, 33 ° 35 ' 56 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 38 " E, Apr 1994, 1, AM W 23958; Pittwater, 33 ° 35 ' 50 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 39 " E, Apr 1994, 1, AM W 23959; Pittwater, 33 ° 35 ' 57 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 43 " E, May 1994, 1, AM W 23960; 33 ° 35 ' 50 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 39 " E, Apr 1994, 1, AM W 23959; Pittwater, 33 ° 35 ' 51 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 21 " E, Jun 1994, 2, AM W 23961; 33 ° 35 ' 55 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 40 " E, Oct 1994, 1, AM W 23963; 33 ° 35 ' 50 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 43 " E, Oct 1994, 1, AM W 23962; Pittwater, west of Sand Point, 33 ° 35 ' 48 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 39 " E, Dec 2004, 1, AM W 32539; 33 ° 35 ' 51 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 38 " E, May 1995, 2, AM W 23965; 33 ° 35 ' 52 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 37 " E, Jan 1995, 1, AM W 23964; Pittwater, W of Sand Point, 33 ° 35 ' 49 " S, 151 ° 18 ' 50 " E, Sep 2004, 1, AM W 41557. Botany Bay, E of end of airport runway, 33 ° 58 ' 21 " S, 151 ° 12 ' 1 " E, Dec 2004, 2, AM W 41556.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFFCFF4EFB1829ADE1C4.taxon	description	Description. Holotype entire, 48 chaetigers, pharynx not everted (examined by dissection of paratype material); length 18 mm, maximum width 2 mm. Paratype material ranges from 13 – 22 mm in length, 1.5 – 2.5 mm width with 30 – 50 chaetigers. Body robust, rectangular in cross-section, preserved animal without pigmentation, chaetae golden-coloured with orange-coloured bases, eyespots absent. Prostomium approximately square and slightly convex anteriorly (Fig. 1 a, b) with one pair of simple short antennae and one pair of palps, all similar in length and conical in shape basally (Fig. 1 c). Nuchal organs round, situated dorsolaterally at margin of prostomium adjacent to chaetiger 1 (Fig. 1 a). Pharynx (based on paratypes) divided into muscular terminal region with 18 bifid terminal papillae, and subterminal region with 22 longitudinal rows each with 7 – 9 papillae which commence just below terminal papillae. Single elongate median dorsal papilla present, up to 4 times longer than other subterminal papillae. Base of pharynx smooth without verrucae (Fig. 1 b). Jaws paired and brown in colour. Parapodia biramous with noto- and neuropodia widely divergent (Fig. 2 b, c). Preacicular and postacicular lobes low and not foliaceous, absent posteriorly. Parapodia of 1 st chaetiger projecting anteriorly, adjacent to prostomium (Fig. 1 a). Chaetiger 1 notopodia with conical acicular lobe and short rectangular postacicular lobe, dorsal cirrus visible on posterior face as small sphaerical papilla; neuropodia with conical acicular lobe, low rectangular postacicular lobe and small digitiform ventral cirrus. Aciculae on all chaetigers thick, colourless except for tips which are strongly chitinised, dark reddish brown, and knob shaped with straight tips, conspicuous on anterior chaetigers (see Fig. 1 c, on paratype AM W 41509). Chaetiger 4 notopodia with pointed conical acicular lobe longer than rounded postacicular lobe, notopodial cirrus small, pyriform, neuropodia with pointed conical acicular lobe, rectangular postacicular lobe and small digitiform ventral cirrus (see Figs 1 c, 3 a of paratypes AM W 41509, AM W 43573). Chaetiger 8 notopodia with pointed conical acicular lobe, and shorter rectangular pre- and postacicular lobes of similar size, small dorsal pyriform cirrus; neuropodia with pointed conical acicular lobe and shorter rectangular pre- and postacicular lobes and small digitiform ventral cirrus (see Figs 1 c, 2 a, 3 b, from paratype AM W 43573). Chaetiger 21 notopodia with elongate pointed conical acicular lobe, and low rounded pre- and postacicular lobes, small conical dorsal cirrus, neuropodia with pointed conical acicular and postacicular lobes, former slightly longer, small digitiform ventral cirrus (Fig. 2 b, AM W 41581 shown). Chaetiger 40 notopodia with elongate pointed acicular lobe and rounded short postacicular lobe, small globular dorsal cirrus, neuropodia with elongate pointed acicular lobe and short postacicular, with small conical ventral cirrus (Figs 2 c, 3 d from paratypes AM W 41509, AM W 43573). Dorsal cirri small and sphaerical on postbranchial chaetigers, ventral cirri also reduced and digitiform. Two types of chaetae present: barred chaetae present in preacicular notopodial fascicle and neuropodial fascicle of anterior chaetigers only (Table 1), (Fig. 5 a) absent from mid and posterior chaetigers (Table 1); broad-bladed asymmetrical capillaries with finely serrated margins tapering to fine tips (Fig. 5 c) present throughout body (Fig. 5 b – e, Table 1). Bases of all chaetae heavily chitinised. Lyrate and spinose chaetae absent. Fifteen pairs of branchiae present on chaetigers 8 – 22, increasing in size up to chaetiger 20, foliaceous with ciliated margins and occupying from 1 / 3 – 1 / 2 of the interramal space, mostly straight, then last 2 pairs of branchiae smaller (Figs 2 a – b, 4 a – c, paratype AM W 41732). Up to 10 raised ciliated patches also present on branchial and postbranchial chaetigers (Fig. 4 a, d). Chaetiger 4 Noto Pre-acicular 15 barred Post-acicular 9 broad bladed serrated Neuro Pre-acicular 12 barred, 12 broad bladed serrated Chaetiger 8 Noto Pre-acicular 4 barred Post-acicular 7 broad bladed serrated Neuro Pre-acicular 9 barred, 20 broad bladed serrated Chaetiger 21 Noto Pre- acicular 20 broad bladed serrated Post- acicular 9 broad bladed serrated Neuro Pre- acicular 14 broad bladed serrated Chaetiger 40 Noto Pre- acicular 14 broad bladed serrated Post- acicular 8 broad bladed serrated Neuro Pre- acicular 12 broad bladed serrated Variation. Paratypes possess branchiae from chaetiger 7 – 8 through to chaetiger 22 (15 – 16 pairs). One of the more posterior branchiae (C 20) on several paratypes is somewhat involute, and a few non-type specimens also exhibit a few curved branchiae (e. g. AM W 41549). Large non-type specimens may also possess more branchial pairs, from chaetiger 8 through to chaetiger 24 – 27, i. e. 17 – 20 pairs (e. g. AM W 23962, with 19 pairs, body 26 mm in length, 3 mm max. width, 51 chaetigers). Some of these larger specimens also have different numbers of branchiae on each side of the body e. g. AM W 23959 has 14 pairs on one side and 20 pairs on the other. Other nonparatype material of much smaller body size (AM W 41553, 7 specimens of 5 – 12 mm length, for complete specimens of 25 – 37 segments) display branchiae that range from chaetigers 7 – 8 through to chaetigers 16 – 17 (10 – 11 pairs), and which extend into ½ – 2 / 3 of the interramal space. In summary, specimens of this species thus exhibit 10 – 20 pairs of (mostly) straight foliaceous branchiae, starting from chaetigers 7 – 8, and the number of pairs increases with the size (age) of the specimen. The subdermal eyes within the body at the level of chaetiger 2 of small specimens (less than 13 mm in length) are also much more prominent and may be seen without manipulation of the specimen.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFFCFF4EFB1829ADE1C4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We were initially unsure with which genus this species is aligned — Micronephthys or Nephtys, or Aglaophamus. These three genera are difficult to distinguish if specimens possess the shared generic characters such as simple palps and antennae, round nuchal organs, 22 rows of subterminal pharyngeal papillae, conical or pointed acicular lobes, the absence of lyrate chaetae, the presence of barred preacicular chaetae, finely spinulated postacicular chaetae, and presence of branchiae. According to Dnestrovskaya and Jirkov (2010), the genus Micronephthys can only be characterised by a reduction in branchial size and a reduced number of segments, features which are often possessed by juveniles of the other two genera. As most of our specimens are mature adults, we are confident that the poor development of parapodial lobes or lamellae and the low number of segments are characteristic enough features to place the specimens within Micronephthys; however the branchiae are not quite “ poorly developed ”, or always straight, as, on some of our specimens, they may occupy almost 2 / 3 of the interramal gap, a few may be somewhat involute, and are of a similar size to those possessed by some small specimens of Nephtys spp, that we have observed. But based on current diagnoses of the three genera we are conservatively placing this new species in Micronephthys.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFFCFF4EFB1829ADE1C4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named from a combination of initials of close family members of the first author; Dean Bridges, Ruth Dixon, Peter Dixon and Lisa Dixon. Habitat. Specimens were found in sites containing mud, muddy / sand and Zostera, in depths from 1.6 – 3.6 m.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22002FFFCFF4EFB1829ADE1C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Occurs from Port Stephens to Botany Bay, NSW, in shallow protected areas.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22009FFFDFF4EF8432E7AE0DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The genus Nephtys currently includes species with conical, rounded or bilobed acicular lobes and well developed parapodial lobes. Branchiae recurved. Lyrate chaetae present or absent. Aciculae of median and posterior parapodia with curved tips. Pair of antennae and palps present. Pharynx usually with rows of less than 10 subterminal papillae (usually up to 5 – 7); long, median dorsal papilla may be present; proximal region smooth or covered with small verrucae. Jaws conical, hook-like. Nuchal organ rounded.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22009FFFDFF4EF8432E7AE0DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Nephtys hombergii Savigny in Lamarck, 1818.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22009FFFDFF4EF8432E7AE0DE.taxon	discussion	Comments. A recent phylogenetic study utilising both morphological and molecular techniques has confirmed the monophyly of the genus (Ravara et al. 2010 a). We have modified the generic diagnosis provided by Ravara et al. (2010 b), to include the presence or absence of lyrate chaetae.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22008FFF9FF4EFF2E2DF3E5B5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. HOLOTYPE: AM W 24763 (chaetigers 3, 20, 40, posterior parapodia removed and mounted for SEM), New South Wales: Arrawarra Beach, 30 ° 4 ' S, 153 ° 12 ' E, June 1994, intertidal, just above low water mark. PARATYPES: Arrawarra Beach, 30 ° 4 ' S, 153 ° 12 ' E, Jan 1994, 1, AM W 24719; Sawtell Headland, 30 ° 22 ' 32 " S, 153 ° 6 ' E, May 2005, 1 AM W 41471. Queensland: Gold Coast, beach at Tugun, 28 ° 08 ' 36 " S, 153 ° 29 ' 50 " E, May 2008, USNM 1220303, 2, BMNH 2013.438 – 439, AM W 36903, AM W 36905 (parapodia 3, 20, 40, 80, removed), AM W 43573. Additional material examined. Queensland: Gold Coast, beach at Tugun, 28 ° 8 ' 36 " S, 153 ° 29 ' 50 " E, Dec 2007, 1, AM W 36903, Oct 2007, 5, AM W 36902, 3, AM W 36904, May 2008, 5, AM W 36905; beach at Currumbin, 28 ° 7 ' 43 " S, 153 ° 29 ' 15 " E, May 2008, 3, AM W 36900, Oct 2007, 7, AM W 36899; beach at Palm Beach, 28 ° 7 ' 9 " S, 153 ° 28 ' 24 " E, Oct 2007, 6, AM W 36901. New South Wales: Sawtell Headland, 30 ° 22 ' 32 " S, 153 ° 06 ' E, May 2005, 1, AM W 41471; Angourie Beach, 29 ° 28 ' 42 " S, 153 ° 21 ' 44 " E, Feb 2003, 1, AM W 33123.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22008FFF9FF4EFF2E2DF3E5B5.taxon	description	Description. Holotype entire, pharynx everted, length 80 mm for 148 chaetigers (not including pharynx), maximum width at 6 th chaetiger 5 mm, excluding chaetae. Paratype material ranges from 5 – 45 mm length, 9 – 15 mm wide, and 46 – 126 chaetigers. Body without pigmentation. Prostomium pentagonal with anterior triangular extension (Fig. 6 a) and distinct brown pigmentation (Fig. 6 a – c). One pair of antennae and one pair of palps present. Antennae at distal end of anterior extension of prostomium uniform in width, palps slightly longer with bulbous bases inserted at the basal lateral margins of prostomium. Eyespots absent. Body compact with conical parapodia which become more erect posteriorly as body width decreases. Pharynx with 12 pairs of bifid terminal papillae, 22 longitudinal rows of subterminal papillae; each with 7 – 9. Distinct gap between terminal and longitudinal rows (Fig. 6 b). Median dorsal papilla absent, slightly raised verrucae present proximally (Fig. 6 c). Parapodia biramous with long flowing chaetae which become progressively longer posteriorly (Figs 7 a – c, 8 a – d, 9 e, f) exceeding body width. Chaetiger 3 (AM W 43573, Figs 8 a, 9 a, b) notopodia with elongate digitate postacicular lobe, and small rounded acicular and preacicular lobes; dorsal cirrus elongate (Fig. 7 b). Neuropodia with two rounded conical preacicular and acicular lobes, divergent, postacicular lobe slightly longer, small ventral digitiform cirrus. Chaetiger 20 (AM W 43573, Figs 8 b, 9 c): notopodia with elongate postacicular digitiform lobe, acicular lobe rounded, shorter preacicular lobes; neuropodia with two equal-sized pre and postacicular lobes divergent, smaller acicular lobe, with well developed ventral cirrus (Fig. 9 c). Chaetiger 40 (AM W 36905, Figs 8 c, 9 d, e): notopodia with elongate digitiform postacicular lobe and rounded acicular and preacicular lobes, small digitiform dorsal cirrus; neuropodia with two conical pre and post acicular lobes and small acicular lobe, well developed ventral cirrus. Chaetiger 70 and posterior chaetigers (AM W 24763 Figs 8 d, 9 f): notopodia with elongate preacicular digitiform lobe smaller in length than anterior ones, rounded acicular lobe, expanded postacicular lobe; neuropodia with two divergent conical pre and post acicular lobes with rounded margins, smaller in size than anterior ones, small acicular lobe, small digitiform ventral cirrus. Three types of chaetae are present, barred chaetae (Fig. 10 c), broad bladed capillaries with serrated margins and with longitudinal striations along blades which may be twisted (Fig. 15 b) and broad bladed spinose (Fig. 10 d, e, f). Chaetal counts along the body are provided in Table 2 but are approximate as capillaries very long and twisted especially in posterior chaetigers (see Fig. 9 c – f). Lyrate chaetae absent. Aciculae colourless with rounded tips in anterior chaetigers, becoming darker in posterior ones. Branchiae present from chaetiger 3 and continue to posterior end, curved outwardly with dorsal lobe (Figs 7 a, c, 9 a – f, 8 a – b, f) increase in size and by chaetiger 40 (Fig. 9 d) occupying two thirds of the interramal space, decreasing in size posteriorly, small dorsal ligule present (Fig. 9 a). Dorsal ciliated patches visible on some mid body chaetigers (Fig. 9 d). Single long pygidial cirrus present as long as last 5 chaetigers.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22008FFF9FF4EFF2E2DF3E5B5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nephtys triangula n. sp., is characterised by the distinctive triangular prostomium and pigmentation, branchiae beginning on chaetiger 3 and continuing posteriorly, and long flowing chaetae. This combination of characters allows it to be easily distinguished from all other species known from the region (See Table 4). The only other species with branchiae beginning on chaetiger 3 is N. gravieri Augener, 1913, but this species lacks the triangular prostomium and both the antennae and palps are inserted on the dorsoectal margins whereas in N. triangula n. sp., the palps are inserted basally on the prostomium. Nephtys longipes Stimpson, 1856, which has a similar pattern of branchial distribution and long flowing chaetae similar to N. triangula n. sp, also appears to have an expanded prostomium, however in this species it consists of an oval prostomium, with a thin preantennal lobe which is a triangular translucent lobe, marked by an intricate pattern of slightly thicker tissue (see Fig. 6.8 in Paxton 1974); whereas in N. triangula n. sp., it is the entire prostomium which is extended. Also in N. longipes the antennae are situated at the base of the preantennal lobe whereas in N. triangula n. sp., they are on the anterior margins of the prostomium (Fig. 6 a, c). Ecologically these two species differ in that N. triangula n. sp., is found on more exposed oceanic beaches whereas N. longipes is found in slightly more protected areas, although both are intertidal species occurring in clean sandy sediments. Chaetiger 3 Noto Pre-acicular 8 barred Post-acicular 9 broad bladed serrated, Neuro Pre-acicular 10 broad bladed serrated Post - acicular 4 barred, 6 broad bladed serrated Chaetiger 20 Noto Pre-acicular 12 barred, 5 broad bladed serrated Post-acicular 15 short barred, 10 broad bladed serrated Neuro Pre-acicular 20 barred, 5 broad bladed spinose Post - acicular 10 broad bladed spinose Chaetiger 40 Noto Pre- acicular 15 barred Post- acicular 16 broad bladed spinose Neuro Pre- acicular 20 barred Post- acicular 20 broad bladed spinose, 5 serrated Chaetiger 70 Noto Pre- acicular 8 short barred Post- acicular 18 broad bladed spinose, 8 serrated Neuro Pre- acicular 8 short barred Post – acicular 12 broad bladed serrated	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22008FFF9FF4EFF2E2DF3E5B5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species N. triangula was named in reference to its distinctive triangular prostomium (Fig. 6 a). Habitat. Intertidally on exposed sandy beaches.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22008FFF9FF4EFF2E2DF3E5B5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Occurs along the east coast of Australia from southern Queensland to northern New South Wales.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E2200CFFE3FF4EF82328CDE5B6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Aglaophamus lyratus Kinberg 1866, by monotypy.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E2200CFFE3FF4EF82328CDE5B6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Branchiae involute or recurved. Lyrate chaetae present or absent. Barred chaetae present. Acicular lobes acutely pointed, aciculae curved at tip. Antennae and palps present. Pharynx with variable number of subterminal papillae in 14 – 22 longitudinal rows, proximal region of pharynx smooth. Species Type locality Data source Body length, body Body pigment- Prostomium with nos of Pharynx, nos of prs width (max) in mm, ation, eyespots & prs of antennae terminal bifid papillae nos of chaetigers of position	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E2200CFFE3FF4EF82328CDE5B6.taxon	materials_examined	type material ...... continued on the next page Species Type locality Data source Body length, body width Body pigment- Prostomium with nos Pharynx, nos of (max) in mm, nos of ation, eyespots & of prs of antennae prs terminal bifid chaetigers of type position papillae material a indicates data not provided Species Pharyngeal 1 st chaetiger Notopodia of well developed Neuropodia of well Types of chaetae subterminal chaetigers; presence or developed chaetigers; papillae, nos of rows, absence of branchiae abranchiata (Ehlers, 20 rows each with 4 - 5 1 st chaetiger not described lobes rounded, poorly lobes rounded poorly barred and serrated) papillae per row; cone developed decrease in size developed decrease in capillaries present, no shaped, reducing in posteriorly, dorsal cirrus size posteriorly, ventral further details given size towards base of present; branchiae absent cirrus present pharynx ambrizettana n / a ventral cirrus longer than noto poorly developed lobes, neuro poorly developed anterior chaetigers with Augener, 1918) chaetigerous lobe; dorsal cirrus dorsal cirri absent; branchiae lobes, ventral cirri present barred chaetae, middle & similar, absent posterior chaetigers with long chaetae 3 x 3 body width, broad bladed with serrated margins derupeli n. sp. 22 each row with 7 parapodia projecting anteriorly, noto with conical acicular & neuro with conical barred chaetae present in papillae, median lying adjacent to prostomium postacicular lobes; branchiae acicular & postacicular preacicular fascicles of papilla & verrucae from chaetigers 8 - 22, straight lobes, small conical chaetigers 1 - 9, broad- absent ventral cirrus bladed serrated capillaries hartmannschroe- 20 each row with 2 to noto with low conical acicular parapodial lobes well 4 types: barred, serrated, Jirkov & 5 - 6 papillae, median lobe, neuro 2 x as long as noto, separated from each other; spinose & smooth Dnestrovskaya in dorsal & ventral acute, conical ventral & notopodial cirri capillaries Jirkov, 2001 papilla absent starting from chaetiger 2, similar in size along body; branchiae occupying 1 / 4 of interramal space; present from chaetiger 5 or 6 to chaetiger 19 maryae (San Martin, 20 - 22 each row with 8 same size as subsequent ones, noto- poorly developed, with neuro poorly developed, 5 types: barred, capillary,) accepted as M. long papillae; below directed anteriorly; noto- conical acicular lobes, other with conical acicular dentate, spinulose & stammeri verrucae present for acicular lobes conical others lobes poorly developed; lobes, other lobes poorly unequal lyrate 2 / 3 length; proximal poorly developed; neuro pre & branchiae absent developed, ventral cirrus region smooth postacicular lobes encircling subspherical acicular lobes; dorsal cirrus small, ventral cirriform with swollen tips minuta (Théel, 18 - 20 each row with anteriorly directed, noto & noto- with conical acicular neuro with conical 3 types, barred restricted) 4 - 6 papillae, single neuro acicular conical lobes, lobes, pre & post acicular acicular lobes, pre & post to 1 st 20 chaetigers in mid-dorsal papilla, other lobes poorly developed, lobes poorly developed, acicular lobes poorly preacicular fascicle, finely proximal region dorsal cirrus v. small, ventral dorsal cirrus small; branchiae developed, ventral cirrus spinulated in postacicular smooth well developed cirriform straight, ciliated occupying small. fascicle, capillaries 1 / 3 of interramal space; from present in 1 st chaetiger chaetiger 6 - 8 to 10 - 14 and preacicular fascicle …… continued on the next page longitudinal bands ventral, with swollen tips inflated bases; branchiae ventral cirrus with chaetae all finely absent but walls of interramal inflated bases spinose capillaries, region with 6 tufts of cilia lyrate with unequal forks from chaetiger 3 or 4. sphaerocirrata 22 each row with 7 - 10 papillae directed forwards to lie parallel noto with acicular lobes neuro with acicular 4 kinds, barred in Wesenberg-Lund, per row, mid-dorsal & ventral to prostomium; noto with conical, all pre & post lobes conical, all pre & preacicular, post 1949) papilla absent, proximal base conical acicular lobe, pre & acicular lobes poorly post acicular lobes acicular with finely covered in verrucae, post acicular lobes rudimentary; developed, dorsal cirri with poorly developed., spinulated & neuro pre & post acicular lobes spherical base & pointed tip, ventral cirrus initially lyriform with encircling acicular branchiae absent subspherical becoming unequal branches, elongated posteriorly capillaries in 1 st chaetiger neuro, all chaetae long. sphaerocirrata 22 each row with 12 - 15 directed forwards to lie parallel noto with conical acicular neuro with conical 3 types, most in orientalis Lee & Jae, (mainly 14 - 15) papillae to prostomium, dorsal cirri lobes, preacicular lobe acicular lobes, postacicular 1983 median dorsal papilla & absent, ventral cirrus same rounded, postacicular lobe preacicular lobe fascicles with v. verrucae absent shape as palps, all lobes poorly low & rounded; dorsal cirrus rounded, postacicular long serrated developed almost spherical; branchiae lobe low & rounded; capillaries, barred in absent ventral cirrus almost preacicular, lyrate spherical chaetae with equal forks. stammeri (Augener, 20 - 22 rows each with 8 long parapodia similar in size to noto with conical acicular neuro with conical 5 types: barred, 1932) and conical subterminal subsequent chaetigers, lobe, pre & post chaetal acicular lobe, pre & smooth capillaries, papillae subterminal papillae anteriorly directed, parallel to poorly developed rounded, post chaetal poorly serrated, spinose are followed by several minute prostomium. dorsal cirri small dorsal cirrus subsphaerical; developed rounded, capillaries & papillae, extending over 2 / 3 & spherical; ventral cirri branchiae absent ventral cirrus unequal lyrate length of pharynx; proximal cirriform with swollen tips subsphaerical region smooth. mesobranchia Calliope River based on original description 23, 2.2, 49 colourless present on almost square, slightly 10 Rainer & Hutchings, Gladstone Qld anterior margin convex anteriorly, 1 pr of 1977 Australia, estuarine of chaetiger 3, antennae & palps black. neopolybranchia Usurjiri Bay, based on original description, 20, 1, 61 dark pigmented 1 pr on 3 rd rectangular, slightly 10 Imajima & Takeda, Hokkaido, Japan, 22 Jung & Hong, 1997 diamond in median chaetiger convex anterior, elongate, 1987 m part of prostomium 1 pr of antennae & palps … … continued on the next page TABLE 4. (Continued) Species Pharynx, arrangement, Pharyngeal subterminal 1 st chaetiger Noto- & neuropodia of well Branchiae Chaetae no. of prs bifid terminal papillae, no. of rows, developed chaetigers papillae ornamentation for discussion re palps and antennae see Discussion of this paper Nephtys paradoxa was originally described from Sweden but has been described from Australia and many other locations in the world, and certainly needs to be re-examined as almost certainly represents a suite of species see Ravara et al. 2010 b. TABLE 4. (Continued) Species Pharynx, arrangement, Pharyngeal subterminal 1 st chaetiger Noto- & neuropodia of well Branchiae Chaetae no. of prs bifid terminal papillae, no. of rows, developed chaetigers papillae ornamentation Species Pharynx, arrangement, Pharyngeal subterminal 1 st chaetiger Noto- & neuropodia of well Branchiae Chaetae no. of prs bifid terminal papillae, no. of rows, developed chaetigers papillae ornamentation. serrata Imajima 11 22, each row with 3 - 4 not erect, noto with noto better developed than from 5 th to near end 2 kinds, barred in Takeda, 1987 papillae, median dorsal conical acicular lobe, neuro, acicular lobes bilobed of body, well preacicular & long papilla absent, verrucae pre & postacicular distally, preacicular low & developed & involute spinulose with small abundant on lobes small, dorsal & rounded, postacicular; dorsal postacicular fascicles proximal surface ventral cirri long & cirrus with foliaceous base digitate. sukumoensis n / a 20, each with 4 - 7 papillae, n / a parapodial lobes slightly from 2 nd almost to barred limited to Kitamori, 1960 no mid-dorsal papilla incised at distal ends pygidium, foliaceous chaetigers 1 - 8, replaced present thick, with small with long smooth cirrus, absent on last 5 capillaries on segments subsequent chaetigers, plus some with flattened serrated blades Nephtys triangula 12 22, each row with 7 directed forward, noto with elongate from 3 rd (4 in small barred extend to sp. papillae, median dorsal lying adjacent to postacicular lobe, acicular specimens), continue posterior chaetigers, papilla absent, verrucae prostomium. lobe rounded, neuro with 2 to posterior, by broad-bladed long present proximally equal sized lobes, well chaetiger 20 fully flowing capillaries with developed ventral cirrus occupying interramal serrated margins space	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
03F087E22019FFECFF4EFEA52F67E485.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ravara et al. (2010 a) undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the family Nephtyidae using both morphological and molecular data. They found that Nephtys australiensis was embedded within Aglaophamus and formally transferred this species to Aglaophamus. The branchiae in A. australiensis are poorly developed but slightly recurved which explains why Fauchald (1965) originally described this species, common in estuarine and shallow protected bays in eastern Australia, as belonging to the genus Nephtys. The shape of branchiae and their development has until Ravara et al. (2010 a) been the main character used to separate genera; involute (Aglaophamus, Inermonephtys), recurved (Nephtys, Dentinephtys) or absent or poorly developed (Micronephthys), although other characters have also been used. The inclusion of N. australiensis in the Aglaophamus clade indicates the homoplasy in the shape and development of branchiae. They found the only morphological apomorphies for the genus Aglaophamus were acutely pointed acicular lobes and finely spinulated postacicular chaetae although Dnestrovskaya and Jirkov (2011) have recorded the presence of spinose chaetae (same as spinulated of Ravara et al. 2010 a) in A. malmgreni (Théel, 1879) so this apomorphy needs to be revisited and shows the need to examine nephtyid chaetae under the SEM to clarify the ornamentation of the capillary blades. Ravara et al. (2010 a) also suggest that other characters such as the presence or absence of lyrate chaetae, arrangement of papillae on the pharynx and shape of nuchal organs should also be taken into account. Ravara et al. (2010 a) also provides a table of the diagnostic characters for the five genera which they accept as valid for the family. We have included notes on this new placement of A. australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) as this study provides a key to all species of Australian nephtyids, and we suggest that the transfer in Ravara et al. ’ s (2010 a) is somewhat hidden within a phylogenetic revision of this family. This species is widespread in estuarine sites in eastern Australia, which are fully marine except after heavy rain (see comments in Hutchings 1999). While N. longipes may occur in the same estuary this species occurs closer to the seaward entrance than A. australiensis.	en	Dixon-Bridges, Kylie, Gladstone, William, Hutchings, Pat (2014): One new species of Micronephthys Friedrich, 1939 and one new species of Nephtys Cuvier, 1817 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida: Nephtyidae) from eastern Australia with notes on Aglaophamus australiensis (Fauchald, 1965) and a key to all Australian species. Zootaxa 3872 (5): 513-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.5.5
