identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F187BAFFF2317DFF57FA52FCEEFD30.text	03F187BAFFF2317DFF57FA52FCEEFD30.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorcus brevis (Say 1825)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Dorcus brevis and  D. parallelus</p>
            <p> The overall broader form of the body of  D. brevis (Fig. 1) is often adequate to distinguish it from the relatively narrower  D. parallelus (Fig. 2). However, the most useful and obvious external character for separating the North American species is the shape of the posterior pronotal angle. In  D. brevis , the posterior angles are in close proximity to the elytral bases </p>
            <p> Figures Ι–2. Dorsal habitus of major males. Ι  Dorcus brevis (length 30mm) 2  Dorcus parallelus (length 26mm). Scale bar = 5mm. </p>
            <p> (Fig. 3). In  D. parallelus , the angles are distinctly removed from the base of the elytra (Fig. 4). The humeral angles of  D. brevis are generally more strongly dentate and the humeri produced forward of the scutellum, while in  D. parallelus the humerus is less strongly dentate and more or less in line with the scutellum. In addition, males of  D. parallelus have a dense field of setae on the internal face of the metatibia (Fig. 5), but this patch is not present on males of  D. brevis (Fig. 6). The clypeus is distinctly broader in males of  D. parallelus . </p>
            <p> In both species, the mandibles of major males have a single large dorsal tooth, but the dentition of the mandibles of minor males is clearly distinct. Even the smallest minor males of  D. parallelus have mandibles that are of the same basic shape as major males, but they are simply reduced in size (Fig. 7). In contrast, minor males of  D. brevis have two distinct internal teeth below the dorsal tooth and are abruptly curved internally (Fig. 8). </p>
            <p> The form of the male genitalia is radically different in the two species. The flagellum of  D. parallelus is longer than the entire length of the body and is weakly flared at the apex (Fig. 9). The flagellum of  D. brevis is less than half as long, with a large lobe-like sac at the apex (Fig. 10). The genitalia of the European species,  D. parallelipipedus , differs from either species in being more strongly expanded medially and in possessing a trilobed apex (Fig. 11). </p>
            <p>3</p>
            <p> Figures 3–4. Outline of body shape in females. 3  Dorcus brevis 4  Dorcus parallelus , arrow pointing to posterior pronotal angle distinctly removed from the base of the elytra. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187BAFFF2317DFF57FA52FCEEFD30	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2010): Stag beetles of the genus Dorcus MacLeay in North America (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). ZooKeys 34 (34): 199-207, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.34.292
03F187BAFFF0317DFF57FCABFDFCFAA1.text	03F187BAFFF0317DFF57FCABFDFCFAA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorcus mexicanus Benesh 1944	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Dorcus mexicanus</p>
            <p> Examination of the type specimens of  D. mexicanus revealed that they are  Dorcus parallelipipedus (L.), a Palearctic species. The identical male genitalia (Fig. 11), protruding clypeus of males, irregularly punctate elytra, and bituberculate frons of the female provide overwhelming evidence to support this conclusion. Thus, the name  D. mexicanus Benesh is here reduced to a synonym of  D. parallelipipedus (new synonymy). </p>
            <p> Coincidentally, I encountered a second pair of  D. parallelipipedus recently accessioned at the FMNH that bore handwritten labels indicating “ Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Monterey (sic), Aug 1976 ”. The presence of a second, more recent pair of  D. parallelipipedus from Mexico at first suggested that the species might be introduced there. However, on further examination I found that other handwritten locality labels of the same style from the accessioned collection were erroneous (with incorrect countries). While it is not impossible that the species is adventive in Mexico, it is more likely given the nomenclatural history of  Dorcus that the common  D. parallelipipedus has been mislabeled in these two instances. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187BAFFF0317DFF57FCABFDFCFAA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2010): Stag beetles of the genus Dorcus MacLeay in North America (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). ZooKeys 34 (34): 199-207, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.34.292
03F187BAFFF0317AFF57FA52FCF0FBBB.text	03F187BAFFF0317AFF57FA52FCF0FBBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorcus brevis (Say 1825)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Dorcus brevis (Say, 1825)</p>
            <p> Lucanus brevis Say 1825: 202 , original combination. Type material: Not listed among the existing Say type material by Mawdsley (1993). </p>
            <p> Dorcus caucasicus Ganglbauer 1886: 81 , synonym (Reitter 1892). Type material (NMW- Vienna), not examined. </p>
            <p> Figures 5–6. Left metatibia of males, ventral view. 5  Dorcus parallelus , arrow pointing to dense field of setae 6  Dorcus brevis . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Specimens examined from Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. In addition to these states, Benesh (1937) listed Alabama, Indiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Oklahoma, while Benesh (1944) added Kansas, Maryland, and Michigan.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187BAFFF0317AFF57FA52FCF0FBBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2010): Stag beetles of the genus Dorcus MacLeay in North America (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). ZooKeys 34 (34): 199-207, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.34.292
03F187BAFFF7317BFF57FB28FBE3FAA1.text	03F187BAFFF7317BFF57FB28FBE3FAA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorcus parallelus (Say 1823)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Dorcus parallelus (Say, 1823)</p>
            <p> Lucanus parallelus Say 1823: 248 , original combination. Type material: Not listed among the existing Say type material by Mawdsley (1993). </p>
            <p> Lucanus oblongus Charpentier 1825: 214 , synonym (Burmeister 1847). Type not examined. </p>
            <p> 
Dorcus costatus 
LeConte 1866: 35 , synonym. Type material: Holotype female (MCZ) labeled a) red disk; b) handwritten “  var. costatus / LeC.”; c) reddish-orange label “Type / [3688]”. </p>
            <p> 
Dorcus parallelus nanus 
Casey 1909: 278 , synonym. Type material: Syntype male (USNM) labeled a) “CASEY / bequest / 1925”;  b) reddish-orange label “ TYPE USNM / [36202]”. Syntype female (UNSM) labeled a) as male ;  b) reddish-orange label “[nanus – 2] / PARATYPE USNM / [36202]” . </p>
            <p>7</p>
            <p>8</p>
            <p> Figures 7–8. Head of minor males, dorsal view. Inset showing dentition of right mandible. 7  Dorcus parallelus 8  Dorcus brevis . </p>
            <p> Dorcus carnochani Angell 1916: 70 , synonym.Type material:Two syntype males and one syntype female, possibly located in storage at the Brooklyn Museum, not examined. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Specimens examined from Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187BAFFF7317BFF57FB28FBE3FAA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2010): Stag beetles of the genus Dorcus MacLeay in North America (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). ZooKeys 34 (34): 199-207, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.34.292
03F187BAFFF63179FF57FA52FEC0FD1D.text	03F187BAFFF63179FF57FA52FEC0FD1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linnaeus 1758)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p>
            <p> Scarabaeus parallelipipedus Linnaeus 1758: 354 , original combination. Palearctic synonymy given in Bartolozzi and Sprecher-Uebersax (2006). </p>
            <p> 
Dorcus mexicanus 
Benesh 1944: 45 ,  syn. n. Type material: Holotype male (FMNH) labeled a) “JALAPA / MEX ”; b) male symbol; c) “FIELD MUSEUM / (F. Psota </p>
            <p> Figures 9–ΙΙ. Male genitalia (parameres and flagellum). 9  Dorcus parallelus Ι0  Dorcus brevis ΙΙ  Dorcus parallelipipedus . Scale bar = 5 mm. </p>
            <p> Coll.)”;   d) reddish-orange paper “ Holotype / male symbol CNHM / [  Dorcus /  mexicanus / Benesh]”  ;   e) handwritten “  Dorcus /  mexicanus / MS Benesh”, on reverse “  Det. Dec. 15, 1943 / B. Benesh ”. Female allotype labeled a) female symbol  ; b) as c of holotype;   c) on reddish-orange paper “ Allotype / CNHM female symbol / [  Dorcus /  mexicanus / Benesh]”  . </p>
            <p>This species is distributed in Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa (Bartolozzi &amp; Sprecher-Uebersax 2006).</p>
            <p>Acknowledgments</p>
            <p> I thank James Boone (FMNH) and Gary Hevel (USNM) for their help in receiving type material on loan, and Phil Harpootlian (Simpsonville, SC) for providing specimens of  D. brevis for study. Auto-Montaged images were supported, in part, by NSF- DBI 0500767. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187BAFFF63179FF57FA52FEC0FD1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Paulsen, M. J.	Paulsen, M. J. (2010): Stag beetles of the genus Dorcus MacLeay in North America (Coleoptera, Lucanidae). ZooKeys 34 (34): 199-207, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.34.292
