taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F187D7FF9B846DFF11FD84FB32BC32.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Argyrophorus argenteus Blanchard, 1852	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846DFF11FD84FB32BC32.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The monobasic Argyrophorus as defined here is distinguished from Punargentus most notably by a singly pupillated M 1 - M 3 VFW ocellus, valvae that are are rounder and wider at the distal end than those in Punargentus, a narrower saccus, and aedeagus with medial wings.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846DFF11FD84FB32BC32.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010) redefined Argyrophorus using head morphology, wing patterning, venation, wing shape, and male genitalic characters, apparently to be inclusive of Etcheverrius, Palmaris, Pampasatyrus and Punargentus (although they neglected to provide a list of which species are included in their circumscription of the genus, and were not clear as to whether Pamperis poaoeneis is or is not included). This situation was clarified somewhat by Cerdeña et al. (2014), who reported that Pyrcz (2010) synonymized “ nine ” genera under Argyrophorus (they listed seven: Etcheverrius, Neomaniola, Palmaris, Pampasatyrus, Pamperis, Punargentus and Stuardosatyrus). Subsequently, Pyrcz (2012) moved Neomaniola euripides from Argyrophorus to Faunula. Cerdeña et al. (2014) also noted that Pampasatyrus is closely-related to, but distinct from Argyrophorus. They reported the latter to contain 11 species — presumably the species previously included by Lamas & Viloria (2004) in Argyrophorus (1 + 1 subsequently described by Pyrcz & Wojtusiak, 2010), Etcheverrius (2), Palmaris (4), Pamperis (1) and Punargentus (2). According to our cladogram (Fig. 1), that circumscription is polyphyletic: Argyrophorus and Pamperis are phylogenetically distinct from Punargentus (here circumscribed more broadly to include Etcheverrius and Palmaris) and its sister genus, Pampasatyrus. Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010) placed their new species blanchardi in Argyrophorus using their broader definition, but the similarities in the VFW M 1 - M 3 ocelli, and the lack of medial appendages on the aedeagus suggest that it belongs in Punargentus, instead.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MNHN, Paris (Photo examined). Type locality: “ Chile ” (coll. Claudio Gay, 1849) Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MNHN, Santiago de Chile (Photo examined) Type locality: Angol, Araucanía Province, Chile, 120 m, 17 Jan. 1952	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MNHN, Santiago de Chile (not examined) Type locality: South of Tongoy, Coquimbo Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Argyrophorus argenteus occurs amongst bunch grasses in Chile from southeastern Atacama Province to southeastern Auraucanía Province and in Argentina from northwestern Neuquén Province to western Mendoza Province from January to early March at 100 – 2400 m above sea level (Fig. 22).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from other species by the silver coloration on the dorsal surface of fore and hindwings (Fig. 3 A, B). Dorsal sides of both wings of females are bordered in taupe to chocolate along the costa and the subterminal band, which is dentate at the proximal edge. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 on the dorsal side of the forewing is clearly visible in the females and occasionally appears as a tiny black dot in the males. Males have sparse androconia on the forewing that are obscured by the refractive nature of the silver scales, but can be viewed when backlit and a drop of 90 % ETOH is applied to the junction of the veins to the discal cell. Females are more subdued in color than the males on the ventral side and bear a clearly visible postmedian band on the forewing. Male genitalia are easily distinguished by wide valvae with serrate edges visible when viewed from the ventral side (Fig. 2 I) and an aedeagus with wing-like flanges on either side of the median (Fig. 2 H).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 12 mm, covered in white scales and terminating in a round club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. In males, palp scales are white dorsally with a longitudinal black stripe along the median and white with chocolate piliform scales ventrally. Female palps white with a longitudinal bronze stripe along the median, honey piliform scales dorsally, and chocolate piliform scales ventrally. Terminal palp segment is oval and three-tenths the length of the second segment. Thorax amber with iridescent black to bronze scales in the males and white and bronze scales in the females, both sexes with white and bronze piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber to black spines on the tibia and tarsus. In the males, the abdomen is white to cream ventrally, the dorsal side dark chocolate and bronze interspersed with white scales. Female abdomens are white ventrally and white to cream and bronze dorsally. Forewing: Wingspan 30 – 34 mm, females larger than the males. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell sinuate with the cubital end straighter than the radial end. Males with sparse androconia in patches between R 5 and CuA 2. Males silver with dark chocolate and silver fringe scales and, occasionally, a small black dot between M 1 - M 2. Females silver, taupe at the costa and with a subterminal coffeecolored band with a dentate proximal border. Fringe scales are mainly silver interspersed with sparse dark chocolate scales. Females bear a small, round or oval black ocellus between M 1 - M 2. Ventral side silver in the males and coffee at the inner margin with a patch of rust orange over the discal cell. A thin dentate line of coffee scales is sometimes present along the terminal edge. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is round, black, and unipupillate. Females are taupe on the ventral side with an orange patch over the discal cell. Postmedian band is platinum and edged in dark chocolate brown. Median border is nearly straight from the costa to M 3, narrowing between M 3 and CuA 1 and sigmoidal in shape, widening again between CuA 1 - CuA 2, and terminating in an acute triangle between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Subterminal border is dentate. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is round, black, and unipupillate with a platinum ring that is circumscribed in taupe. Hindwing: Wing oval, termen convex and barely scalloped. Dorsal side silver in the males with chocolate along the costa. Female dorsal surfaces are silver, taupe along the costa, with a subterminal border in taupe to chocolate. Proximal border of the subterminal band is scalloped. Ventral side of the males silver, bronze, and black from the base to a sinuous submedian black line. Postmedian band is silver and bordered thinly with black, irregularly sinuous at the median edge and scalloped at the subterminal edge. Ocelli are black and bordered in bronze. Ocellus between Rs-M 1 is linear and 2 – 3 mm in length. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is also linear and about 10 mm in length, stretching to within a few millimeters of the discal cell and the termen. Ocelli between M 2 and 1 A + 2 A are lenticular. A silver line parallel to the veins bisects the cell between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A and a narrow silver V can be seen in the discal cell, the point of the V closest to the base. Veins are highlighted in silver. Female VHW are similar, but more subdued in color, bronze appearing as taupe and silver appearing as platinum. Male genitalia (Fig. 2 G – I): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt finger-like terminus, and approximately 1.4 times as long as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped, nearly deltoid, and less than two-thirds the length of the gnathos. Valvae wide with a deltoid distal end and, when viewed from the ventral side, a serrate edge can be seen on the distal half. Aedeagus is nearly even in width from the distal end to the median, where serrate wing-like flanges appear on either side, doubling the width. From this point, aedeagus narrows to an acute proximal terminus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9B846FFF11FADDFAA6BB00.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Probably the most studied of the south temperate pronophilines, no doubt due to the silver coloration on the dorsal side of both forewings and hindwings, especially in male specimens, which are unique among butterflies in their metallic silver sheen. Elwes (1903) referred to it as “ one of the most beautiful and unique butterflies in Chile, or I may say in the world. ” and Weymer (1911) described it as “ one of the most striking insects in the American fauna. ” The structural nature of this coloration has been used as a model for constructing ultra-thin synthetic broadband reflectors for use in optical devices such as lasers and solar cells (Vukusic et al. 2009). Elwes noted that Argyrophorus argenteus is found on grassy hillsides and both he and Weymer state that flies more slowly in the morning, but is difficult to catch in the afternoon. Henry (1992) described the immature stages and noted that the larvae fed on the bunchgrass Stipa speciosa Trinius & Ruprecht. Two subspecies other than the nominate form have been described: according to Peña (1968), A. argenteus barrosi can be found feeding on yellow flowers in coastal grassy areas of Coquimbo Province, Chile, below 50 m altitude. Peña (1968) quoted O. Barros, for whom the subspecies is named, describing oviposition as slow, linear, and taking place on the ventral side of the leaves of coirón grasses (Festuca gracillima). Peña went on to describe the eggs as round, blunt, and pale yellow, turning silver during development. A. argenteus elinoides was described as considerably larger and found in the more southern parts of the range of A. argenteus argenteus, the females exhibiting more black markings on the dorsal surface. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95088, 0 0 0 0 95089, 0 0 0 0 95094, and 0 0 0 0 95107, (MTSU) CH 24 - 7, CH 24 B- 01, and CH 24 B- 02; Argentina, Neuquén Province, (MTSU) JMC 0807 and JMC 0808	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF99846FFF11FDCCFBE8BDA6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Satyrus pales (Philippi, 1859) (syn. nov. of Auca coctei (Guérín-Ménéville, [1838]) (Satyrus); see below)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF99846FFF11FDCCFBE8BDA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar in size and coloration to species of Neomaenas (but more closely-related to Cosmosatyrus), Auca is characterized by a well-developed M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing and a trapezoidal hindwing, barely scalloped to scalloped and excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A, resulting in an anal lobe. Male Auca also bear heavy androconia on the forewings that are clearly visible to the naked eye. Hayward’s description relied heavily on wing venation, but there are no notable differences in venation from most other Neosatyriti. Antennae terminate in a spatulate club, eyes are oval and naked, and foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented, though Hayward (1953) described some pseudosegmentation in the foreleg tarsi. Palps are not longitudinally striped as most Neomaenas are, and the terminal segment is cylindrical and about a third the length of the second segment. Male genitalia of both A. coctei and A. barrosi are similar to that of N. monachus, but overall more slender in the uncus, valvae, and tegumen.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF99846FFF11FDCCFBE8BDA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Auca coctei is perhaps the most common Chilean satyrine, ranging throughout Chile from Coquimbo to Los Rios Province. Populations can be found on dry hillsides with scrubby bushes, in urban and suburban settings, in low, wet places, in meadows, and in open places near woods.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MNHN, Paris (Photo examined) Type locality: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Valdivia Province, Chile (from text) Type: no type	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 2 in Reed (1877) = Satyrus tragiscus Reed, 1877 Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 3 in Reed (1877) = Epinephele coctei var. confusa Köhler, 1935 Type locality: Nahuel Huapí, Neuquén Province, Argentina Lectotype: (male) MACN (Photo examined)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from northern Coquimbo Province to northern Los Lagos Province and in the western part of Neuquén Province, Argentina from from late October to mid March at nearly sea level to 2300 m (Fig. 23).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Auca barrosi, but having bolder pattern elements on the HWV, including a more visible postmedian band with an irregularly scalloped median border rather than smoothly sinuous, as in A. barrosi. This species is common across central Chile and varies widely in the presence or absence of wing pattern elements. On the ventral side of the hindwing, ocelli between Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2 may be black, white, yellow, or indiscernible, and the usual yellow spots between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 may be white or not visible at all. On the FW, the apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is visible on the dorsal side in females and is black, round, and bipupillate on the ventral side of both sexes. Males have heavy androconia on the forewing in U-shaped patches between M 1 and the inner margin. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Male genitalia are overall slender, the valvae and tegumen especially narrow relative to length.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm, covered in white scales with a longitudinal stripe of dark chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. In the males, palp scales are white at the basal half of the dorsal side, the distal half chocolate brown, and white, black, and chocolate brown on the ventral side. Female palp scales are also white at the base on the dorsal side with the distal half taupe, and the ventral side taupe, white, chocolate, and black. Terminal palp segment is cylindrical and approximately three-tenths the length of the second segment. Thorax is dark amber with taupe and coppery brown scales, with taupe and white piliform scales in the males and iridescent black and white with white piliform scales in the females. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Abdomen is taupe to white in the females and chocolate to dark chocolate in the males. Forewing (Fig. 4 A, B): Wingspan 20 – 26 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly concave. The distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with heavy androconia in U-shaped patches in each cell between M 1 and the inner margin. Dorsal side of the males chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the androconia clearly visible to the naked eye, the fringe scales taupe to chocolate and white. Females taupe to chocolate brown on the dorsal side with a broad patch of rust red to rust orange from the base to the median just beyond the border of the discal cell. Postmedian band is a lighter orange with the apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appearing as an indistinct black spot. Ventral side taupe to dark chocolate, the females lighter than the males. A patch of rust orange to rust red extends from the discal cell to the subterminal side of the postmedian band. Subterminal border of the postmedian band deckle-edged and the median border nearly straight, but with a V-shaped curve toward the termen between M 3 and CuA 1. Rust color is lighter in the postmedian band than in the discal cell. Ripple pattern is visible along the costal border and the apex may be highlighted with white over the radials. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is round, black, ringed in daffodil yellow, and usually bipupillate. Hindwing (Fig. 4 A, B): Wing trapezoidal, termen convex and scalloped with a lobe at the anal angle. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, both sexes with a postmedian band often appearing in rust orange to rust red patches between Rs and CuA 2. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with a ripple pattern visible over all design elements in chocolate to dark coffee striations. A band often appears highlighted in white and daffodil yellow extending from the base to a scalloped dark coffee submedian border. Postmedian band is similar in color to this subbasal band, the subterminal border deckle-edged and the median border irregularly scalloped. A darker V-shaped patch splits the postmedian band from the costa to M 1. A small yellow or white spot often appears in the postmedian band between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. An oval to round black spot, sometimes ringed in daffodil yellow and rarely unipupillate, or sometimes reduced to a small white or yellow spot may appear between Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2. Male genitalia (Fig. 13 A – C): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt end and measuring approximately 1.3 times the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped. Saccus deltoid and about two-thirds the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing gradually toward the distal end, widening slightly then narrowing again on the dorsal side just before terminating in a blunt end. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, slightly narrower at the median, and terminating in a U-shaped proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is perhaps the most abundant species of the South Temperate clade. The wing pattern is highly variable, particularly on the ventral side of the hindwing. Examination of specimens from a wide variety of localities reveals that the intensity and color of the ventral side hindwing postmedian band and the ventral side hindwing ocelli, characters previously used to differentiate species, are expressed along a gradient. Two species listed in Lamas & Viloria (2004), A. nycteropus and A. pales, are synonymized here. In Reed (1877), the name Epinephele nycteropus is applied to an illustration that is “ corrected ” in the errata to refer to a redescription of Homoeonympha boisduvalii under the name Hipparchia boisduvalii, but the illustration is clearly an A. coctei with a very strong postmedian band. A. nycteropus, under the name Neosatyrus nycteropus, is described in Elwes (1903) with an illustration that matches Reed’s. Though no type specimen exists, we examined specimens identified as A. nycteropus that match these illustrations exactly, and are indistinguishable from A. coctei in both morphological and genetic characters. Auca pales was described by Phillipi on the basis of the absence of two hindwing ocelli and a darker, more uniform hindwing color, but these characters are highly variable and insufficient to differentiate A. pales as a separate species. Auca tragiscus, A. coctei var. confusa, and A. nycteropus andensis were previously synonymized with A. coctei by Lamas & Viloria (2004) and photographs of the types indicate that they are, indeed, synonyms of A. coctei. Specimens can be collected in dry mountainous environments with sparse, scrubby vegetation, in grassy meadows, in low, wet areas, and even in urban or suburban settings. Eggs are generally barrel-shaped with vertical ridges around the circumference and a round operculum. Henry (1992) described the fifth instar larva and pupa, and noted that the caterpillars feed on the bunchgrass Stipa speciosa Trinius & Ruprecht.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for French herpetologist Jean Théodore Cocteau (1798 – 1838). Specimens examined. Chile, Coquimbo Province, (MGCL) 3 males, 2 females; Chile, Valparaiso Province, (BMNH) 809656, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93358, (MTSU) CH 31 - 1 - CH 31 - 3, CL 1019 - CL 1022, CL 1025 - CL 1029, CL 1031; Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93355, 0 0 0 0 93356, 0 0 0 0 93359, 0 0 0 0 93360 (MTSU) CH 29 - 1, CH 29 - 5 - CH 29 - 8, CH 43 - 2, CH 44 - 1, CL 0101 - CL 0114; Chile, O’Higgins Province, (MTSU) CH 1 - 1, CH 1 - 2; Chile, Maule Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93361, 0 0 0 0 95047, (MTSU) CH 26 - 6 - CH 26 - 8; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95045, 0 0 0 0 95949, 0 0 0 0 95052, (MTSU) CH 14 - 1, CH 15 - 4, CH 17 - 1, CH 17 - 2, CL 0302 - CL 0306, CL 0314, CL 0316, CL 0417, CL 0418, CL 0425 - 0432, CL 0502 - CL 0517, CL 0902 - CL 0906; Chile, Araucanía Province, (BMNH) 809656, 809657, (MTSU) CL 0817 - 0822; Chile, Los Ríos Province, (MTSU) CH 12 - 2; Chile, unknown location, (CU) 3 males; Argentina, Neuquén Province, (MTSU) JMC 0802 - JMC 0804	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9F8468FF11FB70FBC4BD2D.taxon	materials_examined	Type: no type Type locality: Nilahue, toward Curicó, Maule Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9F8468FF11FB70FBC4BD2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from northern Coquimbo province to northern Araucania province from mid October to mid March at nearly sea level to 2500 m (Fig. 23).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9F8468FF11FB70FBC4BD2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Auca coctei, but more subdued in color and pattern, the dorsal side plain brown, and the postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing with the median edge smoothly sinuous instead of irregularly scalloped and bearing a small white spot between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Males have heavy androconia in rectangular patches from R 5 to the inner margin. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented. Male genitalia are slender in appearance as in coctei, but differ in the attenuated distal end and the pronounced rounded protuberance on the dorsal side of the distal one-third of the valvae.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9F8468FF11FB70FBC4BD2D.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm with white scales and a longitudinal stripe of chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. Palps taupe and white with the terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little less than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax dark amber with iridescent black scales and covered in taupe and white piliform scales. Abdomen cream ventrally and chocolate brown dorsally. Foreleg tarsi with one clublike segment in the males. Females were unavailable for study. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber to black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 4 C): Wingspan 20 – 26 mm. Termen straight to slightly concave and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with heavy androconia in rectangular patches in each cell between R 5 and the inner margin. Dorsal side chocolate brown with the fringe scales in the same color. Ventral side taupe with a rust orange patch extending from discal cell to the median side of the postmedian band, which is edged on either side with a thin line of chocolate brown. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is round, black, ringed in daffodil yellow, and bipupillate. Hindwing (Fig. 4 C): Wing trapezoidal, termen convex and barely scalloped, with an anal lobe. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with long piliform scales appearing at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side taupe with chocolate brown striations in a ripple pattern over the entire wing. Postmedian band is slightly lighter than the rest of the wing with the median edge chocolate and sinuous and the subterminal edge, when visible, is chocolate and irregularly scalloped. A small white spot may appear in the postmedian band between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Male genitalia (Fig. 13 D – F): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt end, and measuring about the same length or a little longer than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped. Saccus widely U-shaped and more than two-thirds the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the proximal one-third, narrowing gradually toward an attenuated distal end that bears a rounded protuberance on the dorsal side of the distal one-third. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, narrower proximally, and terminating in a narrow U-shaped proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9F8468FF11FB70FBC4BD2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Auca delessei was synonymized with A. barrosi by Lamas & Viloria (2004). The most notable character supporting this synonymy is a superior projection toward the distal end of the valvae, described by Herrera, that agrees with the morphology of A. barrosi and differentiates it from paler representatives of A. coctei. Etymology. Named for Rafael Barros V., Chilean entomologist, who brought the first specimens of this taxon to the Museo Nacional. The synonymized A. delessei was named for Dr. Hubert de Lesse, French geneticist whose karyotypes suggested to Herrera (1974) the existence of a sibling species to A. coctei. Specimens examined. Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95050, (MTSU) CH 29 A- 4, CH 29 C- 2, CH 43 - 3; Chile, Maule province, (MTSU) CH 26 - 2, CH 26 - 4, CH 26 - 5.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9E8468FF11FB28FBCBBED3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 = Chillanella Herrera, 1966 syn. nov. Type species: Faunula stelligera Butler, 1881	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9E8468FF11FB28FBCBBED3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male genitalia exhibit a long and slender uncus with the aedeagus more even in width at the distal end. Cosmosatyrus bears an M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing that may appear as a single bipupillate ocellus or two unipupillate ocelli fused at M 2. The distal end of the discal cell is deeply sinuous. Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides males bear androconia on the forewing, but C. stelligera and C. dubii do not. The hindwing is oval and may be slightly crenate to entire with an ocellus appearing in each cell between Rs and CuA 2. Antennae terminate in spatulate clubs in C. leptoneuroides and C. stelligera, while those of C. dubii are round. Terminal palp segment is cylindrical in C. leptoneuroides and C. stelligera and conical in C. dubii. Eyes are naked. Tarsal segmentation in the foreleg is variable, with C. leptoneuroides unsegmented in both sexes, C. stelligera with three segments in both males and females, and C. dubii males with three segments and females with four segments.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9E8468FF11FB28FBCBBED3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Herrera (1966) erected the monotypic genus Chillanella, for C. stelligera, on the basis of the positions of the forewing radial veins, which he noted are similar to those of Neosatyrus but with sufficient difference in genitalic characters (in his view) to separate it as a new genus. However, the position of the forewing radial veins is inconsistent in the Neosatyriti, even among individuals of the same species collected from the same locality, and is therefore unreliable as a character upon which to base the formation of a separate genus. Cosmosatyrus was considered monotypic in Lamas & Viloria (2004), but our phylogenetic analysis places Chillanella stelligera (Butler, 1881) in close relationship with C. leptoneuroides. Additionally, the male genitalia of C. stelligera differ from Neosatyrus and are more closely aligned with Cosmosatyrus. We also include in Cosmosatyrus the species recently described as Faunula dubii by Pyrcz (2012).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: no type Type location: Chile Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II fig. 4 in Reed (1877)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the coast of central Coquimbo Province, south to the Strait of Magellan and in Argentina, in northern Neuquén Province and on the islands of the Paraná Delta north of Buenos Aires from November to March at nearly sea level to 3800 m (Fig. 24).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from other Neosatyriti by distinct patterning on the VHW (Fig. 4 D – F). Postmedian band with the proximal edge daffodil yellow that fades to chocolate brown and bearing an ocellus in each cell between Rs and CuA 2. Ocelli between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 are round, black, unipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow, the Rs-M 1 ocellus being the smaller of these. Ocelli between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1 are round, white, and may be ringed in daffodil yellow. Hindwing veins are highlighted in white, more strongly so at the proximal edge of the postmedian band. Ventral side of the forewing bears a patch covering the discal cell to the proximal edge of the postmedian band that may be orange, rust orange, rust red, or peach, depending on the region from which the specimen was collected. Apical ocellus on the ventral side of the hindwing varies from a small, unipupillate black spot ringed in daffodil yellow that is confined within M 1 - M 2 to a large bipupillate black ocellus ringed in daffodil yellow that spans across M 1 - M 3. Specimens from Magallanes Province, Chile, may entirely lack this ocellus. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented in both sexes, but female tarsi may be constricted near the distal end, having the appearance of segmentation without being articulated.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 10 mm with white to cream scales and a longitudinal stripe of chocolate brown scales that covers half of a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps with a longitudinal white to cream stripe along the median with the dorsal side piliform scales chocolate brown and the ventral side with black, tan, and chocolate piliform scales and white to cream piliform scales included toward the base. Males with the terminal segment entirely chocolate to dark chocolate brown and females with white scales that continue the longitudinal white stripe from the second segment. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little more than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax sepia with iridescent black scales and covered in chocolate and cream piliform scales. Females similar, but with cream to white scales in addition to the iridescent black. Abdomen cream ventrally and chocolate to dark chocolate brown dorsally. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented and clublike in the males, the female tarsi a little longer and sometimes having the appearance of segmentation approximately where the first tarsal segment would be. This pseudo-segmentation appears as a slight constriction or line that circumscribes the tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 4 D – F): Wingspan 28 – 35 mm. Termen nearly straight or slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell sinuous, the costal half more deeply curved than the cubital half. Males with androconial scales that extend in triangular patches from M 1 to 1 A + 2 A and into the discal cell near M 2. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales of the same color. Females slightly lighter than the males with fringe scales lighter than wing color. Ventral side with a patch that extends from the discal cell to the post median band in rust red, orange, rust orange, or peach. Color of this patch may be a regional variance. Costa, inner margin, and postmedian band to the termen are chocolate to dark chocolate brown, the termen sometimes edged in white and the postmedian band outlined in dark coffee. Apical ocellus may appear as a unipupillate round black spot ringed in daffodil yellow between M 1 - M 2, as a bipupillate black spot ringed in daffodil yellow that extends from M 1 - M 3, or as two separate ocelli that may begin to fuse at M 2. Specimens from Magallanes province in Chile may be entirely without this ocellus. A whitish patch is sometimes visible where the radial veins meet the costa. Hindwing (Fig. 4 D – F): Wing oval, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped with the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, sometimes with patches of rust red along the most distal edge of the postmedian band. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median. Ventral side chocolate brown with a ripple pattern of dark chocolate to dark coffee striations that extends from the base to the postmedian band and a sinuous submedian line in dark chocolate to dark coffee. Both edges of the postmedian band scalloped, the proximal edge more so than the distal edge, and outlined in dark chocolate to dark coffee. Postmedian band chocolate brown with the proximal edge daffodil to maize yellow. Black ocelli ringed in yellow, sometimes unipupillate, appear between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2. The first of these slightly smaller than the other two. A round white ocellus, sometimes ringed in yellow, appears between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1. Veins are highlighted in white. Male genitalia (Fig. 13 G – I): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt finger-like terminus, and approximately twice as long as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and one-third the length of the gnathos. Valvae narrow at the proximal end, more than doubling in width at the proximal one-third and gradually narrowing toward the distal end. Distal one-third widens dorsally then attenuates abruptly at the distal one-fourth to a finger-like terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, slightly wider at the median, and with an acute proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9D846AFF11FF38FC39BCD8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Specimen (male) BMNH # 809617 is newly designated as the lectotype for C. leptoneuroides, none having previously been designated from the syntype series. The paralectotype is identical but for a minor difference in the strength of the yellow median border of the postmedian band. With a few notable exceptions, the wing patterning of C. leptoneuriodes is fairly uniform across its geographical range, which extends from Coquimbo Province 300 km north of Santiago, Chile, to the Straits of Magellan in the far south. Cosmosatyrus statia, from the illustration in Weymer (1911), appears in every respect to agree with the C. leptoneuroides leptoneuroides type, but without the Rs-M 1, M 2 - M 3, and M 3 - CuA 1 ocelli. Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides plumbeola is the name applied to the southernmost examples of the species. There is no evidence of a contiguous range, leaving this subspecies apparently isolated from the nominal subspecies. Relative to the nominate form, C. leptoneuroides plumbeola tends to be smaller, darker, and with a more reduced M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing. Curiously, a few specimens from near Cerro Castillo (51 º 14 ’ 28 ” S, 71 º 23 ’ 52 ” W) and Puerto Prat (51 º 38 ’ S, 72 º 38 ’ W) that completely lack the M 1 - M 3 ventral side forewing ocellus. Specimens examined. C. leptoneuroides leptoneuroides Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (MTSU) CH 15 - 5 - CH 15 - 7, CH 16 - 2, CH 24 A- 4, CL 0201, CL 0313, CL 0315, CL 0424, (UJ) 3 males, 4 females; Chile, unknown location, (BMNH) Paralectotype: 809616, Lectotype: 809617, (CU) CU 010; C. leptoneuroides plumbeola Chile, Magallanes Province, (BMNH) Holotype 809624, (UJ) 5 males, 2 females.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MZUJ collection (Photo examined) Allotype: (female) MZUJ collection (Photo examined) Type locality: 6 km south of Gallegos Chico, Magallanes Province, Chile, 52 º 04 ’ 71 ' S’ ’ / 70 º 44 ’ 49 ’’ W, 184 m	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Argentina in the southwest of Chubut Province near Lago Blanco at 700 – 1000 m (Fig. 24).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to C. stelligera, but with a distinctive ripple pattern on the ventral side of both wings and the forewing not having a postmedian band or a rust red to rust orange patch over the discal cell on the ventral side. Terminal palpal segment conical and much shorter in proportion to the second palpal segment than in C. stelligera and females of C. dubii with four tarsal segments in the forelegs.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 9 mm with chocolate scales and a longitudinal stripe of white scales, terminating in a round club. Eyes oval and naked, length about 1.3 times width. Palps white with white, chocolate, and black piliform scales. Terminal palp segment conical and about one tenth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate piliform scales in the males. Females with white and iridescent black scales and chocolate and cream piliform scales. Forelegs with three tarsal segments in the males and four in the females. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 4 G, H): Wingspan 26 – 28 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell deeply sinuous, the distance between M 1 - M 2 greater than between M 2 - M 3. Males are without visible androconia. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales the same color. Ventral side the same color as the dorsal side with a dark chocolate to dark coffee ripple pattern over most of the wing. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 round, black, unipupillate, ringed in tan and sometimes fused with a smaller, similar ocellus between M 2 - M 3. Hindwing (Fig. 4 G, H): Wing oval, termen convex and entire. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side slightly darker than the dorsal side from the base to the median and similar in color to the dorsal side from the median to the termen. A ripple pattern appears over the entire ventral side of the wing in coffee to dark coffee striations. A coffee to dark coffee scalloped line appears through the center of the discal cell. Median edge of the postmedian band is irregularly scalloped or deckle-edged and coffee to dark coffee. A small, round, white ocellus weakly ringed in black appears in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A. Male Genitalia (Fig. 13 J – L): Uncus widest where it joins the tegumen, narrowing gradually toward the distal end. Distal end of the uncus was damaged in the specimen examined. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the tegumen. Pedunculus short, wide, and deltoid. Saccus widely triangular and a little more than threefourths the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing to an acute, blunt triangle at the proximal end and narrowing slightly then even in width toward the distal end to a U-shaped terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, widening at the proximal one-third and terminating in a wide V-shape.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. No fresh specimens were available for study and no DNA was extracted, but morphological analysis indicates C. dubii to be closely related to C. stelligera. Pyrcz (2012) placed this species in Faunula (here synonymized with Tetraphlebia), " as determined by its elongate wings with gently rounded FW apex and distal margins, single FWV subapical ocellus and male genitalia characterized by a short and massive uncus, stout gnathos, and elongate, roughly rectangular valva with a smooth dorsum and rounded distal extremity. " However, in our opinion, these wing and genitalic characters more closely resemble Cosmosatyrus, particularly C. stelligera. The most obvious similarity between C. dubii and other members of Cosmosatyrus is the presence of ocelli along the VHW postmedian band. Hindwings of C. dubii and C. stelligera are similarly oval, while those of Tetraphlebia, including T. leucoglene are squared at the hindwing tornus. The pupillation of the VFW apical M 1 - M 3 ocellus is variable in both Tetraphlebia and Cosmosatyrus, as well as in several other genera of the Neosatyriti, including Auca, Neomaenas, and Nelia. The inner margin of the VHW postmedian band in C. dubii is deeply scalloped or dentate, very similar to that of C. stelligera, while the inner margin of T. leucoglene is shallowly and irregularly scalloped. Palps are more uniform in color in Tetraphlebia, but those of C. dubii are multicolored as in Cosmosatyrus. Furthermore, male genitalia of C. dubii, more closely resemble those of Cosmosatyrus than those of Tetraphlebia, and are very similar to those of C. stelligera. Pyrcz described the valvae as " roughly rectangular, " but the distal end of the valva is slender and elongated in C. dubii as in the other Cosmosatyrus, where the distal end of the valvae in Tetraphlebia terminate in a wide U-shape. The short, nearly deltoid saccus is more similar to C. stelligera than the long, U-shaped saccus of the Tetraphlebia. Lastly, the uncus is significantly longer than the tegumen in C. dubii, as it is in Cosmosatyrus, but in Tetraphlebia, the uncus is about the same length as the tegumen.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF9C8465FF11F9B4FE72BE1D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Israeli lepidopterist Dubi Benyamini, collector of the holotype. Specimens examined. Argentina, Chubut Province, male BMNH # 808379, female BMNH # 808378, 5 males BMNH # 808586 - 808590	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF938464FF11F8EDFD99BE2D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: BMNH (male) Photo Negative No. 43399 - 400, Slide No. 16,911 (Photo examined) Type locality: Termas de Chillán, Chile Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF938464FF11F8EDFD99BE2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from eastern Bío-Bío Province to eastern Los Ríos Province and in western Neuquén Province in Argentina from December to March at 200 – 1850 m (Fig. 24).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF938464FF11F8EDFD99BE2D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Easily distinguished by the oval hindwing, the wide, pale postmedian band with dentate borders on the ventral side of the hindwing, and the white ocelli with weak black borders in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal sides of most specimens without red markings on either wing, but some specimens may bear rust orange markings along the postmedian bands of both wings. Male genitalia similar to Neosatyrus schajovskoii, but with the uncus widest at the base rather than at the median, the valvae triangular at the proximal end and more blunt at the distal end, the aedeagus lacking lateral dentate projections and more even in width than in N. schajovskoii. Males and females very similar in appearance, but the females tend to be lighter in color.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF938464FF11F8EDFD99BE2D.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm with white and dark coffee scales, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 X greater than width. Palps white to tan, chocolate, and dark chocolate. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and less than one-fourth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales in the males. Females with iridescent black scales and cream and chocolate brown piliform scales. Abdomen tan to tawny in the females. Forelegs in both sexes with three tarsal segments. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig 4 I): Wingspan 24 – 28 mm. Termen slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell deeply sinuous, the distance between M 1 - M 2 much longer than the distance between M 2 - M 3. Males are without visible androconia. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales the same color. Some specimens may have a long rectangular rust orange patch between M 3 - CuA 1. Ventral side the same color as the dorsal side with a rust orange to rust red patch extending over the discal cell to just past the median. Postmedian band obscured in some specimens, but sometimes visible as a band of slightly lighter brown, the median border dark coffee and deckle-edged. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 may appear as a single, round, black, bipupillate ocellus ringed in tan to chocolate or rust red or as two separate unipupillate ocelli, fused at M 2. Hindwing (Fig. 4 I): Wing oval, termen convex and entire. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Chevron-shaped patches of rust orange sometimes appear at the postmedian band between M 2 and CuA 2. Ventral side also similar in color to the forewing, the postmedian band a slightly lighter brown with scalloped borders in dark chocolate to dark coffee, the median border stronger than the subterminal border. A single white ocellus weakly ringed in black is present in each cell between Rs and CuA 2 and the cell between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A has two such ocelli. Male Genitalia (Fig. 13 M – O): Uncus finger-like and nearly even in width throughout, slightly wider where it joins with the tegumen, terminating in a blunt end, and almost 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus short, wide, and U-shaped. Saccus widely U-shaped, nearly deltoid, and a little more than three-fourths the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing to an acute, blunt triangle at the proximal end, narrowing slightly and then even in width toward the distal end to a blunt finger-like terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, the proximal half slightly wider and terminating in a flattened U-shape.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF938464FF11F8EDFD99BE2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Elwes (1903) noted this species’ ecological association with a dwarf colihue bamboo (Chusquea culeou?) and suggested this as the larval host plant. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (BMNH) Holotype: male, Photo Negative No. 43399 - 400, Slide No. 16,911 (Photo examined); (MTSU) female CH 24 A- 1; (CUIC) 1 male; (MGCL) 1 male, 1 female; Chile, Araucanía Province, (CUIC) 1 female	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF928467FF11F828FBA2B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Elina vanessoides Blanchard, 1852 Diagnosis. This genus is most easily distinguished by the mottled patterning on the dorsal side of the forewing that includes an apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appearing as an indistinct unpupillated patch of dark chocolate brown to black and a hindwing with a deeply scalloped termen. Fringe scales on the forewing are layered in ivory and dark chocolate, giving the appearance of fine crenulation. Antennae terminate in a spatulate club. Eyes are hairy, more sparsely in E. montrolii than in E. vanessoides, palps are longitudinally striped, and foreleg tarsi are unsegmented in both sexes. Genitalia of the two species are similar, the uncus widest where it joins the tegumen and the aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, unadorned by serrations.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF928467FF11F828FBA2B8C8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Distributions span Valparaíso to central Los Lagos Provinces with both species found in Auraucanía to northern Los Lagos Province, Chile and Chubut and Neuquén Provinces of Argentina.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF918466FF11FD84FE3BBB25.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809684 (Specimen examined) Type Location: Chiloé Island, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF918466FF11FD84FE3BBB25.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Can be found in Chile from Auraucanía province to the southernmost border of Los Lagos province in February and March at 20 – 1100 m (Fig. 25).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF918466FF11FD84FE3BBB25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Elina montrolii, but smaller, with distinct ocelli on the ventral side of the hindwing, and the ocelli between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3 on the forewing unpupillated. Ripple pattern on the ventral side of both wings is not as high contrast as in E. montrolii. Postmedian band of the hindwing is deckle-edged on both sides with the proximal border edged in white to ivory and bearing an oval, black, unpupillated ocellus ringed in maize yellow between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, CuA 1 - CuA 2. Either one or two similar ocelli are found between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A and occasionally between M 2 - M 3.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF918466FF11FD84FE3BBB25.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 10 – 12 mm and sparsely covered in dark coffee scales, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and hairy, length approximately 1.6 X width. Palps with a longitudinal cream to ivory stripe along the median with the dorsal side and ventral side piliform scales dark coffee to black. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax dark sepia, nearly black with iridescent black scales and covered in barnwood grey piliform scales that are tipped with ivory. Abdomen dark chocolate with warm medium brown piliform scales dorsally and ventrally ivory to dark chocolate with ivory piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi club-like and with two segments in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 5 C): Wingspan 35 – 40 mm. Termen slightly concave. The distal end of the discal cell sinuate with the cubital end straighter than the radial end. Males with an androconial patch extending along the cubitus from M 3 to just past CuA 2 and about 3 mm at the widest. Dorsal side dark chocolate to dark chocolate brown, rust orange over the discal cell, and yellow-orange over the postmedian band. Fringe scales are dark chocolate layered over ivory, giving the false appearance of crenulation at the termen. Apical ocelli between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3 are present as indistinct unpupillated round patches of dark coffee brown. Ventral side dark chocolate brown and rust orange over the discal cell with an orange-yellow to mustard yellow postmedian band. Ripple pattern appears at the costa, extending over the radials where the postmedian band is white at each distal and proximal edge and dark chocolate brown in the center. Postmedian band has an irregular border edged in dark coffee brown that is wide at the costal end, narrow between M 3 - CuA 1, wider between CuA 1 - CuA 2, and narrow again at the inner margin. Apical ocelli between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3 appear as on the dorsal side, but with the edges a little more defined. Hindwing (Fig. 5 C): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side dark chocolate brown with a patch of rust orange between M 1 - CuA 1 over the postmedian band. Postmedian band appears slightly lighter than the rest of the wing between from the costa to M 1 and from CuA 1 to the tornus with an irregular dark coffee brown border along the distal edge. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with a ripple pattern superimposed over all design elements, dark chocolate and dark coffee from the base to the median, cream and ivory at the proximal edge of the postmedian band, chocolate and dark chocolate from the center to distal edge of the postmedian band, and returning to dark chocolate and dark coffee from the distal edge of the postmedian band to the termen. A lavender patch with a chocolate ripple pattern is situated between the costa and M 2 and from the termen to the center of the postmedian band. Postmedian band is deckle-edged on both sides with a thin, crisp outline in dark coffee brown. An oval, black, unpupillated ocellus ringed in maize yellow is situated between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, CuA 1 - CuA 2. Either one or two similar ocelli are found between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A and occasionally between M 2 - M 3. Male genitalia (Fig. 14 A – C): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually toward the distal end and approximately 1.1 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos wide, narrowing gradually toward an acute distal end, serrate at both dorsal side and ventral side edges, and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus Ushaped. Saccus U-shaped and more than half the length of the gnathos. Valvae triangular, widest at the median and narrowing gradually toward the proximal end. Aedeagus nearly even in width and truncate at the proximal end. Specimens examined. Chile, Araucanía Province, (MGCL) 1 male, (CU) 1 male, 1 female; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (BMNH) Holotype 809684 Chile, Chiloe, (BMNH) 809674, (UJ) 2 males; Argentina, unknown province (incorrect?) (BMNH) 809692	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) BMNH 809741 Type Location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from Valparaiso Province to northern Los Rios Province and in Argentina in the westernmost portion of Rio Negro Province from mid-December to early March at nearly sea level to 1100 m (Fig. 25).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Elina vanessoides, but much larger, without ocelli on the ventral side of the hindwing. Forewing and hindwing are scalloped at the termen and the apical ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing is bipupillate extending just past the borders of M 1 - M 3. Ripple pattern is evident on the costal and terminal border of the ventral side of the forewing and over the entire hindwing. Postmedian band is widest at the costa and cream with chocolate to dark chocolate striations and a narrow dark coffee to chocolate patch that bisects the postmedian band longitudinally from the costa to M 1. Eyes are hairy as in E. vanessoides, but more sparsely so.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 17 – 20 mm and covered in dark chocolate to chocolate and ivory scales, the females being lighter, and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and hairy, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps with a longitudinal dark chocolate stripe along the median, the dorsal side piliform scales white to ivory proximally and chocolate brown distally and the ventral side piliform scales medium brown and ivory throughout. Terminal palp segment oval and a little less than one-fourth the length of the second segment. Thorax dark sepia and clothed with iridescent black with black and ivory piliform scales on the males and white and dark coffee brown with black and cream piliform scales on the females. Female abdomen ivory to tan ventrally and taupe dorsally. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented in both sexes, but clublike in the males and in the females bearing three pairs of spines at the distal end. Forewing (Fig. 2 A; 5 A, B): Wingspan 52 – 60 mm. Termen scalloped and the distal end of the discal cell Vshaped with the distance between M 1 - M 2 slightly shorter than M 2 - M 3. Males with an androconial patch along the radius, extending beyond the discal cell to the costa, over the radial veins, and to the cells between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side rust red from the discal cell to the postmedian band, which is pale yellow at the apical end and rust orange toward the tornus. Costa has a narrow band of dark chocolate and tan ripple pattern and the subcosta, termen, and inner margin are widely bordered with chocolate to dark chocolate brown. Fringe scales are dark chocolate layered over ivory, enhancing the appearance of crenulation at the termen. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appears as an indistinct patch of dark coffee brown to black. Ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 is round, dark coffee to black, and not visible in all specimens. Ventral side with a wide dark chocolate to dark coffee and cream to taupe ripple pattern border along the costal and terminal edges, rust red from the discal cell to the postmedian band. Postmedian band is pale yellow to rust orange and has an irregular border edged in dark coffee brown that is wide at the costal end, narrow between M 3 - CuA 1, wider between CuA 1 - CuA 2, and narrow again at the inner margin. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 extends just past the borders of those cells and is oval, black to dark coffee brown, and bipupillate. Ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2, when present, is round, black to dark coffee brown, and may be unipupillate. Hindwing (Fig. 5 A, B): Wing oval, termen convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the postmedian band rust orange to rust red and thinly bordered on the distal edge with dark coffee brown. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with a ripple pattern superimposed over all design elements, chocolate to tan with dark coffee striations from the base to the postmedian band and from the distal edge of the postmedian band to the termen. Postmedian band is deckle-edged on both sides but irregularly dentate at the proximal edge from the costa to M 3. Postmedian band is widest at the costa and cream with chocolate to dark chocolate striations. A narrow dark coffee to chocolate patch bisects the postmedian band longitudinally from the costa to M 1. Male genitalia (Fig. 14 D – F): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually toward the distal end and approximately 1.1 X in length than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and slightly more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus short and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and a little shorter than the gnathos. Valvae nearly even in width throughout, narrowing at the distal one-third to an acute point. Aedeagus nearly even in width and U-shaped at the proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Originally described as Satyrus lefebvrii by Guérin-Méneville, this name was a junior homonym of the Pyreneean Satyrus lefebvrei Boisduval, 1828 (now placed in Erebia), and Feisthamel proposed S. montrolii as a replacement. This species is the largest of the Neosatyriti, and quite distinctive. The larva, as described by Weymer (1911), is light brown with black longitudinal stripes and a forked abdominal terminus (typical of many satyrine larvae), with the head bearing two black lines and a “ light spiracular line, bordered with black beneath, ” and the pupa is light brown with black markings. Weymer stated that the larva lives on a species of Chusquea bamboo referred to as “ coligue ” and matures by October with the adult appearing in November and December. Neither Weymer nor Elwes (1903) found this species in the mountains and Elwes described it as settling on tree trunks in shady woods.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	etymology	Etymology. François Mongin de Montrol (1799 – 1862) was a French political historian. Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy (1798 – 1867) was a French Lepidopterist. Specimens examined. Chile, Maule Province, (MGCL) 1 female; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93693, 0 0 0 0 93698, 0 0 0 0 93699, 0 0 0 0 93698 (MTSU) CH 24 B- 05 - CH 24 B- 08, CH 25 - 1, CH 25 - 2; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, Los Ríos Province, (BMNH) 809699, Chile, unknown Province, (BMNH) Holotype 809741; Argentina, Rio Negro Province, (UJ) 1 male, 1 female. Nelia Hayward, 1953	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Nelia nemyroides (Blanchard, 1852) (Satyrus)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The dorsal side of the forewing of the males is dark chocolate brown with heavy androconia, and females bear a clearly visible postmedian band. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is visible on the dorsal side of the females and only barely so in calvertii males. The ventral side of the forewing of both sexes bears an M 1 - M 3 ocellus that may or may not be pupillated, a ripple pattern, and a strong, orange, roughly triangular postmedian band. Hindwings are trapezoidal, scalloped at the termen, and excavated at the inner margin between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. A ripple pattern with dark chocolate striations and small, yellow ocelli appear on the ventral side of the hindwing. Both species with spatulate antennal clubs, a deeply sinuous distal end of the discal cell, naked eyes, and cylindrical terminal palp segments. Foreleg tarsi with three segments in the males and nemyroides females with five segments and visible spines. Hayward implies that tarsal segmentation and the appearance of spines in calvertii females is the same as in nemyroides females. Male genitalia with valvae roughly triangular at the proximal end and an uncus that is slightly narrower where it joins the tegumen, widening, then tapering to a blunt distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF908460FF11FD30FB78B805.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The two species of Nelia are very similar, each often mistaken for the other in collections. Sexual dimorphism in wing patterning as well as in tarsal segmentation is more distinct than in most other south-temperate pronophiline genera. Many taxa, especially those in which androconia may be present in the males, show minor wing pattern differences in the forewing between the sexes, but this difference is more pronounced in Nelia and Argyrophorus. Other genera are sexually dimorphic in foreleg tarsal segmentation, such as in Tetraphlebia and some species of Cosmosatyrus, Neomaenas, and Neosatyrus, but with only minor differences in wing patterning. Both wing patterning and foreleg tarsal segmentation differences appear in Nelia with genitalia that are marginally similar to that of Neosatyrus and Pampasatyrus in the triangular proximal end of the valvae.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF968463FF11FED0FD04BBB0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from southern Bío-Bío Province southward to northern Los Lagos Province from December to March at 50 to 2300 m (Fig. 25). Hayward (1958) found specimens in Neuquén and Chubut Provinces, Argentina and Blanchard (1852) notes in the original description (probably in error) that it can be found in Coquimbo Province, 650 km north of the northernmost extent of the range.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF968463FF11FED0FD04BBB0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Nelia calvertii, but generally bolder in color and with the forewing termen more concave. N. calvertii bears additional ocelli on the forewing between M 3 and 1 A + 2 A and the postmedian band on the dorsal side of the forewing of the females is wider and more triangular in N. nemyroides. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 on the ventral side of the forewing lacks the daffodil yellow ring present in N. calvertii and may be pupillated. Male genitalia differ most notably in that the pedunculus is longer and U-shaped, saccus is shorter and truncate, and the aedeagus is narrower at the distal end and wider at the proximal end than in N. calvertii.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF968463FF11FED0FD04BBB0.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm with chocolate to dark chocolate scales and white to cream scales at the joints, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.1 times width. Palps white at the base, chocolate to dark chocolate brown dorsally, and dark coffee interspersed with white ventrally. Female palps are similar to that of the males, but with more white scales than dark coffee-colored scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about one-fifth the length of the second segment. Thorax of the males with iridescent black scales and chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales. Females the same, but with sparse white scales in addition to the iridescent black. Forelegs with three tarsal segments in the males and five in the females, females bearing several rows of spines along the length of the tarsus as in the midlegs and hindlegs. Midlegs and hindlegs of both sexes with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 5 D, E): Wingspan 26 – 28 mm. Termen nearly straight to somewhat concave and the distal end of the discal cell sinuate with the cubital end straighter than the radial end. Males with a heavy androconial patch clearly visible on the dorsal side that extends from M 1 almost to the inner margin and over most of the discal cell. Fringe scales are dark chocolate layered over cream to white in stripes perpendicular to the termen. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown, the males with a barely visible postmedian band in rust red to rust orange just distal to the androconial patch. Females chocolate to dark chocolate brown with a clearly visible triangular postmedian band in rust orange with the widest part along the radials, terminating between CuA 2 and the anal vein. The apical ocellus appears on the dorsal side in the females between M 1 - M 3 as a round spot in dark coffee, rarely with one or two pupils appearing at the center in rust red. Ventral side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with a ripple pattern in white and dark chocolate appearing along the costa and over the radial veins, more strongly so at the apex than toward the base. Postmedian band appears in both sexes as in the dorsal side of the females, but with more defined edges that are dark coffee and nearly straight to deckle-edged on both sides. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appears as a dark coffee to black spot, usually unpupillated, but occasionally with one or two white pupils. Hindwing (Fig. 5 D, E): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing as rust orange to rust red patches in each cell between M 1 and CuA 2. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side dark chocolate to dark coffee with a ripple pattern in tan to white, lavender in the males, from the base to the postmedian band and from the postmedian band to the termen. Postmedian band is tan to chocolate with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate to dark coffee striations. Both borders of the postmedian band are dark chocolate to dark coffee and irregularly scalloped. Within the postmedian band along the costal and median edge is a roughly triangular patch of white to cream scales, the widest part of the triangle along the costa, narrowing toward M 3. A small, round, daffodil yellow ocellus appears in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A with two such ocelli sometimes appearing between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Some hindwing ocelli may be absent or obscured. Male genitalia (Fig. 14 G – I): Uncus about 1.2 X longer than the tegumen and generally wide, but widest at the median, slightly narrower where it joins with the tegumen, and narrowing gradually toward a blunted acute distal end that hooks slightly toward the valvae. Gnathos narrow, acute, and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus truncate and a little less than one-third the length of the gnathos. Valvae acute triangular at the proximal half, the widest part at the median and the proximal end blunt. From the median to the distal end, valvae are nearly even in width, attenuating at the distal one-fourth to a deltoid terminus. Aedeagus widest at the median, narrowing slightly toward a truncate proximal end and narrowing gradually toward a distal end that is approximately one-fifth the width of the median. Specimens examined. Chile, Coquimbo Province, (MNHN, Paris) Lectotype female; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (CUIC) 2 males; Chile, Araucanía Province, (OSU) 000093679; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (MTSU) CH 8 - 2; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) 809537	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Termas de Chillán, Chile Other combinations: Elina calvertii — D’Abrera, 1988, p. 792	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from northeastern Bío-Bío Province southward to eastern Araucanía Province and eastward into southwestern Neuquén Province, Argentina near Lago Quillén from December to February at 200 to 1850 m (Fig. 25).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Nelia nemyroides, but with the forewing termen less concave and generally lighter in color. Postmedian band on the dorsal side of the forewing of the females is wider and more triangular in N. nemyroides than in N. calvertii, the latter being more elongated and bearing additional round, chocolate to black ocelli in each cell between M 3 and 1 A + 2 A. Male genitalia differ most notably in that the pedunculus is shorter, wider and more triangular, the saccus is longer and widely U-shaped, and the aedeagus is wider at the distal end than in N. nemyroides.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 9 mm with chocolate scales and white to cream scales at the joints, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. Palps chocolate to dark chocolate brown with sparse cream scales both dorsally and ventrally and with chocolate to dark chocolate and black piliform scales ventrally. Terminal palp cylindrical and less than one-fifth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales. Forelegs with three tarsal segments in the males. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Female examined lacked head and thorax. Forewing (Fig. 5 F, G): Wingspan 26 – 30 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly concave and the distal end of the discal cell sinuate with the cubital end straighter than the radial end. Males with a heavy androconial patch clearly visible on the dorsal side and extending from M 1 to the inner margin and into the discal cell on the cubital side. Fringe scales are chocolate layered over ivory, giving the false appearance of crenulation at the termen. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown, the males darker. Postmedian band is visible on the dorsal side in the females as a streak of light orange surrounding the forewing ocelli and in the males as a barely visible band just distal to the androconial patch and slightly lighter than the rest of the wing. A round, black M 1 - M 3 ocellus visible in both sexes, but barely so in the males. Similar, but much smaller ocelli, may appear between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2, particularly in the females. Ventral side red-orange to orange from the base to the postmedian band and chocolate brown along the costa, inner margin, and subterminal band. Costa and subterminal band with some white background scales and bearing a ripple pattern with dark chocolate striations that is more visible in the females. Postmedian band orange and roughly triangular, the widest part spanning the radials and narrowing toward the anal vein. Median border of the postmedian band is chocolate brown and nearly straight while the subterminal border is dark chocolate and deckle-edged. Apical ocellus is round, black, ringed in daffodil yellow, and spans M 1 - M 3. This ocellus may have a single white pupil at its center between M 1 - M 2. Hindwing (Fig. 5 F, G): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side dark chocolate to chocolate brown with the postmedian band appearing as a narrow patch of red-orange to orange from M 2 to the tornus in the females and from M 3 to CuA 2 in the males. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side taupe to chocolate with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate striations superimposed over all design elements. Both borders of the postmedian band are dark chocolate, the median border is deeply deckle-edged while the subterminal border is shallowly deckle-edged or nearly straight. Median half of the postmedian band is white, fading to tan to tawny or chocolate in the subterminal half. A small, round, daffodil yellow ocellus appears in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A with two such ocelli sometimes present between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Some or all hindwing ocelli may be absent or obscured. Male genitalia (Fig. 14 J – L): Uncus widest just past where it joins with the tegumen, narrowing gradually toward a blunt distal end, and approximately 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos narrow, acute, and approximately half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus short, wide, and U-shaped. Saccus widely U-shaped and a little more than two-fifths the length of the gnathos. Valvae are acute triangular at the proximal end, widest at the proximal one-third, and narrowing gradually toward the distal one-third where they abruptly attenuate, terminating in a narrow, truncate distal end. Aedeagus widest at the proximal one-third, narrowing gradually toward the distal one-third where it widens slightly. Proximal end of the aedeagus attenuates abruptly from the widest point, terminating in an obtuse triangular end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although he described it in Elina, Elwes (1903) noted that the FW androconial patches present in this species and N. nemyroides that are absent in E. montrolii and E. vanessoides, and suggested (correctly) that they were “ probably not congeneric. ” Two specimens are illustrated in Elwes (1903) as the type specimen of N. calvertii and two are labeled as such in the British Museum. All else being equal, J. Matz has designated the male as the lectotype.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF958462FF11FD51FEE7BC15.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for William Bartlett Calvert, (1856 - ??), British-Chilean entomologist and translator of the first Spanish language catalog of Chilean Lepidoptera. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (BMNH) Lectotype male 809740, Paralectotype female 809739, Paratype male 789957, (MTSU) CH 24 A- 2, (CUIC) 1 male; Argentina, Neuquén Province, Paratype female 789959	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF94845DFF11FAC0FBA0B890.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Neomaenas servilia Wallengren, 1858 = Stibomorpha Butler, 1874 Type species: Stibomorpha decorata Butler, 1874 = Spinantenna Hayward, 1953 syn. nov. Type species: Argynnis tristis Guérin-Ménéville, [1830] = Quilaphoetosus Herrera, 1966 syn. nov. Type species: Satyrus monachus Blanchard, 1852	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF94845DFF11FAC0FBA0B890.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Like Auca, Neomaenas bears a well-developed M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing and a trapezoidal hindwing, barely crenate at the termen with the wing excavated between 1 A + 2 A and the anal vein. Though specimens were unavailable to study more thoroughly, the holotype of N. inornata fits this profile of Neomaenas, its VHW patterning similar to that of N. simplex, but with a single white ocellus ringed in black in each cell between Rs and M 2 and lacking the white M 3 triangle. With the exception of N. simplex and N. inornata, Neomaenas exhibits a clearly defined postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing or a strongly contrasting pattern as in N. edmondsii. Antennae terminate in a spatulate club and eyes may be naked as in N. servilia and N. simplex, sparsely hairy as in N. poliozona, N. coenonymphina, and N. wallengrenii, or hairy as in N. monachus. All except N. monachus lack androconia on the male forewings. Most have unsegmented foreleg tarsi, N. fractifascia with both males and females having three tarsal segments and N. servilia females with four tarsal segments. N. wallengrenii exhibits unarticulated pseudosegmentation in the females. Palps are usually striped longitudinally, except N. poliozona and N. wallengrenii, all species with the terminal segment cylindrical. Male genitalia with the uncus narrow and finger-like, N. monachus slightly wider at the base, and with the aedeagus usually unadorned, except N. tristis which has miniscule serrations at the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FF94845DFF11FAC0FBA0B890.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is distributed in Chile from southern Valparaiso to northern Los Lagos province with many species that can be found in the vicinity of Termas de Chillán in Bío-Bío province.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAB845CFF11FE7CFDC0BBE8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) NRM, Stockholm (photo examined) Type Location: Valparaiso, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAB845CFF11FE7CFDC0BBE8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) BMNH # 809633 (specimen examined) Type Location: “ High Mts. St. Jago, ” Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAB845CFF11FE7CFDC0BBE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the southern part of Valparaiso and central Santiago Metropolitan Provinces southward to southern Maule Province from December to March at 90 – 850 m (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAB845CFF11FE7CFDC0BBE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to N. fractifascia, but without the ripple pattern on the ventral side of the hindwing and with the proximal edge of the postmedian band irregularly dentate and white at each point. The yellow band that crosses the discal cell in N. fractifascia and N. wallengrenii is part of an M-shaped patch over the base in N. servilia that peaks CuA 1 meets the discal cell and again at the median of 1 A + 2 A with the base black to steel grey. As in N. fractifascia and N. wallengrenii, a large ocellus appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2, but is unipupillate in N. servilia. Additional ocelli appear on the ventral side of the hindwing in each cell between Rs and CuA 1, these smaller than that between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and appearing as white spots, white spots ringed in yellow, or round, unipupillate black spots ringed in yellow. Tarsi of the forelegs are sexually dimorphic, the males having short, clublike, unsegmented tarsi and the females having long, slender tarsi with four segments.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAB845CFF11FE7CFDC0BBE8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 10 mm and covered in white scales at the base and chocolate to dark chocolate scales over the remainder of the filament, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps with a longitudinal white stripe along the median and an adjacent black stripe ventral side to the median. Dorsal side piliform scales are ivory at the base and warm medium brown distally with ventral side piliform scales black and white to ivory. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about two fifths the length of the second segment. Thorax dark sepia and clothed with iridescent black scales on the males and white and iridescent black scales on the females. Long piliform scales white and ivory in the females and ivory and medium brown in the males. Abdomen of both sexes ivory and tan dorsally and ventrally chocolate to taupe. Foreleg tarsi long, slender, and with four segments in the females and short, club-like, and unsegmented in the males. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 6 A, B): Wingspan 26 – 30 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped with M 1 - M 2 shorter than M 2 - M 3. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side rust orange over the discal cell, bordered in chocolate to taupe, the females being somewhat lighter than the males. Fringe scales ivory to tawny and apical ocelli between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3 appearing as small black spot with a barely noticeable chocolate to taupe pupil. Both ocelli are surrounded with a circular patch in chocolate to taupe. Ventral side tangerine to orange-yellow with the postmedian band slightly lighter and bordered in pale yellow to cream, particularly closest to the costa. Borders of the postmedian band nearly straight, but with an inward-facing U-curve between M 3 - CuA 1. Terminal band may be uniformly chocolate to taupe or fading to daffodil yellow to cream with a thin strip of white along the distal edge. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 ringed in daffodil yellow, with a single white pupil in each cell, and extending just past the confines of the cells. An additional unipupillate ocellus bordered in daffodil yellow sometimes appears between M 3 - CuA 1. Hindwing (Fig. 6 A, B): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side chocolate brown to taupe with a thin band of rust orange along the terminal edge of the postmedian band. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with an M-shaped patch over the base with one side extending diagonally across the discal cell to a peak where CuA 1 meets the discal cell and peaking again at the median of 1 A + 2 A, edged in daffodil yellow to cream with the base black to steel grey. Proximal edge of the postmedian band deeply and irregularly dentate, tipped in white. Distal edge daffodil and deckle-edged. Center of the postmedian band in chocolate to taupe with an ocellus in each cell between Rs and CuA 2. Ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 large, black, unipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow. Ocelli in each cell between Rs and CuA 1 may be either a small white spot, a white spot ringed in yellow, or a small round black unipupillate ocellus ringed in yellow. Subterminal band chocolate to taupe and terminal band cream to white. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 A – C): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately 1.1 times longer than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus, pedunculus long and U-shaped, and saccus Ushaped and approximately the same length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing abruptly at the distal one-third to about half the width, and deltoid at the terminus. Specimens examined. Chile, Valparaiso Province, (MTSU) CL 1023, CL 1024; Chile, O’Higgins Province, (CU) 1 male, 1 female, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) Holotype female Stibomorpha decorata 809633, (MGCL) 1 male	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAA845FFF11FCE4FC52BA0D.taxon	materials_examined	Type Location: Valparaiso, Valparaiso Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAA845FFF11FCE4FC52BA0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found from Santiago to Valparaiso Province, Chile from January to March at 200 – 600 m (Fig. 26). Original description states that specimens were collected as early as December.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAA845FFF11FCE4FC52BA0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to N. poliozona, but with the postmedian band of the ventral side hindwing daffodil yellow and golden instead of lavender and the apical ocellus between M 1 and M 2 on the ventral side of the forewing usually bipupillate.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAA845FFF11FCE4FC52BA0D.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 9 mm, covered in white to tan scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes sparsely hairy and oval, length approximately 1.25 X the width. Palps striped longitudinally with black and white scales with bronze-brown piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and less than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax black to very dark bronze-brown and covered in bronze to tan scales. Scales of the abdomen ranging from beige to tan to medium brown, slightly darker on the males than the females. Forelegs of both males and females with tarsus club-like, unsegmented, and without spines. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 6 C, D): Wingspan 30 – 35 mm. Males with no visible androconial patch. Termen nearly straight and discal cell V-shaped at distal end with distance between M 1 - M 2 slightly shorter than distance between M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side medium brown to dark chocolate brown, darker toward the distal edges and slightly lighter in the females. Fringe scales striped perpendicular to the wing margin in dark chocolate brown and tawny. Postmedian band appearing on the dorsal side in rust orange, but not as distinctly as on the ventral side. Apical ocellus between M 1 and M 2 appearing as a nearly black spot on the dorsal side in both sexes, but clearer in the females. Ventral side rust orange and widely bordered in medium to chocolate brown with a ripple pattern visible at the costal edge and apex. Postmedian band orange with a thin, dark brown border and nearly even in width, scalloped at the distal edge with the proximal edge nearly straight, curving sharply inward between M 3 and CuA 1. Apical ocellus usually bipupillate and ringed in light daffodil yellow. Pupils white, the more apical of which is often bigger. Hindwing (Fig. 6 C, D): Wing shape trapezoidal. Termen slightly convex and barely scalloped between median veins and tornus and the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side medium brown to dark chocolate brown, darker toward the distal edges and slightly lighter in the females. Fringe scales striped in dark chocolate brown and tawny. Postmedian band appearing in rust orange to rust red on the dorsal side, strongest from M 2 to the anal margin and again more clearly in the females than in the males. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median. Ventral side chocolate to dark bronze brown with ripple pattern over most of the wing. Postmedian band widest toward costa, narrowing slightly at M 1, but almost even in width throughout. Postmedian band is light daffodil yellow at proximal border, fading to golden distally with the distal border deckle-edged. A small, black, round, unpupillated ocellus ringed in yellow is present between Cu 1 and Cu 2. Often, a similar ocellus appears between R 5 and M 1 and occasionally between CuA 2 and 1 A + 2 A. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 D – F): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately the same length as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and approximately four-tenths the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and attenuating at terminus and the saccus is U-shaped. Valvae wide, beginning to narrow at midpoint with the most distal quarter nearly deltoid. Aedeagus is nearly even in width throughout, the proximal end slightly narrower with a truncate terminus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAA845FFF11FCE4FC52BA0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two specimens in the British Museum are labeled as the types of N. coenonymphina and J. Matz has designated the male, marked with the Valparaiso locality, as the lectotype. Butler (1881) noted that it is rare around Valparaiso in December and January, but we found it to be common in that region in late February to early March on hillsides near Casablanca (33 º 19 ’ S, 71 º 24 ’ W). Specimens examined. Chile, Valparaíso Province, (MTSU) CL 1001 - CL 1009, (MGCL) 1 male, (BMNH) Lectotype male 809622; Chile, Santiago Metropolitan rovince, (OSU) 000093354; Chile, Maule rovince, (MTSU) CH 26 - 1; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) Paralectotype 809623	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809630 Type location: Termas de Chillán, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Found in Chile in the eastern part of Bío-Bío and Araucanía rovinces from February to March at 650 – 1600 m (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to N. wallengrenii, but smaller and generally darker with the patterning on the ventral side of the hindwing resembling a series of yellow stripes radiating from the base of the wing. Dorsal side of both wings dark chocolate brown in the males and warm light brown in the females with patches of rust red or rust orange over the discal cells of the forewings and between M 2 - M 3 on the hindwing. Smaller rusty patches appear between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 on the hindwing. Ventral side of the hindwing with a strong daffodil yellow stripe that extends from the base of the wing almost to the termen over the discal cell to the cell between M 2 - M 3. Maize yellow postmedian band is edged with white and brown scales at the termen and all but the 1 A + 2 A and anal veins are highlighted with daffodil yellow over the band.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 6 – 8 mm, bearing ivory and medium brown scales on the dorsal side, and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and sparsely hairy length approximately 1.25 times width. Palps with a longitudinal black stripe along the median with a similar tan stripe parallel and dorsal side to the black stripe. Piliform ventral side scales of the palps medium brown, black and tan in the males and black, tan, and ivory in the females. The dorsal side scales ivory in the females and medium brown or black in the males, terminal segment cylindrical and a little more than 1 / 3 X the length of the second segment. Thorax nearly black in both sexes. The females are covered in ivory and iridescent black scales with the longer piliform scales being ivory and tan and the males are clothed mainly with iridescent black with the piliform scales being a warm medium brown. Male and female foreleg tarsi unsegmented and club-like, the male tarsus slightly longer relative to the tibia. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines, darker amber in the males. Forewing (Fig. 6 E): Wingspan 22 – 30 mm. Termen slightly convex. Discal cell U-shaped at the distal end with the distance between M 1 - M 2 slightly shorter than between M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side warm light brown in the females and dark chocolate brown in the males, both with a rust red patch over the discal cell and a small black ocellus between M 1 - M 2 that may have a single pupil in the females. Ventral side dark rust red to rust orange, widely bordered with medium to warm light brown and with a patch of maize yellow at the apex over the radial and median veins. Postmedian band wide and slightly lighter than rust-colored scales covering the discal cell. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 black, ringed in daffodil yellow with a single white pupil. Hindwing (Fig. 6 E): Wing oval, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped between median veins and tornus. Inner margin barely excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side warm light brown in the females and dark chocolate brown in the males, both with a patch of rust red between M 2 - M 3 that extends to the center of the discal cell and smaller patches between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin, shorter in the females. Ventral side similar in hue to the dorsal side, black at the base and with a terminal band of white scales. Postmedian band very wide at the costa, the proximal edge extending to the base and then narrowing sharply toward the termen, constricted completely or to a few millimeters between M 3 and CuA 1, with sharp dentations that peak at CuA 1 and CuA 2. The pattern of daffodil yellow streaks across the wing may obscure the proximal border of the postmedian band that extends over the breadth of the wing in maize and daffodil yellow. The strongest of these is between M 2 - M 3, extending over the discal cell to the wing base. Two smaller yellow streaks appear close to the base between CuA 1 - 1 A + 2 A and 1 A + 2 A-anal vein. All except the 1 A + 2 A and anal veins are highlighted in daffodil yellow over the postmedian band. Two lenticular black spots with thin daffodil borders appear between Rs-M 1 and M 3 - CuA 1. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 G – I): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately 1.1 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and less than half the length of the uncus, pedunculus short and U-shaped, and saccus truncate and nearly as long as the gnathos. Valvae wide, narrowing to about half the width just past the median toward the distal end, deltoid at the terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width and truncate at the proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Originally placed by Butler in the New Zealand endemic genus Argyrophenga, Elwes (1903) described it as an Epinephele, and Weymer (1911) finally placed it in Neomaenas. It is a rare species found around scrubby bushes near shady wooded areas on the mountainsides of eastern Araucanía and Bío-Bío provinces. Though it is not a fast flier, it can be difficult to catch, taking short, low flights between bushes.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA9845EFF11FCC8FAF7BAF5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. named for its collector, Thomas Edmonds. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (BMNH) Holotype male 809630, (MGCL) 2 males; Chile, Araucanía rovince, (BMNH) 809662, 809663, (MTSU) CL 0701 - CL 0709, (UJ) 9 males, (MGCL) 1 male	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: near Termas de Chillán, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male), NRM, Stockholm (not examined). Allotype: (female) NRM, Stockholm (not examined). Paratypes: (2 males, 2 females), NRM, Stockholm (not examined). Type location: Peninsula Llau Llau, north of Punto Nuevo, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Neuquen Province, Argentina, Oct. 1933 – March 1934, leg. Anna Hildegard Ljungner.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the eastern part of Bío-Bío Province southward to Auraucania Province, and in the western part of Neuquén and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina in January and February at 80 – 1620 m (Fig. 26). Abundant near Termas de Chillán and at a wider altitudinal range farther south.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to N. wallengrenii, the ventral side hindwing of both having a yellow band that crosses the discal cell from the subbasal costa to the cubitus and a large ocellus between Cu 1 - Cu 2, but with the yellow band more distinct in N. fractifascia. The dorsal side forewing are chocolate to dark chocolate brown with patches of rust orange over the discal cell and at the postmedian band. Females are similarly marked but lighter. VFWwith a unipupillate and occasionally unpupillated apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 that extends just beyond the confines of the cells and a maize and chocolate ripple pattern at the costa. Dorsal HW similar in color to the FW with a rust orange patch at the postmedian band. Ventral HW with a ripple pattern superimposed over the entire wing and a deckle-edged postmedian band in maize to chocolate that contains black ocelli in each cell between Rs-M 2 and in each cell between M 3 - 1 A + 2 A, the largest ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ocelli may be absent or reduced in females in the cells between Rs-M 2, M 3 - CuA 1, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A and are not as clearly demarcated as in the males.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 9 mm and striped with ivory and dark chocolate brown scales, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps with a longitudinal white stripe along the median and an adjacent black stripe on the ventral side to the median. Males with dorsal side piliform scales white at the base and black distally and with ventral side piliform scales black and tan. Females with fewer black scales, dorsal side piliform scales white at the base and tawny at the distal end, and ventral side piliform scales ivory with sparse black scales. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about 0.3 X the length of the second segment. Thorax dark sepia and clothed with iridescent black scales on the males and ivory and iridescent black scales on the females, both sexes with toffee-colored piliform scales. Female abdomen tan ventrally and dorsally tan with dark chocolate stripes along the sutures of each segment. Male abdomen tan, taupe, and dark chocolate ventrally and dark chocolate dorsally. Forleg tarsi with three segments in both sexes, the females being slightly more slender than the males. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 6 F – H): Wingspan 28 – 24 mm. Termen slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell gently sinuate with M 1 - M 2 shorter than M 2 - M 3. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side rust orange over the discal cell and at the postmedian band, bordered in chocolate in the females and dark chocolate in the males. Fringe scales tan to tawny in the females and the males with dark chocolate layered over white, giving the false appearance of crenulation at the termen. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 appearing on the dorsal side in both sexes as an unpupillated round spot. Ventral side rust orange with the postmedian band yellow-orange outlined thinly in chocolate. Bordered in chocolate at the inner margin and tornus and with a maize and chocolate ripple pattern narrowly along the costa and extending over the subterminal to terminal portion of the radial and median veins. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 ringed in maize to daffodil yellow and with a single white pupil. Apical ocellus extends just past the confines of the cells and is unpupillated in some examples. Hindwing (Fig. 6 F – H): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the postmedian band in rust orange. A single black ocellus appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and another, smaller ocellus can sometimes be seen between M 3 - CuA 1. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with a ripple pattern superimposed over all design elements, taupe and black at the base, maize and dark chocolate at the inner margin, maize and warm medium brown at the costa and along the postmedian band, and dark chocolate and maize that fades to dark chocolate and white at the terminal band. Postmedian band deckle edged on both sides with a thin, crisp outline in dark chocolate brown. Proximal border with a very thin white band that fades to maize, chocolate brown at the center, and then returning to maize at the distal border. A round black ocellus ringed in daffodil to maize may be found in each cell between Rs-M 2 and in each cell between M 3 - 1 A + 2 A, the largest ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2. In females, postmedian ocelli are not as clearly demarcated as in the males and are without the yellow ring. Ocelli may be absent or reduced in females in the cells between Rs-M 2, M 3 - CuA 1, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. In both sexes, a maize band about two millimeters wide extends from the subbasal costa diagonally across the wing to the cubitus, not extending past the discal cell. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 J – L): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately 1.5 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the uncus, pedunculus long and U-shaped, and saccus Ushaped and a little longer than the gnathos. Valvae wide, narrowing abruptly at the distal one-third to about half the width and terminating in a U-shape. Aedeagus nearly even in width, narrowing in a slight hourglass curve at the distal one third with the proximal end terminating in a U-shape.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA88459FF11FBE0FD6DBE30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two specimens, a male and a female are both labeled as “ Type ” in the British museum, both of which were collected in the same locality. J. Matz has designated the male as the lectotype. This is an uncommon species (Elwes 1903, Weymer 1911) and according to Elwes, “ It frequents open places in the forest. ” Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93669, 0 0 0 0 93677, 0 0 0 0 93666, 0 0 0 0 93674, (MTSU) CH 24 B- 03, CH 24 B- 04, CH 25 - 3, (BMNH) Lectotype male 809629, paralectotype female 809628, (UJ) 1 male; Chile, Araucanía Province, (UJ) 1 female.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE8458FF11FF38FB01BA10.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype (male): BM (NH) Type No. Rh 3864 (photo examined) Type location: Baños de Cauqueñes, O’Higgins Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE8458FF11FF38FB01BA10.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Heimlich (1972) indicated that the N. inornata is found in wooded areas with Chusquea bamboo, ranging from Valparaiso to Valdivia, Chile, from Nov. to Dec. (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE8458FF11FF38FB01BA10.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. As noted by Elwes (1903), the species is similar in size, wing shape and dorsal coloration to N. servilia. However, the underside of the hindwing, rather than being boldly marked like that species, is a plain brown with a slight coppery sheen (Elwes called it “ plain olive-grey ”). Androconial patches are absent, and the wing patterns of the two sexes are similar, although the bipupillated ventral forewing ocellus is apparent as a shadow on the dorsal surface of the female but not the male. In the holotype, there are two small, pale-colored ocelli in HWV cells Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2, approximately midway between the apex of the discal cell and the wing margin. These are absent in Elwes’ (1903, Plate XIV, fig. 2) illustration of the female. The male genitalia, as illustrated by Heimlich (1972), appear most similar to those of N. poliozona.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE8458FF11FF38FB01BA10.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Material of this species was not available for close examination or dissection. We provide a diagnosis based on the original description, illustrations (Fig. 7 A, B), and photos of the holotype.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Valdivia, Los Rios province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Chile, probably Valdivia, Los Rios Province, Chile Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809743 (specimen examined)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II, Fig. 5 of Reed (1877)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) NRM, Stockholm (photo examined) Allotype: (female) NRM, Stockholm (not examined) Paratypes (11 males, 4 females) NRM, Stockholm (not examined) Type location: Peninsula Llau Llau, north of Punto Nuevo, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Neuquen Province, Argentina, Oct. 1933 - March 1934, leg. Anna Hildegard Ljungner. Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from Santiago, Metropolitan Province to northern Los Lagos Province, and in Argentina in Southern Neuquén Province from mid-December to early March at nearly sea level to 1850 m (Fig. 26). Adults can be found flying around the tops of tall stands of bamboo.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Auca coctei, but tending to be larger and darker in color. Males with heavy androconia in the cells between M 3 and the inner margin. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 on the ventral side of the forewing is usually unipupillate. Postmedian band similar to A. coctei, but with both subterminal and median borders deckle-edged. Small, round ocelli are present in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A, the pairs closest to the costa and closest to the inner margin may be oval and black, ringed in cream to daffodil yellow while the center pair are usually white to daffodil yellow. Hindwing ocelli are sometimes obscured or absent. Eyes are hairy and foreleg tarsi of both sexes are unsegmented and club-like. Male genitalia appear more elongated in the uncus and gnathos and wider in the valvae than in A. coctei, but are otherwise similar.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 10 mm, covered in dark chocolate scales with a longitudinal daffodil yellow stripe, and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes hairy and oval, length approximately 1.3 times width. Palps with a longitudinal black stripe bordered in white at the median, dark chocolate dorsally and dark chocolate and white ventrally, the terminal segment entirely dark chocolate. Females the same, but lighter in color. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little less than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax dark amber, males with iridescent black scales and tawny and black piliform scales. Females with white and iridescent black scales and tawny piliform scales. Male abdomens coffee-colored on the dorsal side and coffee-colored with sparse white and tawny scales on the ventral side. Females coffee dorsally and cream to taupe ventrally. Forelegs of both sexes with the tarsus club-like, unsegmented, and without spines. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 7 C): Wingspan 24 – 32 mm. Males with androconia in chevron to rectangular patches in each cell between M 3 and the inner margin. Termen nearly straight to slightly concave and barely scalloped. The distal end of the discal cell is sinuous with the costal half more deeply curved than the cubital half. Dorsal side dark chocolate brown to dark coffee brown with fringe scales in dark chocolate and white to cream, giving the appearance of crenulation. A reddish patch may be visible from the discal cell to the median and a round, black apical ocellus is usually visible between M 1 - M 2. Ventral side chocolate to dark chocolate with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate to dark coffee striations extending from the costa to the radials and from the middle of the postmedian band to the termen. A rust orange to rust red patch extends from the discal cell to the postmedian band, covering the median and cubital veins, extending almost to the anal vein. Postmedian band is lightly bordered in dark chocolate to dark coffee, the median and subterminal sides deckle-edged. Rust orange to rust red patch lightens slightly inside the postmedian band. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is round, black, unipupillate, and ringed in rust orange to daffodil yellow. This ocellus occasionally extends from M 1 - M 3 and may be bipupillate. Females are lighter in color than males. Hindwing (Fig. 7 C): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and scalloped, inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing, the postmedian band sometimes appearing between M 2 and CuA 2 in triangular patches. Ventral side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate to dark coffee over the entire wing. Postmedian band lighter than the rest of the wing, with both median and subterminal borders deckle-edged, and wider over the radials than from Rs to the inner margin. Ocelli between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, CuA 1 - CuA 2, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A are small and either oval and black, ringed in cream to daffodil yellow or round and white to daffodil yellow. Ocelli between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1 are small, round, and white to daffodil yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 15 M – O): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt finger-like terminus, and approximately 1.25 times as long as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and approximately four-tenths the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the proximal one-quarter, gradually narrowing toward the distal end, the terminus deltoid or somewhat falcate. Aedeagus hourglass-shaped at the distal three-fifths, narrowing slightly to a U-shaped proximal terminus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAE845AFF11FCF4FBECB804.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Originally placed in Satyrus, this species was placed under the generic name Quilaphoetosus by Herrera (1966), based primarily on subtle genitalic differences and variation in the position of the forewing radial veins, a feature that varies widely amongst individuals of the same species collected at the same locality. With the exception of the autapomorphic androconial patch in the males and densely hairy eyes, it is very similar to other members of Neomaenas, where Hayward (1958), D’Abrera (1988) and Peña & Ugarte (1997) had placed it. Neomaenas monachus is the sister taxon to other Neomaenas species sampled in our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 1), and although these autapomorphies could be used as evidence to argue for the retention of Quilaphoetosus while maintaining an otherwise monophyletic Neomaenas, that genus would be monotypic, and we feel that taxonomy is better served by generic names that imply groups. Elwes (1903) claimed that it is “ very abundant in the heavy virgin forest south of Temuco ” and “ amongst the dense bamboo undergrowth in the Upper Renaico Valley. ” N. monachus monachus may also be found in Chubut, Neuquén, and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina (Butler 1881, Elwes 1903). This species tends to fly over the tops of Chusquea bamboos near forested areas, at a height of about 2.5 – 3 m above the ground. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 94359, 0 0 0 0 94363, 0 0 0 0 94373, (MTSU) CH 24 - 1 - CH 24 - 5, (UJ) 1 female; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MTSU) CL 0810 - CL 0814, CL 0721 - CL 0724 (UJ) 9 males, 3 females; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 94377, 0 0 0 0 94372, 0 0 0 0 94362, 0 0 0 0 94375 (MTSU) CH 10 - 1 - CH 10 - 3, CH 10 - 8, CH 10 B- 10, CH 10 B- 11, CH 10 B- 2, CH 10 B- 6, CH 10 C- 3, CH 7 - 1	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Type: ?? (Rodulfo Philippi was Director of the Museo Nacional de Chile when the taxon was described, but the type may have been lost) Type location: Valdivia, Los Ríos Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) MNHN, Paris, genitalia prep. No. 4146 (photo examined) Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809782 (specimen examined) Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Lautaro, Araucanía Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ovelapping in range with N. monachus monachus, but found in small, isolated populations where N. monachus limonias has been collected exclusive of the nominate subspecies (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Identical to N. monachus monachus, but generally lighter in color and more often with larger and bipupillate ocelli between M 1 - M 3 on the ventral side of the forewing. Postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing is lavender from the costa to M 2 and daffodil yellow from M 2 to the inner margin. Small round yellow or white hindwing ocelli are present in each cell from Rs to 1 A + 2 A, but may be obscured or absent.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Male palps with a longitudinal daffodil yellow stripe at the median, the dorsal side chocolate brown, and the ventral side with a longitudinal chocolate brown stripe just below the yellow stripe at the median and with white, medium brown, and dark chocolate brown piliform scales. Female palps with a longitudinal white stripe at the median, white and chocolate brown dorsally, and ventrally with a longitudinal chocolate stripe just below the median white stripe and white and black piliform scales. Thorax bears iridescent black scales with black and tawny pilifom scales in the males and white and iridescent black scales with white piliform scales in the females. Abdomens are taupe to tawny ventrally and chocolate dorsally. Forewing (Fig. 7 D): Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate, a rust red to rust orange patch extending from the base to the subtermen, interrupted in the males by heavy androconial patches in chevron to rectangular patches between M 3 and the inner margin. An ocelli sometimes appears as a small, round, black spot between M 1 - M 2 and another similar ocellus occasionally appears between M 2 - M 3. Ventral side taupe to chocolate with a ripple pattern in chocolate to dark chocolate striations extending along the costa and over the radials. A rust orange patch extends from the discal cell to the postmedian band, which is a lighter shade of orange and may be lightly bordered in chocolate. Apical ocellus extends from M 1 - M 3 and is round, black, bipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow. Hindwing (Fig. 7 D): Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing between M 2 and CuA 2 in rust red to rust orange rectangular patches. Ventral side taupe to chocolate with a ripple pattern in chocolate to dark chocolate striations over the entire wing. Postmedian band is widest from the costa to M 2 and lavender, narrowing abruptly at M 2 and daffodil yellow from M 2 to the inner margin, the median border either smoothly sinuous or barely scalloped. Ocelli are present in each cell from Rs to 1 A + 2 A and are small, round, and white or daffodil yellow. Some of these may be obscured by the ripple pattern or absent.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFAC8455FF11FEC8FF32B8C8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Weymer (1911) and Gaede (1931) noted and Lamas (2010) agreed that Blanchard’s janirioides was preoccupied by a species from Algiers and assigned to it the replacement name of limonias, noting that it is identical with Philippi’s description, which has priority over Kirby’s replacement name blanchardii. Elwes (1903) found it “ on dry hill-sides covered with bushes, ” and remarks that it is commonly found in Valparaiso in November and December. Specimens examined. Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93362, (MTSU) CH 43 - 1; Chile, Maule Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 94365, 0 0 0 0 95046, 0 0 0 0 95051, 0 0 0 0 94365, (MTSU) CH 26 - 3; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95048, (MTSU) CH 32 - 3, CH 32 - 4; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) male Holotype 809782	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA38454FF11FD84FE80BB78.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809789 Type location: Valdivia, Los Ríos Province, Chile = Satyrus valdivianus Reed, 1877 Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II fig. 2 in Reed (1877). = Satyrus thelxiope Reed, 1877 Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 7 in Reed (1877). = Satyrus chiloensis Reed, 1877 Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 8 in Reed (1877). = Neosatyrus reedii? var. fuscescens, Butler 1881 Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809619 Type Location: La Union, Los Ríos Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA38454FF11FD84FE80BB78.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the southwestern part of Bío-Bío Province near Cañete, eastward toward the Andes and south to Los Lagos Province near Volcán Osorno at 20 – 1200 m from January to March (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA38454FF11FD84FE80BB78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to N. coenonymphina, but with the ventral side hindwing band in lavender instead of daffodil yellow and golden and the apical ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing having only a single pupil or none at all. Hindwing ocelli appear as small black spots between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, CuA 1 - CuA 2 and sometimes between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA38454FF11FD84FE80BB78.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antenna 7 – 9 mm, females with cream scales and males with dark chocolate brown scales, both terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and sparsely hairy, length about 1.1 times width. Palps dark chocolate at the distal end, lightening to cream proximally. Piliform ventral side scales black and tan. Terminal palp segment oval and less than one fourth the length of the second segment. Thorax of males nearly black, covered in iridescent black scales and long dark chocolate to medium brown piliform scales interspersed with similar cream scales. Female thorax slightly lighter than males and clothed with iridescent black scales interspersed with ivory. Long piliform scales medium brown to cream, but interspersed with black. Tarsus of the forelegs reduced to a single, clublike segment. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 7 E): Wingspan 22 – 28 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex. Discal cell widely Ushaped at the distal end with the distance between M 1 - M 2 slightly shorter than between M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side medium to chocolate brown with fringe scales slightly lighter. Apical ocellus betwen M 1 - M 2 appearing as a small black spot on the dorsal side in both sexes. Females with a patch of rust red over the discal cell. Males with no visible androconial patch. Ventral side rust orange, widely bordered with warm medium brown, slightly lighter in the females with a postmedian band slightly lighter orange and barely visible. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 bordered in daffodil yellow and either with a single white pupil or, as in the type specimen, or none at all. A small black ocellus appears occasionally between M 2 - M 3 and / or between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Hindwing (Fig. 7 E): Wing shape trapezoidal. Termen slightly convex and barely scalloped between median veins and tornus, the inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side medium to dark chocolate brown, darker toward the distal edges and slightly lighter in the females. Fringe scales slightly lighter. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median. Females bearing red patches between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1. Ventral side dark chocolate brown closest to the thorax, fading to warm medium brown at the proximal edge of the postmedian band and darkening again between the distal edge of the postmedian band and the termen. Postmedian band in lavender, unevenly scalloped at the proximal border. Distal border slightly faded, but also unevenly scalloped. Small black ocelli between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, CuA 1 - CuA 2 and sometimes between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Male genitalia (Fig. 16 A – C): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and 3 / 5 the length of the uncus, pedunculus short and u-shaped at the terminus, and saccus U-shaped and shorter than the gnathos. Valvae widening distally past the median then narrowing to half the width, the distal end terminating in a U-shape. Aedeagus nearly even in width along the distal two-thirds, narrowing proximally to a blunt acute end. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (MTSU) CL 0816; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MTSU) CL 0710 - CL 0720, CL 0801 - CL 0809; Chile, Los Ríos Province, (BMNH) Holotype male 809789, (MTSU) CH 12 - 1; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93668, 0 0 0 0 93671, 0 0 0 0 93672, 0 0 0 0 93678, (MTSU) CH 10 - 5 - CH 10 - 7, CH 10 - 9, CH 10 - 1	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	materials_examined	Type Location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the southwestern part of Bío-Bío province to Araucanía province at 50 – 200 m from January to early March (Fig. 26). Though the range of N. poliozona eustephanos is similar to that of N. poliozona poliozona, populations are allopatric. Ecological factors that separate these two subspecies are unknown and in need of further study.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Identical to N. poliozona poliozona, but lacking the black spots on the ventral side of the hindwing, darker in color, and having a ripple pattern in dark chocolate striations over the hindwing.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Palps with a longitudinal black stripe bordered dorsally with a cream to white stripe. Dorsal side piliform scales on the palps are black and scales on the ventral side are black and tan. Forewing (Fig. 7 F): Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown, females with a patch of rust orange that extends from the discal cell to subterminal band. Postmedian band appears on the dorsal side of some males as a pair of rectangular patches between M 3 and CuA 2. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appearing in some specimens as a round black spot. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side with a rust orange patch extending from the discal cell to the subterminal band, the postmedian band slightly lighter and bordered in dark chocolate. A ripple pattern with dark chocolate to dark coffee striations that extend along the costa and subterminal band. Hindwing (Fig. 7 F): Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, postmedian band appearing in rust orange from M 1 to the inner margin in females and rust red to rust orange in patches from M 2 to CuA 1 and from CuA 2 to the inner margin. Postmedian band may not appear in darker specimens. Ventral side dark taupe to warm medium brown with a ripple pattern appearing in dark chocolate to dark coffee over the entire wing. Postmedian band is a saturated lavender, edged on the median side in dark chocolate. Hindwing ocelli rarely appear as small, round, black spots between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, or CuA 1 - CuA 2.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The taxon bearing the name Neosatyrus reedii Butler, 1881 has been regarded previously as a separate species in a separate genus from N. poliozona poliozona by its original author and by Weymer (1911), and synonymized with N. poliozona by Ureta (1956) and Lamas & Viloria (2004). Herrera (1966) placed reedii in Neomaenas and noted its similarity to poliozona in genitalic features, also but differences in distribution and wing pattern, remarking that it may be a legitimate subspecies of N. poliozona. Our decision to synonymize Spinantenna Hayward, 1953, with Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858, means that Neomaenas reedii (Butler, 1881) (now viewed as a subspecies of N. poliozona) becomes a secondary junior homonym of Neomaenas reedi (Reed, 1877), under Arts. 57.3.1 and 58.14 of the ICZN Code (ICZN 1999), because the latter is has priority as an available name, even though it is considered a subjective junior synonym of N. tristis (Guerin-Ménéville, [1830]).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA28457FF11FD14FD14B9CD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. the name refers to the purple submarginal band on the HWV. Specimens examined. Chile, Araucanía Province, (MTSU) CL 0518 - CL 0521, CL 0601 - 0627, CL 0823 - 0829; Chile, unknown province (BMNH) Holotype male	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA18456FF11FE88FBE2B9E0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: BMNH Type No. Rh 3878 Type location: near Termas de Chillán, Bío-Bío province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA18456FF11FE88FBE2B9E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the eastern part of Bío-Bío Province southward to northern Auraucania Province in January and February at 1000 – 1550 m (Fig. 26). Abundant near Termas de Chillán.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA18456FF11FE88FBE2B9E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to N. inornata in coloration and lack of design elements on the ventral side of the hindwing. Chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the ventral side more taupe to tawny, females being generally lighter in coloration than the males. Veins highlighted in ivory to white distally past the median on the ventral side of the hindwing. Most obvious is the white triangular patch between M 2 - M 3 adjacent to M 3 with the apex touching the discal cell. Type specimen is without postmedian ocelli, but some specimens may have a single black ocellus ringed in yellow between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and others may also bear small black or ivory ocelli between M 2 - M 3 and / or M 3 - CuA 1.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA18456FF11FE88FBE2B9E0.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 9 mm and covered in cream and ivory scales on the dorsal side, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.4 times width. Palps with a longitudinal black stripe along the median with piliform ventral side and dorsal side scales black, tan, and ivory. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about one fifth the length of the second segment. Thorax dark sepia and clothed with iridescent black scales. Piliform scales ivory to medium brown, the males slightly darker. Abdomen ivory and tan. Forelegs of both males and females with the tarsus cylindrical and clublike. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 7 G): Wingspan 24 – 30 mm. Termen slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped with the distance between M 1 - M 2 shorter than between M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with tan fringe scales. Small rust-red patches appearing faintly over the discal cell in the females. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 appearing either as a faint black spot or absent in males or as a black spot or distinct ocellus ringed in taupe and bronze in females, sometimes paired with another similar ocellus between M 2 - M 3. Males with no visible androconial patch. Ventral side rust orange and widely bordered in taupe to chocolate brown that fades to maize brown at the apex over the radials. Postmedian band yellow-orange proximally and taupe to chocolate brown distally and bordered by a faint medium to dark chocolate brown outline. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 ringed in daffodil yellow and bipupillate, one white pupil in each cell, and extending just past the confines of the cells. Another black, sometimes unipupillate ocellus appears occasionally between M 3 - CuA 1 and may be fused with the M 1 - M 3 ocellus. Hindwing (Fig. 7 G): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped. Inner margin barely excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with tan fringe scales. Females sometimes with rust red patches between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 on the dorsal side. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side taupe to tawny with a patch of black and tawny scales at the base. Veins highlighted in ivory to white distally past the median. A white triangular patch appears just distal to the discal cell sits between M 2 - M 3, adjacent to M 3 with its apex touching the discal cell. A single black postmedian ocellus ringed in taupe to daffodil yellow is found between CuA 1 - CuA 2 in some specimens and a small ocelli occasionally appears between M 2 - M 3 and / or M 3 - CuA 1 and may be ivory or black ringed with yellow. Type specimen is without hindwing ocelli. Male genitalia (Fig. 16 D – F): Uncus narrow and finger-like, widening very slightly at the median, approximately 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus, pedunculus long and U-shaped, and saccus U-shaped and about as long as the gnathos. Valvae widening distally past the median then narrowing to half the width, the distal end terminating in a U-shape. Aedeagus nearly even in width along the distal two-thirds, narrowing proximally to an acute end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA18456FF11FE88FBE2B9E0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Butler (1881) quoted Thomas Edmonds’ statement that N. simplex is “ scarce and difficult to catch ” while Elwes (1903) notes that it resembles Neosatyrus ambiorix in “ form and flight, ” flying amongst low bushes. It can also be collected in the wooded spaces near Las Trancas, fewer than ten kilometers from Termas de Chillán. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (BMNH) Holotype No. Rh 3878, (MTSU) CH 24 B- 10, CL 0204, CL 0205, CL 0309 - CL 0311, CL 0317, CL 0419 - CL 0422, (CU) 2 specimens	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	materials_examined	Type: no type, but Reed (1877) described Guerín’s specimen as “ the wings of this species glued to the body of a species of the genus Argynnis. ” Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	materials_examined	Type: no type Type location: Corral, Los Ríos Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809742 (specimen examined) Type location: “ Cuba, ” probably Valdivia, Los Ríos Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Chile Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from southern Valparaiso Province to northern Los Lagos Province and in Argentina in the westernmost part of Rio Negro Province from late November to mid-March at nearly sea level to 1200 m (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Auca coctei, but larger, without androconia in the males, and bearing a distinctive white to yellow triangle on the ventral side of the hindwing between M 2 - M 3. Apical ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing appears as either a bipupillate dark chocolate or dark coffee spot between M 1 - M 3 or as two smaller unipupillate dark chocolate or dark coffee spots between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3, fused at M 2. Ocelli appear on the ventral side of the hindwing as a small yellow spot in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A, the ocelli between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 ringed in dark chocolate. Females are lighter in color, the ventral side hindwing ocelli between M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A sometimes obscured. Hindwing is scalloped along the termen with a ripple pattern over the entire wing and the postmedian band on the ventral side deckle-edged and bordered in cream to daffodil yellow on the median side.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm, covered in dark chocolate scales with a white longitudinal stripe, and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes naked and oval, length approximately 1.2 X the width. In the males, palps with a longitudinal white stripe bordered in black along the median, black and dark chocolate brown on the dorsal side, and white to cream with tawny and black piliform scales on the ventral side. Females with white palps, bearing a longitudinal tawny stripe at the median and black piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment conical and slightly more than one-quarter the length of the second segment. Thorax is dark amber with iridescent black scales and rust orange and black piliform scales in the males and with white and iridescent scales and cream to tawny piliform scales in the females. Male abdomens are dark chocolate brown ventrally and dark coffee dorsally. Female abdomens are cream to taupe ventrally and dark chocolate dorsally. Forelegs of both sexes with tarsi unsegmented and clublike. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 7 H): Wingspan 24 – 30 mm. Termen slightly concave and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males without visible androconia. Dorsal side dark chocolate in the males with a small patch of rust red at the median from M 1 to M 3 and chocolate in the females with a rust orange to rust red patch at the median between M 1 and M 3 and between CuA 1 - CuA 2, the ocellus between M 1 - M 3 barely visible in the females. Fringe scales are white or daffodil yellow and dark chocolate in stripes perpendicular to the termen, giving the appearance of crenulation. Ventral side dark chocolate in the males with a ripple pattern in daffodil yellow and dark coffee along the costa and over the radials and in dark coffee and dark chocolate along the subterminal band. A patch of rust red extends from the base to the median. Postmedian band is rust red to rust orange and outlined in dark coffee, deckle-edged at both the median and subterminal borders. Ocellus between M 1 - M 3 round, dark coffee to black, and bipupillate, sometimes appearing as two separate unipupillate ocelli. Females are similar to the males, but lighter in color. Hindwing (Fig. 7 H): Wing trapezoidal, termen convex and scalloped. Inner margin excavated between anal vein and 1 A + 2 A resulting in a lobed apex. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, females with a patch of rust red to rust orange over the postmedian band from M 2 to CuA 1. Fringe scales are as in the forewing. Ventral side with a ripple pattern in daffodil yellow with dark chocolate to dark coffee striations along the costa. Subbasal band white to daffodil yellow with dark coffee striations in the males and white to cream with dark chocolate striations in the females, the submedian border deckle-edged. Submedian band is dark chocolate with dark coffee striations in the males, fading to daffodil yellow with dark coffee striations toward the inner margin. Females are chocolate to cream with dark chocolate striations at the submedian band. Postmedian band is edged in cream to yellow at the median border in both sexes, a white to daffodil yellow triangle appearing between M 2 - M 3. Center of the postmedian band is chocolate brown with dark chocolate striations in the males and cream to daffodil yellow with chocolate to dark chocolate striations in the females. Subterminal border of the postmedian band is scalloped and the subterminal band is similar in coloration to the submedian band. Hindwing ocelli appear as a small yellow spot appears in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A, the ocelli between M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 ringed in dark chocolate brown. Ocelli between M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A may be obscured in females. Male genitalia (Fig. 16 G – I): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing toward a finger-like distal end and approximately 1.4 times longer than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and a little less than three-quarters the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing to an acute distal end. Aedeagus narrow, a little wider at the median, terminating in an acute proximal end, and bearing minute serrations toward the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA08451FF11FEECFBCCBE68.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There is some confusion throughout the literature as to whether N. tristis is synonymous with or a form of A. coctei, many agreeing that the original figure, which depicts only the dorsal side, is barely adequate to distinguish it as a separate species (Butler 1868; Elwes 1903; Weymer 1911; Hayward 1958; Herrera 1966). Hayward (1953) determined it to be distinct from A. coctei, and placed it in the monotypic genus Spinantenna, based primarily on wing venation, but it is similar in many features to other members of Neomaenas. The name Stibomorpha reedi (or reedii) has been attributed by authors, since Reed (1877), to Butler (1874), but Butler described only one species, Stibomorpha decorata, in that publication. Reed (1877,) stated, This species has been described various times by different authors with many names, and, in truth, I do not know which of them I should assign to it. The first description is that of Guérin [Argynnis tristis], from his voyage of the Coquille, but this author only had one exemplar composed of the wings of this species glued to the body of a species of the genus Argynnis. Few entomologists will agree to accept a description based on such a type. Subsequently, Blanchard gave, in Gay’s work, a description of something like this species [as Satyrus tristis]; but Mr. Butler says that it is a different species. Later, Dr. Philippi published in the Anales de la Universidad de Chile a description of an exemplar native to Valdivia which seems to be this species [Satyrus flora], but the description is not very good, and finally Mr. Butler has described it with the name I now employ [Stibomorpha reedi] and which I believe will be conserved by European lepidopterologists. (Translated from Spanish by AVZB). However, Butler (1881), in his description of Neosatyrus reedii (now considered a subspecies of Neomaenas poliozona; see above) stated, “ I believe this to be the species intended by Blanchard’s figure: the other figure (S. tristis of Blanchard), for which I proposed the name of Stibomorpha reedii, but which I did not describe (for want of a specimen corresponding with the representation), is probably the male of Hipparchia chiliensis. ” It seems that Reed mistook Butler’s “ proposal ” for a formal description and thereby assumed that Butler (1874) was the author of the name Stibomorpha reedi, but the name appears to have been made available by Reed himself. This was noted by Elwes (1903) in his synonymy of “ Pedaliodes flora ” (= N. tristis, even though he considered Guerin’s Satyrus tristis to be the senior name for Auca coctei). Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (MTSU) CL 0433, CL 0901; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MGCL) 2 males; Chile, Los Ríos Province, (BMNH) Holotype male 809742; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93363, 0 0 0 0 93364, (CU) 2 males; Chile, unknown province, (CU) 2 males	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: near Termas de Chillán, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) NRM, Stockholm (photo examined) Type location: Peninsula Llau Llau, north of Punto Nuevo, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Neuquen Province, Argentina, Oct. 1933 – March 1934, leg. Anna Hildegard Ljungner.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from the southwestern part of Santiago, Metropolitan Province, southward to Araucanía Province, from January to March at 700 – 1830 m (Fig. 26).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the forewing apical ocellus between M 1 and M 2 appearing as a black spot that is rarely pupillated. Discal cell of the ventral side hindwing maize yellow and the postmedian band daffodil yellow at the proximal edge as in N. coenonymphina, but very wide toward the costa and constricted at CuA 1. A black ocellus between CuA 1 and CuA 2 as in N. coenonymphina, but usually larger and more oval than round. Cubitus, M 3, cubital veins, and anal veins white.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 9 mm and sparsely clothed in cream and chocolate scales on the dorsal side, terminating in a spatulate club. Male antennae tend to bear more of the darker scales than female. Eyes oval and sparsely hairy, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps white to cream, the piliform ventral side scales white, black, and tan. Terminal palp segment slender, cylindrical, and a little more than 1 / 4 X the length of the second segment. Thorax black, females covered in white to ivory scales and males with cream to bronze scales. Scales of the abdomen cream to dark chocolate brown, darker in the males than the females. Male foreleg tarsus club-like and completely fused, but with a single unarticulated pseudo-segment visible at about the midpoint. Female tarsus longer and more slender than the male with four pseudo-segments visible at the distal end. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 7 I, J): Wingspan 25 – 30 mm. Termen nearly straight or barely convex. Discal cell widely Vshaped at the distal end with the distance between M 1 - M 2 slightly shorter than between M 2 - M 3. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales medium brown to tan. Postmedian band appearing faintly in rust red or dark brown on lighter-colored specimens, most often in the females. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 appearing as a black spot on the dorsal side in both sexes, but more strongly and occasionally bearing a single ocellus in the females. Males with no visible androconial patch. Ventral side rust-orange and widely bordered in chocolate brown to tan that fades into golden to daffodil yellow at the radials. Postmedian band yellow-orange to medium orange, yellower toward the costa, and with a thin brown border that is constricted between M 3 and CuA 1, sometimes completely. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 ringed in daffodil yellow most often with a single white pupil, but occasionally, as in the female allotype, bipupillate. Hindwing (Fig. 7 I, J): Wing almost rectangular, termen slightly convex, barely scalloped, almost entire, between median veins and tornus and inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales medium brown to tan. Postmedian band appearing faintly as rust red or dark brown on lighter specimens or absent in in darker specimens, usually males. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side chocolate brown to medium brown, greyish toward the base with a ripple pattern at the inner margin. Discal cell and stripe between CuA 2 and 1 A + 2 A maize yellow. Postmedian band very wide at the costa, the proximal edge extending past the median and then narrowing sharply toward the termen, constricted completely or to a few millimeters at CuA 1, widening again sharply between CuA 1 and CuA 2, continuing in an S-curve, and terminating at 1 A + 2 A. Proximal edge of the postmedian band daffodil yellow, fading to base color and then maize yellow toward the distal edge. A black, oval, unpupillated ocellus ringed in yellow between CuA 1 and CuA 2. Sometimes, a similar but smaller ocellus appears between M 1 and M 2, as in the female allotype. Terminal band white toward the apex, fading to brown at the tornus. Cubitus, M 3, cubital veins, and anal veins highlighted in white. Male genitalia (Fig. 16 J – L): Uncus narrow and finger-like, approximately 1.2 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and half the length of the uncus, pedunculus short and acute, and saccus U-shaped and longer than the gnathos. Valvae wide, narrowing gradually from the median to a U-shaped distal end. Aedeagus nearly even in width along the distal two-thirds, narrowing proximally to half the width at a truncate end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA68453FF11FF38FCF3B8ED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two specimens, a male and a female, are marked as the type for N. wallengrenii and J. Matz has designated the male as the lectotype. This species is very abundant near Termas de Chillán in the last half of February, especially in clearings with flowers near wooded areas where Chusquea is abundant, which agrees with the original description. Hayward (1958) found it in southwest Neuquén Province, Argentina. Specimens examined. Chile, Maule Province, (MTSU) CH 18 - 1; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93663, 0 0 0 0 93670, 0 0 0 0 93675, (MTSU) CH 24 - 6, CH 24 B- 09, CH 24 B- 11, CL 0206 - CL 0213, CL 0318 - CL 0345, CL 0405 - 0 416, CL 0501, CL 0907, (BMNH) Lectotype male 809631; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MTSU) CH 40 - 1; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) Paralectotype female 809632	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58453FF11FD9DFD28BE22.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: N. ambiorix Wallengren, 1858	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58453FF11FD9DFD28BE22.taxon	materials_examined	Type species Erebina simplex Bryk, 1944	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58453FF11FD9DFD28BE22.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The species contained herein are often confused with one another and are all plain on the dorsal side with trapezoidal to rectangular hindwings with a straight anal margin and having the termens entire, spatulate antennae, and ocelli that are usually small and yellow or white in each cell between Rs and CuA 2. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 on the ventral side of the hindwing is bipupillate and ringed in yellow. Androconia are present in N. ambiorix males but absent in N. humilis, N. boisduvalii, and N. schajovskoii. The distal end of the discal cell is in a wide V shape in all but N. schajovskoii, which is shallowly sinuous. Eyes are naked and the terminal palpal segment may be short and conical or oval as in N. boisduvalii and N. schajovskoii or cylindrical and longer as in N. ambiorix and N. humilis. Males may have one to three foreleg tarsal segments and females of N. ambiorix and N. humilis have four segments in the tarsus. Foreleg tarsal segmentation in the females of N. boisduvalii and N. schajovskoii is unknown. All males have an aedeagus that is hourglass-shaped at the distal end and that of N. boisduvalii and N. schajovskoii bear lateral serrations or dentate projections. Valvae are trapezoidal to triangular at the proximal end and uncus is widest at the base except for in N. schajovskoii, where it is slightly narrower where it joins the tegumen.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58453FF11FD9DFD28BE22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Original descriptions for this genus and Homoeonympha, which is combined with Neosatyrus here, are very poor and include only a few characters. All are distributed between Valparaíso and northern Los Lagos provinces, Chile. Specimens of N. vesagus (Doubleday, [1849]) (Erebia) (= N. ochreivittatus Butler, 1881; = N. violaceus Butler, 1881) (Fig. 8 F; 27) were unavailable for detailed study, but are very like boisduvalii in wing patterning and shape of the hindwing, however without the VHW ocelli. We tentatively include this taxon in our circumscription of Neosatyrus. Although we likewise did not have material of Neomaniola euripides (Weymer, 1890) (Pseudomaniola) to examine firsthand, photographs of the lectotype and illustrations in Pyrcz (2012), suggest that this species belongs in Neosatyrus, as well. Weymer (1890) described both euripides and eleates in his Pseudomaniola (a junior homomym of Pseudomaniola Röber 1889 )), and Pyrcz (2012) included both in his circumscription of Faunula, which we have shown to be polyphyletic. The rounded shape of the hindwing (Fig. 3 E, F; 27) suggests placement in Neosatyrus, but further evidence is necessary to determine whether these taxa truly belong in Neosatyrus, Tetraphlebia, or another genus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58452FF11F8D8FE39BE65.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809621 (specimen examined) Type location: probably Valparaiso, Valpariaso Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58452FF11F8D8FE39BE65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile, primarily in southern Valparaiso and western Santiago Metropolitan Provinces. Specimens have also been found in northern Los Lagos Province and southern O’Higgins Province. Flies from December to March at 100 – 1600 m (Fig. 27).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58452FF11F8D8FE39BE65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to and sometimes confused with N. humilis, but with the hindwing ocelli between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 larger and distinctly ringed in yellow or taupe. Males bear androconia on the forewing. Foreleg tarsi with two segments in the males and four in the females. Genitalia are very similar to N. humilis, but with valvae slightly narrower at the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58452FF11F8D8FE39BE65.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm with white scales and a longitudinal stripe of dark chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Smaller specimens may have antennae as short as 5 mm. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps with a longitudinal white stripe along the median, male palps covered with black and warm medium brown scales and females with cream and medium brown scales. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax of the males dark amber with iridescent black scales and covered in taupe piliform scales. Females the same, but with the addition of cream and cream piliform scales. Abdomen taupe and rust orange in both sexes. Foreleg tarsi with two segments in the males and four in the females. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 8 A): Wingspan 20 – 24 mm. Smaller specimens may be 16 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with androconial patches in each cell between M 1 and the inner margin with a small patch inside the discal cell along the cubitus. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the fringe scales the same color and a rust red to rust orange patch over the discal cell. Veins sometimes highlighted in rust red to rust orange to just past the median, returning to brown toward the termen. Ventral side warm medium brown to chocolate with a patch of rust orange to rust red from the discal cell to just past the median, overlapping the postmedian band. Postmedian band edged in dark chocolate, but not otherwise marked. Apical ocellus is round, black, bipupillate, ringed in daffodil yellow to rust orange, and spans M 1 - M 3 Hindwing (Fig. 8 A): Wing rectangular, termen nearly straight and entire. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing, but without the patch of rust orange or rust red over the discal cell. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side warm medium brown to chocolate with a postmedian band sometimes demarcated by a nearly straight or slightly irregular dark chocolate line on either side of the ocelli. The proximal line, or both lines, are obscure in some specimens. Each ocellus between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, M 2 - M 3, and CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A appears as a round white spot, occasionally surrounded with a round patch of black scales or ringed in taupe to daffodil yellow. Rs-M 1 ocellus is sometimes absent. Ocelli between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 are round, larger, black, unipupillate, and ringed in taupe to daffodil yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 17 A – C): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing from the median to the distal end and curving dorsally into a hook. Uncus about the same length or slightly shorter than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than two-thirds the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and about four-fifths the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing to a rounded acute triangle at the proximal end and to a finger-like distal terminus. Aedeagus hourglass-shaped at the distal half, the proximal half wider with a truncate terminus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFA58452FF11F8D8FE39BE65.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Butler (1881) noted that N. ambiorix is common near Valparaíso among “ arborescent grass ” referred to as coligué, which is a species of Chusquea bamboo that can be found on the shrubby hillsides in this area. Specimens examined. Chile, Valparaíso Province, (MTSU) CL 1010 - CL 1018, CL 1030; Chile, O’Higgins Province, (CUIC) 1 male; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (OSU) 000093664; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) Holotype N. minimus 809621	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH (Photo examined) Type location: Magallanes Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MNHN, Paris (Photo examined) Type location: Santa Cruz Province, Argentina Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from southern Bío Bío Province to the westernmost border of Río Negro Province in Argentina and in Magallanes Province, Chile from October to January at nearly sea level to 1800 m (Fig. 27).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to N. humilis, but with a strong white to lavender postmedian band with a deckleedged median border on the ventral side of the hindwings and amber spines on the tibia and tarsus of the midlegs and hindlegs. Apical ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing between M 1 - M 3 is usually more distinct in N. boisduvalii than in N. humilis. Northern distribution of N. boisduvalii overlaps the southernmost part of the distribution of N. humilis, the former being found as far south as Magallanes, Chile and both with a similar altitudinal range.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 6 – 7 mm, covered in white scales with a longitudinal stripe of chocolate scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. Palps white to cream and chocolate brown with the dorsal side bearing more lighter scales than darker scales and the ventral side with more of the darker scales than the lighter scales. Terminal palp segment conical and a little over one-fourth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi with three segments in the males; females were unavailable for study. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 8 B): Wingspan 20 – 26 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with no androconial patch. Dorsal side chocolate brown with fringe scales the same color. Postmedian band appears between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 as a pair of rectangular rust orange patches. Ventral side with a patch of rust orange from the discal cell to the postmedian and a ripple pattern in chocolate brown and white to lavender appears along the costa and termen, the inner margin chocolate brown and more faintly rippled with darker chocolate. Apical ocellus is round, black, bipupillate, ringed in daffodil yellow, and spans M 1 - M 3. Hindwing (Fig. 8 B): Wing trapezoidal with apex rounded and the termen convex and entire. Dorsal side chocolate with long piliform scales appearing at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Postmedian band appears between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 as barely visible rust orange patches. Fringe scales are as in the forewing. Ventral side chocolate from the base to the postmedian band with dark coffee striations in a ripple pattern over the entire wing and a sinuous dark coffee submedian line. Postmedian band is deckle-edged and grey to lavender at the median border, fading to chocolate at the center and then to grey to lavender along the termen. A small, round, daffodil yellow ocellus appears in each cell between Rs and CuA 2, the M 3 - CuA 1 ocellus slightly larger. Ocelli between Rs and M 2 may be obscured or absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 17 D – F): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing a blunt end and about 1.4 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos wide, about half the width of the uncus where both join the tegumen, and three-fifths the length of the uncus. Pedunculus short and U-shaped. Saccus U-shaped and about half the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing abruptly to half the width proximally and then gradually to a blunt acute proximal end. Distal half of the valva is triangular with short length of serration dorsal side just distal to the median. Aedeagus widest and rectangular at the proximal one-third, narrowing abruptly to about two-thirds the width and then narrowing gradually toward the distal end. Median one-third of the aedeagus bears lateral serrations.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. N. boisduvalii (here transferred from Homoeonympha) appears to exist in two separate populations, one northern population from Auraucanía Province, Chile and one southern population in Magallanes Province, Chile with few individuals collected in between. The difference between the two subspecies appears to be in the strength of the postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing, the nominal subspecies being more clearly defined than N. boisduvalii pusilla, but we had insufficient material to assess whether morphological variation corresponds with these apparently allopatric distributions. Elwes (1903) described specimens collected from Termas de Chillán with a strong ventral hindwing band that supposedly corresponds with N. boisduvalii pusilla, though the type specimen appears to have a very weak postmedian band. His figures appear to be closer to the nominal type, though the illustration may over-emphasize the hindwing band. He stated: “ Until we get much more ample material from intermediate localities in the south the specific identity of these forms must remain undecided, ” which continues to hold true.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBB844CFF11FF38FB92BBD5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. named for French lepidopterist Jean Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de Boisduval (1799 – 1879). Specimens examined. N. boisduvalii boisduvalii Chile, Magallanes Province, (BMNH?) Holotype male (photo examined), (UJ) 2 males, 2 females, (MGCL) 1 male; Argentina, Rio Negro Province, (UJ) 1 male; Argentina, Chubut Province, (BMNH) 809785; Argentina, Santa Cruz Province, (MNHN, Paris) Holotype N. hahnii male; N. boisduvalii pusilla Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) male 809620	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Valdivia, Los Rios Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II fig. 3 in Reed (1877)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) NRM, Stockholm (photo examined) Allotype: (female) NRM, Stockholm (not examined) Paratypes (2 males) NRM, Stockholm (not examined) Type location: Peninsula Llau Llau, north of Punto Nuevo, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Neuquen Province, Argentina, Oct. 1933 – March 1934, leg. Anna Hildegard Ljungner. Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from Bío Bío province to northern Los Lagos province from December to February at nearly sea level to 1600 m (Fig. 27).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Neosatyrus ambiorix, but with the ocelli between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 much reduced. Male foreleg tarsi are unsegmented and male forewings are without visible androconia. Genitalia are very similar to N. ambiorix, but with valvae slightly wider at the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm, covered in white scales with a longitudinal stripe of chocolate to dark chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 X the width. Palps white to cream with coffee brown piliform scales in the females and black, white, and taupe in the males. Terminal palp segment is cylindrical and approximately three-fifths the length of the second segment. Thorax dark amber with iridescent black scales and cream to chocolate piliform scales in the males and white and iridescent black with cream and coffee brown piliform scales in the females. Foreleg tarsi with four segments in the females and unsegmented in the males. Male forelegs may be constricted, but not segmented in one or two locations, giving the appearance of segmentation. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 8 C, D): Wingspan 20 – 26 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with no androconial patch. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with fringe scales the same color. Females may have a rust orange patch over the discal cell that extends to the median. Ventral side lighter than the dorsal side, both sexes with a rust orange to rust red patch over the discal cell that extends to the median and into the postmedian band. Postmedian band edged in dark chocolate to dark coffee brown, but not otherwise marked. Apical ocellus is round, black, bipupillate, ringed in daffodil yellow, and spans M 1 - M 3. Ocellus may appear as two separate ocelli that fuse at M 2 and the yellow ring may be circumscribed in dark chocolate brown in the females. Hindwing (Fig. 8 C, D): Wing rectangular, termen nearly straight and entire. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side lighter than the dorsal side with a small, white, round ocellus in each cell between Rs and 1 A + 2 A. Ocelli between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 are weakly ringed in black. Rs-M 1 ocellus is sometimes absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 17 G – I): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing from the median to the distal end and curving ventrally into a hook. Uncus about the same length or slightly shorter than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than two-thirds the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped. Saccus widely U-shaped and about the same length as the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing gradually to a blunt proximal end and narrowing slightly toward the distal end to a deltoid terminus. Aedeagus hourglass-shaped at the distal half, the proximal half wider with a truncate terminus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBA844FFF11FC80FB24BD2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There are two specimens in the British Museum that are labeled as the type specimen of N. humilis and J. Matz has designated the one labeled “ Valdivia ” as the lectotype. This species is probably the most frequently misidentified of the Neosatyriti, and has been labelled in collections as N. ambiorix, C. stelligera, and T. leucoglene. Likewise, these and N. schajovskoii have been mistaken for N. humilis. It is fairly nondescript and common near wooded areas. Specimens examined. Chile, Maule Province, (MTSU) CH 16 - 1, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95099, (MTSU) CL 0202, CL 0203, CL 0301, CL 0307, CL 0308, CL 0401 - CL 0404, (CUIC) 1 female; Chile, Araucanía Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93665, 0 0 0 0 93667, 0 0 0 0 93676, 0 0 0 0 95055, 0 0 0 0 95155, (MTSU) CH 40 - 5, CH 41 - 1, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, Los Ríos province, (BMNH) Lectotype Neosatyrus humilis male 809786; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93664, 0 0 0 0 93673, 0 0 0 0 95034, (MTSU) CH 10 - 4, CH 10 B- 3, CH 10 B- 8, CH 10 B- 9, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, unknown province, (CUIC) 1 male; Argentina, Neuquén / Río Negro Province, (NRM) 1 male (photo examined); Unknown locality, Paralectotype Neosatyrus humilis male 809783	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB9844EFF11FB28FC2FBDB8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) FML, Tucumán (photo examined) Allotype: (female) FML, Tucumán (not examined) Paratypes: (17 males, 9 females) FML, Tucumán (not examined); (female) BMNH 809575 (specimen examined); (1 male, 1 female) Hua Hun, Lago Nonthué, Neuquen Province, Argentina, 8 Nov 1946, FML, Tucumán (not examined); (6 males, 4 females) Correntoso, Nahuel Huapí, Rio Negro Province, Argentina, Jan. 1936 (not examined) Type Location: Pucará, Lago Nonthué, Neuquén Province, Argentina 5 – 24 Nov. 1952 Other combinations: Neosatyrus shajovscoii (sic) — D'Abrera (1988, p. 796) Homoeonympha schajovskoii — Lamas & Viloria (2004, p. 217)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB9844EFF11FB28FC2FBDB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from southern Araucanía Province to northern Los Lagos Province and in Argentina in southwestern Neuquén Province near the Chilean border from November to January at 100 – 800 m (Fig. 27).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB9844EFF11FB28FC2FBDB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to N. pusilla, but slightly larger, darker, with the ocellus or ocelli on the ventral side of the forewing much reduced, and without a distinct red patch over the discal cell. Postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing without a distinct border and maize yellow to lavender. Dark coffee striations superimposed over the entire hindwing in a ripple pattern. A distinct round yellow ocellus appears in each cell between Rs and CuA 2. Aedeagus hourglass-shaped at the distal half, the more proximal part edged in dentate projections. Proximal half of the aedeagus wide and truncate.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB9844EFF11FB28FC2FBDB8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm, covered in cream scales and a longitudinal stripe of chocolate to dark chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.1 times width. Palps dark chocolate brown with sparse cream scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment oval and a little less than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax nearly black with iridescent black scales and covered in coffee piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi club-like and unsegmented in the males (females were unavailable for study). Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 8 E): Wingspan 26 – 32 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell a shallow S-curve. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side dark chocolate brown with fringe scales in the same color. According to the original species description, females may either be plain as in the males or have indistinct red patches along the postmedian band and an ocellus that mirrors that which is found on the ventral side, presumably the M 1 - M 2 ocellus. Ventral side dark chocolate brown, M 1 - M 2 ocellus may appear as a small black dot, but may also bear a single ocellus or be ringed in rust red. Another ocellus sometimes appears between M 2 - M 3 and may be fused with the M 1 - M 2 ocellus. Apex may bear a lavender patch with dark coffee striations in a ripple pattern. Hindwing (Fig. 8 E): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and entire. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with dark chocolate to dark coffee striations in a ripple pattern. Postmedian band maize yellow to lavender superimposed with dark coffee striations, without distinct borders and extending to the termen. A single small, round, maize yellow ocellus present in each cell from Rs to CuA 2. Male Genitalia (Fig. 17 J – L): Uncus slightly narrower at the base than at the median and narrowing to a blunt finger-like terminus. Uncus approximately 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and approximately fourtenths the length of the uncus. Pedunculus short and blunt. Saccus truncate and approximately two-thirds the length of the gnathos. Valvae widely trapezoidal at the proximal end, narrowing abruptly to one-third the width of the widest part of the valva with the distal two-thirds even in width and ending in an acute triangular terminus. Aedeagus truncate at the proximal end and wide, narrowing at the median to a little less than half the width, the distal half approximately hourglass-shaped, the more proximal part slightly wider and flanked with acute dentate projections along each lateral edge.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB9844EFF11FB28FC2FBDB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Hayward named this species after Sergio Schajovskoi, who collected the holotype and paratypes in 1952. Specimens examined. Chile, Araucanía Province, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, Los Lagos Province, (MTSU) CH 10 B- 7, (MZUJ) 1 male, (OSU) 000093357; Argentina, Tucumán Province, (FML) Holotype male (photo examined); Argentina, unknown province, (BMNH) Paratype female 809575	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Epinephele gyrtone Berg, 1877 b = Haywardella Herrera, 1966 syn. nov. Type species: Satyrus thione Berg, 1882	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Epinephele glaucope C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Although wing patterns vary among Pampasatyrus species, all species have a well-developed M 1 - M 3 forewing ocellus often bipupillate and ringed in yellow on the dorsal side of the forewing and most species also having an additional ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 below the M 1 - M 3 ocellus, both of which are also visible on the ventral side of the forewing. Males are without androconia. Hindwings are trapezoidal and may be entire to scalloped, the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A, producing an anal lobe. Presence of ventral side hindwing ocelli varies by species, P. edmondsii having either none or small ocelli that are obscured by the ripple pattern present in most Pampasatyrus, and most other species with ocelli in each cell between M 1 and CuA 2, if not also between Rs-M 1 and / or CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Some species, such as P. gyrtone, P. ni lesi, and P. quies have the ventral side hindwing veins highlighted in white. The ventral side hindwing postmedian band is well defined in most species. All species examined bore antennae with spatulate clubs, cylindrical terminal palp segments, and very reduced forelegs with unsegmented tarsi. Eyes are naked and males exhibit serrations or dentate projections on the aedeagus. These serrations are more pronounced in P. nilesi and appear as winglike projections such as in A. argenteus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hayward (1953) circumscribed Pampasatyrus to include three species: Satyrus quies Berg, 1877, Epinephele gyrtone Berg, 1877, and Epinephele yacantoensis Köhler, 1939. He subsequently (1958) included Faunula johanna Weymer, 1911 (currently viewed as a synonym of Cosmosatyrus nilesi Weeks, 1902). Lamas & Viloria (2004) expanded the genus to include five more described species, two of which, Epinephele glaucope C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867, and Neomaenas reticulata Weymer, 1907, remain in the current circumscription of Pampasatyrus. Also now included in this genus is the recently-described P. gorkyi Pyrcz, Cerdeña and Zacca, 2014, and Epinephele edmondsii Butler, 1881, which was separated from Neomaenas into the monotypic genus Haywardella by Herrera (1966) on the basis of genitalic differences and the much-reduced forelegs that are characteristic of Pampasatyrus. All Pampasatyrus species are distributed east of the Andes from central Bolivia and Minas Gerais province, Brazil to southern Neuquén and Buenos Aires Provinces, Argentina. Two species placed in Pampasatyrus were unavailable for thorough examination, but are similar enough in wing patterning to others of this genus that there is no justification for placing them in another genus. Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (Köhler, 1939) (Fig. 10 C; 28) bears the characteristic and distinctive bipupillate DFW ocellus between M 1 - M 3. Pampasatyrus reticulata (Weymer, 1907) (Fig. 10 A, B; 28) is found near the moist Araucaria forests of Rio Grande do Sul in southeastern Brazil (Santos et al., 2011) and in tussock grass marshes in the vicinity of Campos do Jordão, Estado de São Paulo (A. Freitas and K. Garwood, pers. comm.). The bold, black and orange, reticulated ventral wing pattern for which it is named sets it apart from others of this genus, and, indeed from any other neotropical satyrine. The DFW lacks the large bipupillate apical ocellus that is distinctive in other Pampasatyrus, but DNA sequence places P. reticulata unequivocally within this genus (Fig. 1). Three additional taxa included in Pampasatyrus by Lamas & Viloria (2004), Euptychia ocelloides Schaus, 1902, Satyrus periphas Godart, [1824], and Epinephele imbrialis Weeks, 1901, were recently transferred to the new genus, Stegosatyrus, in Euptychiina (!) by Zacca et al. (2013).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBF8448FF11FC74FB9DBDB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBF8448FF11FC74FB9DBDB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Can be found in Argentina from central Cordoba province to southern Santa Fe province to northern Buenos Aires province, south to Tandil in central Buenos Aires province, and as far north as the Serra Da Mantiqueira Mountains between São Paulo and the western border of Rio de Janeiro Province, Brazil, from late January to March at nearly sea level to 2200 m (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBF8448FF11FC74FB9DBDB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to Pampasatyrus nilesi, but with the ventral side hindwing ocelli black and sometimes unipupillate and the postmedian band and termen edged in white. Dorsal side coppery brown with the M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the forewing appearing as a single, black to dark chocolate bipupillate spot ringed in maize yellow or as two distinct unipupillate ocelli fused at M 2. Ventral side tawny with the postmedian band bordered in chocolate to dark chocolate brown on both wings. Forewing ocellus between M 1 - M 3 bipupillate and ringed in maize yellow and another similar ocellus may appear between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral side of the hindwing bears a black, round to oval ocellus ringed in maize yellow in each cell from Rs to 1 A + 2 A. Ventral side hindwing veins highlighted in white. Forelegs extremely reduced in both sexes and shorter than the second palp segment. Aedeagus with winglike projections at the median as in Argyrophorus argenteus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBF8448FF11FC74FB9DBDB8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 10 mm with tan to dark chocolate scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps cream and tan in the females and in the males chocolate and dark chocolate on the ventral side and cream and chocolate on the dorsal side. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little more than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax dark amber with iridescent dark grey to brown scales, the females also bearing cream scales interspersed with the iridescent dark grey to brown scales. Abdomen dark chocolate dorsally and tan ventrally. Foreleg extremely reduced in size, measuring in its entirety less than the length of the second palp segment with the tarsi club-like and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 9 A): Wingspan 30 – 35 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell deeply sinuous with the distance between M 1 - M 2 about equal to that between M 2 - M 3. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side coppery brown with fringe scales in the same color. Postmedian band may appear as a barely discernible, slightly lighter patch of scales. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appearing as a single, black to dark chocolate bipupillate spot ringed in maize yellow or as two distinct unipupillate ocelli fused at M 2. Another, smaller ocellus sometimes appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and may or may not bear a single white pupil. Ventral side tawny with a postmedian band outlined in dark chocolate brown. Median edge of the postmedian band irregular, edged in maize yellow, and curving sharply toward the M 1 - M 3 ocellus at the costa. Subterminal edge of the postmedian band nearly straight, edged in white over the radials, and curving slightly toward the M 1 - M 3 ocellus at the costa. Terminal band white with a chocolate brown proximal edge. Ocellus between M 1 - M 3 black and bipupillate, ringed in maize yellow. Another, smaller, black ocellus ringed in maize yellow appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and may or may not have a single white pupil. Hindwing (Fig. 9 A): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex, barely scalloped, almost entire, and the inner margin slightly excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side coppery brown with fringe scales of the same color. Postmedian band may appear faintly as a slightly lighter band and / or patches of rust orange in each cell between M 2 - CuA 2. Ocellus usually appearing between CuA 1 - CuA 2 as a dark chocolate brown spot ringed in rust orange to rust red. Other similar ocelli may appear in each cell between Rs-CuA 1 and CuA 1 - 1 A + 2 A or are absent. Long piliform scales appear on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side tawny dusted with white to cream scales and with chocolate striations in a ripple pattern over most of the wing. Proximal side of the postmedian band nearly straight, bordered in chocolate brown, and edged in white. Distal border deckle-edged and dark chocolate brown, the internal edge maize yellow toward the tornus and white toward the costa, the color changing at M 2. Terminal band thin and white. Round to oval ocelli ringed in maize yellow present in each cell from Rs to 1 A + 2 A, those between M 1 - M 2, M 2 - M 3, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 slightly larger and may be unipupillate. Veins highlighted in white. Male genitalia (Fig. 18 A – C): Uncus narrow and finger-like, widening slightly just past where it fuses with the tegumen, narrowing to a blunt distal end, and approximately 1.1 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the uncus, pedunculus long and U-shaped, and saccus deltoid and about half the length of the gnathos. Valvae narrow at the proximal one-fourth, then doubling in width and narrowing gradually to an acute distal end. Aedeagus nearly even in width along the distal one-half, wider at the median, bearing wing-like projections on each side, and narrowing abruptly to a thin and blunt proximal end. Specimens examined. Brazil, Estado Minas Gerais, (MGCL) 1 male, 1 female.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809744 (specimen examined) Type location: Termas de Chillán, Bío-Bío province, Chile = Satyrus montrolii Berg, 1877 (not Feisthamel, 1839) Type location: Tandil, Buenos Aires province, Argentina Lectotype: (male) MACN, Buenos Aires? (photo examined) = Satyrus thione Berg 1882, repl. name	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	materials_examined	Type material unknown. Type location: Brazil Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Argentina from central Cordoba Province to central Mendoza Province from October to February at 400 – 1500 m (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Pampasatyrus yacantoensis, but lacking ocelli on the ventral side of the hindwing and with the hindwing termen more deeply scalloped. Somewhat similar to Auca coctei, but larger and the males lacking androconia. Like other members of Pampasatyrus, the forelegs are extremely reduced and forewing ocelli are clearly visible on the dorsal side. Ventral side of the hindwing bears a ripple pattern in dark coffee to black striations over the entire wing and lacks ocelli within the borders of the postmedian band. Subterminal edge of the postmedian band is dark coffee to black and stronger than the median edge. Male genitalia with the uncus long and fingerlike and the distal two-thirds of the valvae acute triangular. Aedeagus similar to P. gyrtone, but without the lateral winglike projections along the median.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 mm with white to cream scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps white to tan with dark chocolate piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about two-fifths the length of the second segment. Thorax bearing white to cream and tan scales with white and chocolate piliform scales, the abdomen cream to tan. Foreleg extremely reduced in size, the tarsus clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 9 B): Wingspan 28 – 34 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly concave and the distal end of the discal cell a wide, flat U-shape. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with a ripple pattern along the costa in tan and dark coffee and fringe scales in white to chocolate. A rust orange patch appears over the discal cell, extending to the median edge of the postmedian band, which is a lighter orange than the discal cell and bordered in dark chocolate. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 appears as a round, dark chocolate to dark coffee spot ringed in daffodil yellow and another round ocellus of the same color, but not ringed in yellow appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral side with a ripple pattern in tan to yellow and dark coffee along the costa and subterminal band, fading to white and dark coffee at the apex. Rust orange extends over the discal cell to the median edge of the postmedian band, which is a lighter orange than the discal cell and bordered in dark chocolate. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is round, black, bipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow. Ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 appears as a small, round, unpupillated black spot ringed in daffodil yellow. Borders of the postmedian band are irregularly sinuate and widest between CuA 1 - CuA 2, inner margin is taupe to chocolate. Hindwing (Fig. 9 B): Wing trapezoidal and the termen slightly convex and scalloped with the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing as a patch of rust orange between Rs and CuA 1. Long piliform scales appearing on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side taupe with a ripple pattern in dark coffee to black striations over the entire wing. Postmedian band taupe to tan with dark coffee to black striations and with deckle-edged borders, the subterminal edge stronger than the median edge. Male genitalia (Fig. 18 D – F): Uncus narrow and finger-like, widening slightly just past where it fuses with the tegumen, narrowing to a blunt end, and approximately 1.1 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos aute and about length of the uncus, pedunculus long and U-shaped, and saccus U-shaped and a little more than half the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the proximal one-third and narrowing gradually to an acute triangular distal end. Aedeagus with minute lateral serrations, nearly even in width, slightly narrower at the distal end, and narrowing to a thin and blunt proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Locality labels on the holotype are confusing and contradict the locality mentioned in the original description: “ ‘ Near Baths of Chillan, on slopes of Cordilleras, in March. ’ — T. E .. ” One label concurs with the original description, one reads “ Valparaiso, ” while another placed by Howarth (Herrera 1966) suggests Argentina as a more probable location. Hayward (1958) examined specimens from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba, Entre Ríos, La Rioja, and Mendoza Provinces, suggesting a wider distribution across Argentina than is represented by the collections we examined. Given that this broader distribution is exclusive of Chilean provinces and no other Chilean specimens are known, the type locality may indeed be in error. This species was last placed in the monotypic genus Haywardella on the basis of its much reduced forelegs, but it is precisely this feature as well as features of the genitalia and similarities in wing patterning that place it in Pampasatyrus, which is also distributed east of the Andes.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBE844BFF11FB54FBEEBE30.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the collector of the type material, Thomas Edmonds. Specimens examined. Argentina, Cordoba Province, (MGCL) 1 male; Argentina, Mendoza Province, (MTSU) JMC 0812 - JMC 0815; Uncertain locality, (BMNH) Holotype male 809744	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBD8445FF11F8D4FAE0B87C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: male (BMNH) Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939 - 1, Felder Collection (photo examined) Type location: Brazil = Epinephele friedenreichi Staudinger, [1887] Lectotype: male (MFN, Berlin) (photo examined) Type location: Estado Santa Catarina, Brazil Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBD8445FF11F8D4FAE0B87C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Brazil in the Serra da Mantiqueira Mountains, approximately 140 km east northeast of São Paulo in November at around 2000 m. Dolibaina et al. (2010) recorded this species in eastern Paraná state (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBD8445FF11F8D4FAE0B87C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Pampasatyrus quies, but more saturated in color, with the ocelli and postmedian bands more clearly visible on the dorsal side, the pupils of the forewing ocelli blue on both the dorsal side and ventral side, and with a strong band of yellow at the median border of the postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing. Aedeagus with dentate projections at the distal one-third.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBD8445FF11F8D4FAE0B87C.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 9 – 10 mm with dark chocolate scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately the same as width. Palps chocolate brown with a horizontal tan stripe along the median. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little less than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi unsegmented in the males; females were unavailable for study. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 9 C): Wingspan 34 – 36 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell a wide U-shape. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side chocolate brown with a patch of rust orange from the cubital edge of the discal cell and CuA 2 to the inner margin. Postmedian band orange, both borders slightly deckle-edged and nearly straight with the subterminal side outlined in dark chocolate to dark coffee. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 is round, black, and pupillated with a large blue spot in each cell. Another round ocellus with a single large blue pupil spans the cell between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral side dark taupe to chocolate brown with a sparse ripple pattern in dark coffee striations from the submedian to the termen and along the entire length of the costa. Postmedian band is orange to rust orange with the median border dark coffee and barely deckle-edged and the subterminal border dark coffee, nearly straight, and stronger than the median border. Costal edge of the postmedian band tan to cream with dark coffee striations over the radials and extending to M 2 on the median side of the M 1 - M 3 ocellus and to M 1 on the subterminal side. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 and ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 are as in the dorsal side, but with slightly smaller pupils and sometimes ringed in daffodil yellow to light orange. Subterminal band is tan with dark coffee striations. Hindwing (Fig. 9 C): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex and barely scalloped, and the inner margin barely excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band orange to rust orange, deckle-edged at the median border, and deckle-edged and dark coffee brown at the subterminal border. Postmedian band fades to chocolate brown from M 1 to the costa and a small, round, black ocellus may be visible between CuA 1 - CuA 2 in some specimens. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side dark taupe with a dense ripple pattern of dark coffee striations over the entire wing. Median edge of the postmedian band with a thick daffodil yellow border outlined on the median side in dark coffee. Ripple pattern is barely visible in chocolate brown over the yellow stripe. Subterminal half of the postmedian band cream to dark taupe with dark coffee striations, lighter toward the costal edge and darker toward the inner margin. Subterminal border is dark coffee and barely deckle-edged. Small, black, oblong ocelli are barely visible between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 and may be ringed in rust red and bear a tiny white pupil. The CuA 1 - CuA 2 ocellus may be obscured or absent and some specimens may have larger, more clearly visible ocelli. The subspecies P. gyrtone boenninghauseni is paler, with the cream postmedian band extending to the submarginal band on fore and hindwings, and with the HW ocelli noted above clearly visible. Male genitalia (Fig. 18 G – I): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt end, and a little less than 1.5 times the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and about 0.4 X the length of the uncus. Pedunculus narrow and U-shaped, slightly attenuated at the ventral side end. Saccus widely U-shaped and about three-fifths the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the proximal one-fourth, the distal end nearly even in width and terminating in a blunt deltoid end. Aedaeagus nearly even in width throughout, slightly narrower at both proximal and distal ends, the distal one-third with dentate projections on each side and the proximal end terminating in a narrow U-shape.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFBD8445FF11F8D4FAE0B87C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This rare species is listed in the Paraná State list of threatened species as vulnerable and restricted to a few, fragmented habitats in a geographic range of less than 2000 square kilometers [VUB 2 ab (ii, iii, iv)] and has not been collected since 1987 in spite of numerous recent expeditions to its known habitat (Dolibaina et al., 2010). Specimens examined. Brazil, São Paulo State, (MGCL) 1 male; Unknown locality, (BMNH) 789978	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38445FF11FE0DFAF9BA71.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MUSM Lima, 27 Sept. 2001, leg. G. Valencia (photo examined) Type location: Rio Ccorcca, Cusco, Peru, S 13 ° 35 ’ W 72 ° 04 ’, 3600 m.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38445FF11FE0DFAF9BA71.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recorded from two high elevation altiplano sites in Cusco Province, Peru (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38445FF11FE0DFAF9BA71.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A loose translation of the diagnosis is included here, along with images of the holotype habitus and genitalia (Figs 9 D; 19 A, B), but the reader should consult the original publication for additional details. Closely related to P. nilesi, but considerably smaller. Grayish brown instead of nut brown, with smaller subapical ocelli. Males lack the third ocellus in CuA 1 - CuA 2 on the dorsal and sometimes ventral surfaces, and both sexes have a suffusion of silver scales in the dorsal forewing that is never present in P. nilesi. On the ventral hindwings the postdiscal spots are larger than those of P. nilesi.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38445FF11FE0DFAF9BA71.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was lately described in Cerdeña et al. (2014), as a close relative of P. nilesi.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38444FF11FC1DFC30BDDD.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Catamarca, Argentina Holotype: unknown	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38444FF11FC1DFC30BDDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Bolivia in southern La Paz Department to southeastern Cochabamba Department, southward into Argentina in Tucumán Province, and in Paraguay from December to April at 300 to 3100 m (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38444FF11FC1DFC30BDDD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to Pampasatyrus gyrtone, but with the hindwing ocelli yellow, the postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing reduced to a pair of thin dark chocolate lines at the median and subterminal edges, and the termen edged in dark chocolate. Dorsal side coppery brown with the postmedian band as barely discernable dark chocolate lines on both the forewing and hindwing. Ocelli between M 1 - M 3 appear as a single round, bipupillate, black ocellus ringed in daffodil yellow or as two separate ocelli. Illustrations of the original description show both forms and states that “ specimens intergrade nicely from one to the other. ” Ventral side of the hindwing bears four yellow lenticular ocelli in each cell between M 1 and CuA 2 that are framed by two irregular, thin, dark chocolate lines that comprise the postmedian band. Forelegs are extremely reduced as in other species of Pampasatyrus and the aedeagus is widest at the median one-third where it bears dentate projections on either side of the lateral plane.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB38444FF11FC1DFC30BDDD.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 9 mm with cream to chocolate scales and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps white to tan dorsally and chocolate to dark chocolate ventrally. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little less than one-quarter the length of the second segment. Thorax dark amber with iridescent black scales an chocolate brown piliform scales. Foreleg extremely reduced in size with the tarsi club-like and unsegmented in the males. Females were unavailable for study. Hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 9 E): Wingspan 26 – 28 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell sinuous, the costal half more deeply curved than the cubital half. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side coppery brown with fringe scales in tan to chocolate brown. Postmedian band may appear as a barely discernible, slightly lighter patch of scales narrower between M 3 - CuA 1 and outlined with a faint dark chocolate border. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 may appear as a single, black, bipupillate ocellus weakly ringed in daffodil yellow or as two separate ocelli. In the latter case, the M 2 - M 3 ocellus is smaller and unpupillated, and shares the daffodil yellow ring with the larger M 1 - M 2 black, unipupillate ocellus. Another similar ocellus appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and may or may not bear a single white pupil. The original description suggests that some specimens may lack the CuA 1 - CuA 2 ocellus. Ventral side chocolate brown with a postmedian band outlined in dark chocolate brown. Postmedian band widest around the M 1 - M 3 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 ocelli and narrowest between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A with the median edge sharply sinuous and the subterminal edge irregular and nearly straight. Termen is edged in dark chocolate brown. M 1 - M 3 ocellus is black, round, bipupillate, and strongly bordered in daffodil yellow. CuA 1 - CuA 2 ocellus is similar but bearing only a single white pupil. Hindwing (Fig. 9 E): Wing trapezoidal, termen convex and entire, and inner margin barely excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side coppery brown with fringe scales in tan to chocolate brown. A thin, irregular, dark chocolate subterminal line may appear in some specimens as the distal border of the subterminal band. Long, blonde piliform scales appear on both sexes at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side similar in color to the ventral side of the forewing. A ripple pattern appears in faint dark chocolate striations from the base to the median border of the postmedian band. Borders of the postmedian band are thin and dark chocolate, narrowing abruptly between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A. Median border of the postmedian band is deckle-edged and the subterminal border is scalloped. A yellow lenticular ocellus appears in each cell between M 1 and CuA 2. The termen is edged in dark chocolate brown as in the forewing. Veins are highlighted in cream to tan. Male genitalia (Fig. 19 C – E): Uncus widest just past where it joins the tegumen, gradually narrowing to a blunt distal end, and approximately 1.2 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos narrow, acute, and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and U-shaped and saccus truncate and a little more than four-fifths the length of the gnathos. Proximal end narrow and finger-like, widening slightly toward the proximal one-third where it then abruptly doubles in width and narrows gradually to a blunt-acute distal end. Dorsal side curve of the valvae is gently sinuous while the ventral side is nearly straight. Aedeagus widest at the middle one-third where it bears dentate projections on each side. Distal end is slightly narrower and the proximal end narrows then widens slightly to a U-shaped terminus. Specimens examined. Argentina, Tucumán Province, (MGCL) 1 male.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB28447FF11FAB8FEB4BF34.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Uruguay	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB28447FF11FAB8FEB4BF34.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in eastern Paraná State, Brazil, southwest through Uruguay to the southernmost part of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina at nearly sea level to 3000 m, from December to March and possibly as late as May in the southernmost part of its range (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB28447FF11FAB8FEB4BF34.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to Pampasatyrus gyrtone, but slightly smaller, with the pupils of the ocelli on the forewing smaller and white rather than blue, and with the median border of the hindwing postmedian band scalloped and white rather than nearly straight and yellow. Projections on the aedeagus in P. qu i e s protrude from a flange that extends laterally in a gentle arc on both sides and are more wing-like in P. gyrtone. Valvae closely resemble that of P. glaucope, but are rounder at the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB28447FF11FAB8FEB4BF34.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 9 mm with cream and chocolate scales, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Male palps white at the base to chocolate at the distal end of the dorsal side with a longitudinal white stripe along the median and chocolate with chocolate and cream piliform scales on the ventral side. Female palps almost completely cream to white with the distal end of the dorsal side chocolate and chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and a little more than one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax bearing iridescent black and chocolate brown scales with chocolate brown piliform scales in the males, the females similar with the addition of cream scales and cream piliform scales. Forelegs extremely reduced with the tarsi clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 9 F): Wingspan 30 – 32 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell widely U-shaped. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side tan to coppery brown with fringe scales in chocolate brown with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate striations along the costa and apex. Discal cell may have a slight peach blush that extends into the postmedian band. Postmedian band tawny to tan with nearly straight to barely crenate edges in tan to chocolate brown. Ocellus between M 1 - M 3 black, round, bipupillate, and ringed in daffodil yellow. Another black, round ocellus ringed in daffodil yellow appears between CuA 1 - CuA 2 and may be unipupillate. Ventral side chocolate and may fade to tawny toward the costal edge in some specimens. A ripple pattern appears in dark chocolate striations over most of the wing, but more strongly along the costal and subterminal edges. Apex and subterminal band are highlighted in white and a peach-brown blush may appear over the cubital edge of the discal cell and the cubital veins. Postmedian band tan to tawny or chocolate with both median and subterminal border dark chocolate brown and nearly straight. Median edge of the postmedian band daffodil yellow between M 1 - CuA 2. Apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 similar to the dorsal side, but bolder. A small, round, black ocellus that shares the daffodil yellow ring with the M 1 - M 3 ocellus may appear between M 3 - CuA 1 as a distinct ocellus or as fused to the M 1 - M 3 ocellus. An ocellus between CuA 1 - CuA 2 appears as in the dorsal side, but bolder and unipupillate. Hindwing (Fig. 9 F): Wing trapezoidal, termen slightly convex, barely scalloped, almost entire, and the inner margin slightly excavated between the anal vein and 1 A + 2 A. Dorsal side and fringe scales similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing as a red-orange to tawny patch with a chocolate to dark chocolate deckle-edged subterminal border. Ventral side chocolate to taupe with dark chocolate striations in a ripple pattern over the entire wing. Postmedian band cream to tan with dark chocolate borders, the median border scalloped with the space between scallops at M 3 extending a little farther toward the discal cell into a white triangle and the subterminal border, when distinguishable, deckle-edged and thicker than the median border. Black lenticular ocelli appear between Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2, the latter larger than the former and both ringed in daffodil yellow. The ocellus between M 1 - M 2 may be unipupillate. Other, similar ocelli may appear between M 2 - M 3, CuA 1 - CuA 2, and rarely between M 3 - CuA 1. Veins may be highlighted in tan to white. Male genitalia (Fig. 19 F – H): Uncus widest where it joins the tegumen, narrowing gradually to a blunt distal end, and approximately 1.3 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and about three-eighths the length of the uncus. Valvae generally wide, the proximal half acute triangular with a blunt proximal end. Distal half with the ventral side edge nearly straight and the dorsal side edge proceeding from the distal end in a wide curve that begins at about a 60 ° angle from the ventral side edge and flattens as it approaches the median. Aedeagus widest at the distal one-third bearing dentate projections on each side, slightly narrower at the distal end, and narrowing toward the proximal end to about half the width at the proximal one-third to a truncate terminus. Specimens examined. Uruguay, Montevideo Province, (CUIC) 1 male; Argentina, Rio Negro Province, (MTSU) JMC 0809	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB18446FF11F920FB9CB8B5.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pamperis poaoeneis Heimlich, 1959	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB18446FF11F920FB9CB8B5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A dark gray butterfly with no forewing ocelli, and extremely aberrant wing venation. Forewing R 1 has a separate origin at the anterior end of the discal cell and fuses with the subcosta, while the remaining radial veins branch as follows; R 5, R 2, R 3 + R 4. in the hindwing, vein A 3 is absent.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB18446FF11F920FB9CB8B5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the original description, Heimlich associated Pamperis poaoeneis with Cosmosatyrus, but he considered the resemblance insufficient for placing in that genus, and created the monotypic genus Pamperis for this unusual species based primarily on peculiarities in the wing venation. Miller (1968) further set Pamperis poaoeneis apart as a genus of uncertain position, again due to its unusual venation, noting that " the veins in the apical portion of the forewing are arranged like no known satyrid. " Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010) synonymized Pamperis with Argyrophorus, but noted its unusual venation, the absence of an M 1 - M 2 ventral forewing ocellus, and antennae only partially covered in scales as features that set it apart: in other words, it is very little like Argyrophorus at all. Miller (1968) also noted, " Until these structures, as well as others not considered in the original description, have been studied, it will be quite impossible to assign this genus to its proper position among the Satyridae. " Molecular data confirm what morphology suggests: that Pamperis poaoeneis is distinct from Argyrophorus or any other taxon. Pamperis, then, remains a valid monotypic genus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08446FF11FE5AFDB7BC98.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) ZSM No. 296 (photo examined, Fig. 38) Type location: Volcán Osorno, Chile at 1300 m Other combinations: Argyrophorus poaoeneis — Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08446FF11FE5AFDB7BC98.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the type locality on Volcán Osorno in the Lake District of Chile, and also reported near Esquel, Chubut Prov., Argentina (Pyrcz, 2012) (Fig. 28).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08446FF11FE5AFDB7BC98.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Without a red patch on the dorsal forewing and lacking an M 1 - M 2 ocellus on the ventral forewing with four small, white ocelli between M 1 and CuA 2 on the ventral hindwing. Forewing discal cell lacks M 1 - M 2 and M 2 extends several millimeters into the discal cell. Rs 1 fuses with Sc three quarters of the way from Sc.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08446FF11FE5AFDB7BC98.taxon	description	Redescription. Forewing (Fig. 3 D): Wingspan approximately 30 mm. Termen entire with the discal cell lacking the M 1 - M 2 vein. M 2 extends several millimeters into the discal cell and Rs 1 fuses with Sc three quarters of the way from the base of the wing to the costa rather than continuing to the costa more or less parallel to Sc. Fringe scales are cream and dark brown, giving the appearance of fine crenulation. Dorsal wing is evenly dark brown while the ventral wing is dark coffee brown at the proximal half with a lighter postmedian band, deckle edged at the proximal border and nearly straight at the distal border. Subterminal band is darker brown. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is completely absent. Hindwing (Fig. 3 D): Hindwing oval with the termen barely scalloped and the dorsal side similar in color to the dorsal forewing. Discal cell is more or less spatulate, Rs-M 1 bulging outward and M 1 - M 2 curving inward only very slightly. Ventral hindwing with a ripple pattern in dark coffee striations over the entire wing. Proximal twothirds of the wing is darker brown and the postmedian band is lighter brown, extending to the termen, and with the proximal border deckle-edged.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08446FF11FE5AFDB7BC98.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype photo.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Argyrophorus lamna Thieme, 1904 = Etcheverrius Herrera, 1965 syn. nov. Type species Satyrus chiliensis Guérin-Méneville, [1830] = Palmaris Herrera, 1965 syn. nov. Type species Hipparchia monticolens Butler, 1881	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of this genus can be distinguished by the oval shape of the hindwings with the termen entire to scalloped with the ventral side bearing round to lenticular black ocelli in each cell bordered by or superimposed upon elongated yellow streaks. The ventral side of the hindwing has a ripple pattern over most of the wing with veins highlighted in white to grey. The ventral side of the forewing bears an unpupillated apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2, sometimes extending to M 3. Antennae are spatulate in P. lamna and P. chiliensis, round in P. monticolens. Males bear androconia in P. monticolens and P. chiliensis. Although we were unable to detect androconia in P. lamna males, Heimlich (1963) states that androconia are present. Eyes are naked and foreleg tarsi are unsegmented in the males with as many as three segments in the females. Male genitalia with the uncus widest at the median.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB08441FF11FA74FEACBA0D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although the hindwing patterning and silver coloration of P. lamna is similar to Argyrophorus argenteus, Punargentus is nonetheless phylogenetically distinct (Fig. 1). The original description states simply that this genus is more delicate and less colorful than Argyrophorus and Cosmosatyrus. The genera Etcheverrius and Palmaris were removed from Argyrophorus by Herrera (1965) based on minor differences in wing venation, foreleg segmentation, and genitalia. These names are here synonymized with Punargentus, which has priority under our circumscription. Several species were not available for thorough study, but fit the current diagnosis of Punargentus more closely than that of any other genus. Cosmosatyrus tandilensis Köhler was placed in Etcheverrius by Herrera (1965); Satyrus gustavi and Punargentus penai were placed in Palmaris by Lamas & Viloria (2004); and Argyrophorus angusta Weymer was viewed as a subspecies of Argyrophorus lamna Thieme, by Heimlich (1963), who placed both in Punargentus. Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010) included Palmaris, Etcheverrius, and Punargentus in their broader circumscription of Argyrophorus, but these species, like others in this genus, bear a VFW ocellus that is unpupillated. Modolell et al. (2009) made a compelling argument that, based on similarities in male genitalic features and wing patterning, P. gu s t a v i and P. penai are closely related, if not conspecific, and Pyrcz (2012) has synonymized them. Punargentus angusta and P. gustavi exhibit silver scaling on the dorsal wings, as in Argyrophorus, but this feature is not exclusive to Argyrophorus, and can be seen in P. lamna (not to mention a variety of other satyrines). For each of these species, VHW wing patterning is similar to that of P. m on t i c ol en s, with little variation.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB78440FF11FCC8FCAFBAD0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) MFN, Berlin? (not examined) Type location: Bolivia, “ from high altitude ” Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB78440FF11FCC8FCAFBAD0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Peru from Ancash Province southward along the Andes mountains into Huancayo and Cusco Provinces from July to September at elevations above 4000 m ,, possibly as early as late May, and in Chile in eastern Antofagasta Province in December at 2200 to 3900 m (Fig. 29). Type specimen is from an unspecified location in Bolivia.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB78440FF11FCC8FCAFBAD0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Somewhat resembles Argyrophorus argenteus, but with the silver dorsal side of the forewings bordered in chocolate to dark chocolate brown and with the hindwings entirely brown. Wings lack silver on the ventral side and forewings lack the red patch over the discal cell. Ventral side more closely resembles P. blanchardii, but without white scales on the hindwing and with an unpupillated ocellus in between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3 instead of a single unipupillate ocellus that spans both cells. Antennae of P. lamna terminate in a spatulate club and males are without androconia. Male genitalia somewhat resemble those of P. blanchardii, but with the distal end of the valvae more triangular and the uncus shorter.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB78440FF11FCC8FCAFBAD0.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 9 – 11 mm, the proximal half white with chocolate scales at the joints and the distal half chocolate brown with a longitudinal stripe of white scales, and terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps almost entirely white with the terminal segment tan and the ventral side piliform scales in white, tan, and chocolate to dark chocolate. Terminal palp segment oval and about one-fourth the length of the second segment. Thorax with dark coffee scales and piliform scales in white and chocolate to dark chocolate. Males with clublike unsegmented foreleg tarsi. Females unavailable for study. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 11 A): Wingspan 26 – 32 mm. Termen slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell widely U-shaped. Males without visible androconia. Fringe scales in chocolate brown. Dorsal side silver bordered in chocolate to dark chocolate brown along the termen. Ventral side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with a patch of white at the apex along the costa and over the radials. A ripple pattern appears as dark coffee striations along the costa and subterminal band, sometimes sparsely over the entire wing. Postmedian band appears as a series of dark coffee chevrons in each cell along the postmedian and subterminal borders from the costa to M 3, but may extend to the inner margin. A streak of daffodil yellow appears parallel to the veins between these chevrons in each cell between R 5 and M 3 and occasionally between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. A round, black, unpupillated ocellus appears between M 1 - M 2 and M 2 - M 3, sometimes between R 5 - M 1, and occasionally between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Hindwing (Fig. 11 A): Wing oval, termen convex and entire. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown. Ventral side taupe to chocolate with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate to dark coffee over the entire wing. A dark chocolate to dark coffee scalloped line appears through the center of the discal cell. The postmedian band appears as a series of chevrons and dashes perpendicular to the veins in each cell between the costa and the inner margin. In each cell, these chevrons frame a white to daffodil yellow dash parallel to the veins and in each cell between Rs and CuA 2, a small, black, unpupillated ocellus appears at the center of this dash. Termen is bordered in dark coffee to black and veins may be highlighted in white to grey. Male genitalia (Fig. 20 A – C): Uncus about the same length as the tegumen and widest at the median, narrowing gradually toward where it joins the tegumen to an acute distal end that hooks slightly toward the valvae. Gnathos wide, acute, and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long, narrower at the base than at the median, and terminating in a U-shape. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing gradually toward the distal end to a deltoid terminus and abruptly toward the proximal end to about t 2 / 5 X the width. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout with a U-shaped terminus at the proximal end. Specimens examined. Peru, Junín Province, (CUIC) 2 males	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB68440FF11FBB6FBC5BFCA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype, formerly in Berlin; destroyed in World War II. Type locality: “ Bolivia ” Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB68440FF11FBB6FBC5BFCA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. High altitude altiplano of Peru and Bolivia (Fig. 29).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB68440FF11FBB6FBC5BFCA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Weymer described the nominate taxon as a “ local form ” of Argyrophorus lamna, and it was still considered a subspecies of P. l am na by Heimlich (1972), who viewed Argyrophorus picota Fuchs as a junior synonym. D’Abrera (1988) indicated P. lamna and P. angusta as separate species, and Lamas and Viloria (2004) maintained Punargentus angusta at specific rank and listed P. angusta picota as its subspecies. As these taxa are extralimital to the south-temperate region and so not a focus of our research, we did not have material to examine, but photographs of specimens (Fig. 29) suggest a very close relationship between P. l am na and P. angusta, if the two are not, indeed, the same. Both exhibit the lenticular black ocelli in the fore and hindwing cells, bordered by or superimposed upon elongated yellow streaks that are diagnostic of Punargentus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB68440FF11F886FED6BEFC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype (male) MUSM, Lima. (Photo examined; Fig. 41) Type locality: Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Aylambo, S 07 ° 14 ’ 07 ” / W 78 ° 29 ’ 13 ” 3100 – 3200 m., 16 June 1998. Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB58443FF11FF38FC6FBB14.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype (male) MUSM, Lima (Photo examined). Type locality: Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Celendín, Sucre, S 06 ° 54 ’ 02 ” / W 78 ° 07 ’ 36 ” 2650 – 2750 m., 17 June 1998.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB58443FF11FF38FC6FBB14.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peruvian altiplano (Fig. 29).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB58443FF11FF38FC6FBB14.taxon	discussion	Remarks. These two taxa were recently described thoroughly and illustrated by Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010). As discussed above, under Argyrophorus, Punargentus is phylogenetically distinct from Agryrophorus. Pyrcz & Wojtusiak did not indicate a sister-taxon relationship between P. blanchardii and any other species, but the more rounded wing shape and pattern of forewing ocelli are very similar to P. lamna and P. angusta. Biogeographically, all three of these species are high Andean puna inhabitants. We note that unlike other Punargentus species, P. blanchardii exhibits a pupillated apical ocellus on the FWV (Fig. 11 C).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) MNHN, Paris (Photo examined) Type location: Concepción, Chile Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male), NRM, Stockholm (photo examined) Paratypes (5 males), NRM., Stockholm (not examined) Type location: Peninsula Llau Llau, north of Punto Nuevo, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Neuquen Province, Argentina, Oct. 1933 - March 1934, leg. Anna Hildegard Ljungner	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Puerto Prat, Magallanes Province, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Commonly found in Chile from central Coquimbo Province to central Aisén Province, possibly as far south as Punta Delgada in the northeastern part of the Strait of Magellan, and in Argentina from western Mendoza Province to western Neuquén Province, and to northeastern Rio Negro Province from November to March at nearly sea level to 2800 m (Fig. 29).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to and sometimes confused with Punargentus monticolens, but with a spatulate antennal club and the yellow ring surrounding ocelli between Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2 reduced to a streak appearing just proximal and distal to the ocellus, but not circumscribing it. Dorsal side is chocolate to taupe in the females and dark chocolate in the males, which have patches of androconia inside the discal cell along the cubitus and between M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1, CuA 1 - CuA 2, CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A, and between 1 A + 2 A and the inner margin. Ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is unpupillated and surrounded by patches of pale yellow to light peach. Postmedian band on the ventral side of both forewing and hindwing is bordered on the distal side with a series of dark coffee chevrons. Hindwing bears dark coffee striations over all design elements and hindwing ocelli are flat lenticular black dashes between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 with adjacent yellow streaks just distal. Short, pale yellow streaks parallel to the veins appear between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1. Tarsus of both male and female forelegs is unsegmented and club-like and the aedeagus bears acute dentate projections along the distal 1 / 3.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 10 – 12 mm with white scales and a longitudinal stripe of taupe to coffee scales that covers half of a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps with a longitudinal chocolate stripe along the median with the dorsal side piliform scales white and chocolate and the ventral side white with dark chocolate piliform scales. Terminal palp segment cylindrical and about one-third the length of the second segment. Thorax of the males dark amber with iridescent dark grey scales and covered in white and warm medium brown piliform scales. Females with the same coloration but with the addition of pearly white scales interspersed with the iridescent dark grey scales. Abdomen pearly white ventrally and taupe dorsally. Foreleg tarsi club-like and unsegmented, a little longer in the females. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber to dark amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 11 G, H): Wingspan 28 – 36 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with androconial patches inside the discal cell along the cubitus and between M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1, CuA 1 - CuA 2, CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A, and between 1 A + 2 A and the inner margin, not extending beyond the median. Dorsal side dark chocolate in the males and chocolate to taupe in the females. Both sexes with an indistinct dark coffee to black ocellus between M 1 - M 2, sometimes extending to M 2 - M 3. Females with a patch of peach-brown to rust orange over the discal cell and a postmedian band that is a lighter brown than the wing streaked with patches of pale yellow that surround the apical ocellus from R 5 - CuA 1. Fringe scales in stripes of chocolate to dark chocolate and taupe to tan perpendicular to the termen. Ventral side with a ripple pattern along the costa and extending from the median to the termen. Area from the discal cell to the postmedian band may range from peach to orange to rust orange to rust red and is widely bordered at the inner margin in taupe to chocolate. Postmedian band is taupe to chocolate with an irregular proximal border of dark coffee and the distal border a series of dark coffee chevrons. Patches of pale yellow to light peach surround the apical ocellus, which is unpupillated and occupies the cell between M 1 - M 2, sometimes extending beyond the confines of the cell. Apex is white at the costa and terminal sections of veins are highlighted in white. Hindwing (Fig. 11 G, H): Wing oval, termen slightly convex and scalloped. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the distal edge of the postmedian band barely visible as a series of dark coffee chevrons. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side chocolate to taupe with a ripple pattern superimposed over all design elements in dark chocolate to dark coffee striations. A thin, irregularly dentate, dark coffee band extends across the median, edged in grey to white along the proximal side. The proximal edge of the postmedian band irregularly dentate and bordered in dark coffee with a thin strip of white just distal to the proximal border. Distal border is a series of dark coffee chevrons with a patch of white just proximal to the border from the costa to M 2 and just distal to the border along the terminal band from M 2 to the tornus. Cells between Rs-M 1, M 1 - M 2, and CuA 1 - CuA 2 bear a flat lenticular black ocellus with an adjacent pale yellow streak on the distal end. Cells between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1 contain a short streak of pale yellow. Ocellus between Rs-M 1 may not be visible or reduced to a yellow streak similar to that between M 2 - M 3 and M 3 - CuA 1. Veins are highlighted in white. Male genitalia (Fig. 20 D – F): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing slightly, widest at the median, and narrowing to a finger-like terminus. Uncus approximately 1.4 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and approximately 0.4 X the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and nearly acute. Saccus truncate and about equal in length to the gnathos. Valvae narrow at the proximal end, widest at the median and narrowing slightly, but nearly even in width through the distal two-thirds with a deltoid terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout with a truncate proximal end and acute dentate projections along each lateral edge on the distal one-third.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFB5843DFF11FDC0FA42BB25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A common and widespread species in Chile and central Argentina. There is a high degree of regional variability in P. chiliensis, particularly in the coloration of the discal cell on the ventral side of the forewing. Each of the subspecies listed above mentions this as a primary character used in the differentiation between the subspecies and the nominal subspecies. This patch is red-orange in the nominal form, orange in P. chiliensis elwesi, peach-orange in P. chiliensis wygnankii, and a dull orange-brown in P. chiliensis magallanicus. Whether or not these bear out as distinct subspecies in a phylogenetic sense is unresolved here. P. chiliensis wygnankii can be found on grassy slopes near Santiago (Junge 1987). Bryk identified P. chiliensis elwesi from illustrations provided in Elwes 1903, who noted that “ It is possible that this form may prove distinct from chiliensis. ” Elwes noted that it can be found in grassy pampas east of Lago Nahuel Huapí in western Neuquén and Río Negro province, Argentina. Curiously, Hayward (1958) remarked that P. chiliensis can be found in Bolivia, although this is far to the north of the extent of the distribution observed in collections or recorded elsewhere. Elwes described its flight as “ a slow short flight among bushes, ” contrasting it with the rapid straight flight of P. monticolens. The ultimate instar larva and pupa were described by Henry (1992), who noted that the larvae feed on the bunchgrass Stipa speciosa Trinius & Ruprecht. Specimens examined. Chile, Valparaíso Province, (MTSU) CH 30 - 2, CH 30 - 4, CH 30 - 6; Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (ZSM) Holotype P. chiliensis wygnankii male (photo examined), (MTSU) CH 29 - 2 - CH 29 - 4, CH 29 A- 1 - CH 29 A- 3, CH 29 A- 5; Chile, Maule Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 94379, (MTSU) CH 15 - 1 - CH 15 - 3, CH 18 - 4, CH 19 - 1 - 19 - 3; Chile Bío-Bío Province, (MNHN, Paris) Holotype P. chiliensis chiliensis female (photo examined), (OSU) 0 0 0 0 94369, 0 0 0 0 94366, 0 0 0 0 94376, (MTSU) CH 2 - 1, CH 32 - 2, CH 37 - 1, CL 0312, CL 0423, (UJ) 2 males, 3 females; Chile, Araucanía Province, (MTSU) CH 40 - 3, CH 40 - 4, (MGCL) 1 male; Chile, Magallanes Province, (MNHN, Santiago de Chile) Paratype P. chiliensis magallanicus male (photo examined); Argentina, Mendoza Province, (MTSU) JMC 0810, (MZUJ) 4 males, 1 female; Argentina, Neuquén Province, (MTSU) JMC 0801; Argentina, Río Negro / Neuquén Province, (NRM, Stockholm) Holotype P. chiliensis elwesi male (photo examined)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843DFF11FD30FBFBBC9C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: unknown Type location: Sajama, Bolivia	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843DFF11FD30FBFBBC9C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) 11 Dec. 1965, leg. Luis E. Peña (Peña collection) (not examined) Type location: Alto Pajonales, Antofagasta Province, Chile, 4700 m. Other combinations: Argyrophorus monticolens gustavi — Heimlich (1972) Argyrophorus penai — Peña & Ugarte (1997, p. 275)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843DFF11FD30FBFBBC9C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Occurs in the high paramo (> 4000 m.) of southern Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and Argentina (Fig. 29).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843DFF11FD30FBFBBC9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Material was unavailable for detailed study, but the species’ morphology and distribution and has lately been reviewed by Cerdeña et al. (2014). The forewings appear to be more pointed than other species of Punargentus, with the outer margin evenly curved so that there is hardly an “ angle ” at the anal angle (Fig. 11 E, F). The dorsal surface of both wings may exhibit silver scales or be predominantly brown. The unpupillated ocellus between forewing M 1 - M 2 typical of the genus is present, as are the lentuicular submarginal yellow streaks on the ventral surfaces of both wings.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843DFF11FD30FBFBBC9C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for its collector, Gustav Garlepp (Peña & Ugarte, 1997).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809618 (Specimen examined) Type Location: Termas de Chillán, Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	materials_examined	Type Location: Santa Cruz, E. Patagonia Holotype: (male) leg. Lebrun, 1883, MNHN, Paris (photo examined) Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found mainly in Bío Bío and Auraucania Provinces in Chile and in western Neuquén Province, Argentina, but can be found as far north as northern Mendoza Province, Argentina, east to the Paraná Delta just north of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and south to northeastern Aisén Province, Chile, and to central Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, along the western border. Flies from November to February at nearly sea level to 3300 m (Fig. 29).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to and sometimes confused with P. chiliensis, but having round antennal clubs and a yellow ring clearly circumscribing the ocelli between Rs-M 1 and M 1 - M 2. Dorsal side is warm medium brown to dark chocolate brown with the postmedian band sometimes appearing on the forewing as streaks or patches of maize yellow to rust orange and on the hindwing as teardrop-shaped patches of rust orange. Apical ocellus on the forewing appears as an indistinct dark coffee to black patch between M 1 - M 2. Ventral side of the hindwing with dark chocolate to coffee striations superimposed over taupe to chocolate from the base to the proximal edge of the postmedian band and from the distal edge of the postmedian band to the termen. Postmedian band chocolate brown, bordered in light grey to white and edged in dark coffee to dark chocolate, narrower between M 3 - CuA 1 than in P. chiliensis. Females with two tarsal segments on the foreleg and male foreleg tarsi unsegmented. Males with an aedeagus lacking dentate lateral projections and terminating in an acute proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 11 mm with white scales and a longitudinal stripe of chocolate brown that covers half of a round club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.5 X the width. Palps with a longitudinal dark chocolate stripe along the median with the dorsal side scales white and the ventral side scales cream to tan with dark coffee piliform scales. Terminal palp segment conical and about one-seventh the length of the second segment. Thorax of the males dark amber with iridescent black scales and covered in white to cream piliform scales. The thorax of females dark amber with white and iridescent black scales and covered in black and tan piliform scales. Abdomen of both sexes cream to tan ventrally and tan to taupe dorsally. Foreleg tarsi of the females with two segments. Males with unsegmented tarsi that are shorter and stouter than that of the females. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus that project outward and nearly perpendicular to the leg. Forewing (Fig. 11 D): Wingspan 24 – 30 mm. Termen nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell sinuous, the costal end curved into a deep U-shape. Males with an androconial patch that extends across most of the discal cell and into each cell from M 1 to CuA 2, not extending past the median. Dorsal side warm medium brown to dark chocolate brown and with an apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 appearing as an indistinct dark coffee to black spot. Occasionally, another smaller indistinct black ocellus appears between M 2 - M 3 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Cells between R 5 and CuA 2 may have rust orange to maize yellow patches that flank the ocellus or ocelli between M 1 - M 3 and surround that between CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral side with a central patch of rust orange to rust red that extends over most of the discal cell and to the median. Postmedian band may be little more than narrow patches of maize yellow that surround the unpupillated ocellus between M 1 - M 3 and occupy each cell from the radials to the tornus to a distinct band of maize yellow that is widest at the radials, narrow between M 3 - CuA 1, and slightly wider between CuA 1 - CuA 2 where it terminates. Ripple pattern in taupe and dark chocolate appears along the costal border and fades to light grey and dark chocolate at the apex. Remainder of the wing is chocolate brown and terminal sections of veins may be highlighted in white. Hindwing (Fig. 11 D): Wing oval, the termen slightly convex and barely scalloped. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing as a series of rust red to maize yellow teardrop-shaped patches. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with dark chocolate to coffee striations superimposed over taupe to chocolate from the base to the proximal edge of the postmedian band and from the distal edge of the postmedian band to the termen. Postmedian chocolate to taupe at the center, bordered in light grey to white and edged in dark chocolate to coffee. Band is narrowest between M 3 - CuA 1 and deckle-edged on both sides. A black lenticular unpupillated ocellus bordered in maize yellow appears in each cell along the postmedian band, with two ocelli sometimes appearing between CuA 2 - 1 A + 2 A and the ocellus between M 3 - CuA 1 sometimes reduced to a short maize yellow dash parallel to the veins. Veins are highlighted in white. Male genitalia (Fig. 20 G – I): Uncus narrow at the base, widening at the median to 3 X the width of the base and narrowing to an acute end that hooks slightly downward. Uncus approximately 1.4 X the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and approximately half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus long and rounded at the terminus. Saccus truncate and less than three-fourths the length of the gnathos. Valvae with the proximal end about half the width of the median, narrowing only slightly toward the distal end with a blunt deltoid terminus. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, narrowing gradually to an acute proximal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCB843FFF11FA78FF3ABBD5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Weymer (1911) described P. monticolens as a form of P. chiliensis, but the two are distinct, albeit closely related species both morphologically and genetically. Originally placed in Hipparchia by Butler, Weymer placed it, along with P. chiliensis, in the genus Cosmosatyrus. Herrera (1965) formed the genus Palmaris on the basis of autapomorphies such as slight differences in wing venation, male and female genitalic features, and foreleg segmentation. In our view, these differences are insufficient to place these similar species into separate genera. Elwes (1903) observed its flight as rapid and straight, “ 20 to 50 yards backwards and forwards over wet subalpine meadows always amongst grass and stones, ” remarking that it was much harder to catch than the slower P. chiliensis. Chionobas antarcticus is synonymized with P. monticolens here on the basis that, while the wings of antarcticus are more narrow and elongated, there are no other significant differences in morphology. (We note that Heimlich (1972), synonymized C. antarcticus with Argyrophorus (Stuardosatyrus) williamsianus, after synonymizing Herrera’s generic names Stuardosatyrus and Palmaris with Argyrophorus — a decision we view as an error: see discussion under Argyrophorus, above). Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (BMNH) Holotype 809618, (MTSU) CH 24 A- 3, CH 24 A- 5, (MGCL) 1 male; Argentina, Mendoza Province, (MTSU) JMC 0811, (MZUJ) 1 male; Argentina, Neuquén Province (MTSU) JMC 1002, (MZUJ) 7 males, 2 females; Argentina, Santa Cruz Province (MZUJ) 1 male, 1 female	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843FFF11FC80FCBFBC4F.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Other combinations: Argyrophorus tandilensis — D’Abrera (1988, p. 798); Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2012) Cosmosatyrus tandilensis — Heimlich (1972) Etcheverrius tandilensis — Lamas & Viloria (2004, p. 216)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843FFF11FC80FCBFBC4F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The species is endemic to a relatively small area of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, not particularly close to the distribution of most other south-temperate pronophilines (Fig. 29). Diagnosis. Wing shape and general facies quite similar to P. chiliensis, and both were placed in the nowsynonymized genus Etcheverrius by Lamas & Viloria (2004). P. tandilensis differs from P. chiliensis in being generally gray-brown on the ventral surface (Fig. 10 D). There are dark, sinuate AM and PM bands on the HWV that separate a mottled brownish basal area from a lighter postmedial region. The whole hindwing is overlain by a ripple pattern. The forewing M 1 - M 2 ocellus is oval and not pupillated.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843FFF11FC80FCBFBC4F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was not available for detailed study.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843EFF11FA0BFCACB858.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Stuardosatyrus williamsianus (Butler, 1868) (Argyrophorus)	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843EFF11FA0BFCACB858.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Wing patterning somewhat resembles both Argyrophorus and Punargentus, but the pupillated M 1 - M 2 ventral forewing ocellus sets it apart from Punargentus and, in addition to the lack of silver coloration, it is unlike Argyrophorus in the ventral hindwing postmedian band and the lack of yellow rings around the hindwing ocelli. Genitalic features further set it apart. The shape of the saccus, the shape of the aedeagus, and the general shape of the valvae as well as the deep serrations across the dorsal edge of the valvae indicate sufficient difference to warrant placement in a separate genus from Argyrophorus and Punargentus. Thus, Stuardosatyrus, named for Chilean dipterologist Carlos Stuardo Ortíz (1895 – 1962), remains a valid genus.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC9843EFF11FA0BFCACB858.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Butler described a single, somewhat tattered female specimen that has the distinction of having been collected by Charles Darwin, though the original description is brief and entirely based on wing patterning. Heimlich (1963) followed williamsianus through the literature from its original placement in Argyrophorus, to Chionobas in Mabille (1884), to Satyrus in Staudinger (1899), to Cosmosatyrus in Elwes (1902), and demoted to a subspecies of Cosmosatyrus chiliensis in Hayward (1958). Heimlich then returned williamsianus to its original position in Argyrophorus in his revision of the genus. Herrera & Etcheverry (1965) created a new genus, Stuardosatyrus, mainly on the basis of venation and differences in male genitalia. Heimlich (1972), followed by Pyrcz & Wojtusiak (2010), again returned williamsianus to a broadly-defined Argyrophorus, though with little evidence justifying this placement. However, Herrera & Pérez (1989) argued strongly, based on male and female genitalic dissections, that the Stuardosatyrus is distincs and valid.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC88439FF11FE34FF39B8C8.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (female) BMNH # 809625 (specimen examined) Type locality: Puerto Hambre, Magallanes, Chile. However, Herrera & Pérez (1989) suggest, based on the dates of Darwin's visit (1 – 7 June 1834), that this is incorrect. Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC88439FF11FE34FF39B8C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found from central Santa Cruz Province in Argentina near Monte San Lorenzo south to the Straits of Magellan, and in Chile from Termas de Chillán to Puntarenas (Herrera & Pérez, 1989) in late January to early February at 800 – 2300 m (Fig. 22).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC88439FF11FE34FF39B8C8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Southern species with coppery dorsal wings that are white at the costa of the forewing. Ventral forewing with a red-orange triangular postmedian band edged in dark chocolate brown that is widest toward the costa and narrowing to a rounded point between M 3 - CuA 1. Apical M 1 - M 2 ventral forewing ocellus is oval with a single, small, white pupil. Hindwing is oval with six lenticular ocelli in each cell from Rs to the anal vein that are neither ringed in yellow nor pupillated. Proximal border of the ventral hindwing postmedian band is irregularly scalloped, edged in dark chocolate brown, and bordered in white. Distal edge of the ventral hindwing postmedian band is a thin, dark chocolate line that curves nearly parallel to the termen and may cross through the ocelli.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC88439FF11FE34FF39B8C8.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 13 – 15 mm, covered in chocolate brown scales with a longitudinal stripe of white scales, the club being mostly brown. Eyes are oval and naked, length a little less than 1.3 times width. Palps almost entirely white to cream with dark chocolate piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal palp segment is conical. Thorax with black iridescent and tan piliform scales in the males; females not available for examination. Male foreleg tarsi fused into a single club-like segment without spines and midlegs with four rows of amber spines. Abdomen is dark coffee with sparse white scales on the ventral side. Forewing (Fig. 3 C): Wingspan 24 – 32 mm. Termen entire and slightly convex and the discal cell curving only slightly inward at M 1 - M 2. Forewings without androconia. Dorsal side is chocolate brown with a coppery sheen and white at the costa. Fringe scales are coppery brown layered on top of white. Dorsal postmedian band may appear as a series of triangular orange-red patches between the radials and CuA 2 and the M 1 - M 2 ocellus is visible as a dark chocolate oval patch. Ventral forewing is chocolate brown, white at the costa, with a small patch of black scales at the base. An orange-red patch appears just distal to the discal cell and adjacent the postmedian band, which is orange-red, edged in dark chocolate brown, and roughly triangular with the widest part toward the costa and narrowing to a rounded end between M 3 - CuA 1. An R 5 - M 1 ocellus may appear as a small, black, lenticular spot ringed in orange and a similar, round ocellus may appear between M 2 - M 3. The apical ocellus between M 1 - M 2 is oval, ringed in orange, and contains a very small white pupil. Hindwing (Fig. 3 C): Wing oval, termen entire and convex. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, but without orange-red patches. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long, tan piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side from the base to the postmedian band is chocolate brown with a ripple pattern in dark coffee to black striations. Postmedian band is irregularly scalloped and black at the proximal edge with a white stripe adjacent the proximal border that fades to brown. Subterminal edge is a thin black line that may cross through the ocelli; terminal edge is black. A black lenticular ocellus appears in each cell between Rs and the anal vein. Male genitalia (Fig. 20 J – L): Uncus widest at the base, tapering gradually to a blunt terminus and slightly less than one and one-third times as long as the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than one-third the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped and long. Saccus is deltoid and a little shorter than the gnathos. Aedeagus is acute at the proximal end, widening toward the middle and narrowing at the distal third before widening again at a cluster of several spines, narrowing just distal to the spines and widening slightly toward the distal end. Proximal end of the aedeagus is spatulate in the lateral view. Valvae are roughly rhomboid with the dorsal edge deeply serrated and the distal end acute.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFC88439FF11FE34FF39B8C8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for John Williams Wilson (Juan Guillermos) (1798 – 1857), British-Chilean naval commander and founder of Fuerte Bulnes in the Straits of Magellan. Specimens examined. Chile, Magallanes Province, (BMNH) Holotype female # 809625; (MTSU) 4 males: JMC 0301, JMC 0306, JMC 1003, JMC 1004, (UJ) 6 males, 13 females; Argentina, Santa Cruz Province, (UJ) 3 males.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8439FF11FD84FD84BDCF.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: T. germainii C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 = Faunula C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 syn. nov. Type species: F. leucoglene C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8439FF11FD84FD84BDCF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Tetraphlebia has a well-developed M 1 - M 3 ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing with variable pupillation. In T. leucoglene, males have heavy androconia, but these scales are sparse in T. germainii and absent in T. eleates. The hindwing is rectangular with a postmedian band on the ventral side that is without ocelli. Though specimens were unavailable for dissection, T. patagonica (Mabille, 1855) (Erebia), lately a species of Faunula (cf. Pyrcz 2012), is very similar to T. leucoglene in that it bears an identical M 1 - M 3 VFW ocellus with a large, white pupil, but T. patagonica also bears two ocelli on the VHW, making it the only Tetraphlebia with hindwing ocelli. Antennae are round in T. eleates and T. leucoglene, spatulate in T. germainii. Eyes are naked and terminal palp segment is short and conical or oval. Foreleg tarsi are segmented with males having 2 – 3 tarsal segments and females 3 – 5 segments, those of T. leucoglene females also bearing spines. Male genitalia with the proximal end of the valvae triangular, a wide pedunculus, an aedeagus that is truncate at the proximal end, a saccus longer than it is wide, and an uncus that is widest where it meets the tegumen, narrowing gradually toward the distal end.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8439FF11FD84FD84BDCF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Felder & Felder described Faunula as a new genus immediately following the description of Tetraphlebia, noting similarities in wing venation between the two genera. These genera are here combined based on morphological and genetic similarity.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: (male) BMNH # 809771 (specimen examined) Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 5 in Reed (1877) = Satyrus promacuana Reed, 1877 Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig. 5 in Reed (1877) Subspecies:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Parque Nacional Lanín, Pucará, Argentina, Dec. 1952, leg. Schajavskoi	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from eastern Bío-Bío Province near Termas de Chillán southward to northeast Araucanía Province from late December to late February at 1000 – 1600 m (Fig. 30).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from other species by the bold grayish-white postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing. Larger than T. leucoglene, with spatulate antennal clubs, a bipupillate apical ocellus between M 1 - M 3 on the ventral side of the forewing, and the androconia more sparse on the male forewings. Male genitalia similar to those of T. eleates.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 8 – 9 mm with chocolate brown scales and a longitudinal stripe of white scales, terminating in a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 X the width. Palps almost entirely tan with chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales that are lighter toward the base. Terminal segment conical and about one-sixth the length of the second segment. Thorax with tan to dark chocolate scales and tan to chocolate piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi with three segments in the males, female tarsi unavailable for study. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 12 A, B): Wingspan 30 – 40 mm. Termen nearly straight to slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell L-shaped. Males with a sparse rectangular androconial patch that extends from R 5 into the distal end of the discal cell and just past CuA 2, sometimes to the inner margin. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the fringe scales in chocolate. Postmedian band appears as a rust orange to rust red patch from M 3 - CuA 2. Females may have a small white ocellus between M 1 - M 2. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side with a rust orange to rust red patch extending from the center of the discal cell into the postmedian band. The postmedian band is edged in dark chocolate deckle-edged to nearly straight borders and is lighter than the rest of the wing, chocolate brown toward the costa and inner margin and rust orange to rust red from M 1 to just past CuA 2. A patch of white scales extends in a ripple pattern with chocolate brown striations over the radials and apex. Apical ocellus is round, black, ringed in daffodil yellow, bipupillate, and extends from M 1 - M 3. Hindwing (Fig. 12 A, B): Wing rectangular, termen straight to slightly convex and entire. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band appearing in a lighter brown with a patch of rust orange to rust red between M 3 - CuA 2. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. VHW darker than the VFW and with a ripple pattern in dark chocolate to dark coffee that extends over the majority of the the wing. Postmedian band appears in grayish-white to pale lavender, solid at the median half and fading to chocolate brown in the subterminal half. Borders of the postmedian band are deckle-edged to nearly straight and dark chocolate to dark coffee. Male genitalia (Fig. 21 A – C): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing gradually to an acute terminus, and slightly shorter than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and about three-fifths the length of the uncus. Pedunculus deltoid and wide. Saccus U-shaped and about equal in length to the gnathos. Valvae roughly in the shape of a flattened rhomboid, widest at the median with the distal end rounded. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout with the proximal end about twice as wide as the median and truncate.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCF8438FF11FA8BFDCDBC14.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Philibert (Filiberto) Germain (1827 – 1913), French / Chilean entomologist and assistant curator of the Museo Nacional. Specimens examined. Chile, Bío-Bío Province, (CU) 2 males, (UJ) 1 female; Chile, unknown province (BMNH) Holotype male # 809771	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCE843BFF11FAFBFBFABD65.taxon	materials_examined	Type location: Tacora, Potosí Province, Bolivia Holotype: (male) MFN, Berlin, genitalia vial M- 9009 Lee D. Miller, 3042 (photo examined) Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCE843BFF11FAFBFBFABD65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Bolivia throughout Potosí Department from October to December at 4000 – 5000 m (Fig. 30).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCE843BFF11FAFBFBFABD65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Most similar to T. leucoglene, but generally lighter in color and with the apical ocellus on the ventral side of the hindwings much reduced. This ocellus is completely contained within M 1 - M 2 and the pupil is a small white point at the center. Males are without androconia visible on the forewing and male genitalia have a narrower uncus, wider gnathos, and a tegumen wider along the dorsoventral side axis than in T. leucoglene. Valvae are deltoid at the distal end in T. eleates and rounded at the distal end in T. leucoglene. Specimens found in Bolivia at high altitudes are more likely to be T. eleates while T. leucoglene is found in Chile much farther south and at lower altitudes.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCE843BFF11FAFBFBFABD65.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 6 – 7 mm with dark chocolate scales and a longitudinal stripe of white scales, terminating in a round club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps chocolate brown with dark chocolate piliform scales in the males and in the females tan to chocolate with chocolate piliform scales on the dorsal side and dark chocolate to black piliform scales on the ventral side. Terminal segment conical and about one-eighth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and chocolate to dark chocolate piliform scales in the males and the females with white and iridescent black scales and chocolate piliform scales. Foreleg tarsi with two segments in the males and three segments in the females. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of amber spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 12 C, D): Wingspan 20 – 22 mm. Termen slightly convex to nearly straight and the distal end of the discal cell sinuate with the cubital end straighter than the radial end. Males with no visible androconial patch. Dorsal side chocolate to dark chocolate brown, the males darker. Postmedian band appears in both sexes as a pair of rust orange patches between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2 with another patch sometimes appearing between M 2 - M 3. Fringe scales are chocolate to dark chocolate. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side. Postmedian band rust orange and broken by the veins in some specimens, widest where it surrounds the M 1 - M 2 ocellus, and narrowing toward the tornus. Borders of the postmedian band are dark chocolate to dark coffee and irregularly scalloped. Apical ocellus is entirely contained within M 1 - M 2, round, black, ringed in rust orange, and with a single small white pupil at its center. Hindwing (Fig. 12 C, D): Wing rectangular, termen slightly convex and entire. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band visible as an obscure rust orange patch between M 3 - CuA 2. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side. Postmedian band lighter brown than the rest of the wing with both proximal and distal edges dark chocolate to dark coffee brown and scalloped. Male genitalia (Fig. 21 D – F): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing to an acute terminus and a little longer than the tegumen. Gnathos acute and almost three-fifths the length of the uncus. Pedunculus deltoid and wide. Saccus U-shaped and about equal in length to the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing proximally to an acute triangle and narrowing slightly toward the distal end and a deltoid terminus. Aedeagus widest and truncate at the proximal end, narrowing gradual toward the distal end. Specimens examined. Bolivia, Potosí Department, (CUIC) 1 male, 1 female	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCD843AFF11FB70FB85BD64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: BMNH # 809770 (specimen examined) Type location: Chile	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCD843AFF11FB70FB85BD64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype by indication (ICZN Art. 12.2.7): Plate II fig. 8 in Reed (1877) Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCD843AFF11FB70FB85BD64.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in Chile from southeastern Atacama Province south to northeast Araucanía Province and in Argentina from northern La Rioja Province to Northwestern Chubut Province from December to early March at 900 – 3850 m (Fig. 30). They can be caught near exposed rocky areas, but can be difficult to approach (Elwes 1903).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCD843AFF11FB70FB85BD64.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to T. patagonica, but without ventral side hindwing ocelli. Both dorsal side and ventral side chocolate to dark coffee brown with a slightly lighter brown postmedian band on the ventral side of the hindwing. Apical ocellus on the ventral side of the forewing is black and spans M 1 - M 3, bearing a large, round, white pupil between M 1 - M 2. Females have a white ocellus on the dorsal side of the forewing between M 1 - M 2 similar to the white pupil on the ventral side. Males have heavy androconia in a wide stripe along the median of the forewing. Antennal clubs round and palps with a short, oval terminal segment. Foreleg tarsi with five segments in the females and three in the males.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCD843AFF11FB70FB85BD64.taxon	description	Redescription. Head: Antennae 7 – 8 mm with dark coffee scales and a longitudinal stripe of white scales, terminating in a round club. Eyes round and naked, length approximately 1.2 times width. Palps cream to vanilla with coffee ventral side piliform scales in the females. Males with taupe to coffee palps. Terminal segment oval and about one-sixth the length of the second segment. Thorax with iridescent black scales and coffee piliform scales. Abdomen taupe ventrally to dark chocolate dorsally. Foreleg tarsi with five segments in the females and three in the males. Female tarsi bear a pair of dark amber spines at each joint. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Forewing (Fig. 12 E): Wingspan 24 – 28 mm. Termen slightly convex and the distal end of the discal cell sinuous. Males with a heavy androconial patch that extends from R 5 to just past CuA 2 and into the discal cell from the cubitus nearly to M 2. Dorsal side dark chocolate to dark coffee brown, the females lighter than the males with the fringe scales chocolate brown. Females with a white ocellus between M 1 - M 2 that may be surrounded by a patch of dark chocolate scales. Postmedian band appears in lighter specimens as two patches of rust orange between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side with the postmedian band appearing as a lighter brown to rust orange triangle surrounding the M 1 - M 2 ocellus that is widest at the costa and terminates at CuA 1. Apical ocellus is round and black, extending from M 1 - M 3 and with a single, large, white pupil between M 1 - M 2. Hindwing (Fig. 12 E): Wing rectangular, termen straight to slightly convex and entire. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing with the postmedian band visible in lighter specimens as patches of rust orange between M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Fringe scales are as in the forewing and long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side similar in color to the dorsal side. Postmedian band lighter brown than the rest of the wing with the proximal edge scalloped and the distal edge indistinct, extending to the termen. Male genitalia (Fig. 21 G – I): Uncus wide at the base, narrowing to an acute terminus, and about equal in length to the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little more than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped and wide. Saccus U-shaped and about equal in length to the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing toward the proximal end, forming an acute triangle and narrowing slightly toward the distal end, terminating in a U-shape. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, the proximal end slightly wider with a truncate terminus. Specimens examined. Chile, Coquimbo Province, (MGCL) 1 male, 1 female; Chile, Valparaiso Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93692, 0 0 0 0 95029, (MTSU) CH 30 - 1, CH 30 - 3, CH 30 - 5; Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95028, 000095033; Chile, unknown province, (BMNH) Holotype 809770	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCC843AFF11FB68FBC2BFFE.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype (male): MNHN, Paris, leg. Lebrun, 1883 (photo examined) Type location: Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina Other combinations:	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCC843AFF11FB68FBC2BFFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Found in the vicinity of Cochrane and Palena in Aisen Prov., Chile, and in Chubut and Neuquén Provinces, Argentina (Fig. 30).	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCC843AFF11FB68FBC2BFFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The dorsal fore and hindwings exhibit the postmedial rust-red patches displayed by other members of the genus. The ventral forewing exhibits the same singly-pupillated M 1 - M 3 ocellus, and the hindwing is the same rectangular shape. Unlike other Tetraphlebia, T. patagonica exhibits two ventral hindwing ocelli in cells M 3 and CuA 1 (Fig. 12 F). Pyrcz (2012) considered it to be closely related to both T. eleates and T. leucoglene.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
03F187D7FFCC843AFF11FB68FBC2BFFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was not available for thorough study. According to Peña & Ugarte (1997), the species flies slowly and perches on the ground on low to mid-elevation open grasslands.	en	Matz, Jess, Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2016): The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes. Zootaxa 4125 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1
