identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F187F38977FFAFFF707DFCFA54F876.text	03F187F38977FFAFFF707DFCFA54F876.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma Cresson 1926	<div><p>Key to the species of Hoplocheiloma</p> <p>1. Wing distinctly spotted, transverse bands broken up so the wing appears mostly infuscated, with 7 widely separated, clear, circular patches (Fig. 7). Head with only one large seta (inner vertical), other setae reduced or absent (Fig. 6).............................................................................. H. hispaniola new species. Dominican Republic.</p> <p>- Wing with a broad discal band crossing middle (Fig. 25). Head with three large setae (inner vertical, orbital and outer vertical, as in Fig. 22)......................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Notum mostly black, postpronotum contrastingly reddish. Base of oviscape bare and shining dorsomedially (Fig. 21)...... 3</p> <p>- Notum entirely orange to orange-brown, sometimes patterned with silvery grey areas. Pruinose area at base of oviscape surrounding oviscape so there is no dorsomedial shining strip (Fig. 25).............................................. 4</p> <p>3. Wing mostly infuscated, with discal and preapical dark bands separated by clear strips each made up of three more or less coalesced clear circular areas, circular areas usually separated by pigmentation along the wing veins but both clear and dark bands always reaching hind wing margin; apical infuscation distinct (Fig. 14). Anterior notopleural seta at most half as long as posterior seta. Membranous parts of abdomen mostly pale, female abdomen with pleural pigmentation mostly restricted to bands on dorsal half (Fig. 13), male abdomen with pigmentation of segment three circling abdomen and preceded and followed by extensive pale areas........................................ H. maculosum (Loew). Dominican Republic, Cuba.</p> <p>- Wing bands separated from one another by straight-sided clear strips; dark preapical band parallel-sided, broadly separated from hind margin of wing; apical infuscation indistinct (Figs. 11, 12). Notopleural setae equal in size. Abdominal membranes more extensively pigmented, ventral part of abdomen largely dark............................. H. jamaica new species</p> <p>4. Head and notum orange-brown, presutural part of scutum patterned with silvery grey areas. Wing with three distinct pigmented bands and an infuscated tip, outer margin of discal and preapical bands concave at middle (Fig. 25). Hind femur dark at least on basal half, with 1–2 orange distal bands.................. H. perforatum Cresson. Dominican Republic, maybe Brazil.</p> <p>- Head and notum orange, at least presutural part of scutum without silvery gray pattern. Hind femur usually orange with narrow dark bands (sometimes uniformly orange-brown). Outer margins of discal band convex or more or less straight, preapical band narrow and more or less straight-edged (H. totliana, Fig. 33) or coalesced with apical infuscation to form a composite distal band (H. ferrugatum, Fig. 5)............................................................................. 5</p> <p>5. Wing with discal band sometimes broad but never reaching hind margin of wing, distal band narrow but distinct from apical infuscation (Fig. 27). Epicephalon and paracephalon dull, paracephalon not conspicuously bulging. Main vertical row of katepisternal setae usually darker than weaker anterior golden row............................................... 6</p> <p>- Discal band very large, taking up most of wing, broadly reaching hind margin of wing and separated from large apical infuscated area (distal band coalesced with apical infuscation, by a narrow transverse pale area (Fig. 5). Epicephalon and paracephalon shining, paracephalon conspicuously bulging (Fig. 5). Main vertical row of katepisternal setae golden, same color as weaker anterior golden row............................................. H. ferrugatum Hennig. Mexico (Yucatan).</p> <p>6. Pleuron with two prominent dark patches covered with silvery pruinosity, one covering the posterior third of the anepisternum and a less distinct one on the upper katepisternum (Fig. 27). Discal band more or less circular, widely separated from anterior wing margin and with distal face strongly convex. R 2+3 ending far beyond plane of dm-cu (Figs. 1, 27).................. 7</p> <p>- Pleuron uniformly orange. Discal band with distal face almost straight, anterior part reaching wing margin (Fig. 33). R 2+3 ending at or very slightly beyond plane of dm-cu... H. totliana (Gmelin) (widely known as H. fabricii Steyskal) USA (Florida), Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Martin (Widespread in Antilles but not known from Hispaniola).</p> <p>7. Discal spot of wing small, less than half wing width and not approaching R 2+3 (Fig. 4). Base of arista usually brown................................................................................ H. dominica new species. Dominica</p> <p>- Discal spot of wing large, at least half wing width and touching or crossing R 2+3 (Fig. 27). Base of arista yellow................................................................................... H. rhytisma new species. Montserrat</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38977FFAFFF707DFCFA54F876	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38974FFACFF707FE4FECEFADA.text	03F187F38974FFACFF707FE4FECEFADA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma Cresson 1926	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma Cresson</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma Cresson 1926: 272. Type species Musca fasciata Fabricius by original designation (preoccupied, replaced by Musca totliana Gmelin 1790).</p> <p>Generic diagnosis. Hoplocheiloma species are the only Taeniapterinae with setae (usually 2–4 stout setae) on the clypeus. Cell CuP (anal cell) is bare, broadly triangular and extends half way from crossvein bm-cu to the wing margin. Veins R 4+5 and M converge strongly and sometimes meet before the wing tip.</p> <p>Generic description. Body length 5–12mm, usually close to 9mm. Colour varying from blue-black to bright orange, wing pigmentation highly variable. Head chaetotaxy variable, always at least with an inner vertical seta but usually with 1–2 minute frontal setae, a larger (upper) orbital seta, and well-developed outer vertical seta. Frontal vitta depressed, flat, weakly differentiated from orbital plates. Pronotum forming a distinct neck between head and mesothorax; mesonotum with serial rows of small dorsocentral and acrostichal setulae, anterior dorsocentral setae sometimes enlarged, large prescutellar dorsocentral setae always present. Two notopleural setae, anterior usually weak (strong in H. jamaica), posterior strong. Supraalar and postalar setae strong, scutellum with a single pair of large apical marginal setae and one or more pairs of minute discal setae. Katepisternum with 2–3 stout ventral setae. Katatergite usually swollen into a broadly rounded bulge. Mid and hind tibiae cylindrical, with sparse row of short stout dorsal setae. Wing pigmentation highly variable, with three or four bands or dark with pale spots; cell CuP bare and of intermediate length, CuA2 subequal to A1+CuA2. Cells c, bm and basal half of cell br also mostly bare, along with a small area of membrane distal to CuP.</p> <p>Abdominal pleuron with extensive dark pigmentation at least on dorsal half and usually with a species-specific pattern (pigmentation of abdominal membrane often obscured in pinned specimens); pleuron of male sometimes with a bulging thin-walled dome (pleural sac) just below lateral margin of tergite 3.</p> <p>Oviscape elongate, almost as long as abdomen, with base partially pruinose (pruinosity encircling abdomen in some species). Paired spermathecae with variously elongated, twisted or convoluted bases and a relatively small spherical to cylindrical body; single spermatheca elongate, usually with bumps or other ornaments; single spermathecal duct usually as long as paired spermathecal duct (except in H. Hispaniola). Male with a long, setose genital fork; epandrium usually pale, at least basally; hypandrium with an incomplete posterior bridge and long anterior arms that fuse to form an anterior bridge in some species but remain free in others. Distiphallus with a relatively broad basal part, a small bulb-like structure between basal and distal parts, distal part usually very narrow and tapered.</p> <p>Etymology. Neuter, from the Greek hoplo (armed) and cheloma (notch), presumably referring to the stout clypeal setae.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38974FFACFF707FE4FECEFADA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38974FFAAFF707A0AFB4DFB0E.text	03F187F38974FFAAFF707A0AFB4DFB0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma dominica Marshall 2011	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma dominica new species</p> <p>Figs. 1–4</p> <p>Body length 5–10mm. Wing length 4–5mm. General colour: Head and most of thorax orange, upper half of katepisternum and posterior margin of anepisternum with large silvery-grey patches (Fig. 3), proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the long, golden ventral proepisternal setae.</p> <p>Head: Frons uniformly orange, frontal vitta broad, dull (microsetulose) and tapered anteriorly; orbital strips subshining; two small frontal setae, a larger orbital and large inner vertical and outer vertical setae. Ocellar triangle black. Clypeus pale yellow-orange laterally, middle part orange with two stout setae and a few small setulae, posterolateral portions of clypeus densely covered with fine white setulae. Lunule with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale, densely microsetulose. Palpus well developed, about 0.8 times as long as clypeus in lateral view, almost parallel-sided, slightly expanded apically, with only small setae.</p> <p>Thorax: Both sexes with a uniform row of minute acrostichal and dorsocentral setulae, anterior dorsocentral setulae of male slightly enlarged, those of female not enlarged or thickened. One large prescutellar dorsocentral seta only. Notopleuron with a single large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta (absent on one male paratype).Vertical rows of katepisternal setae golden, ventral apex of katepisternum with two long thick setae and one long thin seta.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa densely covered with white microsetulae on anterior surface, bare and reddish brown on most of posterior surface. Fore femur brown with broad basal and preapical yellow bands. Fore tibia black, tarsomere one of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora mostly orange-brown with a narrow distal dark band, mid and hind tibiae black, basal two thirds of first tarsomere of mid and hind legs white, tarsomeres otherwise black (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Wing with a distinct circular discal spot (the incomplete discal band), a smaller preapical band crossing R 4+5, and a small indistinct basal spot; otherwise clear (Fig. 4). R 2+3 ending as far beyond plane of dm-cu as length of dmcu (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite one brown, other tergites black, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Pleuron darkly pigmented on dorsal half only (Fig. 3). Tergite 7 with a prominent central pale area. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area that is penetrated by a dorsomedial shining strip. Paired spermathecae mushroom-shaped with a long, convoluted broad stem; single spermatheca elongate-cylindrical with a short, narrow neck; duct of single spermatheca slightly shorter than duct of pair (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron with dark areas of segment 5 extending continuously to genital fork; segment 2 with a small but prominent circular bulge (pleural sac) adjacent to edge of tergite (Fig. 1). Epandrium yellow, contrasting with black pregenital segments. Genital fork long and narrow, arms converging distally with entire inner surface covered with short, stout spines; basal part of fork medially carinate, carina continuous with trough between fused basal halves of arms. Internal genitalia not observed.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE and one paratype: DOMINICA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.47167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.47167/lat 15.833333)">Parish of St. Peter</a>, 1km N Colihaut, Ray Anse Liane, Malaise trap in dry deciduous forest, 100m, 16/17.2004, M.E. Erwin, M.B. Shepard, E. Benson, G. Carner, 15 º 50’ N, 61 º 28.3’ W (♂, USNM). OTHER PARATYPES: DOMINICA: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.238334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.366665/lat 15.238334)">Parish of St. John</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.238334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.366665/lat 15.238334)">Cabrits National Park</a>, Malaise trap in dry deciduous forest wash, 50m, 19–20.iii.2003, M.E. Erwin, M.B. Shepard, 15 º 29.5’ N, 61 º 27.7’ W (♂, USNM); Parish of St. Mark, 4km N Soufriere, Malaise trap in dry wash of deciduous forest, 75m, 7– 19.iii.2003, M.E. Erwin, M.B. Shepard, E. Benson, G. Carner. 15º 14.3’ N, 61º 22’ W (♀, USNM); Clarke Hall, 24.iii., 27.ii, 25.ii.1964, Dale F. Bray (2 ♀, 1 ♂, MTEC).</p> <p>Comments. The wing pigmentation and restricted distribution of this species render it easily identified. Because this species is so distinctive, and because it is known only from so few specimens, no males were dissected and the internal male genitalia are not illustrated. Hoplocheiloma dominica is probably closely related to H. rhytisma from Montserrat, a slightly larger species with a more extensive discal wing spot.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38974FFAAFF707A0AFB4DFB0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38972FFA8FF707A3BFD98FEE0.text	03F187F38972FFA8FF707A3BFD98FEE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma ferrugatum Hennig	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma ferrugatum Hennig</p> <p>Fig. 5</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma ferrugatum Hennig, 1935:56; 1934 plate 4, figure 2 (without differentiating statement).</p> <p>(Description of holotype female only): Body length 11mm. General colour: Most of head and thorax orange; face white-pollinose (part of a pollinose white band extending to upper parafacial) with a broad black band across lower margin; proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the sparse, short black ventral proepisternal setae. Abdominal tergites 1–3 brown, other tergites yellow.</p> <p>Head: Frons uniformly orange except dark brown ocellar triangle, frontal vitta broad, dull (microsetulose) and slightly tapered anteriorly; orbital strips subshining and depressed below level of frontal vitta but not otherwise distinctly differentiated from frontal vitta on ventral half; epicephala and paracephala shining, paracephala conspicuously bulging (Fig. 5). Frontal setae (2) very small; orbital, inner vertical and vertical setae large. Ocellar triangle black. Clypeus uniformly pale orange laterally, middle part with two prominent setae and a few small setulae, lateral portions of clypeus covered with fine white setulae. Lunule with a few scattered black setulae; face, subantennal area and parafacial crossed by a broad white band at middle and a black band across lower margin. Palpus very broad, almost egg-shaped, half as long as clypeus; with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Notum orange, with a uniform row of very small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, anterior setae not enlarged; one large prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Notopleuron with a single large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta. Main vertical row of katepisternal setae golden with a weaker anterior row of similarly golden setae, ventral apex of katepisternum with one long thick seta and one long thin one, in addition to some small setae. Katatergite bulging, rounded.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa densely covered with white microsetulae on anterior surface, bare and reddish brown on most of posterior surface. Fore femur and tibia reddish, tibia with dense white microsetulae ventrally in distal third, tarsomere one and basal quarter of tarsomere two of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres reddish brown; mid and hind femora mostly yellowish with an indistinct narrow distal dark preapical band; mid and hind tibiae brown, basal two thirds of first tarsomere of hind legs white, first tarsomere of mid leg pale, tarsomeres otherwise brown.</p> <p>Wing with a broad basal band, a very broad discal band with a straight or convex distal edge, and a large infuscated apical area or distal band (fused preapical band and apical infuscation); infuscated areas separated by narrow clear areas (Fig. 5). R 2+3 ending as far beyond plane of dm-cu as length of dm-cu.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Abdominal pleuron darkly pigmented except for a contrasting yellow-white circle under the middle of segment 3. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area broadly encircling base of oviscape. Internal genitalia not observed.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE (♀, AMNH): MEXICO: Yucatan, Chichen Itza. “VI-29”.</p> <p>Comments. This species is known only from the unique female type, from a relatively well-collected part of Mexico. The type specimen is the only confirmed Hoplocheiloma record from outside the Caribbean islands. While undoubtedly belonging in Hoplocheiloma, H. ferrugatum differs from all other congeners in a number of striking features, of which the most obvious are the swollen paracephala and the apparent desclerotisation of the female tergites four and five. Both features appear within the related genus Taeniaptera, many species of which also have wing pigmentation similar to H. ferrugatum. No data on internal male or female genitalia are available, limiting inference about the relationships of this species. Since, however, H. ferrugatum is the only strictly mainland species of a group that has undergone extensive radiation in the Caribbean it seems a reasonable hypothesis that it is the sister species to the rest of the clade.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38972FFA8FF707A3BFD98FEE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38970FFA6FF707E16FED8FE4D.text	03F187F38970FFA6FF707E16FED8FE4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma hispaniola Marshall 2011	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma hispaniola new species</p> <p>Figs. 6–10</p> <p>Body length 10–11mm. Wing length 9–10 mm. General colour: Most of head orange-brown but with extensive pollinose areas on parafacial and subantennal area; face yellowish white, palest on ventral half; paracephalon paler than epicephalon. Thorax almost uniformly dull yellowish brown, proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the proepisternal setae. Abdominal tergites dark brown to black with a bluish luster.</p> <p>Head: Frons longitudinally ridged, lower half elevated above eye with sides vertical; uniformly dull orange except for dark ocellar triangle, frontal vitta not differentiated; frontal setae very small, inner vertical seta large (orbital and outer vertical setae minute or absent; Fig. 6). Clypeus uniformly pale orange, middle part with two small stout setae and a few small setulae, clypeus covered with fine white setulae (denser on lateral portions). Lunule narrow with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale, densely microsetulose. Palpus parallel-sided, ¾ as long as clypeus, with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Notum uniformly dull yellowish brown. Both sexes with an irregular row of minute acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, 1–3 anterior dorsocentral setae usually enlarged, longer than other setae but not conspicuous. Katepisternum with a prominent vertical row of black setae and a much weaker anterior row made up of only 3–5 small black setae just above the coxa; ventral apex of katepisternum with two long thick setae and one thin seta.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa with an indistinct pollinose appearance on lateral surface (created by fine white microsetulae), bare and yellowish elsewhere. Fore femur and tibia dark brown to black, tibia with a diffuse preapical yellow ring; tarsomere one of foreleg white with white setulae except for a few black preapical and apical setulae, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora grading from yellowish brown at base to dark brown at apex, with one yellow preapical band. Mid and hind tibiae brown, tarsomeres dark brown to black but tarsomere one of hind leg with dense white microsetulae ventrally.</p> <p>Wing: Basal band restricted to anterior third of the wing, discal and preapical bands irregular and partly coalesced with each other and the apical infuscation to make a large infuscated area punctuated by about 10 more or less circular clear spots (Fig. 7). Abdomen: Tergites dark brown to black, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only. R 2+3 ending half as far beyond plane of dm-cu as length of dm-cu.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Pleuron black at base, and with a dorsolateral black area starting near anterolateral margin and evenly expanding to cover entire pleuron by segment 7, ventral margin of dark area angled but straight (Fig. 9). Oviscape setulose laterally on basal half, otherwise shining blackish brown with sparse small setae (Fig. 9). Single spermatheca small, elongate, with body not distinctly differentiated from stem, with duct about 3X longer than spermatheca; paired spermathecae on a very long duct; stems long and coiled; bodies much larger, spherical with a distinct invagination (Fig. 10).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron of segment 2 with a large, round bulge (pleural sac), densely covered with dark microtrichia. Posterolateral corner of tergite 2 with a dark, tab-like process (especially conspicuous on cleared specimens). Epandrium brown and shining basally, paler and microsetulose distally. Genital fork prominent, longer than epandrium, base of fork longer than arms. Phallus broad basally, distally tapered to a whip-like apex. Anterior spatulate part of hypandrium (hypandrial bridge) half as long as posterior hypandrial arms (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE (♂, CMNH #329.738) and 9 paratypes (1 ♀, 8 ♂, CMNH): DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Pedernales, 3.3km NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.75/lat 18.25)">Los Arroyos</a>, 18 º 15’N, 71 º 45’W, 1450m, 16–18.vii.1990, Wet montane forest, sweep samples, L. Masner, J. Rawlins, C. Young. OTHER PARATYPES: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Pedernales. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.63333/lat 18.15)">Upper Las Abejas</a>, 38km NW Cabo Rojo, 18 º 09’N, 71 º 38’W, 1350m, 22.vii.1990, mesic deciduous forest sweeping, L. Masner (2 ♂, 1 ♀, CMNH); as previous locality but 15.vii, L. Masner (1 ♀, CMNH); as previous locality but 16.vii.1987, R. Davidson and J. Rawlins (1 ♀, CMNH) Pedernales, 26km N Cabo Rojo, 18º 06’N, 71 º 38’W, 730m, 16.vii.1992, mesic deciduous forest with scattered pines, C. Young et al. (1 ♀, CMNH); Independencia, Sierra de Neiba just south of crest, 5km WNW Angel Feliz, 1780m, 18 º 41’N, 71 º 47’W, 13–15 Oct. 1991, cloud forest, J. Rawlins et al. (1 ♀, CMNH); Elias Piña. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.77533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.689" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.77533/lat 18.689)">Sierra de Neiba</a> 9.0 km WSW Hondo Valle, 18 º 41.34’N, 71 º 46.52’W, 1843m, 25.vi.2003, malaise trap in disturbed montane woods, J. Rawlins et al. (1 ♀, CMNH); Independencia, 30km NW La Descubierta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.77533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.689" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.77533/lat 18.689)">Sabana Real</a>, 1646m, cloud forest, carrion, 26.xi–6.xii.1991, S. and J. Peck (1 ♀, DEBU); RD-251 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.77533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.689" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.77533/lat 18.689)">Los</a> Tablones-La Laguna, P N Armando Bermudez, La Vega Prov, 1270–1980mm, 30.vi.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM); RD-211 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.77533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.689" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.77533/lat 18.689)">Upper Las Abejas</a>, P. N. Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales Prov, 1310m, 6.v.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM); RD-266 Las Abejas, P. N. Sierra de Bahoruco, Pedernales Prov, 1310m, 18˚ 09.011’N, 71˚58.37.342’W, 11.vii.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM)</p> <p>Comments. This species keys to H. perforatum in Hennig (1935), but H. perforatum has banded wings and does not have the dark part of the wing perforated by clear spots as in this species. Species with similarly patterned wings occur in the genera Cardiacephala Macquart and Planipeza Marshall, but do not appear elsewhere in Hoplocheiloma.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38970FFA6FF707E16FED8FE4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F3897EFFA4FF707D76FC2FFEC3.text	03F187F3897EFFA4FF707D76FC2FFEC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma jamaica Marshall 2011	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma jamaica new species</p> <p>Figs. 11, 12</p> <p>Body length 6mm. Wing length 5mm. General colour: Head orange with extensive white-pollinose areas including paracephala, postgena, parafacials and subantennal areas; face yellowish white, palest on ventral half; thorax mostly dark brown and silvery pruinose with sides of prothorax, postpronotum, and scutellum reddish brown; proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the proepisternal setae.</p> <p>Head: Frons longitudinally ridged, lower half elevated above eye with sides vertical; uniformly dull orange except for dark ocellar triangle, frontal vitta relatively pale but only weakly differentiated from indistinctly striate orbital strips; two small frontal setae, and large orbital, inner vertical and outer vertical setae. Ocellar triangle black. Clypeus uniformly pale orange with fine white setulae (denser on lateral portions), middle part with two stout setae inserted near anterior margin. Lunule narrow, face weakly sclerotized and pale, densely microsetulose. Palpus parallel-sided, ¾ as long as clypeus, with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum bare except for dense white microsetae covering all but the shining anterior margin. Notum otherwise dark brown dorsally, with postpronotum and scutellum lighter brown. Both sexes with an irregular row of minute acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, anterior dorsocentrals not enlarged in male, long and thin in female. One large (prescutellar) dorsocentral seta only. Notopleuron with large subequal anterior and posterior setae. Katepisternum with a prominent vertical row of black setae and a much weaker anterior row of fine scattered yellow setae; ventral apex of katepisternum with 3 long thick setae.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa with an indistinct pollinose appearance on anterior and posterior surfaces (created by fine white microsetulae), bare and yellowish elsewhere. Fore femur and tibia uniformly pale brown; tarsomeres one and two of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres brown; mid and hind legs yellowish brown except for a weak preapical dark band on the tibiae and white first tarsomeres.</p> <p>Wing: Basal band diffuse but almost entirely crossing the wing, discal band almost circular, extending from costa to CuA 1, preapical band narrow, extending from costa to M (Fig. 11), apical infuscation indistinct or absent. R 2+3 ending in line with or just basal to level of dm-cu (Fig. 11).</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergites 1–5 mostly bluish-black except for silvery microsetulose band along posterior margin, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae, anterior margin of male tergite 3 silvery. Tergite 6 silvery. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Pleuron black except for an oval white patch on segment 3, extending from tergal margin to ventrolateral part of abdomen. Oviscape silvery setulose laterally on basal half and dorsally on basal quarter, otherwise shining blackish brown with sparse small setae. Spermathecae broad, urn-shaped (only one specimen was dissected, in which the spermathecae and associated structures were coalesced into a tight mass of tissue that could not be teased apart).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron with boldly banded dark bands extending ventrally from each tergite and separated by white membrane, band of segment 2 at least twice as long as band of tergite 3, bands apparently encircling entire abdomen (both known males dessicated with pleuron of segments 1–2 largely concealed). Sternite 8 silvery, epandrium pale brown at base, otherwise yellow (Fig. 12). Genital fork prominent, longer than epandrium, base of fork longer than arms. Internal genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE (♂, USNM) and two paratypes (1 ♂, 1 ♀, USNM): JAMAICA: Trel Parish, ca 6kmN Quick Step, near Come Night Cave, 13 Dec.1975, Gary F. Hevel.</p> <p>Comments. Hoplocheiloma jamaica is the only species in the genus with a dark body and a circular discal wing band, and the only species with a dark body that lacks an apical wing band. Because the only known males of this species are the holotype and one paratype (both mounted on minuten pins) no male specimen was dissected and information about internal genitalia and the pleuron of abdominal segment two is not available. Furthermore, the spermathecae and associated ducts of the only dissected female were coalesced into a mass that could not be teased apart, so there are no data on female genitalia. That leaves the relationships of this species an open question and emphasizes the need for more collections of these island-restricted flies.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F3897EFFA4FF707D76FC2FFEC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F3897CFFA0FF707EE7FABDFD13.text	03F187F3897CFFA0FF707EE7FABDFD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma maculosum (Loew)	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma maculosum (Loew)</p> <p>Figs. 13–21</p> <p>Calobata maculosum Loew 1866:48.</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma notitipenne Cresson 1926: 272. New Synonym</p> <p>Body length 10–11mm. Wing length 6–7mm. Colour: Head orange. Thorax mostly blue-black with two contiguous silvery longitudinal notal stripes that swell and sometimes fuse just before the suture, break at the suture, and diverge and thicken posterior to the suture (posterior part teardrop-shaped, Fig. 15), postpronotum and most of propleuron orange (Fig. 13). Femora banded in dark brown and orange in addition to dark apex; dark banding sometimes taking up entire basal two thirds and sometimes restricted to bands (proximal and distal bands or just distal band); first two tarsomeres of foreleg and basal half of first tarsomere of hindleg white. Abdominal sclerites dark brown to black, tip of oviscape paler.</p> <p>Head: Frons uniformly dull orange with scattered black setulae, frontal vitta not clearly differentiated from orbital strips by color or texture but usually delineated by a groove; one small frontal seta, a larger orbital and large inner vertical and outer vertical setae. Ocellar triangle black. Clypeus uniformly pale orange, middle part with two stout setae and a few small setulae, clypeus covered with fine white setulae (denser on lateral portions) (Figs. 15, 16). Lunule with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale. Palpus about half as long as clypeus; almost parallel-sided, slightly upcurved, with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Both sexes with a uniform row of small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, female with 3–5 anterior dorsocentral setae enlarged and conspicuously thickened. One large dorsocentral seta only. Notopleuron with a large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta. Main vertical row of katepisternal setae black or dark brown with a much weaker anterior row of golden setae, ventral apex of katepisternum with two long thick setae and one long thin seta.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa densely covered with white microsetulae on anterior surface, bare and reddish brown on most of posterior surface. Fore femur and tibia dark brown to black, tibia with dense white microsetulae ventrally in distal third, tarsomere one and at least basal half of tarsomere two of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora usually mostly dark brown with one or two distal yellow preapical bands and a dark apex (but see notes on variation); mid and hind tibiae brown, first tarsomere of mid and hind legs pale, tarsomeres otherwise brown.</p> <p>Wing with a broad discal band with a deeply concave distal edge; preapical and stigmatal bands narrow, complete, and equal width; infuscated apical area large, clear area between narrow preapical band and apical infuscated area and clear area between discal and preapical bands with scalloped edges, seemingly made of three coalesced clear spots each (Fig. 14). R 2+3 ending slightly beyond plane of dm-cu.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite one shining blue-black, other tergites black to brown, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Abdominal pleuron of female with narrow very darkly pigmented bands extending down from tergites on dorsal halves, duller dark area of pleuron more extensively covering dorsal half (more on posterior segments). Tergite 7 with a prominent central pale and depressed area. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area that does not extend to dorsal part of oviscape. Paired spermathecae spherical and smooth, bases elongate and expanded from junction with duct; single spermatheca on a long duct, with a small bulbous base and an elongate, distally expanded body.</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron dark dorsally on segment 2, segment 3 with a narrow dark band extending entirely around abdomen, segments 4–6 with a single dark band that circles abdomen (abdominal membrane thus entirely dark behind segment 4). Pleural sac entirely absent. Epandrium yellow-brown, contrasting with darker pregenital segments. Genital fork long and narrow, arms strongly bowed, converging distally with entire inner surface covered with short, stout spines and outer distal surface setose; basal part of fork medially carinate, carina continuous with trough between fused basal halves of arms. Anterior part of hypandrium forming two long separate arms: distiphallus with basal and distal parts subequal, bulb small, distal part with duct narrow but with widened membranous apex.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE of H. maculosum (Loew) (♂, MCZ type #13327) “ Cuba; Gundlach” (from description; labels do not include locality, collector or date). The type itself was not examined, but the high quality photographs on the MCZ web site (http://insects.oeb.harvard.edu/mcz) include dorsal, lateral, head anterior, wing, and label images for this holotype; these match the Cuban specimens examined.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE of H. notitipenne Cresson: San Francisco Mountains, Sto Domingo (Dominican Republic), West Indies, ix.1905, A. Busck (♂, USNM # 27074).</p> <p>PARATYPE of H. notitipenne Cresson: as above but “29.8”, no accession number. HOLOTYPE of H. maculosum (Loew) (♂, MCZ type #13327) “ Cuba; Gundlach” (from description; labels do not include locality, collector or date). The type itself was not examined, but the high quality photographs on the MCZ web site (http:// insects.oeb.harvard.edu/mcz) include dorsal, lateral, head anterior, wing, and label images for this holotype; these match the Cuban specimens examined.</p> <p>HOLOTYPE of H. notitipenne Cresson: San Francisco Mountains, Sto Domingo (Dominican Republic), West Indies, ix.1905, A. Busck (♂, USNM # 27074).</p> <p>PARATYPE of H. notitipenne Cresson: as above but “29.8”, no accession</p> <p>Other material examined. CUBA: Barrio Nuevo, La Bayamesa, rainforest, 3–4 Feb 2004, J. L. Fernandez debu00262925 (♀, DEBU Barcode DNA voucher specimen DEBU _0540); Hisclavio Pinarito 1.5km NNW Pinar, Rodanda Mala, Mojagua forest, yellow pan, 28.05.05, B. Lauranzon (♀, DEBU Barcode DNA voucher specimen DEBU _0541).(note Cuban specimens have paler legs than most Dominican Republic specimens); ??”SantD1”, Banos, Cuba (older label, no date or collector; second label “ Calobata maculosum Loew ” (1 ♂, USNM). DOMIN- ICAN REPUBLIC: Puerto Plata, rural area near city, 20–27.xii.2003, S.M. Paiero (1 ♂, debu00251850, Barcode DNA voucher specimen DEBU _0543); Bonao, coffee plantation, 14.i.1989, S.A. Marshall (2 ♀, DEBU); near Cabo Rojo, Alcoa Road Km 26, 17–20.i.1989, S.A. Marshall (1 ♀, DEBU); as above but km23, dry premontane forest, 20.i.1989, S.A. Marshall (Barcode DNA voucher specimen DEBU _0542); La Cienaga, 1000m, malaise trap, 11–13.i.1989, S.A. Marshall and J. Swann (1 ♀, DEBU); La Cienaga, near first refugium on Pico Duarte trail, 14.i.1989, S.A. Marshall (1 ♂, DEBU, Barcode DNA voucher specimen DEBU _0542); Altagracia 22.xii.66, L.H. Rolston (1 ♀, CNCI, labeled “ Hoplocheiloma ferrugatum det L. Albuquerque ”); Hato Mayor, Parque Los Haitises, near Cueva de Arena, 19-04N, 69–28W, 10m, 7.vii.1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, coastal vegetation on limestone (2 ♂, 2 ♀, CMNH); Pedernales, 23.5km N Cabo Rojo, 18–06N, 71–38W, 540m, 19– 25.vii.1990, L. Masner, J. Rawlins, C. Young, deciduous forest intercept trap (1 ♀, CMNH); 26km N Cabo Rojo, 730m, 19–25.vii.1990, L. Masner et al., intercept trap (1 ♀, CMNH); Pedernales Province, Las Abejas cloud forest, 17.i.1989, L. Masner (♂, CNCI). Duarte, Reserva Loma Quita Espuela El Cadillar, 6.6km NE San Francisco de Macoris, 5 Iv 04, Davidson, Rawlins, Young, UV light sample 50313; Santo Domingo, Sierra Prieta, La Bomba, 24.vi.2004, R. Bastardo (1 ♀, USNM); Santiago, Juncalito, 1000m, 3–4.xi.2007, D. Perez (2 ♀, USNM); La Vega, Parque Nac. A. Bermudez, La Cienaga-Los Tablones, 16.viii.2006, D. Perez (3 ♂, USNM); RD-250 La Cienaga – Los Tablones, P.N. Armando Bermudez, 110–1270m, 19˚04.044’N70˚51.789’W, 29.vi.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM); RD-275, La Cienaga-Los Tablones, P.N. Armando Bermudez, 9˚04.044’N70˚51.789’W, 17.vii.2003, D. Perez (1 ♂, 3 ♀, USNM); Pedernales, 0.7km N Cruce Aguas Negras – Mencia, 17.viii.2006, D. Perez, R. Bastardo (1 ♂, USNM); Pasosena, on road to Los Arroyos, 69m, 18˚04.829’N71˚44.091’W, 17.viii.2006, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM); Santiago Prov., RD-248 Entrance to Sabana Iglesia, 372m, 19˚20.196’N70˚45.483’W, 29.iv.2003, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM); Santiago Prov., RD-246 Road Rincon de Piedra-Mata Grande, near bridge on Bao River, 770m, 19˚12.822’N70˚57.709’W, 28.iv.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM); Puerta Plata prov, RD-221 – 8km S Bombita, P. N. El Choco, beside karst mogote, 144m, 19˚43.249’N70˚28.216’W, 14.iv.2003, D. Perez et al. (1 ♂, USNM); RD-209, Ocoa, 19km NE Ocoa, on road to Rancho Arriba, 720m, 18˚39.003’N70˚27.849’W, 3.iv.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM); Peravia Prov., Matadero, nr. Aqueduct, 455m, 18˚24.129’N70˚25.277’W, 29.iv.2003, D. Perez et al. (2 ♀, USNM).</p> <p>Notes. Cresson (1926) described Hoplocheiloma notitipenne from the Dominican Republic and Loew (1866) described H. maculosum from Cuba. Hennig (1935) suggested that these two species were probably synonyms, but there is no indication that he saw the types of either species and he did not include H. notitipenne in his key. Hennig’s key separates H. maculosum from H. grata (a Wulp species that does not belong in Hoplocheiloma) by its relatively black head, information apparently used by Albuquerque (1986) to write a key to Hoplocheiloma in which the only character used to separate maculosum from notitipenne was head color (maculosum with a black head, notitipenne with a reddish brown head). Since Loew clearly described maculosum as having a reddish head and I know of no Cuban Hoplocheiloma specimen (or any other Hoplocheiloma specimen) with a black head, this couplet is probably an error. As noted in the material examined, two Cuban specimens and three Hispaniolan specimens of this species were “barcoded” for Cytochromome oxidase 1 sequences, however neither Cuban specimens (collected in 2004 and 2005) yielded any DNA. The Hispaniolan specimens were identical. New material is needed to see if molecular characters support the conspecificity of Cuban and Hispaniolan H. maculosum.</p> <p>Variation. All of the Cuban specimens examined here have the base of the hind femur pale (as on the type and as in Fig. 13), and most of the Dominican Republic specimens have the basal half of the hind femur dark (Fig. 14). Femur color, however, is highly variable in Hoplocheiloma and some Dominican Republic specimens are identical in femoral color to the Cuban specimens. I can find no other differences between Cuban and Hispaniolan specimens, and therefore follow Hennig’s tentative opinion that H. notitipenne is a junior synonym of H. maculosum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F3897CFFA0FF707EE7FABDFD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38978FFBEFF707C37FEABF91A.text	03F187F38978FFBEFF707C37FEABF91A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma perforatum (Enderlein)	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma perforatum (Enderlein)</p> <p>Figs. 22–26</p> <p>Tanypoda perforatum Enderlein 1922, 202.</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma perforatum (Enderlein), Hennig 1935: 57.</p> <p>Body length 6–8mm. Wing length 4–7mm. General colour: Most of head and thorax reddish brown but with extensive pollinose areas; face yellowish white but usually with a distinct black transverse band along lower margin; proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the long, golden ventral proepisternal setae. Abdominal tergites dark brown to blue-black.</p> <p>Head: Frons orange-brown, darker at anterior margin and upper parts of orbital strips, frontal vitta broad, dull (microsetulose) and tapered anteriorly; orbital strips subshining; two very small frontal setae as well as large orbital, inner vertical and outer vertical setae. Ocellar triangle black. Clypeus uniformly pale orange, middle part with two stout setae and a few small setulae, clypeus covered with fine white setulae (denser on lateral portions). Lunule with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale except for dark lower margin (often forming a distinct narrow black transverse band), densely microsetulose. Palpus small, half as long as clypeus; almost parallel-sided, with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Notum orange with a distinct silvery presutural pattern forming an anchor shape (longitudinal anterior part connected to a posterior transverse band) and two distinct silvery postsutural spots. Both sexes with a uniform row of small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, 1–3 anterior dorsocentral setae usually enlarged, much longer and slightly thicker than other setae, one large prescutellar dorsocentral seta only. Notopleuron with a large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta. Main vertical row of katepisternal setae black or dark brown with a much weaker anterior row of golden setae, ventral apex of katepisternum with two long thick seta and one long thin seta.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa conspicuously white on anterior surface due to dense white microsetulae, bare and dark reddish brown elsewhere. Fore femur and tibia dark brown to black, tibia with dense white microsetulae ventrally on distal third, tarsomere one and basal half of tarsomere two of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora mostly dark brown with one or two distal yellow preapical bands and a dark apex; mid and hind tibiae brown, first tarsomere of mid and hind legs white, tarsomeres otherwise black.</p> <p>Wing: Broad discal band with a straight or slightly concave distal edge; preapical and stigmatal bands narrow, complete, parallel-sided; apical infuscation large; clear area between narrow preapical band and apical infuscation sometimes complete and sometimes surrounded by infuscated area. R 2+3 ending at or very slightly beyond plane of dm-cu.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite one brown, other tergites black, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Abdominal pleuron of female darkly pigmented on dorsal part of segments 2–4 and then dark area abruptly more extensive, encircling segments 5 and 6. Tergite 7 with a prominent central pale and depressed area. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area that broadly encircles base of oviscape. Pleuron of segment three with conspicuously long setae. Single spermatheca elongate, slightly wider than duct; paired spermathecae with elongate, contorted bases and spherical, apically invaginated heads.</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron dark dorsally on segment 2, segment 3 with a narrow dark band extending halfway around abdomen, segments 4–6 with a single dark band that circles abdomen (abdominal membrane thus entirely dark behind segment 4). Pleural sac absent, pleuron without bulging area. Epandrium yellow-brown, contrasting with darker pregenital segments. Genital fork long and narrow, arms strongly bowed, converging distally with entire inner surface covered with short, stout spines; basal part of fork medially carinate, carina continuous with trough between fused basal halves of arms. Anterior part of hypandrium forming two long separate arms; distiphallus with basal and distal parts subequal, bulb small and between arms of the relatively broad basal part, distal part with duct narrow with apex tapered. Aedagal apodeme wide and scoop-like distally.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE (unique, ♂, ZMHU; examined and photographed): “ Brasil ” (handwritten green label) “Kat.-Nr. 4704”.</p> <p>Other material examined. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Puerto Plata, rural area near city, 20–27.xii.2003, S.M. Paiero, debu00251849,51 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, DEBU); Puerto Plata, beach/forest edge, 20–27.xii.2003, S.M. Paiero, debu 00241777 (♀, DEBU); Santo Domingo, 21.vii.1967 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CNCI; labeled Hoplocheiloma notitipenne det L. Albuquerque); La Altagracia, 2kmN Bayahibe, 18– 23N. 68–51W, 10m, 3.vii.1992, on limestone, C. Young et al. (1 ♂, CMNH 329.187); Azua, Padre las Casas, 500m, 18.viii.1980, A. Norrbom (1 ♀, CMNH 320.242); RD-229 2km road to San Juan, near bridge on Viajama River, Azua Prov, 294m, 18˚ 35.245’N70˚58.058.085’W, 20.iv.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM); RD-222 2km S road to San Juan-Nagua, near Rio Piedras, Espaillat Prov, 41m, 19˚ 36.650’N70˚511.058.753’W, 15.iv.2004, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM); RD-198 Matadero, start of hills, Peravia Prov, 450m, 18˚24.464’N70˚25.736’W, 14.iv.2003, D. Perez et al. (1 ♀, USNM).</p> <p>Comments. The unique type of this species is labeled only “ Brasil ”. The collector is unknown, but since few of the late 19 th century collectors were known to visit Dominican Republic and Brazil on the same trips this is unlikely to be a labeling error. It is remotely possible that Hoplocheiloma individuals were at some point moved from the Dominican Republic, perhaps with the slave trade in the early 19 th century, perhaps forming temporary and localized populations from which this type was collected. Hoplocheiloma specimens are unknown from recent Brazilian collections, so the apparent Brazilian origin of the type of H. perforatum is an enigma that points to the need for new collections of Micropezidae from Brazil. A review of neotropical Taeniapterinae prepared as a PhD thesis by the Brazilian student L. Albuquerque (1986) mentions the examination of only one specimen of the genus from anywhere in Central or South America, a “ Hoplocheiloma perforatum ” from “ Nicaragua, Alta Gracia, 22.xii.1966, R.H. Holston” and deposited in the CNCI. This specimen is undoubtedly the specimen of H. maculosum currently in the CNCI with three labels, one label that reads “Altagracia D.R22xii66”, one label that reads “L.H. Holston Collector”, and one label that reads “ Hoplocheiloma ferrugatum Hennig 1935 femea det. L. Albuquerque”. This specimen is certainly from the Dominican Republic, not Nicaragua, and there is thus no evidence (other than the problematic holotype of H. perforatum) that any Hoplocheiloma species occur in Central or South America.</p> <p>Although Hoplocheiloma perforatum does occur in the Dominican Republic, earlier records of this species need to be reconsidered since the Dominican Republic species that most readily keys to H. perforatum in Hennig is an undescribed species, here named H. hispaniola new species. This species has 8–9 discrete pale spots on the otherwise brown distal half of the wing, with the spots widely separated, and with spots both in cell dm and to either side of 4+ 5 in a large brown area above cell dm. Hoplocheiloma hispaniola differs from other Hoplocheiloma species in several other characters, including the loss of orbital and vertical setae.</p> <p>The type of H. perforatum has 7 pale wing spots, 6 of which are in two rows of three large closely spaced spots, together forming hyaline bands much like the wing pattern of H. maculosum. The seventh spot is in cell dm, just basal to crossvein dm-cu. A similar seventh spot occurs to varying degrees in some specimens of H. maculosum, which can thus have the same wing pattern as the H. perforatum holotype. There is no doubt, however, that H. perforatum and H. maculosum are different species. The most obvious and consistent differences between H. maculosum and H. perforatum are color characters (maculosum has a black thorax; perforatum has a brown thorax) but they also differ widely in male and female terminalia (pollinosity of the oviscape, spermathecal shape, phallus structure and dimensions of the hypandrium).</p> <p>The unique type of H. perforatum has its notal pattern entirely concealed by the pin, but it is undoubtedly a Hoplocheiloma (clypeal setae clearly visible) and, with the exception of the wing spot mentioned above, it agrees with the characters of the 11 specimens considered here from the Dominican Republic. New specimens from Brazil are necessary to test the hypotheses, tentatively accepted here, that the Dominican Republic specimens are conspecific with the type.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38978FFBEFF707C37FEABF91A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38966FFBCFF70785DFE5FFAE2.text	03F187F38966FFBCFF70785DFE5FFAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma rhytisma Marshall 2011	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma rhytisma new species</p> <p>Figs. 27–30</p> <p>Body length 6–8mm. Wing length 6–7mm. General colour: Head and most of thorax orange, posterodorsal part of katepisternum and posterior margin of anepisternum with large silvery-grey patches, proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the long, golden ventral proepisternal setae.</p> <p>Head: Frons uniformly orange, frontal vitta broad, dull (microsetulose) and slightly tapered anteriorly; orbital strips subshining; two small frontal setae, a larger orbital and inner and outer vertical setae. Ocellar triangle orange. Clypeus pale yellow-orange, middle part with two stout setae and a few small setulae, posterolateral portions of clypeus densely covered with fine white setulae. Lunule with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale, densely microsetulose. Palpi well developed, about 0.8 as long as clypeus in lateral view, almost parallelsided, slightly expanded apically, with only small setae. Mentum strongly setose. Arista yellow basally, black distally.</p> <p>Thorax: Both sexes with a uniform row of small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, anterior dorsocentral setae not enlarged or thickened; one large prescutellar dorsocentral seta only. Notopleuron with a single large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta. Vertical rows of katepisternal setae golden, ventral apex of katepisternum with 2–3 long thick setae.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa silvery pruinose and densely covered with white microsetulae on anterior surface, bare and reddish brown on most of posterior surface. Fore femur mostly brown with broad but sometimes diffuse basal and preapical yellow bands. Fore tibia black, tarsomere one of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora mostly orange-brown with a narrow distal dark band, mid and hind tibiae black, basal two thirds of first tarsomere of mid and hind legs white, tarsomeres otherwise black.</p> <p>Wing with a distinct circular discal spot, a smaller preapical band crossing R 4+5 and M, and a small indistinct stigmatal spot; otherwise clear (Fig. 27). R 2+3 ending far beyond plane of dm-cu, extending beyond dm-cu by approximately the length of the crossvein (Fig. 27).</p> <p>Abdomen: Abdominal pleuron of both sexes darkly pigmented except for pale mid ventral area and pale bulge on segment two of male. Tergite one brown, other tergites black, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Tergite 7 with a prominent central pale area. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area that is penetrated by a dorsomedial shining strip. Single spermatheca very elongate on an elongate duct as long as the paired spermathecal duct; paired spermathecae small and spherical with a very long, multiply convoluted base (Fig. 28).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron two with an elongate-oval setose pleural sac (Fig. 29). Epandrium yellow, contrasting with black pregenital segments. Genital fork long and narrow, arms converging distally with entire inner surface covered with short, stout spines; basal part of fork medially carinate, carina continuous with trough between fused basal halves of arms. Hypandrium with anterior arms fused into a scoop-shaped sclerite. Distiphallus with long, relatively broad base; distal part half as long as basal part, tapered to a point (Fig. 30). Apex of aedeagal apodeme narrow.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE (♂, MTEC) and 3 paratypes (1 ♂, 2 ♀, MTEC): MONTSERRAT: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.21583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.765167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.21583/lat 16.765167)">Cassava Ghaut</a>, Beattie House, 16º45.91’N 62º12.95’W, 011- 23.iii.2002, A. Krakower, u. v. light. OTHER PARATYPES: MONTSERRAT: Cassava Ghaut, Beattie House, 13-13.January.2002, at light, M. A. Ivie and K. Marske (1 ♂, MTEC); Cedar Ghaut, 04.viii.2005, G. Martinson, D. Hughley, yellow pan trap (1 ♀, MTEC); Woodlands Riverside House, 140’, 10-12.January.2002, Ivie, Marske, Puliafico (1 ♀, MTEC); Centre Hills N.E. of Fleming Spring Ghaut, 750’, 19.vi.2000, M. Ivie and K. Guerrero (1 ♀, MTEC).</p> <p>Comments. Hoplocheiloma rhytisma can be distinguished from the closely related H. dominica (endemic to Dominica) by its more extensive discal wing spot, which extends to R 2+3.</p> <p>Etymology. From the Greek rhytisma (n.) for “patch”, referring to the silvery-grey patches on the katepisternum and anepisternum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38966FFBCFF70785DFE5FFAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38964FFBBFF707A02FDF1FE2E.text	03F187F38964FFBBFF707A02FDF1FE2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma totliana (Gmelin 1790) Gmelin, 1790: 2850	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma totliana Gmelin</p> <p>Figs. 31–35</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma totliana Gmelin, 1790: 2850. nom. nov. for Musca fasciata Fabricius 1775 (preoccupied Meuller 1764; see Thompson and Pont 1993).</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma fabricii Steyskal, 1968: 9; 1775. nom. nov. for Musca fasciata Fabricius 1775. New synonym.</p> <p>Hoplocheiloma fasciata (Fabricius), Hennig 1935: 55 (key, diagnosis)</p> <p>Body length 7–10mm. Wing length 7–8mm. General colour: Most of head and thorax orange; face yellowish white; proepisternum with a transverse black band just above the long, golden ventral proepisternal setae. Abdominal tergite 1 brown, other tergites darker; depression between fused tergites 1 and 2 black.</p> <p>Head: Frons uniformly orange except dark brown or black ocellar triangle, frontal vitta broad, dull (microsetulose) and slightly tapered anteriorly; orbital strips subshining; two small frontal setae, a larger orbital and large inner vertical and outer vertical setae. Clypeus uniformly pale orange laterally, middle part with two stout setae and a few small setulae, lateral portions of clypeus covered with fine white setulae. Lunule with a few scattered black setulae, face weakly sclerotized and pale except for dark lower margin (often forming a distinct narrow black transverse band), densely microsetulose. Palpi small, half as long as clypeus; almost parallel-sided, with evenly spaced small black setae. Mentum strongly setose.</p> <p>Thorax: Pronotum orange except for two distinct black marks along anterior margin. Mesonotum orange with an indistinct presutural silvery transverse band and two indistinct silvery postsutural spots. Both sexes with a uniform row of small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, 1–3 anterior dorsocentral setae usually enlarged, longer than other setae but not conspicuously thickened. Notopleuron with a single large posterior seta and a smaller anterior seta. One large prescutellar dorsal seta only. Main vertical row of katepisternal setae black or dark brown with a weaker anterior row of golden setae, ventral apex of katepisternum with two long thick setae and one or more long thin seta.</p> <p>Legs: Fore coxa densely covered with white microsetulae on anterior surface, bare and reddish brown on most of posterior surface. Fore femur and tibia dark brown to black, tibia with dense white microsetulae ventrally in distal third, tarsomere one and basal half of tarsomere two of foreleg white, other fore tarsomeres black; mid and hind femora mostly yellowish brown (basal half varies from brown to yellowish brown) with a narrow distal dark preapical band and a dark apex; mid and hind tibiae brown, basal two thirds of first tarsomere of mid and hind legs white, tarsomeres otherwise black.</p> <p>Wing with a broad discal band with a straight or convex distal edge and similar narrow, parallel-sided preapical and stigmatal bands (reaching anterior margin of wing and usually crossing entire wing although weaker posteriorly) and a very small infuscated apical area; otherwise clear. R 2+3 ending at or very slightly beyond plane of dm-cu.</p> <p>Abdomen: Tergite one pale brown, other tergites darker, tergites 1 and 2 fused but delineated by a band of silvery microsetulae. Tergite 2 weakly excavated along posterior margin, with dark posterolateral corners (dark pigment extending on to intersegmental membrane). Tergite three darker than other tergites, blue black at least basomedially, and normally elevated posteriorly and projecting over tergite 4.</p> <p>Tergite 1 with long pale lateral and dorsolateral setae, other tergites with small black setulae only.</p> <p>Female abdomen: Pleuron darkly pigmented on dorsal part of segments 2–4, dark area progressively more extensive posteriorly such that the pale area of segments 2–6 appears circular with the posterior margin of the sphere closed by a dark segment 6 and the anterior portion mostly open (Fig. 35). Tergite 7 with a prominent central pale and depressed area. Oviscape shining except for basal silvery white densely microsetulose area broadly encircling base of oviscape (Fig. 34). Single spermatheca with a very elongate body on a very short base separated from thick duct by a spherical swelling. Paired spermathecae cylindrical with bodies slightly tapered and distinctly invaginated at apex; bases very elongate, thick, abruptly narrowed at junction with duct; duct thick, with an apical swelling between duct and constricted part of spermathecal base (Fig. 32).</p> <p>Male abdomen: Pleuron with dark areas of segment 5 extending continuously to genital fork, dark areas of segments 2 and 3 narrow, extending down from tergites and separated by wide pale areas (this pattern hard to discern on most pinned specimens). Pleuron without any conspicuous weakened areas or swellings (ie, bulging dome or pleural sac of segment two absent). Epandrium yellow, contrasting with black pregenital segments. Genital fork long and narrow, arms converging distally with entire inner surface covered with short, stout spines; basal part of fork medially carinate, carina continuous with trough between fused basal halves of arms. Hypandrial arms fused anteriorly to form a short bridge. Distiphallus with basal part relatively short and broad, distinctly shorter than distal part; distal part with a broad, parallel-sided transparent shell abruptly ending just before narrow, pointed apex (Fig. 31).</p> <p>Type material. The Fabricius type (type locality “ West Indies) was not examined. Hennig’s (1935) concept of this species seems unproblematic and was followed here.</p> <p>Other material examined. CUBA: Santiago de Cuba, Botanical Gardens, xi.2005, S.A. Marshall (2 ♀, in 95% alcohol, DEBU); Gran Piedra, pan traps behind biological station, 23.xi.2005, S.A. Marshall (1 ♂, DEBU); nr. Victoria de las Tunas, 18.vi.1950, Berg and Link (1 ♀, USNM). BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS: Guana Island, 0–80m, 13–26.vii.1986, S.A. Miller and M.G. Pogue (1 ♀, USNM). JAMAICA: (two ♂, no further data, USNM); Try, Duncans, 23.viii.1966, Howden and Becker (one ♀, CNCI). PUERTO RICO: on human manure, August Busk (3 ♂, 2 ♀, USNM); San Juan, 10.vii, 19.x and 26.vi.1953, B.B. Sugarman (4 ♂, USNM); finca Ferguson, nr Mt. El Yunque, 4.iv.1972, L. Knutson (1 ♂, USNM). SABA: Booby Hill, 22.iii.1968, R.S. Miller (1 ♀, MTEC). SAINT BARTHELEMY: 29.vii.1981, R.S. Miller (1 ♂, MTEC). SAINT MARTIN: Paradise Peak, 11.ii.1978, S.A. Marshall (one ♀ without an abdomen, CNCI, labeled “ H. fabricii det Albuquerque” and “female 14”. This is presumably the specimen used to illustrate H. fabricii female terminalia in Albuquerque (1986), returned to CNC without an abdomen). U. S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: Saint Thomas. 25.xi.1966, Tallia-Muncie (1 ♂, USNM); intercepted on plane from St. Kitts, 11.x.1962 (1 ♂, USNM); Frenchman Bay Estate, 01 and 25.v.1978, 09.ix.1978, 10 and 12.x.1978, M. Ivie (3 ♀, MTEC); College of the V.I., M. Ivie (1 ♀, MTEC), Buck Island Reef N.M., FIT, 340’, Z. Hillis (1 ♀, MTEC). TORTOLA: 18–19.viii.1982, R.S. Miller (1 ♀, MTEC). SAINT CROIX: 9.iv.1995, E. McCord, 75-6587 (1 ♀, USNM). UNITED STATES: Florida. Collier Co., Seminole State Park, 28.xii.1978, S.A. Marshall (1 ♂, DEBU); Miami via San Juan, PR and Camaguey, Cuba, ex plane, 14.ii.1946 (1 ♂, USNM); Royal Palm Park, 22.iv.1930, 28.iv.1930, A.L. Melander (1 ♀, 1 ♂ USNM);</p> <p>Comments. Hoplocheiloma totliana is apparently widespread in the Caribbean basin, probably secondarily so because of synanthropic habits (it is associated with human dung and has twice been intercepted in airplanes). The orange body combined with the distinctive wing venation (a fat discal band between similar narrow stigmatal and preapical bands) render it distinctive despite considerable variation in size and thoracic chaetotaxy. Hennig (1935) recorded this species (as H. fasciata) from Florida, Cuba, Jamaica and Brazil, with the latter record based on one specimen from the Winthem collection (Vienna). I have been unable to relocate that specimen and all recent records of H. totliana are Caribbean.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38964FFBBFF707A02FDF1FE2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
03F187F38963FFBBFF707D1EFDC9FBEC.text	03F187F38963FFBBFF707D1EFDC9FBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplocheiloma macropyga (Frey)	<div><p>Hoplocheiloma macropyga (Frey)</p> <p>Hennig treated Gymnosphen Frey, a monotypic genus erected for G. macropyga Frey, as a synonym of Hoplocheiloma because he considered the generic descriptions used by Frey for Gymnosphen and by Cresson for Hoplocheiloma to be the same. In fact, the only reliable diagnostic feature for the genus (the clypeal setae) is not mentioned in Frey’s description of Gymnosphen, and Hennig apparently did not see the type of Frey’s species. He provides neither diagnosis nor comments on the species, merely citing Frey and apparently including the species in his key to species on the basis of Frey’s description.</p> <p>Gymnosphen macropyga was described on the basis of a unique specimen from Brazil, deposited in the Finnish Natural History Museum, Helsinki. Photographs of the holotype, kindly provided by Dr. G. Ståhls, show very clearly that the clypeus lacks setae. This species is provisionally moved to Calosphen pending review of the Rainieria / Calosphen group of genera.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187F38963FFBBFF707D1EFDC9FBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marshall, S. A.	Marshall, S. A. (2011): A review of the genus Hoplocheiloma Cresson (Diptera: Micropezidae). Zootaxa 2806 (1): 1-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2806.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2806.1.1
