taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F15630FFD4FF83FF34BB99E5D9FE99.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body scaleless, except for the lateral line covered by a single row of scales; luminescent duct present, originating from below opercle and divided into two branches immediately; a light organ (black papilla) in front of eye; a luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit in some species; DFO well behind VFO; ventral adipose fin well developed between anus and anal fin; dorsal-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 32 – 43; pelvic-fin rays 9; vertebrae: prehaemal 28 – 35, predorsal 36 – 46, caudal 52 – 66, and total 82 – 98. Dorsal surface light grayish, chromatophores cover upper fourth or fifth of body, head and caudal region. Ventral ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins variously with pigment.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD4FF83FF34BB99E5D9FE99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lestrolepis currently includes four species, Ll. Japonica from western Pacific Ocean, Ll. intermedia from western central Atlantic Ocean, Ll. pofi from Indo-Pacific ocean (including Hawaii) and Ll. nigroventralis sp. nov. from the western Pacific. Although the genus previously included Lestrolepis luetkeni (Ege, 1933), as a senior synonym of Ll. Pofi, this species is now recognized as a member of Lestidiops (Ho & Golani, 2019).	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	description	Figures 1 A – C, 2 A – D, 3 A; Tables 1 – 8 Lestrolepis intermedia (non Poey, 1868): Chen & Yu, 1986: 324.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NMMB-P 28481 (1, 234), off Dong-gang, Pingtung, southwestern Taiwan, South China Sea, midwater trawl, 0 – 50 m, 30 Jan. 2018 [from bycatch]. Paratypes. Forty-three specimens, 134 – 244 mm SL. Collected from off Dong-gang, near the type local- ity: KAUM – I. 125204 – 125206 (3, 180 – 185), 27 Mar. 2018. NMMB-P 18105 (2, 220 – 240, stained), 4 Jan. 2013. NMMB-P 24635 (1, 238), 12 Oct. 2011. NMMB-P 24718 (2, 183 – 249, stained), 11 Oct. 2016. NMMB-P 25563 (1, 180, stained), 4 Feb. 2016. NMMB-P 25564 (1, 184), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 25565 (1, 230), 10 Jan. 2017. NMMB- P 27930 (1, 244), NMMB-P 27933 (17, 148 – 197), NMMB-P 27935 (5, 180 – 235), NMMB-P 27940 (1, 231), NMMB- P 27941 (1, 228), NMMB-P 30790 (4, 177 – 237, stained), Dong-gang, 6 Dec. 2017. Japan. NSMT-P 48916 (1, 167), south of Sagami Bay, Honshu, southern Japan, 4 Nov, 1995. NSMT-P 65466 (1, 134), 36 ° 53.76 ’ N, 141 ° 33.7 ’ E, Pacific coast off Ibaraki, Honshu, southern Japan, 459 – 530 m, ottet trawl, 20 Oct. 2002. NSMT-P 67598 (1, 230), 28 ° 59.87 ’ N, 127 ° 9.35 ’ E, Each China Sea, 350 m, otter trawl, 5 Nov. 2003. Non-types. Collected from near the type locality: NMMB-P 26455 (1, 185), 20 Jun. 2017. NMMB-P 27929 (3, 180 – 234), 16 Jul. 2017. NMMB-P 30803 (18, 102 – 192), 27 Mar. 2018. Collected from off Japan: NSMT-P 13816 (2, 144 – 153), off Kanbara, Shizuoka City, Honshu, Suruga Bay, southern Japan, 17 Nov. 1968. NSMT-P 48931 (1, 154), off Pacific cost of Tohoku District, Honshu, southern Japan, 5 Nov. 1995. NSMT-P 65464 (1, 181), 37 ° 45.9 ’ N, 142 ° 9.53 ’ E, Pacific coast off Fukushima, Honshu, Japan, 647 – 676 m, otter trawl, 19 Oct. 2002. NSMT-P 67563 (1, 145), 31 ° 20.65 ’ N, 128 ° 10.88 ’ E, East China Sea, 392 m, otter trawl, 8 Nov. 2003. NSMT-P 91547 (1, 164 +), 38 ° 21.5 ’ N, 141 ° 56,4 ’ E, Pacific coast off Miyagi, Honshu, southern Japan, 280 m, trawl, 23 Oct. 2007. NSMT- P 102802 (1, 169), 36 ° 58.44 ’ N, 141 ° 25.72 ’ E, off Fukushima, Honshu, southern Japan, 251 – 252 m, otter trawl, 26 Oct. 2006.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Lestrolepis with relatively slender body, body depth 15 – 19 times in SL; DFO at about midline of V – A, V – D 46.8 – 55.0 % of V – A; VFO at or slightly behind midline of the fish, prepelvic length 50.6 – 53.2 % SL; vertebrae: prehaemal 32 – 35, prepelvic 33 – 35, preanal 53 – 57, caudal 60 – 66, and total 94 – 98; lateral-line scales 75 – 81; and abdomen ridge with broad black margin.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	description	Description. Dorsal-fin rays 9; pectoral-fin rays 12 – 13; pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 41 – 43. Lateral line incomplete, running to above middle of anal-fin base; 33 – 36 scales before VFO, 43 – 46 before DFO, 53 – 57 before AFO, 75 – 81 in total, 69 – 74 large scales followed by 4 – 11 smaller ones. Vertebrae: prehaemal 32 – 35; prepelvic 33 – 35; predorsal 43 – 46; preanal 53 – 57; caudal 60 – 66; and total 94 – 98. Gill rakers: 8 – 13 on upper limb (epibran- chial) and 23 – 30 on lower limb (13 – 16 on ceratobranchial + 9 – 14 on hypobranchial). Body elongate and slender, strongly compressed, depth at pectoral fin 15 – 19 in SL. Caudal peduncle shorter than eye diameter. Abdomen ridge well-developed, with narrow adipose fin between pectoral and pelvic fins; ventral adipose fin well developed along margin between anus and anal fin. Head moderately long and pointed, slightly triangular; its length 4.8 – 5.3 in SL. Mouth terminal, moderately large, its gape extends to middle of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned at tip. Eye large, its diameter 5.8 – 6.8 in HL. A black antorbital light organ in front of eye; a short luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit (inner side of first and second infraorbitals). Snout moderately long, its length 1.8 – 1.9 in HL. Seven infraorbital bones, the first slen- der, the fifth and sixth not especially expanded, the last small. Interorbital space narrow, its width 9.0 – 10.6 in HL. Four gill arches, all with gill filaments. The third and fourth arches mostly connected by membranes. Pseudobranch present, inside a deep pocket. DFO well behind pelvic fin and middle of body, and at about middle of VFO and AFO, predorsal length 1.6 in SL. Pectoral fin at same level of posterior margin of gill cover, its upper base at about same level of lower margin of eye. VFO at or slightly behind middle of body, prepelvic fin 1.9 – 2.0 in SL. AFO at posterior third to fourth of body, preanal fin length 1.3 – 1.4 in SL. Anal-fin base long. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Anus behind pelvic-fin base, at about tip of the appresed pelvic fin. Two or three small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of small retrose teeth along upper jaw, gradually smaller on posterior portion. Vomerine teeth absence. Two rows of fangs on lower jaw, gradually smaller posteriorly, those in outer row short and fixed; those in inner row long, each with a knife-like tip, and depressible. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, those on outer row smaller than those on inner row. Teeth on tongue small and scattered, one row on each side. Gill rakers present on epibranchials, ceratobanchials and hypobanchials; shield shape, each with 1 – 3 small teeth. Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales originating from above pectoral-fin girdle and running to about one-sixth of SL before caudal fin. Lateral-line scales slightly higher than its width, gradually smaller and becoming narrower posteriorly; 3 or 4 pores on each side of lateral-line scales before dorsal fin. Luminescent duct well developed at ventral abdomen cavity, originating from below opercle and divided into two branches from its origin to anus. Coloration. Body translucent when fresh, creamy white when preserved. Chromatophores present around the orbital, frontal, and nape regions; fine black stripes on cheek. Anterior three-fourths of upper jaw and entire lower jaw covered with dense chromatophores. Upper fourth of body with dense grayish chromatophores, not extending downward to lateral line ventrally. No chromatophores on lateral-line. Bases of dorsal-, pelvic-, and anal- fin rays with black pigments. Scattered chromatophores on upper rays of pectoral fin, absent on the rest rays. Broad black margins on abdomen ridge. Lateral sides of tail (behind anus) mostly blackish in specimen> 200 mm. Surface of cleithrum blackish; gill chamber, tongue, gill arches, and inner side of gill cover blackish. Scattered black chromatophores on branchiostegeal rays; branchiostegal membranes clear without pigments. Size. A small species with adults reaching 249 mm SL.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name is derived from niger, means black and ventral means lower part of body, in referring the broad margin on abdomen ridge.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Taiwan and Japan; maybe widespread in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In Taiwan, most specimens were collected by midwater trawl together with Sakura shrimp (Lucensosergia lucens) and other pelagic fishes, such as Bregmaceros spp. and myctophids.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD5FF86FF34BC8DE358F85C.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. All specimens were collected by midwater trawl from surface to less than 100 meters; which suggests that this is a mesopelagic species and may have diurnal vertical migration. Some individuals are found to have myctophids or other fishes inside the stomach which suggests that the species feeds on fishes rather than sakura shrimps. Comparison. Lestrolepis nigroventralis sp. nov. shares with Ll. intermedia from the western Atlantic Ocean in similar body proportion, fin formula, vertebral formula, and coloration. It can be distinguished from the later by having 32 – 35 (vs. 28 – 29) prehaemal vertebrae; 33 – 35 (vs. 30 – 32) prepelvic vertebrae; 43 – 46 (vs. 42 – 44) predorsal vertebrae; 53 – 57 (vs. 50 – 53) predorsal vertebrae; 75 – 81 (vs. 73 – 75) lateral-line scales, and a different COI gene sequence (K 2 P distance = 0.063). Although both species have their DFO at about midline of space between VFO and AFO, the DFO is usually slightly before the midline of V – A (V – D 47.6 – 55.0 % of V – A) in Ll. nigroventralis (Fig. 3 A), whereas the DFO is always slightly behind midline of V – A (V – D 51.4 – 59.5 % of V – A) in Ll. intermedius (Fig. 3 B). Uyeno et al. (1983) also mentioned their Atlantic specimens (n = 11, 189 – 234 mm SL) have the V – D 11.8 – 13.8 % SL, which agrees with our data (11.2 – 15.2 %); whereas that of Ll. nigroventralis sp. nov. is clearly smaller (9.8 – 11.7 % SL). Lestrolepis nigroventralis can be easily separated from Ll. Japonica which has the DFO clearly before middle of V – A (V – D 32.5 – 43.1 % of V – A) (Fig. 3 A vs. 3 C), narrow rows of black dots with pale margin or very narrow black margin on abdomen ridge, different numbers of anal-fin rays and different lateral-line and vertebral formulae (Tables 1 – 6). Although previously including under the junior synonym of Lestrolepis luetkeni (Ege, 1933), Ll. pofi is recognized as a valid species herein which differs from Ll. nigroventralis by having 32 – 36 anal-fin rays and 82 – 89 total vertebrae (Ho & Golani, 2019).	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	description	Figures 3 C, 4 A – E; Table 1 – 8	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. Collected from off Dong-gang, southwestern Taiwan, except for as indicated: NMMB-P 3684 (3, 187 – 194), 28 May 2002. NMMB-P 7923 (1, 202), 11 Jun. 2004. NMMB-P 7028 (1, 193), 20 Feb. 2004. NMMB- P 7089 (4, 170 – 196), Shiao-liu-qiou, Pingtung, 26 Dec. 2003. NMMB-P 8026 (1, 190), Fang-shan, Pingtung, 17 Jun. 2004. NMMB-P 11219 (4, 192 – 202), 5 Jul. 2007. NMMB-P 11222 (9, 185 – 203), 30 Oct. 2010. NMMB-P 11273 (4, 184 – 198), 15 Dec. 2009. NMMB-P 12016 (4, 193 – 203), 18 Dec. 2011. NMMB-P 12170 (2, 183 – 185), 31 Dec. 2010. NMMB-P 13734 (1, 202), 2 Jul. 2011. NMMB-P 16389 (4, 174 – 193), 23 Feb. 2012. NMMB-P 20331 (1, 202), 25 May 2013. NMMB-P 21167 (2, 200 – 203), 2 Apr. 2014. NMMB-P 21888 (1, 205), 12 Dec. 2013. NMMB- P 21992 (3, 164 – 200), 31 Dec. 2013. NMMB-P 22080 (8, 185 – 222, stained), 5 Jan. 2015. NMMB-P 22468 (1, 206), 30 Oct. 2015. NMMB-P 22469 (6, 183 – 211, stained), 30 Jan. 2015. NMMB-P 22847 (2, 88 – 110), 10 Mar. 2015. NMMB-P 23817 (1, 178), 4 Feb. 2016. NMMB-P 23818 (1, 193), 4 Feb. 2016. NMMB-P 24620 (1, 170), 27 Jun. 2016. NMMB-P 24623 (2, 129 – 150), 21 Sep. 2015. NMMB-P 24629 (1, 168), 27 Jun. 2016. NMMB-P 25538 (21, 139 – 187, stained), 4 Feb. 2016. NMMB-P 25539 (1, 186), 8 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 25542 (2, 186 – 190, stained), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 25543 (12, 168 – 191), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 25544 (5, 123 – 140), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB- P 30788 (4, 85 – 130, stained), out of NMMB-P 25545. NMMB-P 25578 (30, 50 – 100), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 27933 (17, 144 – 195), 6 Dec. 2017. NMMB-P 27934 (16, 150 – 206), 6 Dec. 2017. NMMB-P 27936 (20, 168 – 203), 6 Dec. 2017. NMMB-P 30788 (4, 78 – 130, stained), out of NMMB-P 25545. NMMB-P 30799 (24, 103 – 210), 27 Mar. 2018. NMMB-P 30800 (29, 158 – 224), 16 Jul. 2017.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A moderately elongate species in Lestrolepis with body depth 13 – 16 times in SL; DFO clearly before midline of V – A, V – D 32.5 – 43.1 % V – A; anal-fin rays 36 – 40; vertebrae: prehaemal 30 – 32, prepelvic 30 – 33, predorsal 36 – 40, preanal 48 – 51, caudal 52 – 58; and total 82 – 88; total lateral-line scales 66 – 72; and narrow band of black chromatophores along lower portion of abdominal ridge.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	description	Description. Dorsal-fin rays 9; pectoral-fin rays 12 – 13 (mainly 13); pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 36 – 40 (39); lateral line incomplete, running to above middle of anal-fin base; 31 – 32 scales before VFO, 38 – 40 before DFO, 49 – 50 before AFO, and 65 – 72 in total, 60 – 65 large scales along most of the canal, followed by 2 – 9 small scales in the rear portion. Vertebrae: prehaemal 30 – 32; caudal 52 – 58; prepelvic 30 – 33; predorsal 36 – 40; preanal 48 – 51; and total 82 – 88. Gill rakers: 9 – 15 on upper limb (epibranchial) and 24 – 31 on lower limb (13 – 19 on ceratobranchial + 10 – 14 on hypobranchial). Body elongate and slender, strongly compressed, depth at pectoral-fin depth 13 – 16 in SL. Caudal peduncle shorter than eye diameter; its depth 1.8 – 2.4 % SL. Abdominal ridge with low adipose fin between pectoral and pelvic fins; ventral adipose fin well developed along margin between anus and anal fin. Head moderately long and pointed, slightly triangular; its length 4.7 – 5.0 in SL. Mouth terminate, moderately large, its gape extends to middle of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned at tip. Eye large, its diameter 5.7 – 6.4 in HL. A light organ in front of eye (Fig. 4 D); a short luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit (inner side of first and second infraorbitals). Seven infraorbital bones, the first slender, the fifth and sixth well-expanded posteriorly, the seventh small. Interorbital space narrow, its width 5.6 – 8.3 in HL. Four gill arches, all with gill filaments. The third and fourth arches mostly connected by membranes. Pseudobranchs present, inside a deep pocket. DFO well behind pelvic fins and middle of body, predorsal length 1.6 – 1.7 SL, but clear before midline of VFO and AFO. Pectoral fin at same level as posterior margin of gill cover, its upper base about same level of lower margin of eye. Pelvic fin at or slightly behind middle of body, prepelvic fin length 1.8 – 1.9 in SL. Anal fin originating posterior fourth of body, preanal fin length 1.3 – 1.4 in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Two or three small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of small retrose teeth along upper jaw, gradually smaller on posterior portion. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on lower jaw, gradually smaller posteriorly, those in outer row short and fixed; those in inner row long, each with a knife-like tip, and depressible. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, those on outer row smaller than those on inner row. Teeth on tongue small and scattered, one row on each side. Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial; shield shape, each with 1 – 3 small teeth. Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an ovoid patch with about five rows at middle. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales originating from above pectoral-fin girdle and running to above about middle of anal-fin base. Lateral-line scales as high as it’s wide, gradually smaller and becoming narrower posteriorly; 5 – 8 (mainly 6 – 7) pores forming an irregular cluster on each side of lateral-line scales before dorsal fin. Luminescent duct well developed at ventral abdomen cavity, originating from below pectoral fin (Fig. 4 B) and divided into two branches from its origin to anus. Coloration. Body semitransparent when fresh, creamy white in preservation. Chromatophores present on the surface of first to the third infraorbital bones, upper margin of eye, anterior three-fourths of upper jaw, and along upper margin of lower jaw. Upper fourth of body covered by tiny and dense chromatophores, extending to upper margin of lateral line ventrally. Bases of dorsal, pectoral, and anal-fin rays with black pigments. Single row of large chromatophores forming a narrow black margin or slightly above the ridge with a narrow pale margin (Fig. 4 E); ventral adipose fin densely covered by small chromatophores. Luminescent duct silver white with black pigments on its upper surface (e. g. can be seen through the semitransparent muscle). Chromatophores present on inner gill chamber and branchiostegal rays; branchiostegal membranes colorless; gill arches blackish; and mouth cavity white. Size. Appear to be a small species with adults reaching 222 mm TL.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the western Pacific Ocean. It is very common in the bycatch of midwater and bottom trawl, and it is the most abundant species among the paralepidids in Taiwan; confirmed records from Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, northwestern Australia, and South China Sea.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFD1FF9AFF34BDA6E099FA52.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The first author examined specimens collected from off Australia and found the specimens have a slightly longer and more pointed snout. However, the vertebral formula and body proportions are nearly identical and thus the population from Australia is recognized as same with those from the northwestern Pacific population. This is the most common and abundant paralepidid found in Taiwan, and it is usually collected by midwater trawl as bycatch of Sakura shrimp (Lucensosergia lucens) and sometimes by bottom trawl. Most individuals feed on small fishes rather than shrimps.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCCFF9AFF34B8C1E246F819.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body scaleless, except for the lateral line covered by a single row of scales; luminescent duct present, unbranched, originating from throat before the eye or under opercle; no light organ in front of eye; a luminescent duct along lower margin of orbit in some species; DFO from slightly before to well behind VFO; ventral adipose fin well developed between anus and anal fin; dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 12 – 14; anal-fin rays 26 – 33; ventral adipose well-developed; vertebrae: prehaemal 36 – 41 and total 79 – 93. Dorsal surface light grayish to very dark; ventral ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins with pigments or not.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCCFF9AFF34B8C1E246F819.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus currently comprises five species, Lt. atlanticum from Atlantic Ocean, Lt. bigelowi from Indian Ocean, Lt. nudum from Hawaii, Lt. orientale sp. nov. from Taiwan and Japan; and Lt. prolixium from the western Pacific Ocean. Two other species from the western Pacific Ocean is being studied in a separated work (Ho, unpub. data). The generic status of Lt. bigelowi is still doubtful.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	description	Figures 5 A – E; Tables 1 – 5, 9 – 10	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. NMMB-P 30812 (162 mm SL), off Dong-gang, Pingtung, SW Taiwan, northern South China Sea, midwater trawl, 25 Jan. 2018 [from bycatch]. Paratypes. Thirty-nine specimens, 74 – 162 mm SL, collected from off Dong-gang, near the type locality: KAUM-I. 125200 – 125203 (4, 130 – 152), 25 Jan. 2018. NMMB-P 11220 (1, 157, stained), 12 Jan. 2011. NMMB- P 23823 (1, 167), NMMB-P 23824 (1, 162, stained), NMMB-P 23825 (1, 128, stained), NMMB-P 23826 (1, 131), 4 Feb. 2016. NMMB-P 25557 (7, 131 – 177, stained), NMMB-P 25559 (1, 157, stained), NMMB-P 25560 (1, 162, stained), NMMB-P 25562 (3, 142 – 147), 20 Jan. 2017. NMMB-P 30802 (18, 74 – 162), 15 Jan. 2018. Non-types. Collected from Dong-gang, near the type locality: NMMB-P 17858 (1, 119, stained). NMMB-P 20913 (1, 122, stained). NMMB-P 25553 (22, 94 – 161, stained). NMMB-P 25554 (9, 149 – 121, stained). NMMB-P 25556 (10, 125 – 157, stained). NMMB-P 25558 (1, 159, stained). NMMB-P 23827 (1, 130, stained). NMMB-P 25546 (6, 126 – 150, stained). NMMB-P 24628 (9, 85 – 148, stained). NMMB-P 25845 (1, 132). NMMB-P 24626 (2, 105 – 134, stained). NMMB-P 30789 (1, 135). NMMB-P 30801 (11, 95 – 145). NMMB-P 30811 (1, 146, stained).	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species of Lestidium with light organ duct extending to beyond anterior margin of eye. It is most similar to Lestidium atlanticum and can be distinguished by having relatively more prehaemal vertebrae (37 – 40 vs. 36 – 37), a shorter snout (snout length 9.7 – 10.4 vs. 10.4 – 11.5 % SL), shorter jaws (upper jaw 8.6 – 10.1 vs. 9.9 – 11.3 % SL; lower jaw 11.9 – 13.7 vs. 13.5 – 14.8 % SL) and relatively deep head (head depth 31.2 – 33.9 vs. 27.6 – 31.5 % HL).	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	description	Description. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 12 – 14 (mainly 13); pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 26 – 30 (mainly 27 – 28); lateral-line complete, running to the caudal-fin base, 35 – 37 scales before VFO, 34 – 36 before DFO, 52 – 54 before AFO, and 109 – 126 in total, 56 – 60 large ones, followed by 55 – 77 small ones. Vertebrae: prehaemal 37 – 40; caudal 41 – 44; prepelvic 34 – 37 (35 – 36); predorsal 33 – 36 (34 – 35); preanal 51 – 54; and total vertebrae 79 – 83. Gill rakers: 8 – 13 on upper limb (epibranchial) and 26 – 40 on lower limb (13 – 20 on ceratobranchial + 11 – 22 on hy- pobranchial). Body stout, compressed, depth at pectoral fin 11 – 15 in SL. Caudal peduncle shorter than eye diameter; its depth 1.9 – 2.9 % SL. Abdominal ridge well-developed with low adipose fin; ventral adipose fin wall-developed along margin between anus and anal fin. Head relatively stout and blunt, triangular in lateral view, its length 4.5 – 4.9 times in SL. Mouth terminate, moderately large, its gape extends to anterior margin of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned at tip. Eye large, its diameter 4.6 – 5.5 in HL. Seven infraorbital bones, first slender, the fifth and sixth well-expanded, the seventh small. No light organ around the eye. Interorbital space narrow, its width 8.1 – 9.5 in HL. Four gill arches, all with gill filaments. The third and fourth arches mostly connected by membranes. Pseudobranch present, inside a deep pocket. DFO at about same vertical or slightly before the vertical of VFO, also slightly posterior to middle of the fish, predorsal length 1.7 – 1.8 times in SL. Pectoral fin at same level of posterior margin of gill cover, the uppermost ray at about same level of lower margin of eye. Pelvic fin well behind of middle of the fish, prepelvic length 1.6 – 1.7 in SL. Anal fin originating slightly behind posterior fourth of body, preanal length 1.2 – 1.3 in SL. Anal-fin base 5.3 – 6.9 in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Two or three fangs on upper jaw, followed by single row of small, stout retrose teeth. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on lower jaw, gradually smaller posteriorly, those in outer row short and fixed; those in inner row long, each with a knife-like tip, and depressible. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, those in inner row much longer than those in outer row. Teeth on tongue small, arranged in single scattered rows on each side. Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobranchial and hypobranchial; shield shape, each with 1 – 3 small teeth. Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales originating from above pectoral-fin girdle and running to the caudal-fin base. Lateral-line scales slightly broader than its width, gradually smaller and becoming narrower posteriorly; 2 – 3 (mostly 3) pores on each side of lateral-line scales before the dorsal fin. Luminescent duct well developed at ventral abdominal cavity, unbranched, originating from below the end of maxilla and extending to the anus. Coloration. Body translucent when fresh, creamy white when preserved. Chromotophores on 4 th and 5 th infraorbital bones; top of head blackish. Anterior half of both jaws covered with chromotophores. Upper fourth of body covered with grayish chromotophores, extending to upper margin of lateral-line scales. Posterior fourth of body blackish with a broad middle silver band. Dorsal-fin rays and bases with black pigments. Pigments on anal-fin rays, absent on the fin base. No chromotophores on abdominal region. Scattered pigments around cleithrum and inner surface of gill cover. Size. Appear to be a small species with largest adult examined at 167.0 mm SL.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name “ orientale ” means from the Eastern, in referring to the distribution around northwestern Pacific Ocean.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFCDFF9EFF34BDA6E26DFD55.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lestidium orientale sp. nov. is closely similar to L. atlanticum in that the luminescent duct extending forward below the posterior end of maxilla and VFO at about same vertical or slightly behind the vertical of DFO; whereas L. prolixium and L. nudum have the duct extending to below opercle only and DFO clearly behind a vertical of VFO. It differs from L. bigelowi in lacking light organs on lateral and ventral surfaces of body. Lestidium orientale sp. nov. differs from L. atalnticum (restricted to the Atlantic population in present study) in having 37 – 40 (mainly 38 – 39) prehaemal vertebrae (vs. 36 – 37, mainly 37); snout length 9.7 – 10.4 % (vs. 10.4 – 11.5 %) SL or 45.6 – 49.8 % (vs. 49.7 – 50.8 %) HL; upper-jaw length 8.6 – 10.1 % (vs. 9.9 – 11.3 %) SL or 40.9 – 48.4 % (vs. 45.1 – 50.0 %) HL; lower-jaw length 11.9 – 13.7 % (vs. 13.5 – 14.8 %) SL or 58.1 – 62.6 % (vs. 62.0 – 65.2 %) HL; relatively deep head 6.6 – 7.1 % (vs. 6.3 – 6.7 %) SL or 31.2 – 33.9 % (vs. 27.6 – 31.5 %) HL; and a different COI gene sequence (K 2 P distance = 0.050 – 0.057). The meristic data provided by Ege (1953) were divided into several geographic regions. He provided a broad range of meristics, i. e., 75 – 87 total vertebrae and 35 – 41 preheamal vertebrae, which is broader than most paralepidids. However, his data for Atlantic specimens are 80 – 83 total vertebrae (n = 44) and 36 – 38 (mainly 37) preheamal vertebrae (n = 22), wihch agree with our observation (Tables 4 – 5). His data of specimens taken from the Indo-west Pacific Ocean can be further divided into high vertebra populations (83 – 87 total vertebrae), moderately high vertebra populations (79 – 83), and low vertebra population (75 – 80). Our specimens fit to Ege’s moderately high vertebra population and may be same with that. Moreover, we also recognized specimens from Taiwan and Australia with high vertebral counts as an undescribed species. We are not able to examine Ege’s specimens and the low vertebra population is still unknown. Further investagation is required.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFC8FF9CFF34BFD0E24CF818.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lateral-line scales 145 – 158; anal-fin rays 31 – 33; vertebrae: prehaemal 36 – 41, prepelvic 35 – 38, predorsal 38 – 42, total 87 – 93; DFO slightly overlapped with pelvic fin to slightly behind tip of pelvic fin, D – V 3.8 – 5.4 % SL and 18.4 – 25.5 % V – A; gill chamber and branchial membranes uniformly blackish; large dots along upper margin of lateral line forming a wave-like boundary.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFC8FF9CFF34BFD0E24CF818.taxon	description	Description. Dorsal-fin rays 10; pectoral-fin rays 13 – 14; pelvic-fin rays 9; anal-fin rays 31 – 33. Vertebrae: prehaemal 36 – 41; caudal 50 – 53; prepelvic 35 – 38; predorsal 38 – 42; preanal 50 – 53; and total 87 – 93. Lateral line complete, running to the caudal-fin base, 35 – 37 scales before VFO, 39 – 42 before DFO, 54 – 57 before AFO, and 145 – 158 in total, 62 – 65 large ones, followed by 82 – 94 small ones. Gill rakers: 11 – 14 on upper limb (eipbranchial) and 30 – 39 on lower limb (17 – 21 on ceratobranchial + 14 – 18 on hypobranchial). Body elongate and slender, somewhat robust, strongly compressed, depth at pectoral fin 12 – 23 in SL. Caudal peduncle shorter than eye diameter; its depth 2.1 – 3.0 % SL. Abdominal ridge well-developed with very low adipose fin; ventral adipose fin wall-developed along margin between anus and anal fin. Head somewhat robust, moderately long and pointed, slightly triangular; its length 4.4 – 5.0 times in SL. Mouth terminal, moderately large, its gape extends to anterior margin of eye; lower jaw slightly upturned at tip. Eye large, its diameter 5.4 – 6.2 in HL. Seven infraorbital bones, first slender, the fifth and sixth well-expanded posteriorly, and the seventh small. A light organ between first and second infraorbitals. Interorbital space narrow and flat, its width 8.8 – 10.7 in HL. Four gill arches, all with gill filaments. The third and fourth arches mostly connected by membranes. Pseudobranch present, inside a deep pocket. DFO slightly overlapped with posterior portion of appressed pelvic fin to slightly behind of tip of the fin and well behind middle of the fish, predorsal length 1.6 – 1.7 in SL. Pectoral fin at same level of posterior margin of gill cover, the uppermost ray at about same level of lower margin of eye. Pelvic fin well behind middle of the fish, prepelvic fin 1.7 – 1.8 in SL. Anal fin originating at posterior fourth of body, preanal length 1.3 in SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base. Two or three fangs on upper jaw, followed by single row of small, retrose teeth, gradually smaller in posterior portion. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on lower jaw, gradually smaller posteriorly, those in outer row short and fixed; those in inner row long, each with a knife-like tip, and depressible. Two rows of fangs on each palatine, those in inner row much longer than those in outer row. Teeth on tongue small, arranged in single scattered row on each side. Gill rakers present on epibranchials, ceratobanchials and hypobanchiasl; shield shape, each with 3 – 5 small teeth. Teeth on pharyngeal arch slender, forming an oval patch with about 5 rows at middle. Body devoid of scales, except for a single row of lateral-line scales originating from above pectoral-fin girdle and running to the caudal-fin base. Lateral-line scales slightly broader than its width, gradually smaller and becoming narrower posteriorly; 4 or 5 pores forming a cluster on each upper and lower margin of the scales. Luminescent duct unbranched, well developed at ventral abdominal cavity, originating from below pectoral fin and running to anus. Coloration. Body translucent when fresh, creamy white when preserved. Chromotophores on surface of first three infraorbitals, especially dense on the third. Dorsum largely blackish, not extending downward to upper broader of lateral line, a row of dots along upper margin of lateral line forming a continuous wave-like boundary. Pectoral fin mostly transparent, except for scattered chromotophores on the rays. Chromotophores on bases and rays of dorsal and anal fins and on base and first pelvic-fin ray. Abdomen ridge with broad blackish margin, black on either side of luminescent duct. Ventral adipose fin covered with scattered chromotophores. Branchiostegal rays with scattered chromotophores; branchiostgal membranes entirely black. Gill chamber and gill arches mostly black. Size. Appear to be a large species with adults reaching 272 mm SL; by far the largest species among congeners found in Taiwan.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFC8FF9CFF34BFD0E24CF818.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the type locality (Japan) and newly recorded in Taiwan. In Taiwan, the specimens were collected by bottom trawl at depths 200 – 500 m.	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
03F15630FFC8FF9CFF34BFD0E24CF818.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Lestidium prolixium is the largest species among the congeners, and it has the most numerous lateralline scales, 147 – 158 (up to 160 in the type series; Harry, 1953 a).	en	Ho, Hsuan-Ching, Tsai, Song-Yu, Li, Hsing-Hui (2019): The barracudina genera Lestidium and Lestrolepis of Taiwan, with descriptions of two new species (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae). Zootaxa 4702 (1): 114-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.16
