identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FF878BFF99FFD466C6F96960E4FB2A.text	03FF878BFF99FFD466C6F96960E4FB2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erythroxylum cogolloi Jara 2015	<div><p>Erythroxylum cogolloi Jara sp. nov. (Fig. 1).</p> <p>Similar to Erythroxylum acuminatum Ruiz &amp; Pavón (1957: 136) but differing in shorter petioles, (1.5–3.5 mm vs. 6–9.3 mm in E. acuminatum), and secondary veins not impressed adaxially (vs. impressed in E. acuminatum).</p> <p>Type: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Municipio San Luís, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.916664/lat 6.0333333)">Cañón del Río Claro</a>, sector nor-occidental, margen derecha, sector sur, 6º2’0’’N – 74º55’0’’W, 03 December 1983, A. Cogollo 1036 (holotype, COL!; isotypes, JAUM!, MO!).</p> <p>Small tree or shrub to 6 m tall. Branchlets erect-patents, brown to dun, longitudinally striate at apex; lenticels few. Cataphylls persistent, similar to stipules, 1.2–3.8 mm long, 0–6 at the internodes. Stipules persistent, triangular to lanceolate, 1.8–3.1 mm long, prominently striate, 3–6 striations on each side, brown, pale and membranaceous at the margin; apex acute with two erect setae on each side ca. 0.5 mm long. Leaves persistent. Petioles weakly canaliculate, 1.8–2.7 mm long. Blade elliptic, 5.5–9.3 × 2.1–3.6 cm, firmly membranaceous, apex acuminate, acumen rounded, base cuneate, margin entire, drying adaxially dark green, abaxially brown; midrib raised and acute adaxially, prominent and rounded abaxially; secondary veins 9–12 per side, diverging 65–80° from midrib, straight, then arching irregularly, anastomosing 1–2.5 mm from margin; veinlets barely raised. Flowers in axils of cataphylls, 1–2 per node. Bracteoles ovate, concave, 0.6–1.2 mm long, pale, acuminate at apex, setae 0.3–0.4 mm long. Pedicels pentagonal, 3.4–4.3 × 03– 0.6 mm. Calyx 1.2–1.5 mm long, lobes triangular, 1.1–1.3 mm long. Petal lamina oblong to ovate 2.1–2.2 × 1.1–1.2 mm, apex incurvate, claw 0.7–1.1 mm long, ligule bilobed, 0.8–1.1 mm long, each lobe consisting of distal well-developed auricle and a proximal auricle fused with the distal auricle on the inner side. Staminal cup 0.6 mm long, 2/3 as long as the calyx, margin entire. Brevistylous flowers: filaments sub-equal, ca. 2.6 mm long. Anthers ovateelliptic, 0.25 × 0.2 mm. Styles free, ca. 1.1 mm long, stigma depressed capitate. Longistylous flowers: not seen. Ovary obovoid, truncate at the apex, near equal to the stamina cup, ca. 0.6 mm long. Drupe ovoid to ellipsoid, 8.2 × 5.2 mm; endocarp terete, smooth, unilocular, lacking endosperm.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: —This species grows on the foothills of the Middle Magdalena River Basin, between 214 and 815 m. This mountainous region is characterized by tropical wet forests with rainfall between 2000 and 5000 mm and streams (“quebradas”) that flow into the Magdalena River.</p> <p>Discussion:— Erythroxylum cogolloi belongs to section Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz (1907: 28) because it has striated stipules and triangular calyx lobes. The most morphologically similar species to E. cogolloi is E. acuminatum, which grows in Ecuador, Peru and Brazil (Acre) primarily in dry forests at 100-1100 m (Plowman 1989).</p> <p>The broadly distributed species Erythroxylum citrifolium Saint-Hilaire (1829: 94), is also similar to E. cogolloi, however both species can be distinguished based on gross morphological characters. E. citrifolium has more than five flowers per node (vs. 1-2 in E. cogolloi). E. citrifolium plants are usually trees of more than 8 m high (vs. small trees or shrubs to 6 m in E. cogolloi). Finally, Erythroxylum fimbriatum Peyritsch (1878: 162), can be separated from E. cogolloi by its stipules with recurved and fimbriated apical setae (vs. erect and not fimbriated in E. cogolloi).</p> <p>Etimology: —The epithet honors the Colombian botanist Alvaro Cogollo (JAUM), who first collected this species and developed an intensive study program and conservation effort for the flora of Cañón de Rio Claro (Antioquia).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Municipio Puerto Triunfo, A. Corredor s.n. (UDBC); Municipio San Luís, Cañón del Río Claro, north-west sector, left side, 02 September 1984, A. Cogollo 1905 (COL, JAUM); Caldas: Municipio Victoria, Pradera sector, forest beside <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90653&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.3916664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90653/lat 5.3916664)">Pradera</a>, on slopes that descent to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.90653&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.3916664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.90653/lat 5.3916664)">river La Miel</a>, 800-815 m, 5º23’30’’N, 74°54’23.5’’W, 28 October 1997, R. Sanchez 3523 (COL, JAUM); Municipio Samaná, right side of river Moro, La Mula sector, January 2006, F. Cardona 1595 (HUA); Santander: Municipio de Girón, vereda Sogamoso, hacienda <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.35975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.073972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.35975/lat 7.073972)">Trigueros</a>, 214 m, 7°4’26.3’’ N, 73°21’35.1’’W, 14 December 2010, E. Rodriguez 1783 (COL, UIS).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF878BFF99FFD466C6F96960E4FB2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A.	Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A. (2015): A new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from Colombia and emendation of Erythroxylum plowmanianum. Phytotaxa 201 (2): 172-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.8
03FF878BFF9BFFD266C6FCAE6214FB40.text	03FF878BFF9BFFD266C6FCAE6214FB40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erythroxylum plowmanianum Cogollo & Pipoly 1993	<div><p>Erythroxylum plowmanianum Cogollo &amp; Pipoly (1993:126–128) emend. Jara (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Similar to Erythroxylum ruizii Peyritsch (1878: 152) but differing in its cuneate foliar bases (vs. truncate to obtuse in E. ruizii), leaves elliptic to ovate (vs. oblong to obovate in E. ruizii), and petiole length of 2–3.5 mm (vs. 1.4–1.8 mm in E. ruizii).</p> <p>Type: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Municipio de San Luís, parque ecológico, Cañón del Río Claro, sector occidental, margen izquierda, subida a la Dolina, 350–375 m, A. Cogollo &amp; R. Borja 476 (holotype, JAUM!; Isotypes, COL!, HUA!, MO!).</p> <p>Tree or shrub to 9 m tall. Branches erect-patents, 0.7–1.3 mm diam, blackish and compressed at the top, grey and frequently lichenized when older; lenticels absent. Cataphylls persistent, similar to stipules, 0.8–1.2 mm long, 0–2 at the internodes; spinules (leaf rudiment) nearly deciduous, brownish. Stipules persistent, triangular, 0.7–1.4 mm long, not striated, dark brown or glaucous and covered with wax when young, coriaceous, apex acute, two terminal setae very short and caducous. Leaves generally persistent along the branches. Petiole strongly canaliculated, 2.0– 3.5 mm long. Blade elliptic, 3.6–7.5 × 1.6–2.7 cm, firmly membranaceous, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire, drying adaxially brown to greenish, abaxially pale green with no vernation lines or central panel; midrib adaxially prominulous, abaxially prominent, darkish; secondary veins 7–10, diverging 50–69° from midrib, arcuately anastomosing 2.5–4 mm from margin, prominulous on both faces; veinlets obscure. Flowers primarily in axils of leaves, also in axils of cataphylls, 1–2 per fascicle. Bracteoles triangular, 0.7–1 mm long, membranaceous, apex acuminate with a terminal setae of ca. 0.2 mm; keels patent. Pedicels pentagonal to sub-terete at the base, 1.2–3.5 mm long, gradually widening to the apex. Calyx 1–1.6 mm long, cleft ca.1/2 of its length; lobes triangular, 0.7–0.8 mm long, apex slightly acuminate to acute, with a small, pale apicule that projects on the inner face of the lobe. Petal lamina oblong-ovate, nearly concave, drying brown, 1.75–2.25 mm long, rounded to obtuse at the apex; claw broadly obovate, 1–1.25 mm long; ligule bilobed, each lobe with two well-developed auricles, the anterior auricle 0.5–0.75 long, margin entire, posterior auricle ovate, 1–1.75 mm long, margin erose. Staminal cup longer than calyx, margin crenate. Brevistylous flowers: filaments unequal in length, antisepals ca. 0.9 mm long, antipetals ca. 2.5 mm long; styles fused to 1/3 of its length from the base, ca. 1.2 mm long; stigma depressed capitate, little elongate. Longistylous flowers: filaments unequal in length, antisepals 0.5 mm long, antipetals 1.5–1.75 mm long; styles 1.8 mm long, fused 5/6 of its length from the base. Ovary ellipsoid to oblong-obovate, apex truncate, 1.5–2 × 0.7–1 mm. Drupe 8.8–9.9 × 3.3–3.6 mm, elliptic or obovate, red when mature, apex sharply acuminate; endocarp 4–sulcate, occasionally with a small empty locule.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— E. plowmanianum has only been found in the eastern basin of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. More exactly in the regions knows as “Cañon de Rio Claro”, in the Deparment of Antioquia. This canyon has several narrow endemics species. In the early 1990s three new species were described from the same region: Cybianthus cogolloi Pipoly (1991: 262) (Primulaceae), Simira hirsuta C. M. Taylor (1999: 268) (Rubiaceae) and Pteropepon oleiferum Cogollo &amp; Pipoly (1995: 402) (Cucurbitaceae). Additionally, according to Cogollo &amp; Pipoly (1995), around 6 other new species have been detected in this region.</p> <p>Discussion: —Because E. plowmanianum has connate styles and stipules that lack striations, this species belongs to section Microphyllum O.E. Schulz (1907: 114), sensu Schulz (1907), but no species in this section is morphologically similar to E. plowmanianum. The most similar species is E. ruizii, in section Archerythroxylum O. E. Schulz (1907: 69), which is endemic to western Ecuador. Erythroxylum ruizii shares with E. plowmanianum connate styles in longistylous flowers, a similar pattern of leaf venation and coriaceous, and triangular stipules with 2 short setae. In addition to the characters presented in the diagnosis, other characters that are useful in separating these species are: 1) fruit apex rounded in E. ruizii vs. acuminate in E. plowmanianum, 2) two conspicuous empty locules in E. ruizii fruit vs. just one, and incipient in E. plowmanianum, 3) broader leaves in E. ruizii [2.5–4.5 vs. (1.1) 1.6–2.6 cm in E. plowmanianum].</p> <p>The gross morphology of E. plowmanianum and E. cogolloi is similar. In both species, the leaves are nearly of the same size and form, and their persistent stipules are nearly 2 mm long. Additionally, both species occur sympatrically and likely share the same micro-habitat. However, they have morphological differences that were missed in the description of E. plowmanianum. Clearly, these two species are differentiated based on presence versus absence of striated stipules. Stipules in Erythroxylum plowmanianum lack striations, whereas the new species, E. cogolloi, has striations. Presence of striated stipules is a stable character used by Schulz (1907) as one of the most important characters to separate sections in Erythroxylum. Other characters that differentiate these two species are listed in Table 1.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Municipio San Luís, ecological park Cañón del Río Claro, northern sector, left side, 350–450 m, 25 October 1983, A. Cogollo, A. 814 (COL, MO); Municipio San Luís, Cañón del Río Claro, north-west sector, left side, 5° 53’ N, 74° 37’, 375–600 m, 9 March 1984, A. Cogollo 1442 (COL); Ibidem. 2 September 1984, A. Cogollo 1470 (MO).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF878BFF9BFFD266C6FCAE6214FB40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A.	Jara-Muñoz, Orlando A. (2015): A new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from Colombia and emendation of Erythroxylum plowmanianum. Phytotaxa 201 (2): 172-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.201.2.8
